Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132

WK&RRQIHUHQFHRIIWKH,WDOLDQ7KHUPDO0
0DFKLQHV(Q
QJLQHHULQJ$
$VVRFLDWLRQ$7,

3LWFKK2SWLPLL]DWLRQLQ
Q6PDOOVL]H'DUUULHXV:
:LQG7XUUELQHV
$OHVVDQGUUR%LDQFKLQLD*LRYDQQQL)HUUDUDDD/RUHQ]R
R)HUUDULE 
a
Departtment of Industriaal Engineering, Università
U degli SStudi di Firenze, Via
V di Santa Martta 3, 50139 Firennze (Italy)
b
ICC
COM-CNR, Consiiglio Nazionale delled Ricerche, Viia Madonna del Piano
P 10, 50019 Sesto
S Fiorentino ((Italy)

$EVWWUDFW

6PDOOO'DUULHXVZLQGGWXUELQHVDUHVVWDQGLQJRXWDVR RQHRIWKHPRVWWSURPLVLQJWHFK KQRORJLHVLQYLHHZRIDZLGHVSUUHDGDYDLODELOLW\ \RI

GHORFFDOL]HGHQHUJ\SSURGXFWLRQIURP PZLQG,QYLHZ ZRIDSHUIRUPDQ DQFHRSWLPL]DWLRRQRI'DUULHXVUURWRUVWKHDSSOLLFDWLRQRIDSLWFFK
DQJOHHWREODGHVKDVEEHHQRIWHQVXJJJHVWHG,QWKHSUUHVHQWZRUNWKHHSLWFKPRGHOLQ QJLQDQDGYDQFHG%(0FRGHKKDVEHHQH[SORLLWHG
WRLQYYHVWLJDWHGLIIHUHQWSLWFKFRQWURROVWUDWHJLHV,QSDUWLFXODUWKH SURVSHFWVRIDS
SLWFKSUHVHWEDVVHGRQERWKWKH PD[LPXPSRZ ZHU
DQGWWKHPD[LPXPHHQHUJ\H[WUDFWLRRQKDYHEHHQHY YDOXDWHGDQGFRP PSDUHGWRWKRVHHFRQQHFWHGWRDDSURJUHVVLYHSSLWFKYDULDWLRQZ ZLWK
WKHWXXUELQHUHYROXWLRRQVSHHG7KHSSLWFKHIIHFWVKDY YHEHHQGLVFXVVVHGERWKLQWHUPPVRIDJJUHJDWHG GSRZHURXWSXW DQGRIYDULDWLRQRI
WKHDDLUIRLOIXQFWLRQLQQJFRQGLWLRQVWKKURXJKRXWDUHY YROXWLRQ7KHDQQDO\VLVFRQILUPPHGWKDWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDSURRSHUSLWFKDQJOHH
FRXOG GGHILQLWHO\SURRYLGHDQLQFUHDVVHRIWKHWXUELQHHSHUIRUPDQFH HVSHFLDOO\DWPPHGLXPKLJKVROOLGLWLHV
©‹
2015 The Authors. UV3XEOLVKHGE\
7KH$XWKRU Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWWHHRI$ $7,
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2014
Keywwords: 'DUULHXVWX
WXUELQHVZLQGSLLWFK%(0RSWLPPL]DWLRQ

,Q
QWURGXFWLRQ

,QQFUHDVLQJ UHVHHDUFK HIIRUWV DUH EHLQJ GHHYRWHG WR XQGGHUVWDQG ZKHHUH VPDOOVL]HH ZLQG WXUELQQHV FDQ HIIHFWWLYHO\
UHSUHHVHQWDQDOWHUQQDWLYHIRUGHORRFDOL]HGSRZHHUSURGXFWLRQ DQGHPLVVLRQ QVUHGXFWLRQS
SDUWLFXODUO\ZKKHQDSSOLHGLQ QQHZ
LQVWDDOODWLRQ FRQWH[[WV HJ WKH EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW >@  'DDUULHXV WXUELQ
QHV DUH LQGHHG
G LQVHQVLWLYH WR ZLQG GLUHFWLRQ
DOPR RVWQRLVHOHVVDDQGWKH\DOORZ ZDYDULHW\RIIDHVWKHWLFGHVVLJQVZKLFKFFDQEHH[SORLWWHGWRPRUHHIIIHFWLYHO\LQWHHJUDWH
WKHP
PIRUH[DPSOHHLQDGHQVHOO\SRSXODWHGDDUHD2QWKHRRWKHUKDQGDQ QHIILFLHQF\JJDSVWLOOVWDQGV
GVLQFRPSDULVVRQWR
FRQYYHQWLRQDOKRUL]]RQWDOD[LVWXXUELQHVZKLFKRIWHQKDPSHUVVWKHLUGLIIXVLR RQ>@



&
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWWKRU7HOID[
E-mail
E address:ORRUHQ]RIHUUDUL#LFFRPFQULW

1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2014
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.067
 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132 123

1RP
PHQFODWXUH
$ 7XXUELQH6ZHSW$ $UHD >P@
D ,QGGXFWLRQ)DFWRUU
F %ODDGH&KRUG >F@
&' 'UDDJ&RHIILFLHQW 
&/ /LIIW&RHIILFLHQW
F3 3RZ ZHU&RHIILFLHHQW 
' 'UDDJ)RUFH >1@
( (QQHUJ\<LHOGRII WKH7XUELQH >N:K@ 
)Q 1RRUPDO)RUFH >1@
)W 7DQQJHQWLDO)RUFHH >1@
+ 7XXUELQH+HLJKW >P@
/ /LIIW)RUFH >1@
1 %ODDGHV¶1XPEHUU
3 7XXUELQH3RZHU >:@
5 7XXUELQH5DGLXV >5@
765 5 7LSS6SHHG5DWLRR
8 :LLQG6SHHG >PV@
: 5HODWLYH:LQG6 6SHHG >PV@
y+ 'LP PHQVLRQOHVV::DOO'LVWDQFH
Į ,QFFLGHQFH$QJOHH >GHJ@
ȕ 3LWWFK$QJOH >GHJ@
ࢡ $]]LPXWKDO$QJOH >GHJ@
ı 6ROOLGLW\
Ȧ 7XXUELQH5HYROXWWLRQ6SHHG >UDGV@

,Q
, YLHZ RI D SHUIRUPDQFH RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI 'DUULHXV UURWRUV WKH DS SSOLFDWLRQ RI D
D SLWFK DQJOH EHWZHHQ WKH EODGH
FKR
RUGDQGWKHUDGGLDOGLUHFWLRQKDVEHHQRIWHQVXJJHVWHG HHJ>@ 7K KHSLWFKDQJOHHFRQYHQWLRQXXVHGLQWKLVVWX XG\LV
UHSRRUWHGLQ)LJWRJHWKHUZLWKKWKHFRQYHQWLLRQIRUD]LPXWWKDODQJOHV,IIDQDFWLYHFRQ QWURORIWKHSLWWKDQJOHWKURX XJKRXW
WKH UHYROXWLRQ LVV WKHRUHWLFDOO\\ WKH PRVW HIIIHFWLYH VROXWLRRQ >@ LW KR
RZHYHU LPSOLHV D UHPDUNDEEOH LQFUHDVH RI R WKH
ELQH FRPSOH[LW\ WKXV UHGXXFLQJ WZR RII WKH PDLQ EHHQHILWV RI WKLLV WHFKQRORJ\
WXUE \ LH VLPSOLFFLW\ DQG UHOLDDELOLW\
0RUUHRYHUIRFXVLLQJRQVPDOOVVL]HPDFKLQHVZKLFKKDYH WRURWDWHYHU\ \IDVW>@WKHHPHFKDQLFDODDFWXDWRUQHHGHGIRU
WKH SLWFK UHJXODWWLRQ ZRXOG KDDYH WR DFW LQ YHU\ VKRUW WLPPH PDNLQJ WKLV
W VROXWLRQ EDUHO\
E IHDVLEOOH LQ UHDO LQGX
XVWULDO
PDFFKLQHV ,Q WKHH SUHVHQW VWXGG\ GLIIHUHQW SLWFK
S RSWLPL]DDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHHV ZHUH LQYHVVWLJDWHG E\ P PHDQV RI D SUR RSHUO\
DVVHHVVHGQXPHULFFDOFRGH,QSDDUWLFXODUWKHHIIHFWVRIDILL[HGSLWFKSUHHVHWRURIDYDDULDWLRQRIWKHEODGH¶VDQJOHHRQO\
ZLWKKWKHUHYROXWLRRQVSHHGZHUHHDQDO\]HGDQG GWKHLUEHQHILWWVLQWHUPVRIHHQHUJ\\LHOGLQFUHDVHZHUH TXDQWLILHG


)LJ D 3LWFK
KDQJOHFRQYHQWLRRQ E $]LPXWKDODQJOHFRQYHQWLRQ
Q
124 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132

6LLPXODWLRQFRG
GH

7KHSHUIRUPDQ
7 QFHVLPXODWLRQQVRIWKHDQDO\\]HGURWRUVZHHUHFDUULHGRX
XWZLWKWKH9$
$5'$5FRGH RIWKH'HSDUWWPHQW
RI,Q
QGXVWULDO(QJLQQHHULQJRIWKHH8QLYHUVLW\RI)ORUHQFH

2.1. Code featuress

7KHFRGHPDNH
7 HVXVHRIWKH%
%ODGH(OHPHQ QW0RPHQWXP %(0 7KHRU\E\ZKLFKWWKHSHUIRUPDQQFHRIWKHURWR RUDUH
FDOFXXODWHVFRXSOLQQJWKHPRPHQQWXPHTXDWLRQ QLQWKHPDLQVVWUHDPGLUHFWLR RQRIWKHZLQGDQGWKHDHUR URG\QDPLFDQDDO\VLV
RI WK
KH LQWHUDFWLRQQV EHWZHHQ WKKH DLUIRLOV LQ PRWLRQ DQG WWKH RQFRPLQJ J IORZ RQ WKHH URWRU >@ ,Q SDUWLFXODUU WKH
9$5 5'$5 FRGH KKDV EHHQ VSHFLILFDOO\ GHYHHORSHG IRU +'DUULHXV ZLQ QG WXUELQHV XVLQJ DQ LPSURRYHG YHUVLRQ RI D
'RX XEOH 0XOWLSOH 6WUHDPWXEHV $SSURDFK ZLWK 9DULDEOH ,Q ,QWHUIHUHQFH )DFWRUV
) >@ HPEHGGHG
H ZLWLWK VRPH DGYDDQFHG
URXWLLQHVWRDFFRXQQWIRUWKHPDLQVHFRQGDU\ DQGSDUDVLWLF HIIHFWV>@,QGHWDLO WKH*ODXHUW¶VFRUUHFWLRQIR RUWKH
%(0 0 WKHRU\ KDV EHHQ WDNHQ LQWR
L DFFRXQW ZLWK
Z WKH PRVVW UHFHQW LPSUURYHPHQWV EDVHG RQ H[SHUULPHQWDO GDWD >@
WRJHHWKHUZLWKWKH FRUUHFWLRQVGXXHWREODGHVIILQLWH$VSHFW5 5DWLRXVLQJWK KH/DQFKHVWHUU3UDQGWOPRGHHO>@,QRUG GHUWR
LQFUHHDVHWKHDFFXUUDF\RIWKHDHUURG\QDPLFHVWWLPDWLRQVDVSSHFLILFVXEPR RGHOWRDFFRXQ QWIRUWKHG\QDDPLFVWDOOKDVEHHQ
SURYYLGHG IROORZLLQJ WKH 3DUDVFFKLYRLX¶V DGDDSWDWLRQ WR WKHH '06 DSSUR RDFK GHVFULEHG G LQ >@ DW WKKH VDPH WLPHH WKH
VWUHDDP WXEH H[SDDQVLRQ DORQJ WKH IORZ SDWK ZDV FRQVLGGHUHG ZLWK WK KH VLPSOLILHG VFKHPH SUHVHHQWHG LQ 5HII >@
DOWKRRXJK LWV LQFLGGHQFH RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFHH HVWLPDWLRQ RRI VPDOO WXUELQHV OLNH WKRVVH LQYHVWLJDWHHG LQ WKLV ZR RUN LV
UHGXXFHG7KHFRGGHPDNHVXVH RIDUREXVWGDDWDEDVHRIDLUUIRLOVSRODUVZ ZKLFKZHUHGHULYHGERWKIU IURPOLWHUDWXUHHGDWD
HJ>@RU>@  DQGIURPVSHFLILFH[SHULPHQWV>@LQWKKHZLQGWXQQHHOZKLFKDOORZHGYHULI\LQJJH[WUDSRODWLR RQVRI
SRVWVWDOOGDWDFRP PLQJIURPWKHH9LWHUQD&RUUULJDQPRGHO>@
7KHSUHGLFWLRQ
7 QFDSDELOLWLHVRRIWKH9$5' '$5FRGHKDYYHEHHQYDOLGDDWHGZLWKVHYHHUDOWHVWFDPSSDLJQVLQWKH ZLQG
WXQQQHO RQ  PRRGHOV RI +'DDUULHXV URWRUV 7KH FRGH ZDDV DEOH WR FRUUUHFWO\ SUHGLFW ZLWK DQ DYYHUDJH HUURU RQ WKH
SRZZHUFRHIILFLHQWWHYDOXDWLRQORRZHUWKDQ ERWKWKHSRZ ZHUFXUYHVDW GLIIHUHQWZLQ QGVSHHGVDQG WKHVWDUWLQJUDPSV
RIURRWRUVZLWKWZRRRUWKUHHEODGGHVHLWKHUVWUDDLJKWRUKHOL[VKDSHG)RUIIXUWKHUGHWDLOVVRQWKHFRGH WKHYDOLGDWLRQ QDQG
LWVP
PDLQIHDWXUHVVVHH5HIV>@

2.2. Validation wiith CFD

,Q
Q YLHZ RI WKHH SUHVHQW DQDOO\VLV WKH SUHG
GLFWLRQ FDSDELLOLWLHV RI WKH PRGHO LQ FDVHH RI D SLWFK DDQJOH ZHUH IX
XUWKHU
DVVHVVHG FRPSDULLQJ WKH %(0 0 VLPXODWLRQV ZLWK D IXOO\\XQVWHDG\ &) )' VLPXODWLRRQ RI D VLQJOOH DLUIRLO )LJ J  
UHSURRGXFLQJ WKH SSHUIRUPDQFH RI D 1$&$  DIWHU YLLUWXDO FDPEHU FRPSHQVDWLRQ >@ )RU EEUHYLW\ UHDVRQV D
GHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRRQRI&)'VHWWWLQJVFDQQRWE EHUHSRUWHGKHHUHDOOGHWDLOVVFDQEHDQ\KRZIRXQGLQ5 5HI>@LQZZKLFK
DQ H[WHQVLYH
H H[SHHULPHQWDO YDOLLGDWLRQ LV DOVR R SURYLGHG 7
7KH PDLQ IHDWWXUHV RI WKH VLPXODWLRQ
V PRRGHO DUH KRZZHYHU
VXPP PDUL]HGLQ7DDEOH


)LJJ D :KROHFRRPSXWDWLRQDOGRP
PDLQ E 5RWDWLQJJGRPDLQ F $LUUIRLO G /HDGLQJ(GJHGLVFUHWL]DWLLRQ

)LJUHSRUWVW
) WKHFRPSDULVRRQVEHWZHHQWK KHSUHGLFWLRQVVZLWKWKH9$ $5'$5FRGHDQG&)'GDWDD7KHFRPSDDULVRQ
LVPDGHLQWHUPVRRIWDQJHQWLDOIIRUFHSHUXQLWOOHQJWKRYHUD UHYROXWLRQIRUUSLWFKDQJOHVRIƒDQGƒƒUHVSHFWLYHO\
\


 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132 125

7DDEOH0DLQIHDWX
XUHVRIWKH&)'WHHVWFDVH
*HRPHWU\DQG2SHHUDWLQJ&RQGLWLRRQV 
$LUUIRLO FXXUYHG1$&$ >@
:LQQG6SHHG U  >PV@
&KRRUG c  >P@
5DGGLXV R  >P@
765 5 
3LWFFK ZLWKUHVSHFWWWRWDQJHQWLDOGLUHFFWLRQ  Ȗ  ƒƒDQGƒ
0DDLQ&)'SDUDPHHWHUV 
6LP
PXODWLRQ&RGH $1 16<6)OXHQW
7XUUEXOHQFH0RGHO k-Ȧ SST
$OJJRULWKP 7UUDQVLHQW&RXSOHG
G
y+RRQWKH$LUIRLO 
0HHVK6L]H>HOHPHQ QWV@ a


)LJ7
7DQJHQWLDOIRUFHS
SURILOHFRPSDULVRRQVGXULQJDUHYROXWLRQ D ȕ ƒ E ȕ ƒ

$VRQHPD\Q
$ RWLFHVRXQGDDJUHHPHQWZDVIRXQGEHWZHHHQWKH%(0PRGHODQGWKHH&)'VLPXODDWLRQV,QSDUWLLFXODU
WKH %(0FRGHGGHVSLWHWKHVLP PSOLILFDWLRQLQ QWURGXFHGE\ WKHWKHRUHWLFDDOPRGHOZDVVDEOHWRSURSSHUO\FDWFKER RWKWKH
LQWHHQVLW\ YDULDWLRRQ RI WKH IRUFFHV DQG WKH D]LPXWKDO
D VKLIIW RI WKH SHDN
NV RI WKH FXUY
YH ERWK LQ WKKH XSZLQG DQ
QG WKH
GRZZQZLQGKDOYHVVRIWKHUHYROXXWLRQ%DVHGR RQWKHVHUHVXOW
OWVWKH9$5' '$5FRGHZDVVDVVXPHGWREEHSUHGLFWLYHRIWKH
SKHHQRPHQRORJ\RRIDSLWFKDQJOHYDULDWLRQ

3
3LWFKHIIHFWVRRQD'DUULHXVVURWRUSHUIRUUPDQFH

7KH
7 HIIHFW RI D SLWFK DQJOHH RQ WKH SHUIR
RUPDQFH RI D 'DUULHXV WXUE ELQH LV YHU\ FRPSOH[ ,Q FDDVH RI D VLQJOOH VWLOO
EODGGHLVLQGHHGWWUXHWKDWDQLP
PSRVHGYDULDWLR RQRIWKHDQJOOHEHWZHHQWKHHDLUIRLOFKRUG GDQGWKHWDQJHHQWLDOGLUHFWLRRQZLOO
UHIOHFWLQWRDQHTXXLYDOHQWVKLIWRIWKHD]LPXWKDOWRUTXHSURRILOHZLWKKRZ ZHYHUQRHIILFFLHQF\YDULDWLRRQ
&RQYHUVHO\
& Z
ZKHQ D WXUELQHH VWDUWV URWDWLQ
QJ WKH EODGHIORZ LQWHUDFWWLRQ DW HDFK D]LPXWKDO DQJOOH LV DOWHUHG E\
E WKH
SLWFFKDQJOHZKLFFKPDNHVWKHDDLUIRLOSURGXFHHGLIIHUHQWOLIWWDQGGUDJIRUFHV VHH)LJXUUH DQGFRQWWHPSRUDULO\LQ QGXFHV
GLIIIHUHQW VORZLQJJ GRZQ DQG GHYLDWLRQ RI WKH IORZ VWUUHDPOLQHV $ FOHDU UHSUHVHHQWDWLRQ RI WKKLV SKHQRPHQ QRQ LV
DSSSUHFLDEOHLQ)LJJZKHUHWKKHD]LPXWKDOIOORZILHOGVDWƒRIWKHWZR RFRQILJXUDWLRQ QVRI)LJDUUHGHSLFWHG

126 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132

)LJ(IIHFWRIWKHSLWFKDQJOHRQWKHUHODWLYHZLQGVSHHHGDQGLQFLGHQFHHDQJOHV#ࢡ ƒƒ D ȕ ƒ E ȕ ƒ

,Q
QD%(0PRGGHOSHUVSHFWLYHWKLVHIIHFWLLVJOREDOO\PRRGHOHGE\DYDDULDWLRQRIWKHHLQGXFWLRQIDFFWRUZKLFKGLUUHFWO\
PRG
GLILHVWKHYHORFFLW\WULDQJOHRRQWKHDLUIRLO (T
( 
& & &
W ZR  U   a  

0RUHRYHU
0 LI WWKH GHVFULEHG SKHQRPHQROR RJ\ LV EDVLFDOOO\ WUXH IRU WK
KH XSZLQG SDDUW RI WKH UHYRROXWLRQ WKH JOREDO
J
HIIHFFW RI SLWFK LVV HYHQ PRUH FRPSOH[ IRU WKH GRZQZLQQG SDUW DV D GLIIHUHQW XSZ ZLQG HQHUJ\ HH[WUDFWLRQ GLUUHFWO\
LQIOX
XHQFHVWKHIORZ ZFKDUDFWHULVWWLFVRQGRZQZZLQGEODGHV>@DVUHDG GLO\QRWLFHDEOHIURP)LJXUHH0RVWDGYDDQFHG
%(0 0 PRGHOV LQ IDFW DFFRXQWW IRU WKLV HIIHHFW E\ ERWK DD YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH GRZQZLQ QG LQGXFWLRQ IDFWRU DQG E\ \ WKH
VWUHDDPWXEHVH[SDQQVLRQ>@
2QWKHVHEDVHV
2 VWKHHIIHFWV RIDSLWFKDQJ
JOHRQWKHDHUURG\QDPLFVRIWKHDLUIRLOV ZHUHDQDO\]HGGE\PHDQVR RIWKH
9$5 5'$5 FRGH ,Q SDUWLFXODU IRU FRQFLVHQ QHVV UHDVRQV WKH PDLQ RXWWFRPHV DUH KHHUH UHIHUUHG WRR D VSHFLILF URWRU
U
UHSUHHVHQWLQJRQHRRIWKHDQDO\]HHGFDVHVLQWKHVWXG\ZKRVHHPDLQIHDWXUHHVDUHUHSRUWHG GLQ7DEOH

7DEEOH6WXG\FDVHUURWRUIRUSLWFKHII
IIHFWVDQDO\VLV
(IIHHFWLYH$LUIRLO 1$$&$
%ODGGHV¶1XPEHU 1  
6ZHHSW$UHD $  >PP@
+HLJJKW'LDPHWHU5DWWLR + 5  

6ROLGLW\ ı  

%ODGGHV¶W\SH 6WUUDLJKW
:LQQG6SHHG 8  >PPV@

7KHURWRUZDV
7 VLPXODWHGVHYYHUDOWLPHVZLWKWKHFRGHDDSSO\LQJGLIIHUHQWSLWFKSUHVHWVWREODGHVVJRLQJIURPɴ ɴ ƒ
WRɴ ƒZLWKD SLWFKLQFUHPHHQWRIƒ) )LJUHSRUWV WKHUDWHGSRZ ZHURIWKHURWWRUDWWKHJLYHHQZLQGVSHHG
GDVD
IXQFFWLRQRIWKHSLWWFKDQJOH2QOO\SRVLWLYHYDOOXHVRISLWFKDDUHGLVSOD\HGDVWKRVHSURYLGLQJDSHUIRUUPDQFHLQFUHDVH
8SRQH[DPLQDW
8 WLRQRI)LJXUHHVRPHLPSR RUWDQWREVHUYDDWLRQVFDQEHPPDGH

x 7KH
7 FXUYH SUHVHQWV D SHDN LH WKHUH LV QRQ]HUR D SSLWFK DQJOH ZKLFK RSWLPL]HHV WKH URWRU SSHUIRUPDQFH DW
D WKH
LQQYHVWLJDWHGZLLQGVSHHG
x ,QQSUR[LPLW\RIIWKHSHDNWKHHFXUYHLVTXLWWHIODW7KHV\\VWHPLVWKHQVVXSSRVHGWREHSRRUO\VHQVLLWLYHWRVPDOOSLWFK
DQQJOHHUURUV HJGXHWRDZUURQJDFWXDWRUSRVLWLRQLQJRUUWRPDQXIDFWX XULQJHUURUV 
x $VDWWHQGHGWK
$ KHPRGLILFDWLRRQVLQGXFHGE E\WKHSLWFKDQQJOHRQWKHJOOREDOIORZFRQ QGLWLRQVDURXQQGWKHWXUELQHHDOVR
LQQGXFHDYDULDWWLRQRIWKHWXUEELQHWLSVSHHG
GUDWLR (T 

 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132 127

)LJ5DWHGSRZHURIWKHVWXG\\URWRUDVDIXQFWLLRQRISLWFKDQJOH
H

*RLQJLQWRGH
* HWDLOVRIWKHWUUHQGREWDLQHG LQ)LJILYYHRSHUDWLQJSSRLQWRIWKHFX XUYHZHUHLQYHHVWLJDWHG VROLGUHG
GRWVV  FRUUHVSRQGGLQJ WR WKH RSWLPDO
R RQH LH ȕ ƒ  WZR SRLQWV LQ WKH IODW SDDUW RI WKH FXUUYH LH ZKHUUH WKH
SHUIIRUPDQFHLQFUUHDVHLVQRWORZHUWKDQ RIWKHRSWLP PDORQHȕ ƒDQGȕ  ƒ DQGWKHWWZRH[WUHPHVRIWKH
FXUY
YH ȕ ƒDQG ȕ ƒ )LJXUHHUHSRUWVWKHHDWWHQGHGLQFFLGHQFHDQJOHVRQWKHDLUIRLODVDIXQFWLRRQRIWKHD]LP PXWKDO
SRVLWLRQDQGWKHUUHVXOWLQJWRUTXXHSURILOHVRIDVLQJOHEODGHHRYHUDUHYROX XWLRQ


)LJ(IIHFWRIS
SLWFKDQJOH D ,QQFLGHQFHDQJOHV E 7RUTXHSURILOOHV

8SRQH[DPLQD
8 DWLRQRI)LJRQHFDQQRWLLFHWKDWDVSUHHYLRXVO\GLVFX XVVHGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIDSSLWFKDQJOHGRHVQRW
RQO\ \ JHQHUDWH D WUDQVODWLRQ RII WKH WRUTXH SURILOH
S GXULQJ WKH UHYROXWLR RQ EXW DFWXDOO\ LQGXFHV D PRGLILFDWLRQ RI LWV
LQWHHQVLW\DQGGLVWWULEXWLRQ,QSSDUWLFXODUDGLLIIHUHQWHQHUJ\\H[WUDFWLRQLQ QWKHXSZLQGKDOIKDVDQRWWDEOHLPSDFWR RQWKH
GRZZQZLQG]RQHZKLFKLVE\ID IDUPRUHVHQVLWWLYHWRSLWFKYYDULDWLRQVWKDQ QWKHXSZLQGR RQH
7KHFRQQHFWLQ
7 QJHOHPHQWEHHWZHHQ)LJ D DQG)LJ E LVILQDOO\ UHSUHVHQWHGE E\WKHOLIWDQGGGUDJIRUFHV UHDOO\
SURG GXFHGE\WKH DLUIRLOVZKHQPRYLQJRQER RDUGWKHWXUELQQH7RWKLVSX XUSRVHWKHOLIWDQGGUDJFRHHIILFLHQWVFDOFX XODWHG
E\ WKH FRGH RQ WKH EDVLV RI I WKH LQFLGHQFFH DQJOH RI ))LJ  D  ZHUHH DQDO\]HG ,Q SDUWLFXODU )LJ  UHSRUUWV WKH
FRPPSDULVRQ EHWZ ZHHQ WKH FRHIIILFLHQWV SUHGLFFWHG LQ FDVH RRI D QXOO SLWFK
K DQG WKRVH SUHGLFWHG IRU WWKH RSWLPL]HG
G SLWFK
FRQQGLWLRQV ɴ ƒ ,QWKHILJJXUHWKHLQGLFFDWLRQRIVRPHHD]LPXWKDOSR RVLWLRQVRILQWHUHVWLVDOVRSU
SURYLGHGLQRUUGHUWR
KLJK KOLJKWZKLFKVVSHFLILFSDUWRRIWKHUHYROXWLR RQLVSDUWLFXODDUO\DIIHFWHGE E\WKHLQWURGXFFHGDHURG\QDP PLFPRGLILFDWLRQV
128 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132

)LJ$HHURG\QDPLFFRHIIL
ILFLHQWVRIWKHDLUIIRLOVIRUɴ ƒDQGGɴ ƒ RSWLPDDO  D /LIW&RHIIILFLHQW E 'UDJ&
&RHIILFLHQW

8SRQH[DPLQD
8 DWLRQRIWKHILJJXUHLWLVZRUUWKQRWLFLQJWKKDWWKHSLWFKDDQJOHGRHVQRWRQO\UHSUHVHHQWDWUDQVODWLR RQRI
WKH SRODU
S EXW DOVVR DOORZV WKH H[SORLWDWLRQ RI D ZLGHU UUDQJH RI WKH SRODU LWVHOI GXULQJ
G WKH WXUE
UELQH RSHUDWLR
RQ ,Q
SDUWLLFXODUWKHRSWWLPL]HGSLWFKDDQJOHPDNHVWKHDLUIRLOZRUUNVFORVHUWRWK KHVWDOOPDUJLQ Q ULJKWVLGHRRI)LJ D Z
ZLWKD
YDOX
XDEOHLPSURYHP PHQWRIWKHSUURGXFHGOLIW$$VGLVFXVVHG WKHSKHQRPHQ QRQLVPRUHHYLGHQWLQWKHXXSZLQGSDUWR RIWKH
UHYR
ROXWLRQ LHQHHJDWLYHLQFLGHQQFH ZKHUHDVWKHPRGLILFDWWLRQVLQWKHGR RZQZLQGSDUWDUHVOLJKWHU
2Q
2 WKHRWKHUKKDQG )LJUHSRUWV WKH VDP PH DQDO\VLV QQRZ FDUULHG RX XWIRUDQ H[FHHVVLYH SLWFKDDQJOHRIƒ,Q Q WKLV
FDVHWKHSLWFKDQJJOHPDNHVWKHHDLUIRLORYHUFR RPHWKHVWDWLFFVWDOOPDUJLQ )LJ D LQWKHXSZLQGKDDOIRIF\FOHZ ZLWKD
SURJJUHVVLYH UHGXFFWLRQ RI SURGGXFHG OLIW LQ WKDW VHFWRU DDQG D FRQWHP PSRUDU\ GHFUHHDVH LQ WKH GGRZQZLQG UHHJLRQ
0RUUHRYHUDQRWDEEOHLQFUHDVHRIIGUDJFDQEHQRWLFHGXSZLLQG )LJ E 


)LJ$HHURG\QDPLFFRHIIILFLHQWVRIWKHDLUIIRLOVIRUɴ ƒDQGGɴ ƒ H[FHVVLYHH  D /LIW&RHIILFLHQW E 'UDJ&

&RHIILFLHQW

)LQDOO\WKHVHQ
) QVLWLYLW\RIWKHHRSWLPDOSLWFFKDQJOHRQWKKHFRQVLGHUHG ZLQGVSHHGZ ZDVDQDO\]HG $VDQH[DPS SOHLQ
)LJWKHDQDO\VLLVIRUWKHVDPHHWXUELQHRI7DDEOHLVUHSRUUWHG
$V
$ RQH PD\ QQRWLFH ZKHQ WXUELQH
W GLPHQ QVLRQV DUH VXIIILFLHQWO\ ODUJHH QRW WR LPSR
RVH OLPLWDWLRQVV RQ WKH 5H\Q
QROGV
QXP
PEHU>@WKHRSWLPDOSLWFKDDQJOHLVTXLWHLQVHQVLWLYHWRRZLQGVSHHG 7KLVHYLGHQFHHKHQFHOHGWRRWKHK\SRWKHVVLVRI
HYDOX
XDWLQJWKHSURRVSHFWVRIDIL[[HGSLWFKRSWLP PL]DWLRQ
 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132 129

)
)LJ2SWLPDOSLWFKVHQVLWLYLW\WRRZLQGVSHHG VWXG\URWRURI7DEOH  

2
2SWLPL]DWLRQVWUDWHJ\DQG
GWHVWSODQ

$ GLVFXVVHG LQ SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV WKH DWWUDFWLQJ SURRVSHFWV RI SLWFK UHJXODWLRQ
$V Q KDYH SURPSSWHG UHVHDUFKHUV WR
LQYHHVWLJDWHWKHIHHDVLELOLW\RIDFFWLYHSLWFKPRGLILFDWLRQGXUULQJHDFKVLQJOHUHYROXWLRQR RIDWXUELQH HHJ>@ 
$OWKRXJK
$ PDQQ\ RI WKHVH VWWXGLHV KDYH RIWHQ FODLPHG QRWDEOH EHQHIILWV LQ WHUPV RI SHUIRUPDQF QFH HQKDQFHPHHQW RI
'DUUULHXV URWRUV WKHLU UHDO DSSSOLFDWLRQV DUH DOPRVW QXOO ,Q SDUWLFXODUU DQ DFWLYH SLWFK FRQWURO Z
ZRXOG GUDPDWWLFDOO\
LQFUUHDVHWKHFRPSSOH[LW\DQGFRRVWRIWKHURWRUVFDQFHOLQJRRXWRQHRIWKHHPDLQDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH'DDUULHXVFRQFHS SWLH
VLP
PSOLFLW\ 7KH FFRQWURO ORJLF ZRXOG KDYH WR EH UHPDUNNDEO\ HQKDQFHHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK Z WKH DSSOLFFDWLRQ RI YHUU\ IDVW
PHFFKDQLFDODFWXDDWRUVDQGDSURRSHUDSSDUDWXVVWRPHDVXUHWK WKHLQVWDQWDQHR RXVZLQGGLUHFFWLRQ
)RUH[DPSOH
) LQDVPDOO+'DUULHXVURWRU PGLDPHWWHU URWDWLQJDDWLWVQRPLQDOZLQGVSHHG HJPV Z ZLWKD
765 5 DSLWFKKFRQWURODFWLQQJHYHU\D]LPX XWKDODQJOHZRRXOGWKHRUHWLFFDOO\KDYHWRP PRYHWKHDLUIRRLORIWKHSUHVFFULEHG
SLWFFKYDULDWLRQLQQDWLPHODJVKKRUWHUWKDQÂV
2QWKHVHEDVH
2 HVLQWKHSUHVVHQWVWXG\GLIIIHUHQWSLWFKRS RSWLPL]DWLRQVWWUDWHJLHVZHUHHLQYHVWLJDWHGG,QGHWDLOWKHILUVW
FRQQVLGHUHGDSSURRDFKVWLOOPDNNHVXVHRIPHFFKDQLFDODFWXDDWRUVWRPRYHHWKHDLUIRLOZ ZKHUHDVWKHRWWKHUDSSURDFKHVDUH
RQO\ \IRFXVHGRQRRSWLPL]LQJDIIL[HGSLWFKSUHHVHWWREHDGGHHGWREODGHVZ ZKLOHPDQXIDFWXUHG
7KHSLWFKRSWL
7 LPL]DWLRQVWUDWWHJLHVDUHVXP PPDUL]HGEHORZ Z

x 675$7(*<
6 $  7KH SLWFFK LV PRGLILHG G GXULQJ WXUEELQH RSHUDWLRQ Q EXW RQO\ DVV D IXQFWLRQ RRI WKH ZLQG VSHHG
V
ZKHUHDVLWLVF
Z FRQVWDQWGXULQQJWKHUHYROXWWLRQ6WUDWHJ\ $ZRXOGKHQ QFHLQFOXGHRQ QO\DUHYROXWLRRQVSHHGVHQVVRU DV
GLUHFWO\UHODWHG
G GWRZLQGVSHHGE\PHDQVR RIWKHORDGFXUUYH>@ LQWHJUUDWHGZLWKWKHFRQWUROORJLF
x 675$7(*<%
6 %$QDYHUDDJHSLWFKLVFDDOFXODWHGIURP PWKHRSWLPDO SLWFKDQJOHV DWDOOWKHRSHHUDWLQJZLQGVVSHHGV
LHIURPWKHFFXWLQWRWKHFFXWRXW DQGDS SSOLHGDVDEODDGHSUHVHWWRWK KHWXUELQH
x 675$7(*<
6 &  7KH SLWFKK DQJOH LV IL[HHG DV LQ 6WUDWWHJ\ % SUHVHWW DSSOLHG WR EODGHV
E  EXW FDDOFXODWHG DV WK
KH RQH
HQVXULQJWKHP
H PD[LPXPHQHUUJ\\LHOGIRUWWKHDWWHQGHGZ ZLQGGLVWULEXWLLRQRYHUD\HDU>@

,Q
, SDUWLFXODU IRU DOO WKH RSSWLPL]DWLRQ VWWUDWHJLHV D FXXWLQ VSHHG RII  PV DQG D
D FXWRXW VSHHHG RI  PV ZHUH
FRQQVLGHUHGDVWKH\DUHW\SLFDOOYDOXHVIRUP PHGLXPVPDOOWWXUELQHV>@0RUHRYHULQ QFDVHRI6WUDWWHJ\&D5D\ \OHLJK
GLVWWULEXWHG ZLQG ZLWK DQ DYHUUDJH VSHHG RI  PV ZDV FRRQVLGHUHG WKLLV FRQGLWLRQ LV D YHU\ IUHTXXHQW FDVH IRU VPDOO
URWR
RUVHVSHFLDOO\\LILQVWDOOHGLQQXQFRQYHQWLRQDOFRQWH[WV>>@
)LQDOO\DVSHF
) FLILFIDPLO\RIIWXUELQHVZDVVVHOHFWHGIRU WKHDQDO\VLVZ ZKRVHFRPPR RQIHDWXUHVDUUHUHSRUWHGLQ7DEOH
$
$OWKRXJKWKHQQHWHIIHFWRIDSLWFKDQJOHZ ZRXOGGHILQLWHOO\EHGLIIHUHQWIRUHDFKVSHFLILFGHVLJQDDVGHSHQGHQWR RQWKH
EODGGHIORZLQWHUDDFWLRQDWHDFK D]LPXWKDODQ QJOHWKHVHOHFWWHGIHDWXUHVDDUHTXLWHFRQYHQWLRQDOIRUP PHGLXP+'DDUULHXV
URWR
RUV>@PDNLQJJWKHQWKHRSWWLPL]DWLRQUHVX XOWVSURPSWO\ UHIHUDEOHWRUHHDOWXUELQHV

130 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132

7DEEOH&RPPRQGHHVLJQIHDWXUHVRI WKHDQDO\]HGFRQ
QILJXUDWLRQV
6ZZHSW$UHD $  
%OODGHV¶1XPEHU 1  
$LLUIRLO 1$&$
1
+HHLJKW'LDPHWHU5DWLR + 5  
6RROLGLW\ ı  )URPWR
)
%OODGHV¶W\SH 6WUDLJKW
6

5
5HVXOWV

7KHWXUELQHVSR
7 RZHUFRHIILFLHHQWYDULDWLRQZ
ZLWKWKHWKUHHHRSWLPL]DWLRQ VWUDWHJLHVDUHHSORWWHGLQ)LJJDVDIXQ
QFWLRQ
RIZ
ZLQGVSHHGDQGGVROLGLW\8SRRQH[DPLQDWLR
RQRIWKHUHVXOOWVVRPHREVHUYDWLRQVFDQE EHPDGH

x 7KHYDULDWLRQW
7 WUHQGVDUHYHU\\FRKHUHQWIRUUDOOWKHRSWLP PL]DWLRQVWUDWHJJLHV,QGHWDLOWKHVWUDWHJ\LLQFOXGLQJDQDDFWLYH
SLWFKFRQWURO 6WUDWHJ\$ VHHPVQRWWRHHQVXUHQRWDEOHHEHQHILWVZLWK KUHVSHFWWRILL[HGSLWFKVWUDDWHJLHVDOWKRX XJKD
KLJKHUHIILFLHQ
K QF\LVFRQVWDQWWO\REWDLQHG
x 7KH
7 PDLQ DGYYDQWDJHV RI D SLWFK DSSOLFDDWLRQ DUH DFKKLHYHG LQ LQ FDVH F RI ORZ ZLQG
Z VSHHGV DQG PHGLXPKLJK
VR
ROLGLWLHV OHIWVVLGHRIWKHPDDSV 
x )RU
) KLJKZLQG G VSHHGV WKHRRSWLPDO SLWFK LV QXOO ,Q WKHHVHFRQGLWLRQ
QV WKH LQFLGHQ
QFH DQJOHV UDQQJH LV YHU\ QDDUURZ
>
@ DQG WKH P
PRVW HIILFLHQWW VROXWLRQ VWLOO UHPDLQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO RQ
QH ZLWK QR LQFLGHQFH XQEDDODQFH EHWZHHQ WKH
XSZLQGDQGWKH
X HGRZQZLQGKKDOYHV

)LJ3
3RZHUFRHIILFLHQWWYDULDWLRQZLWKWK
KHWKUHHSLWFKRSWWLPL]DWLRQVWUDWHJLHVDVDIXQFWLRQRIZLQGVSHHGDQQGVROLGLW\

7KHRSWLPDOSL
7 LWFKDQJOHVWKDDWJHQHUDWHGWK
KHPDSVRI)LLJDUHLQVWHHDGUHSRUWHGLLQ)LJ8SSRQH[DPLQDWLRQRI
WKHUUHVXOWVLWLVZ
ZRUWKQRWLFLQJ WKDWWKHRSWLPPDOSLWFKDQJOOHVDUHJHQHUDDOO\TXLWHORZ ORZHUWKDQƒ $FFRUGLQJ JO\WR
SRZZHUFRHIILFLHQW HIIHFWVWKHKKLJKHUSLWFKDQ QJOHVDUHDSSOLLHGLQFDVHRII ORZZLQGVSHHHGVDQGPHGLLXPKLJKVROLG GLWLHV
OHIWVLGHRIWKHP PDSIRU6WUDWHJJ\$ 
7KHFRPSDULVR
7 RQEHWZHHQ6WWUDWHJ\%DQG 6WUDWHJ\&VKKRZHGWKDWWK KHKLJKHUDQJOOHVDUHDJDLQVVHOHFWHGIRUK KLJKHU
VROLG
GLWLHV 7KLV RXWFRPH LV LQ WRWDO DJUHHPPHQW ZLWK WKHH OLWHUDWXUH >
@ DV WKH KLJKHU LV WKH VROLGLW\ WKH PRUH
XQEDDODQFHLVHVWDEEOLVKHGEHWZHHHQWKHXSZLQG GDQGWKHGRZ ZQZLQGWRUTXHHH[WUDFWLRQVRQWKLVEDVLVWKHVHOHFWLRQ QRID
SLWFK
KDQJOHZKLFKKPRUHSURQRXXQFHGO\RSWLPLL]HVRQHRIWKHHSDUWVFDQSUR RYLGHWKHPRUUHHIIHFWLYHEHHQHILWV
)LQDOO\
) WKH RSSWLPL]DWLRQ UHHVXOWV ZHUH TXDQWLILHG
T IRUU WZR VSHFLILF URWRUV KDYYLQJ D VROLGLW\\ RI  DQG
G 
UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJ  ,QSDUWLFFXODUIRUWKHVHHWXUELQHVWKHHYDULDWLRQVRIIWKHUDWHGSRZ ZHUDWPVVDQGRIWKHDQ QQXDO
HQHUUJ\ \LHOG LQ FDVH RI WKH FRQVLGHUHG ZLQG
G GLVWULEXWLRQQ ZHUH FDOFXODDWHG 7KH DQQXDO HQHUJ\ \LLHOG ZDV HYDOX XDWHG
XVLQJ(TLQZKKLFKfLVWKHIUHHTXHQF\ZLWKZKLFKDVSHFLLILFZLQGVSHHHGEORZVGXULQ QJWKH\HDU
 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132 131

cut ouut
E ¦ c P u ˜ u  ˜ f u ˜   
u cut in

)LJ2SWLPDOSLWFKDQJOHVDVD
DIXQFWLRQRIZLQG
GVSHHGDQGVROLGLLW\


)LJ9DULDWLRQRIWKHUUDWHGSRZHU#
PVDQGRIWKHDDQQXDOHQHUJ\\LHHOGIRUWZRVWXG\URWRUV D ı  E ı 

7KHDQDO\VLVV
7 VKRZHGWKDW

x 7KH
7 FRQVLGHUHHG RSWLPL]DWLRRQ VWUDWHJLHV DFWXDOO\ SURYYLGHG DQ LQFUHHDVH RI ERWK WKH W WXUELQH UDDWHG SRZHU DQ QG WKH
DQQXDOHQHUJ\
D \\LHOGHYHQLIIWKHLQFUHPHQ QWVDUHTXLWHUHHVWUDLQHG
x 6WUDWHJ\
6 $ SUURYLGHG WKH EHVW UHVXOWV ER
RWK LQ WHUPV RRI SRZHU DQGG RI HQHUJ\ \LHOG +RZHYHHU D PRUH LQ GHSWK
DQDO\VLVVXJJH
D HVWVWKDWWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIDPHFKDQLFDOODFWXDWRUDQGRIDFRQWUROOORJLFDEOHWRUUHDFWWRZLQGVSHHG
YDULDWLRQVFRX
Y XOGEHEDUHO\FFRPSHQVDWHGE E\WKHIXUWKHU HIILFLHQF\LQFFUHDVHZLWKUHVVSHFWWRIL[HGSLWFKVWUDWHJLLHV
x 7KHDSSOLFDWLR
7 RQRIDSURSHUUO\VHOHFWHGSLLWFKSUHVHWWREEODGHVGHILQHHGLQIXQFWLRQRIWKHWXUELQH QHJHRPHWU\DQ QGWKH
DWWHQGHG
D RSHUDDWLQJ FRQGLWLRRQV LV WKRXJKKW WR HQVXUH DD ³FRVWIUHH´ LPSURYHPHQW
L RI WKH WXUELQQH SHUIRUPDQFFH DQG
FRXOGWKHUHIRU
F UHEHFRPHDUHHOHYDQWGHVLJQ QSDUDPHWHURIIWKHVHWXUELQHHV

&
&RQFOXVLRQV

,Q
, WKH SUHVHQWW VWXG\ WKH LQQIOXHQFH RI D
D SLWFK DQJOH LH DQ DGGLWLLRQDO DQJOH EHWZHHQ WKH EOODGH FKRUG DQQG WKH
WDQJJHQWLDOGLUHFWLRQRQWKHSHUUIRUPDQFHRIDD'DUULHXVWXUUELQHKDVEHHQ QLQYHVWLJDWHG)LUVWWKHSUHHGLFWLRQFDSDE ELOLWLHV
RI D
D SURSULHWDU\ %(0 FRGH KDYH
K EHHQ YDOOLGDWHG DJDLQVVW DGYDQFHG &)'
& VLPXODWLR RQV HQVXULQJ WKDW WKH FRGH ZDV
LQGHHHGDEOHWRGHHVFULEHWKHIORRZSKHQRPHQ QRORJ\FRQQHFFWHGWRDSLWFK KDQJOHYDULDWLRQ7KHQWKHHFRGHZDVXVHGWR
132 Alessandro Bianchini et al. / Energy Procedia 81 (2015) 122 – 132

XQGHUVWDQG LQ GHWDLO WKH HIIHFWV RI WKH SLWFK DQJOH UHYHDOLQJ WKDW WKH RSWLPL]HG SLWFK LV DEOH WR PDNH WKH DLUIRLO
H[SORLWPRUHHIIHFWLYHO\KLJKHUOLIWSDUWVRILWVSRODUGXULQJWKHURWDWLRQRQERDUGWKHWXUELQH$VOLJKWVHQVLWLYLW\RI
RSWLPDOSLWFKDQJOHWRWKHZLQGYHORFLW\ZDVDOVRIRXQG
)LQDOO\DQH[WHQGHGVHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLVRIRSWLPDOSLWFKRQWKHWXUELQHVROLGLW\DQGWKHZLQGVSHHGZDVFDUULHG
RXWZLWKWKUHHGLIIHUHQWRSWLPL]DWLRQVWUDWHJLHV,WZDVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWDQRSWLPL]HGSHDFKFRXOGGHILQLWHO\OHGWR
VRPH EHQHILWV LQ WHUPV RI PD[LPXP SRZHU UDWH DQG RI DQQXDO HQHUJ\ \LHOG DOWKRXJK WKH HQWLW\ RI WKHVH
HQKDQFHPHQWV LV UHWDLQHG 0RUHRYHU WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ DEOH WR PRGLI\ WKH SLWFK DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH ZLQG
VSHHG VKRZHG WKDW WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI D PHFKDQLFDO DFWXDWRU DQG RI D PRUH FRPSOH[ FRQWURO ORJLF FRXOG EH EDUHO\
FRPSHQVDWHGE\WKHIXUWKHUHIILFLHQF\LQFUHDVHZLWKUHVSHFWWRIL[HGSLWFKVWUDWHJLHV
)LQDOO\LWZRUWKSRLQWLQJRXWWKDWWKHSUHVHQWUHVXOWVDFWXDOO\GHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWDSURSHUO\VHOHFWHGSLWFKSUHVHWWR
EH DSSOLHG WR EODGHV GHILQHG LQ IXQFWLRQ RI WKH WXUELQH JHRPHWU\ DQG WKH DWWHQGHG RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV FRXOG
SURYLGH D ³FRVWIUHH´ LPSURYHPHQW RI WKH WXUELQH SHUIRUPDQFH DQG FRXOG WKHUHIRUH EHFRPH D UHOHYDQW GHVLJQ
SDUDPHWHURIWKHVHWXUELQHV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR DFNQRZOHGJH 'U 'DULR &RSSLQL IRU KLV FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKLV VWXG\ GXULQJ KLV 06F
7KHVLV7KDQNVDUHDOVRGXHWR'U)UDQFHVFR%DOGX]]L 8QLYHUVLWjGL)LUHQ]H,WDO\ IRUKLVLQYDOXDEOHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
WR&)'DQDO\VHV

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ %DOGX]]L)%LDQFKLQL$&DUQHYDOH($)HUUDUL/0DJQDQL6)HDVLELOLW\DQDO\VLVRID'DUULHXVYHUWLFDOD[LVZLQGWXUELQHLQVWDOODWLRQLQ
WKHURRIWRSRIDEXLOGLQJ$SSOLHG(QHUJ\
>@ %LDQFKLQL$)HUUDUL/0DJQDQL6(QHUJ\\LHOGEDVHGRSWLPL]DWLRQRIDQ+'DUULHXVZLQGWXUELQH3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$60(7XUER([SR
&RSHQKDJHQ 'HQPDUN -XQH
>@ .LUNH%. /D]DXVNDV//LPLWDWLRQVRIIL[HGSLWFK'DUULHXVK\GURNLQHWLFWXUELQHVDQGWKHFKDOOHQJHRIYDULDEOHSLWFK5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\

>@ 6RUDJKDQ &( /HLWKHDG :( <XH + )HXFKWZDQJ - 'RXEOH PXOWLSOH VWUHDPWXEH PRGHO IRU YDULDEOH SLWFK YHUWLFDO D[LV ZLQG WXUELQHV
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHUG$,$$)OXLG'\QDPLFV&RQIHUHQFHDQG([KLELW6DQ'LHJR 86$ -XQH
>@ 3DUDVFKLYRLX,7ULIX26DHHG)+'DUULHXV:LQG7XUELQHZLWK%ODGH3LWFK&RQWURO,QW-RXUQDORI5RWDWLQJ0DFKLQHU\
>@ )HUUDUL/%LDQFKLQL$&ULWLFDODVSHFWVLQWKHGHVLJQRIDVPDOOVL]H'DUULHXVZLQGWXUELQH3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH:RUOG5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\
&RQJUHVV :5(& ;,$EX'KDEL 8$( 6HSWHPEHU
>@ 0DQZHOO-)0F*RZDQ-*5RJHUV$/:LQG(QHUJ\([SODLQHGQGHGLWLRQ8.:LOH\
>@ 3DUDVFKLYRLX,:LQG7XUELQH'HVLJQZLWK(PSKDVLVRQ'DUULHXV&RQFHSW&DQDGD3RO\WHFKQLF,QWHUQDWLRQDO3UHVV
>@ 3DUDVFKLYRLX,'HOFODX[)'RXEOH0XOWLSOH6WUHDPWXEH0RGHOZLWK5HFHQW,PSURYHPHQWV-RI(QHUJ\  
>@ %LDQFKLQL$)HUUDUL/0DJQDQL6$QDO\VLVRIWKH,QIOXHQFHRI%ODGH'HVLJQRQWKH3HUIRUPDQFHRIDQ+'DUULHXV:LQG7XUELQH3URFRI
WKH$60($7,8,7&RQIHUHQFHRQ7KHUPDODQG(QYLURQPHQWDO,VVXHVLQ(QHUJ\6\VWHPV6RUUHQWR ,WDO\ 0D\
>@ %LDQFKLQL $ )HUUDUL / 0DJQDQL 6 6WDUWXS EHKDYLRU RI D WKUHHEODGHG +'DUULHXV 9$:7 H[SHULPHQWDO DQG QXPHULFDO DQDO\VLV
3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$60(7XUER([SR9DQFRXYHU &DQDGD -XQH
>@ 0DUVKDOO/%XKO-U-$1HZ(PSLULFDO5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ7KUXVW&RHIILFLHQWDQG,QGXFWLRQ)DFWRUIRUWKH7XUEXOHQW:LQGPLOO6WDWH
5HSRUW15(/731DWLRQDO5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\/DERUDWRU\86$
>@ $EERWW,+9RQ'RHQKRII$(7KHRU\RI:LQJ6HFWLRQV1HZ<RUN 86$ 'RYHU3XEOLFDWLRQV,QF
>@ .OLPDV3&7DLORUHG$LUIRLOVIRU9HUWLFDO$[LV:LQG7XUELQHV6DQGLD1DWLRQDO/DERUDWRULHV$OEXTXHUTXH10 86$ 
>@ %LDQFKLQL$&DUQHYDOH($)HUUDUL/6YLOXSSRGLXQD7XUELQD0LFURHROLFDDG$VVH9HUWLFDOHDG(OHYDWD,QWHJUD]LRQH$PELHQWDOH$WWLGHO
ƒ&RQJUHVVR$7,/¶$TXLOD ,7 
>@ 9LWHUQD/$-DQHW]NH'&7KHRUHWLFDODQGH[SHULPHQWDOSRZHUIURPODUJHKRUL]RQWDOD[LVZLQGWXUELQHV7HFK5HSRUW11$6$
/HZLV5HVHDUFK&HQWUH 86$ 
>@ %LDQFKLQL$)HUUDUD*)HUUDUL/0DJQDQL6$QLPSURYHGPRGHOIRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHHVWLPDWLRQRIDQ+'DUULHXVZLQGWXUELQHLQVNHZHG
IORZ:LQG(QJLQHHULQJ  
>@ %LDQFKLQL $ 3HUIRUPDQFH $QDO\VLV DQG 2SWLPL]DWLRQ RI D 'DUULHXV 9$:7 3K' 7KHVLV 6FKRRO RI (QHUJ\ (QJLQHHULQJ DQG ,QQRYDWLYH
,QGXVWULDO7HFKQRORJLHV8QLYHUVLW\RI)ORUHQFH ,WDO\ 
>@ %LDQFKLQL$&DUQHYDOH($)HUUDUL/$PRGHOWRDFFRXQWIRUWKH9LUWXDO&DPEHU(IIHFWLQWKH3HUIRUPDQFH3UHGLFWLRQRIDQ+'DUULHXV
9$:78VLQJWKH0RPHQWXP0RGHOV:LQG(QJLQHHULQJ  
>@%DOGX]]L)%LDQFKLQL$0DOHFL5)HUUDUD*)HUUDUL/%ODGHGHVLJQFULWHULDWRFRPSHQVDWHWKHIORZFXUYDWXUHHIIHFWVLQ+'DUULHXVZLQG
WXUELQHV-RXUQDORI7XUERPDFKLQHU\