1

A PROJECT REPORT ON
MANUALLY OPERATED ECO-FRIENDELY ROAD
CLEANER

Submitted by
Md Aabid
Md Tafseer
Pinjari Arbaj
Shaikh Faisal
Bagwan Asrar

T.E (Mechanical Engineering)

Guided by
Prof. Noved Ahmed Quazi

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAMIA INTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

MANAGEMENT STUDIES, AKKALKUWA
(MAHARASHTRA)
(425415)
Affiliated To
Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhri North Maharashtra
Univercity, Jalgaon

Academic Year (2022-2023)

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JAMIA INTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &

MANAGEMENT STUDIES, AKKALKUWA
(MAHARASHTRA)
(425415)

CERTIFICATE
This is certified that.. Md Aabid, Md Tafseer, Pinjari Arbaj, Shaikh Faisal
and Bagwan Asrar Studying in B.E in (Mechanical Engineering). Had completed his
project report on “MANUALLY OPERATED ECO-FRIENDELY ROAD
CLEANER” which is record of his study carried out under our guidance during the
academic year 2022-2023 as per the requirement of NORTH MAHARASHTRA
UNIVERSITY, JALGAON (MH)

Place:-Akkalkuwa
Date:-

Prof.Naved Quazi Prof.Shaikh Moin

Guided by Head of Department

Prof.Dr.Syed Kamaluddin Sir

Principal

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ABSTRACT
Due to unassessed industrialization and unmanaged construction & development
projects in developing countries like India, quality of air has been significantly
compromised. People are being compelled to inhale polluted air and significant
amount of dust particles. Air quality has been sufficiently degraded below the
standard set by World Health Organization (WHO), and this has become a serious
issue. One of the major reasons is dust particles spread from road to atmosphere by
vehicles plying on the road, where roads is dug up for construction purposes only to
leave it uncompleted because of political, financial and personal interests of the elite
groups and construction company owners. This can lead to serious health hazards like
sever allergy, lung cancer and other problems related to breathing.

In order to address this problem, we have designed, fabricated and tested a

‘Mechanically Operated Road Sweeper’ prototype that is financially viable and socio-
economically beneficial. This machine works on simple principle of centrifugal
motion of cylindrical brush throwing dust particles from road surface in the container,
uses local materials and is cheap with respect to other machines and is efficient as
well. This can be used in the side area of roads where dust has been piled up in
maximal amount. We have performed detailed mathematical calculation and analysis
for design specification of each and every part of the machine components and made a
prototype design in Solidworks. Then after we successfully fabricated using
conventional fabrication tools and tested its performance.

Keywords: air, pollution, dust, health, hazards, road sweeper, brush, centrifugal
motion, design, calculation, analysis, testing

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude and honor to our project supervisor
Prof. Naved Quazi, Assistant lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, for
supervising and guiding us during our 3rd year project entitled "Manually operated
Eco-Friendly Road Cleaner" as a partial fulfillment of Bachelor's degree in
Mechanical Engineering. It was almost impossible to complete this report without his
support, suggestion and guidance.

Our sincere thanks to Prof.Naved Quazi , a good teacher of Mechanical Engineering

department for his care and support to encourage in doing the project work. We would
also like to thank Mr. Ahmad sir, fabrication supervisor, Fabrication Workshop, Jamia
Campus for his valuable help in the fabrication processes. We are thankful to the all
the teachers of the Department for helping us to reach at this level in our study.

Project members,

Md Aabid
Md Tafseer
Pinjari Arbaj
Shaikh Faisal
Bagwan Asrar

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CONTENTS TABLE
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………..3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................4

LIST OF TABLES.........................................................................................................7

LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................9

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................10

1.1 Background....................................................................................................10

1.2 Dust Control Methods....................................................................................11

1.3 Objectives......................................................................................................12

1.3.1 General Objective...................................................................................12

1.3.2 Specific Objectives.................................................................................12

1.4 Details of the Project.....................................................................................12

1.4.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................12

1.4.2 Concept Generation................................................................................15

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................16

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY.....................................................................20

3.1 Data collection...............................................................................................22

3.1.1 Primary data collection...........................................................................22

3.1.2 Secondary data collection.......................................................................22

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................23

4.1 Solution concepts...........................................................................................23

4.2 Design Selection:...........................................................................................24

4.3 Design details.................................................................................................25

4.3.1 Chassis:...................................................................................................25

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4.3.2 Wheel......................................................................................................26

4.3.3 Brush......................................................................................................28

4.3.4 Sprockets................................................................................................30

4.3.5 Chain......................................................................................................31

4.3.6 Spur Gear................................................................................................35

4.3.7 Shaft........................................................................................................36

4.3.8 Container:...............................................................................................42

4.4 Working principle and operation...................................................................45

4.5 Economic analysis.........................................................................................47

4.6 Financial analysis...........................................................................................50

CHAPTER FIVE: RESULT AND CONCLUSION....................................................52

5.1 Conclusion.....................................................................................................52

5.2 Future Modification of the Project................................................................52

REFERENCES.............................................................................................................53

Annexes........................................................................................................................99

Annex A: Designs........................................................................................................99

Annex B: Calculations..................................................................................................99

Annex C: Fabrication.................................................................................................120

Annex D: Charts and Graphs......................................................................................121

Annex F: Installation and performance......................................................................123

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Factor rating method...................................................................................24
Table 4.2: Specification of chassis...............................................................................25
Table 4.3: Spefication of wheel...................................................................................26
Table 4.4: Specification of handle...............................................................................27
Table 4.5: Spefications of brush...................................................................................29
Table 4.6: Spefication of sprockets..............................................................................31
Table 4.7: Spefication of chain drive 1........................................................................33
Table 4.8: Spefication of chain drive 2........................................................................34
Table 4.9: Specification of chain drive 3.....................................................................35
Table 4.10: Spefication of spur gear............................................................................36
Table 4.11: Specification of shaft 1.............................................................................37
Table 4.12: Specification of shaft 2.............................................................................38
Table 4.13: Specification of shaft 3.............................................................................39
Table 4.14: Specification of shaft 4.............................................................................40
Table 4.15: Specification of shaft…………………………………………………….39
Table 4.16: Specification of front tire..........................................................................42
Table 4.17 Financial Analysis………………………………………………………...47

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Air pollution..............................................................................................11
Figure 1.2: Kathmandu Air Pollution: Real-time Air Quality Index (AQI)................14
Figure 1.3: P.M at Ratna Park......................................................................................14
Figure 1.4: Sources of air pollution in Kathmandu valley...........................................14
Figure 3.1: Flow process for methodology..................................................................20
Figure 3.2: Survey of road for dust accumulation........................................................22
Figure 4.1: Chassis.......................................................................................................25
Figure 4.2: Wheel.........................................................................................................26
Figure 4.5: Brush..........................................................................................................28
Figure 4.6: Larger sprockets........................................................................................30
Figure 4.7: Smaller sprockets.......................................................................................30
Figure 4.8: Chain drive 1.............................................................................................32
Figure 4.9: Chain drive 2.............................................................................................33
Figure 4.10: Chain drive 3...........................................................................................34
Figure 4.11: Spur Gear.................................................................................................35
Figure 4.12: Shaft 1......................................................................................................36
Figure 4.13: Shaft 2......................................................................................................38
Figure 4.14: Shaft 3......................................................................................................39
Figure 4.15: Shaft 4......................................................................................................40
Figure 4.16: Shaft 5......................................................................................................41
Figure 4.17: Container.................................................................................................43
Figure 4.18 : Front tire.................................................................................................43
Figure 4.19: Displacement analysis of Front wheel.....................................................44
Figure 4.20: Stress analysis of Front wheel.................................................................44
Figure 4.21: Principle of Operation.............................................................................45

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CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Air is the element that has made life possible in this beautiful planet earth. Had there
not been air none of the living species that we know exists today might not be here.
We not only humans but all other living beings need air for their survival. Air is the
most essential component for living being’s survival on this planet earth. We may
even survive for a week without food, couple of days without water but is it possible
for us to be alive in the absence of air for a couple of minutes. The answer would be a
big NO.

Air is what we need 24/7 for survival but the air that we breathe in sometimes causes
some serious health hazards. The reason for our illness is polluted air. Polluted air has
negative impacts on respiratory system of our body. So, do we stop breathing now?
That choice might cost our life. So, the only possible choice that we are left with is to
clean the air. The pollutants of air must be removed to make the air clean and
harmless.

The air pollution has been the major problem since the last decade in world.
Kathmandu being one of the most polluted cities in Asia has to be customized to get
rid of the pollution. Pollution caused by dust and particles, poses grave danger to
children, older people and people with respiratory illness. For this purpose, we the
students of Industrial engineering approached to build Road Sweeper for dust
removal. Dust has evolved as a serious problem in Kathmandu city which has
occurred due to road expansion, electrical and electronic installation in roads,
Melamchi water project and settlement of dust from air pollution. Therefore, Road
Sweeper can play a vital role for maintenance and keeping the city clean.

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Figure 1.1: Air pollution (Adhikary, 1996)

Most of the air pollution is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil,
natural gas. Dust is generated by the undergoing road reconstruction, drinking water
pipeline project and electrical installations and is piled up in the edge of the road.
Dust and pollution particles mix in the atmosphere and can travel for days across long
distance before settling on the ground surface. Dust are also produced from
agricultural field operations, parking lots, waste cleanup sites, industrial facilities,
construction activities, demolition activities, etc.

1.2 Dust Control Methods

Dust emissions can be prevented by limiting the creation of dust sized particles,
reduce wind speed at ground level, etc. The majority of mechanical sweepers are
mobile units that use a vacuum system to collect the waste materials. Generally, the
suction action is complemented by one or more rotating brushes for dislodging
residues that adhere to the surface of the road. There is a wide range of mechanical
sweepers. They vary in size from very small units controlled by a pedestrian, to large
mechanical sweepers mounted on a vehicular chassis. The large mechanical sweepers
generally are equipped with an auxiliary engine to generate the vacuum and, in some
cases, are fitted with a hose that can be controlled by an operator to pick up refuse
from areas that are difficult to reach (i.e., dry leaves from drainage ditches).
Mechanical sweepers are efficient for the collection of light litter, fine dust.

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sweepers normally are found in the large metropolitan areas of developing countries.
The degree to which mechanical sweepers are utilized for a specific application
should be based on thorough analyses of advantages and disadvantages, as well as the
costs associated with using them as opposed to using manual sweepers. In addition,
mechanical sweepers have the tendency to be extremely maintenance-intensive units.

Dust particles vary in size from visible to invisible. The smaller the particle, the
longer it stays in the air and the further it can travel. Large dust particles fall out of the
air relatively close to where they are created. These particles form the dust layers you
can see on things like furniture and motor vehicles. Large dust particles tend to be
trapped in the nose and mouth when you breathe them in and can be readily breathed
out or swallowed harmlessly. Smaller or fine dust particles are invisible. Fine dust
particles are more likely to penetrate deeply into the lungs while ultrafine particles can
be absorbed directly into the blood stream.

1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The main objective of road sweeper is to provide an efficient, eco-friendly and portable
manually operated sweeping machine to collect the dust left on the road.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1. To develop the concept on mechanisms.
2. To develop the design calculations.
3. To design assembly drawing, simulate and review.
4. To fabricate the machine parts and assemble
5. To test the fabricated sweeping machine.

1.4 Details of the Project

1.4.1 Problem Statement

How dust has become the major problem of Kathmandu city? Air pollution is one of
the emerging and exponentially growing problem. One of the major contributors of air
pollution is harmful soil dusts particle. Soil dusts are generated due to heavily
expansion of road, construction of buildings.

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and local wind. Therefore, observing this problem we tried to bring a solution by
using local resource and technologies providing faster and efficient work with zero
energy consumption.

During our search for the project, we found that in Nepal cleaning the street is done in
a traditional way. People from a specific ethnic group perform the task of cleaning the
street every morning and afternoon. The efficiency of this task is very low which
ultimately results in loss of time, power and money. The number of sweepers is in
decreasing order these days because of awareness among people about the necessity
and importance of education, only older people perform their chores daily whereas the
young generation is busy in their daily activities such as attending school, college and
office. Aside the younger generation hesitate to perform the sweeping task resulting in
a smaller number of sweepers. Technological advancements have been brought up
and introduced in developed nations to perform the task of cleaning streets but we
lack appropriate technologies and rely on traditional methods for cleaning the streets
even in today’s modern world. Though Kathmandu Metropolitan City has already
introduced a sweeping vehicle in Kathmandu earlier, the sweeper has turned to rubble
after not being used for many years.

The sweepers that are used in developed countries consume fossil fuels to operate. As
we know the fossil fuel reservoir is in its last stage alternatives of energy are being
searched throughout the globe. So, a mechanical push on sweeper could be a solution
to the energy deficient state in the world where we do not need fossil fuel for the
operation of a sweeper as we can sweep the streets just by pushing the push on
sweeper.

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1.4.2 Concept Generation

The preliminary concept of making the road sweeper tickled us just by observing the
amount of dust that hovers in and over the Kathmandu Valley. Next, our concept of
making the machine to be manually operated came to our mind by analyzing the fact
that it is very hard to find the electric or other source of power required to run the
machine. Moreover, the requirement of desired speed of the roller brush, ergonomic
consideration of the machine and capacity of brush was made vivid in our concept by
analyzing the average power that a single fully-grown human being can provide
continuously until two hours. It is very usual that the developing country like Nepal
and other south Asian countries cannot afford the big diesel operated road sweeper
and thus making a low cost and easy to operate the road sweeper would prove very
economical. Finally, the factor encouraged to develop our concept was the availability
of the materials and the machinery parts. We developed our machine concept in a way
that we would use locally available gears, chain sprockets, shafts and tires in our
design.

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CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
The major sources of dust emissions on the roads are agricultural field operations,
parking lots or feed lots, rural areas, waste cleanup sites, industrial facilities, land
clearing, construction activities, demolition activities, storage pile, masonry,
Landscaping, paved and unpaved roads transportation and track out activities on
vacant land equipment yards. The major effects due to dust pollution of human and
environments are health and respiratory problems vehicle accidents from low
visibility, impacts to fish and other aquatic life, impacts to soil and vegetation,
impacts to water quality, vehicle and equipment erosion, lowered property values,
lowered quality of life, complaints from the public.

The dust on the road can be collected using various techniques. According to this
report, methods that can be used to control dust spread on the roads are limiting the
creation or presence of dust-sized particles, reduce wind speed at ground level, bind
dust particles together, capture and remove dust from its sources (Jeth, 1999).

Street sweeping either manual or mechanical has been a normal operation for most
municipalities for hundreds of years. The earliest sweepers were manual efforts using
a broom, shovel with either push or horse-drawn carts. Street sweeping materials
consisted of trash, dirt and vegetation. Thus, aesthetics and sanitation were the two
driving forces for municipalities to keep streets clean and protect the citizens. The
first motorized sweeper was developed in the early 20th century. The mechanical
broom sweeper remains today by far the most common piece of equipment in the
majority of cities to keep streets clean of gross pollutants. Today, street sweeping
materials have changed, with gross pollutants including more plastics and paper
products than would have been present even 50 years ago along with discarded items
associated with cars and trucks using the roadway. During the 1970’s, regenerative-air
street sweeping technology came upon the scene.

Street sweeping involves the use of specialized equipment to remove litter, loose
gravel, soil, pet waste, vehicle debris and pollutants.

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nozzle and filter, or a combination of some or all of these features (Teklemariam,

Developing manually driven street cleaning machine, 1992).

The street sweepers are defined along with their applicability in terms of advantages
and disadvantages. Street sweepers are used for removing dusts, debris and other
pollutants from the roads and other parts of the roads. They help controlling content of
pollutants which obviously reduces the chances of pollution related diseases. They are
not effective when roads are wet and muddy. It has also explained about the major
types of street sweepers explaining mechanical sweepers, regenerative air sweeper,
and high efficiency sweepers. Mainly we learnt how mechanical sweeper is useful for
sweeping the road. The basic maintenance of mechanical sweeper machine is also
explained (Mashaka, 1995).

The sweeper which includes three shaft brushes arranged so that they are parallel to
each other and side brushes so as to collect more dusts on the roads. The conclusion of
the report is that the more dusts can be collected using triangular arrangements of
parallel brushes and side brushes.

We learnt how sweeper works to collect dust particles spread over the roads. It works
on the principle of centrifugal action. The brush, kept in contact with the dust covered
road surface, when rotated in any direction it throws the dust particles in the
tangential direction with the force provided by rotational torque of the shaft of the
brush. The centrifugal force the brush provides is affected by different factors such as
rotational torque of the brush shaft, brush material, road surface, dust particles etc
(Arias, 2002).

Dusts are generated during various drilling operations while performing in the mines.
They are using various types of technologies to control the dust in the mining
operations. Different suppressing chemicals mixed with the water is sprayed over the
surface to control dusts. It prevents the blowing of dust particles in the air by
suppressing behavior of the chemicals (Pandey, 2000).

Treatments with the help of Calcium Chloride and Magnesium Chloride was found to
be more effective than organic polymer-plus-binder.

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application were applied for a year then up to 200 days the effect was visible as less
dust were seen on the road. Moreover, the rate of replenishment of fine aggregates
and gravels also decreased significantly (Jaiswal, 2000).

Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of Nepal has instructed the
concerned to clean the Valley’s roads with the use of road sweeper machine. Due to
the increasing pollution caused by the dust, the Kathmandu has been called as Dust-
mandu. The works to widen the roads and lay the pipes of the Melamchi Drinking
Water Project have caused dust in the valley. According to Ministry Secretary Bhim
Prasad Upadhyay, there were complaints from the public level against increasing dust
pollution in the Valley as roads here are not well cleaned after they were dug to install
water pipes. The instruction to use a road sweeping machine to remove dust was to
address the public complaints, he said. The cleaning of road is expected to begin
within a couple of days (Sanitation, 2008).

By reviewing ‘The Himalayan Times’ Road sweeper machines would be used to

clean dusty roads in the Kathmandu Valley in near future. The Ministry of Water
Supply and Sanitation had earlier instructed the authorities concerned to clean the
Valley’s roads with the use of machines after the laying of water pipes carried out
under the Melamchi Water Supply Project. According to the MoWSS Secretary Bhim
Prasad Upadhyaya, there were complaints from the public against increasing dust
pollution in the Valley as roads had been left without proper cleaning after the
installation of underground pipes. He further said the Ministry had already directed
the authorities to use the machines to address the public concerns. The cleaning of
road is expected to begin within a couple of days, he added.

To decide what we are going to present as our final year project we first decided to
find the most prominent problem existing in Kathmandu. So, we made a walk around
the city and saw various problems, among them we find air pollution due to dust from
road reconstruction and Melamchi water project is the leading one. Observing people
wearing masks all the time as they get out on the road we decided to design and
prepare a prototype to collect the dust from the road.

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CHAPTER THREE:
METHODOLOGY

Problem formulation

Literature review

Design analysis

Structural force analysis and

Fabrication

Testing and result collection

Analysis and conclusion

Final report writing and submission

Figure 3.1: Flow process for

methodology

a) Problem formulation:

Everyone has become the victim of air pollution in Kathmandu valley due to pipe
laying and road expansion projects. The streets are full of dust and the effort to clean
those dust is nowhere near their goal. Though cleaning operation is performed on
daily basis, the practice has resulted to be time, money and power consuming which is
inefficient. So a mechanical push on sweeper is designed to save money, time and
power with high performance in cleaning the streets.
b) Literature review:

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The literature review was carried out through web–based research, expert interactions,
and manual study. The literature related to the machines was studied on the internet.
Analysis of the mechanisms that are used in the prototype of the push on sweeper
were studied. Sweeping technologies used in the world and Nepal were researched
and certain information was extracted from them.

c) Design analysis:

The project will be undertaken by performing a series of experiments with the design
of a machine. Different designs will be derived, analyzed and modified as necessary
with the use of Solid Works 2013 for 2D sketch, dimensioning and 3D modeling.
d) Force analysis and calculations:

Force analysis and load calculations of different components of the machine will be
done. The results will be used during the fabrication process and will help in
maintaining structural balance and integrity of the machine after construction.
e) Fabrication:

With the application of appropriate processes, resources and tools, a prototype of the
mechanical push on sweeper will be fabricated with the selection of suitable material.
f) Testing and result collection:

The fabricated prototype will then be tested to see if it performs the function as
desired or not. The results of the testing will be collected and rectifications will be
carried out if necessary.
g) Analysis, conclusion and recommendations:

The prototype will then be analyzed from mechanical, economic and environmental
perspective and necessary conclusions will be drawn out. Based on those conclusions
recommendations will be given.
h) Final report submission:

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CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION
4.1 Solution concepts
a) Bevel Gear Mechanism

The bevel gear mechanism was to be used in order to make the position of the brush
in an angle of 37 degrees. Bevel gear was also to be used in order to reverse the
direction of rotation of brush with respect to the direction of rotation of the wheel. We
thought of this concept in order to increase the cleaning efficiency of the brush.

b) Universal joint Mechanism

In this mechanism, a pair of spur gears were to be used to reverse the direction of
rotation of brush and universal joint to keep the brush at an angle of 37 degrees. The
main reason to keep the brush at this angle is that it would provide the high quality
surface cleaning.

c) Belt Drive mechanism

The belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts
mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently or to track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys
and may have a twist between the pulleys, and the shafts need not be parallel. Belt is
used where center to center distance between two shafts is very large which can’t be
meshed by using a gear.

In a two pulley system, the belt can either drive the pulleys normally in one direction
(the same if on parallel shafts), or the belt may be crossed, so that the direction of the
driven shaft is reversed (the opposite direction to the driver if on parallel shafts). As a
source of motion, a conveyor belt is one application where the belt is adapted to carry
a load continuously between two points.

d) Spur gear and parallel brush with Chain Sprockets

Spur Gear is used to reverse the direction and transmit the required torque.

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e) Vacuum suction with brush with roller

The roller brush will not collect all the dust but blow half of the dust all around which
would be solved by keeping centrifugal fan behind the brush. This fan would create a
suction pressure but which would suck the dust particles inside.

f) Brush with wetted cloth strip

The wetted cloth strip is arranged is circular frame and dust gets attached to the cloth.
The collected dust gets bulky and is collected in container by hitting to a rod placed at
the end of the cloth strip.

4.2 Design Selection:

Table 4.1: Factor rating method

Mechanism Safety Cost Material Ease of W Total Eff R

Availability Fabrication

Bevel gear
3 2 4 4 4 17 60% 10.2
mechanism

Universal
joint 3 5 4 4 4 20 60% 12
mechanism

Spur gear
parallel 3 7 7 8 7 32 50% 16
brush

Vacuum
suction with
7 2 3 6 3 21 70% 14.7
brush with
roller

Belt drive
3 5 5 6 5 24 50% 12
mechanism

According to our factor rating method the mechanism of spur gear with parallel brush
got the highest rating therefore we chose to go with it.
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4.2.1 Chassis:
The chassis is one of the major components on which the various components such as
shafts, bearings, brushes, container and other components are mounted. It carries the
load exerted on it due to various components and load of the dust particles collected
during operation. The components for the chassis was selected such that it provides
the load handling and easiness. The angle bar was used for the construction of the
chassis. We selected this one because of the following reasons:

Figure 4.1: Chassis

Table 4.2: Specification of chassis

Specifications length bar breadth bar

Material M.S. M.S.

Length 1200 mm 750 mm

Breadth 40 mm 40 mm

Height 40 mm 40 mm

thickness 3 mm 3 mm

Mass 1300 gm 700 gm

Number 2 2

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4.2.2 Wheel
The wheel is used to provide the rotational motion and torque to the machine due to
friction between ground and the friction material of the tire while pushing in the
forward direction of the machine. The tire used for the cycle is selected. It transfers
the load on the chassis into the ground absorbing the vibrations and also providing the
balance loads of the machine.

Figure 4.2: Wheel

Specifications:

Table 4.3: Spefication of wheel

Material of the tire nylon

Material of the rim Cast iron

Diameter of the wheel 350 mm

Diameter of the central bore 11 mm

Diameter of the tire 50 mm

mass of the wheel 2 kg

Number of the wheel 04

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4.2.3 Brush
The brush has been manufactured by our team in the workshop of our own campus.
The brush was made using materials available in the markets. The brush consists of
the brush tool, ring and brush support. The brush support supports the brush in a
groove holding it tightly. The brush support is welded to the ring fixing it. The ring is
a circular structure made using flat bar which has central bar having bore to fix to the
shaft which rotates to brush.

Fabrication process: cutting, grinding, welding, joining with nut and bolts

Figure 4.4: Brush

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Specifications:
Table 4.5: Spefications of brush

Brush ring Material Mild steel

External diameter 146 mm

Internal diameter 140 mm

Thickness of flat bar 3 mm

Breadth of the side bar 40 mm

Thickness of side bar 3 mm

length of side bar 140 mm

Bore diameter 40 mm

Brush support Material

Numbers 15

Breadth 10 mm

Height 20 mm

Gap between side bars 5 mm

brush Material Polypropylene

bristles

Length of brush base 250 mm

Diameter of thread 1.5 mm

Length of the thread 110

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Sprockets
The sprockets of different diameter have been used to transmit the power acting as a
spur gear varying speeds and torque to transmit to further shafts with the help of chain
drives... Sprocket of the rickshaw was selected. The smaller sprocket was selected
from the cycle shop.

Figure 4.5: Larger sprockets Figure 4.6: Smaller sprockets

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Specifications:
Table 4.6: Spefication of sprockets

material stainless steel

mass 0.4 kg

Pitch diameter 210 mm

Larger sprockets Bore diameter 21 mm

thickness 3 mm

pitch 15 mm

No. of teeth 45

material brass

Mass with bush 0.425 kg

Pitch diameter 70 mm

Smaller Bore diameter 30 mm

sprocket thickness 3 mm

Extruded part: diameter 56 mm

pitch 15 mm

No. of teeth 15

i.Chain
The chain drive is used to transmit the power from one shaft to another due to larger
center distances between shafts. The chain drive acts as simple gear train and open
belt drive as it transfers the rotation in the same direction as that of driven shaft. It
consists of various chain components such as internal and external components. It is
meshed with the sprockets into the groove between successive teeth.

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Chain drive 1:

Figure 4.7: Chain drive 1

It is the first chain drive to transmit power from shaft with smaller gear to further shaft.

Diameter of first sprocket = 70 mm

Speed of first sprocket = 41.3 rpm

Diameter of second sprocket= 70 mm

Speed ratio 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛

𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟
=
70
=
70

= 1: 1

Speed of the driven sprocket,

=Velocity ratio×speed of first sprocket

= (1/1)*39

= 39 rpm

From calculations (explained in annex),

Length of chain= 499.90 mm

Centre distance= 140 mm

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Specifications:

Table 4.9: Specification of chain drive 3

Material Mild steel

Mass of chain length 0.2328 kg

Chain pitch 15 mm

Length of piece 27.5 mm

No. of pieces 34

ii.Spur Gear
The main function of the gear was to transmit power from the back tire shaft to further
shaft changing the direction of rotation as required rotation for the brush providing
anticlockwise rotation form clockwise rotation.

Figure 4.10: Spur Gear

Power to be transmitted= 55 w
Velocity ratio= 1.18
Centre distance= 60mm
From calculations,
Design is based on the pinion of the gear train.
Module was found to be 4.
i.e. m= 4
Number of teeth = 29

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Specifications:

Table 4.10: Spefication of spur gear

Tooth characteristics Full depth 200

pressure angle(deg) 20

addendum (mm) 4

Minimum Dedendum (mm) 4.628

minimum total depth(mm) 8.628

Minimum clearance(mm) 0.628

Thickness of the tooth(mm) 4.628

Outside diameter(mm) 70

Mass of larger gear 0.2 kg

Mass of smaller gear 0.15 kg

iii.Shaft
The shafts were selected to carry the load and transfer to the chassis transmitting
rotational motion to other components. The shafts with various dimensions has been
used according to various load calculations.

Design of first shaft:

This shaft has composite structure having different diameters. The outer section is for
providing space for the wheels and second diameters are for bearings. The larger gear
is mounted on it.

Power to be transmitted= 55 W
Speed of gear= 35 rpm

Figure 4.11: Shaft 1

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which restricts the dusts coming out along with the end of the brush to fly out side of
the container.

Fabrication process: cutting, welding for joining plates, screw joining for guide rubber

Figure 4.16: Container

From calculations,

The maximum capacity of the container is 3.22 kg to contain dry soil.

10) Front tire

The front tire is used to provide the support to the chassis. It also provides the easy
movement in the forward direction. Its wheel moves in vertical plane only but cap
above the wheel can move in horizontal plane which provides the movement of the
machine in horizontal plane while cornering in the ground. The small sized high
strength wheel was selected to provide the less height in front of the machine to make
operator easy to look for dusts in the ground during pushing.

Figure 4.17 : Front tire

Fabrication process:

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-Welding of vertical hollow shaft and horizontal bar

Specifications:
Table 4.16: Specification of front tire

tire material Nylon

diameter 100 mm

thickness 30 mm

Performance chart:
Load on the tire = 150 N

Figure 4.18: Displacement analysis of Front wheel

Figure 4.19: Stress analysis of Front wheel

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4.4 Working principle and operation

Principle of operation:

When the shaft is rotated with external power, the brush connected to it experiences
centrifugal force on the tip of the threads. The tip remained in contact on the surface
throws dust particles away from the surface of the road in the tangential direction of
that brush cylinder.

Figure 4.20: Principle of Operation

Mechanism of machine:

When an operator pushes the handle, the back wheel rotates in clockwise direction
and the larger spur gear attached to the shaft drives another smaller spur gear mounted
on front shaft. This increases the speed of that smaller spur gear. Smaller sprocket
compounded with the smaller gear rotates with the same speed of that smaller gear.
This compounded sprocket is linked with another sprocket of same diameter with the
help of chain drive which rotates with same speed to that of previous sprocket. The
larger sprocket compounded with the latest shaft rotates with the speed to that of the
shaft fixed to it.

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4.5
4.6 Financial analysis

Table 4.17: Financial analysis

S.

No. rate no. of days no. of worker Cost

1 Technical Services

field survey and report 100 2 1 400

Product designing and

2 development

Preliminary concept
2 1 200
development 100

Solid works design and

development 50 3 1 150

Equipment rental
3 Services
lathe, drilling, welding,
300
milling etc.

work space 3000

Total fixed cost 3900

B Variable Cost

1 Materials cost

Particulars/materials Quantity Rate(Rs.) Total(Rs.)

Spur Gear 2 100 200

Back Wheels (MS and

2 400 800
rubber)
Large Chain Sprocket
1 150 150
(MS)
Small Sprocket with
1 100 100
bush (Brass and MS)
Nut and bolt Small 60 5 300

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Nut and bolt Larger 7 4 100

Brush 1 500 500
Front Wheels(MS and
2 100 200
rubber)
Ball Bearing(Steel) 4 60 240
Frame(MS) 1 300 300
Shaft(Steel) 2 100 200
Container(MS) 1 100 100
Total Cost 3400

no. of
Labor Cost rate no. of days Cost
2 workers
labor cost 200 5 2 1000

Total cost 7300

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CHAPTER FIVE
RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusio n

In conclusion, design, fabrication and testing of manually operated road sweeper was achieved
with our laborious work. However, we came to the understanding that the range in the numerical
data of size, shape and other variables is not permissible. The design data must be accurate and
must have an alternative as well. Next, the fabrication process became very complex than we have
estimated during design phase. The most important factor that affected and forced us to change
some concepts in our design was the material availability and the manufacturability of the
machine. After that, the testing was done and we learned that this machine have better performance
level than manual traditional sweeping method and found that the benefit in the social level is very
high and rewarding in terms of its cost. However, some design discrepancies were observed
through our testing results. Some amount of dust spread and hovered in the air. Passing all these
challenges we managed to complete this project and learned where the problems are likely to occur
during design phase and fabrication phase. Moreover, we also learned about the significance of the
material availability, skills and machine availability to design and fabricate the machine and get
desired output.

5.2 Future Modification of the Project

Due to various constraints such as technical, financial, environmental, material availability etc., the
project could not achieve 100 percent efficiency. Someone can further work on our project to
improve the performance of the machine. The future modifications those can be made in our
project are as follows:

a) Proper value analysis can be done for proper material selection reducing costand weight
increasing efficiency

b) The use of vertical brush can eliminate the problem of dust spreading

c) The use of vacuum can also be made for collecting micro dusts d) The manual drive can be
replaced by motor drive to increase efficiency
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REFERENCES

Adhikary, R. P. (1996). Pollution in Kathmandu valley.

Arias, S. N. (2002). Invention of Brush Type Sweeper.

Jaiswal, P. (2000), Best Practices for dust control on gravel roads. Jeth, P. (1999). Methods for
Dust Control. Department of Ecology.

Khurmi, R. (1976). Theory of Machine. S. Chand.

Khurmi, R. (1980). Machine Design, S. Chand.

Mashaka, P. (1995). Street sweeping-A short Hand book".

Pandey, J. K. (2000). Dust control practices in the Indian mining Industry.

Sanitation, M. o. (2008). Status of air pollution in Kathmandu valley. Sharma, M. (n.d.). Pollution
in Kathmandu valley. The Kathmandu Post-Health.

Teklemariam, A. (1992). Developing manually driven street cleaning machine.

Teklemariam, A. (2013). Developing manually driven street cleaning machine (scm).

WHO. (2016). Pollution data WHO.

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