Y. He et al.

/ Food Science and Human Wellness 11 (2022) 1-10 1

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a
Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
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Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
c
Division of Soybean Processing, Soybean Research & Development Center, Chinese Agricultural Research System, Changchun 130118, China

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Y. He et al. / Food Science and Human Wellness 11 (2022) 1-10

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CNNGTIKE TJKPKVKU EQORNKECVGF YKVJ CNNGTIKE KPHNCOOCVKQP QH
CUVJOC6JGTGUWNVUUJQYGFVJCVRTQRGTHKDGTKPVCMGECPTGIWNCVG
IWV OKETQDKQVC CPF OCKPVCKP KOOWPG UVCDKNKV[ VQ RTGXGPV CPF
VTGCVCNNGTIKEFKUGCUGU
KV RNC[U CP KORQTVCPV TQNG KP VJG FGXGNQROGPV QH HWPEVKQPCN HQQFU
HQQFRCEMCIKPICPFVJGRTQVGEVKQPQHDGPGHKEKCNCEVKXGUWDUVCPEGU
(WTVJGTOQTG &( HWPEVKQPCN HQQF JCU VJG GHHGEV QH NQYGTKPI DNQQF
HCVCPFDNQQFUWICTCPFIQQFHQQFRTQRGTVKGUQHDGXGTCIGUCPFLCO
RTQFWEVU DCMGT[ OGCV CPF QVJGT RTQFWEVU KPENWFKPI VCUVG EQNQT
JCTFPGUU VGZVWTG IGN ECRCEKVKGU CPF OGEJCPKECN RTQRGTVKGU YJKEJ
DGECWUG&(JCUVJGIQQFRJ[UKEQEJGOKECNRTQRGTVKGU 6CDNG 
4. Conclusion and future research
6JGUG RJ[UKEQEJGOKECN RTQRGTVKGU QH &( KPENWFG 9*%
íI/I 95% íO./I 1*% íI/I 
)#% íOOQN/I %#% íOI/I CPFXKUEQUKV[
YJKEJRNC[CXKVCNTQNGKPRTGXGPVKPIFKUGCUGU)QQF9*%95%
1*%CPF%#%JCXGCPGHHGEVQPQDGUKV[XKUEQUKV[CPF)#%JCXG
VJGITGCVGUVKORCEVQPFKCDGVGUCFUQTRVKQPECRCEKV[JCUCPGHHGEVQP
ECPEGT9*%95%CPFXKUEQUKV[JCXGDGPGſVUHQTKPVGUVKPCNJGCNVJ
&(KUCNUQYKFGN[WUGFKPHWPEVKQPCNHQQFU+PVJKUTGXKGY&(HTQO
HTWKVUJCXGVJGJKIJEQPVGPVYJKEJCTGGCU[VQQDVCKPCPFKPGZRGPUKXG
6JG&(HTQOITCKPUCPFDGCPUCNUQJCUVJGCDQXGCFXCPVCIGU6JQUG
ECPDGWUGFCUCIQQFUQWTEGQH&(KPVJGHWVWTGHQTVJGFGXGNQROGPV
QHJGCNVJHQQF
*QYGXGT VJGTG CTG CNUQ UJQTVEQOKPIU QH &( UVWFKGU KP UQOG
CURGEVU (KTUV QH CNN VJG FKHHGTGPV RQN[OGTK\CVKQP FGITGG QH &(
OC[ JCXG C RTGXGPVKXG GHHGEV QP FKHHGTGPV FKUGCUGU GURGEKCNN[ VJG
RQN[OGTK\CVKQPFGITGGQH&(HTQOFKHHGTGPVUQWTEGUKUCNUQFKHHGTGPV
6JG RQN[OGTK\CVKQP FGITGG QH FKHHGTGPV &(U KU UVKNN WPENGCT QP
VJG FKUGCUG RTGXGPVKQP OGEJCPKUO UQ VJG UVTWEVWTG QH FKHHGTGPV
RQN[OGTK\CVKQPFGITGGUQH&(HTQOFKHHGTGPVUQWTEGUKUPGEGUUCT[HQT
HWTVJGTTGUGCTEJQPFKUGCUGRTGXGPVKQP5GEQPFN[VJGRTGXGPVKQPQH
FKUGCUGUD[&(KUPQVNKOKVGFVQVJQUGOGPVKQPGFKPVJKUTGXKGY+P
RCTVKEWNCTVJGRTGXGPVKQPCPFVTGCVOGPVQHQVJGTFKUGCUGUD[TGIWNCVKPI

Table 3
6JGRTQFWEVUQH&(KPHWPEVKQPCNHQQF
%NCUUKſECVKQP 2TQFWEVU (KDGTV[RG &(5QWTEGU 2J[UKEQEJGOKECNRTQRGTVKGU (WPEVKQPCN 4GHGTGPEGU
+PETGCUGFſDGTKPVCMGHQTVKH[KPIKPITGFKGPV
&KGVCT[ſDGT[QIJWTV +&( 9JGCVQTQCVſDGTU 9*%95% =?
$GXGTCIGU DGVVGTVCUVGCPFƀCXQT
CPFLCOU $GXGTCIGUCPF %JKPGUGECDDCIG 8KUEQUKV[9*%1*%
5&( 2TGDKQVKECPFJ[RQIN[EGOKE =?
PWVTCEGWVKECNRTQFWEVU YCUVG )#%%#%

2GCFKGVCT[ſDGTECMGU DF 2GC 9*%95%1*% /QTGCVVTCEVKXGEQNQT =?

&CKN[TGSWKTGOGPVUQHCXGTCIGFKGVCT[ſDGTKPVCMGTGFWEGF
&KGVCT[ſDGTEQQMKGU 5&( )WCTIWO 9*%95% =?
JCTFPGUUUGPUQT[CEEGRVCDNG
$CMGT[RTQFWEVU
%QQMKGU DF 9JGCVDTCP 9*%1*%)#%%#% 6JGNQYGTVQVCNEJQNGUVGTQN 6% CPFVTKIN[EGTKFGU 6)  =?
'PJCPEGFVJGFKGVCT[ſDTGKPVCMGKORTQXGFINWVGPOQKUVWTG
#RRNGRQOCEGDTGCF DF #RRNG 9*%95% =?
CDUQTRVKQPYJGCVFQWIJTGUKUVCPEGNQYGTGZVGPUKDKNKV[
$GGHDWTIGTU DF 9JGCV 9*%95%1*%%#% 4GFWEGFJCTFPGUUCPFECNQTKGUKORTQXGFNKIJVPGUU =?
8KGPPCUCWUCIGU DF 5VCTHTWKV 9*%95%1*%%#% +ORTQXGFRJ[UKECNCPFUGPUQT[RTQRGTVKGU =?
/GCVRTQFWEVU $QNQIPCUCWUCIGU DF %KVTWU 9*%95%1*%%#% 4GFWEGFTGUKFWCNPKVTKVGEQPVGPV =?
.QYGTGZRTGUUKDNGOQKUVWTGCPFGPJCPEGFVJGFGXGNQROGPVQH
5CWUCIGU DF (TWKVRGGNU 9*%1*% =?
VJGTOQVQNGTCPVNCEVKECEKFDCEVGTKC
+ORTQXGFUOQQVJUWTHCEGUQHVPGUUVTCPURCTGPE[VGZVWTG
'FKDNGRCRGT +&( %JKPGUGECDDCIG 9*%95%1*% =?
UVTGPIVJCPFRCEMCIKPIRGTHQTOCPEG
5VCTEJDCUGFſNOU DF 1MCTC 9*%95% +ORTQXGFRGTHQTOCPEGTGFWEGFGNQPICVKQPCVDTGCM =?
1VJGTRTQFWEVU &KGVCT[ſDGTKUQNCVG DF %QEQPWVƀCMGU )#%%#% #OGNKQTCVGUINWEQUGCPFNKRKFNGXGNU =?
+PETGCUGF9*%GZRCPUKQPTCVKQ
(QQFIGN 5&( 6QOCVQRGGNU 9*%95% =?
CPFHTGG\GVJCYUVCDKNKV[
8KUEQUKV[9*%ˈ95% 'PJCPEKPIVJGPWVTKVKQPCNXCNWGCPF
(WPEVKQPCNHQQFKPITGFKGPVU DF 9KPG)TCRG2QOCEG =?
)#%%#% KORTQXKPIUVQTCDKNKV[QHVJGRTQFWEVU
 Y. He et al. / Food Science and Human Wellness 11 (2022) 1-10
VJGIWVOKETQDKQVCTGSWKTGUCNQVQHGZRGTKOGPVCNTGUGCTEJGU6JKTFVJG
KPVCMGQH&(CPFVJGV[RGQH&(YKNNJCXGCPKORCEVQPVJGRTGXGPVKQP
CPF VTGCVOGPV QH FKUGCUGU +V KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ UVWF[ VJG FQUCIG CPF
V[RG 5&(QT+&( QH&(KPVJGRTGXGPVKQPCPFVTGCVOGPVQHFKUGCUGU
VQFGVGTOKPGVJGQRVKOCNKPVCMGQHFKHHGTGPVV[RGU#HVGTVJGCDQXG
RTQDNGOUCTGUQNXGF&(YKNNDGOQTGEQPFWEKXGVQVJGRTGXGPVKQP
CPFCNNGXKCVKQPQHJWOCPFKUGCUGUYJKNGRTQOQVKPIVJGFGXGNQROGPV
QHJWOCPJGCNVJ
%QPƀKEVQHKPVGTGUVUVCVGOGPV
6JGTGKUPQEQPƀKEVQHKPVGTGUV
Acknowledgments
6JKUYQTMYCUUWRRQTVGFD[%JKPC#ITKEWNVWTG4GUGCTEJ5[UVGO
QH /1( CPF /#4# %#45  #PF YG CNUQ VJCPM VJG 0CVKQPCN
'PIKPGGTKPI .CDQTCVQT[ HQT 9JGCV CPF %QTP &GGR 2TQEGUUKPI
QH %JKPC CPF VJG -G[ .CDQTCVQT[ HQT #ITKEWNVWTCN 2TQFWEV &GGR
2TQEGUUKPIHQTUWRRQTV
References
=? #OGTKECP#UUQEKCVKQPQH%GTGCN%JGOKUVU(KDGT%QOOKVVGG&KGVCT[HKDGT
FGſPKVKQPEQOOKVVGGFGſPKVKQPQHFKGVCT[ſDGTTGRQTVQHVJGFKGVCT[ſDGT
FGſPKVKQPEQOOKVVGGVQVJGDQCTFQHFKTGEVQTUQHVJG#OGTKECP#UUQEKCVKQP
QH%GTGCN%JGOKUVU%GTGCN(QQFU9QTNF  Ō
=? '5¶PEJG\<CRCVC/8KWFC/CTVQUD,(GTP¶PFG\.ÎRG\GVCN4GUKUVCPV
UVCTEJ TGUKUVCPV UVCTEJ CU HWPEVKQPCN KPITGFKGPV HWPEVKQPCN KPITGFKGPV
2QN[UCEEJCTKFGU  
=? /'NNGWEJ&$GFKIKCP14QKUGWZGVCN&KGVCT[ſDTGCPFſDTGTKEJD[
RTQFWEVUQHHQQFRTQEGUUKPIEJCTCEVGTKUCVKQPVGEJPQNQIKECNHWPEVKQPCNKV[
CPFEQOOGTEKCNCRRNKECVKQPUCTGXKGY(QQF%JGO    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? /,)KFNG[ )';CMWDQX(WPEVKQPCN ECVGIQTKUCVKQPQHFKGVCT[HKDTG KP
HQQFUDG[QPFµVROXEOH¶XU‘KPUQNWDNG¶6TGPFU(QQF5EK6GEJ  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LVKHU
=? #1NUQP)/)TC[/%%JKWGVCN%JGOKUVT[CPFCPCN[UKUQHUQNWDNG
FKGVCT[ſDGT(QQF6GEJ    
=? /# 'CUVYQQF 6JG RJ[UKQNQIKECN GHHGEVU QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT CP WRFCVG
#PPW 4GX 0WVT     JVVRU//FQKQTI//CPPWTGX
PW
=? ,/.CVVKOGT/&*CWD'HHGEVUQHFKGVCT[ſDGTCPFKVUEQORQPGPVUQP
OGVCDQNKEJGCNVJ0WVTKGPVU    JVVRU//FQKQTI//
PW
=? 9)69KNNCVU,2-PQZ,&/KMMGNUGP2GEVKPPGYKPUKIJVUKPVQCPQNF
RQN[OGTCTGUVCTVKPIVQIGN6TGPFU(QQF5EK6GEJ    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LVKHU
=? ,.&QWDNKGT2,9QQF4JGQNQIKECNRTQRGTVKGUQHCSWGQWUUQNWVKQPUQH  
 DGVCDINWECPHTQOQCVU Avena sativa. %GTGCN%JGO    

=? -/&CXKUQP0,6GORNG%GTGCNHKDGTHTWKVHKDGTCPFV[RGFKCDGVGU
GZRNCKPKPI VJG RCTCFQZ , &KCDGVGU %QORNKECV      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LLFKCEQOR
=? #**KVG0WVTKVKQPCNGRKFGOKQNQI[QHEJTQPKEFKUGCUGCPFFGſPKPI³+HDOWK\
Diet”)NQD(QQF5GE    JVVRU//FQKQTI//

=? &5 .WFYKI ($ *W . 6CRR[ GV CN &KGVCT[ ECTDQJ[FTCVGU TQNG
QH SWCNKV[ CPF SWCPVKV[ KP EJTQPKE FKUGCUG $/,    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//DOLM
=? , ;W / #JOGFPC (WPEVKQPCN EQORQPGPVU QH ITCRG RQOCEG VJGKT
EQORQUKVKQP DKQNQIKECN RTQRGTVKGU CPF RQVGPVKCN CRRNKECVKQPU +PV ,
(QQF 5EK 6GEJ       JVVRU//FQKQTI//L
Z
=? 6* <JCPI ; ;CPI ; .KCPI GV CN $GPGHKEKCN GHHGEV QH KPVGUVKPCN
HGTOGPVCVKQP QH PCVWTCN RQN[UCEEJCTKFGU 0WVTKGPVU      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//PW
=? $9GK;.KW:.KPGVCN&KGVCT[HKDGTKPVCMGCPFTKUMQHOGVCDQNKE
U[PFTQOGCOGVCCPCN[UKUQHQDUGTXCVKQPCNUVWFKGU%NKP0WVT    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LENPW
=? ,#4QDGTVUQP(&&/QPTGFQP2&[UUGNGTGVCN*[FTCVKQPRTQRGTVKGUQH
FKGVCT[ſDTGCPFTGUKUVCPVUVCTEJC'WTQRGCPEQNNCDQTCVKXGUVWF[.96(QQF
5EK6GEJPQN    JVVRU//FQKQTI//HUVN
=? ( :KG ; 9CPI , 9W GV CN +PUQNWDNG FKGVCT[ HKDGTU HTQO #PIGNKEC
MGKUMGKD[RTQFWEV CPF VJGKT HWPEVKQPCN CPF OQTRJQNQIKECN RTQRGTVKGU
5VCTEJ5V¼TMG  JVVRU//FQKQTI//UVCT
=? ; <JGPI ; .K 2J[UKEQEJGOKECN CPF HWPEVKQPCN RTQRGTVKGU QH EQEQPWV
(Cocos nucifera .  ECMG FKGVCT[ HKDGTU GHHGEVU QH EGNNWNCUG J[FTQN[UKU
CEKFVTGCVOGPVCPFRCTVKENGUK\GFKUVTKDWVKQP(QQF%JGO    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? *% %JCQ /9 .CK /5 -QPI GV CN %WVQHH XQNWOG QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT
VQ COGNKQTCVG EQPUVKRCVKQP KP EJKNFTGP , 2GFKCVT      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LLRGFU
=? ,'.CODGTV,#2CTPGNN,/6WPPKENKHHGGVCN%QPUWOKPI[GNNQYRGC
HKDGT TGFWEGU XQNWPVCT[ GPGTI[ KPVCMG CPF DQF[ HCV KP QXGTYGKIJV/QDGUG
CFWNVU KP C YGGM TCPFQOK\GF EQPVTQNNGF VTKCN %NKP 0WVT   
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LENPW
=? 9,&CJN/.5VGYCTV2QUKVKQPQHVJGCECFGO[QHPWVTKVKQPCPFFKGVGVKEU
JGCNVJ KORNKECVKQPU QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT , #ECF 0WVT &KGV     
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LLCFC
=? 5 /QTQ\QX 8 +UCMQX / -QPQXCNQXC (KDGTGPTKEJGF FKGV JGNRU VQ
EQPVTQNU[ORVQOUCPFKORTQXGUGUQRJCIGCNOQVKNKV[KPRCVKGPVUYKVJPQP
GTQUKXGICUVTQGUQRJCIGCNTGƀWZFKUGCUG9QTNF,)CUVTQGPVGTQ  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//YLIXK
=? :<JQW.<JCPI9,,KGVCN8CTKCVKQPKPFKGVCT[UCNVKPVCMGKPFWEGU
EQQTFKPCVGFF[PCOKEUQHOQPQE[VGUWDUGVUCPFOQPQE[VGRNCVGNGVCIITGICVGU
KPJWOCPUKORNKECVKQPUKPGPFQTICPKPƀCOOCVKQP2NQU1PG    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LQWTPCNRQPG
=? . -WPKCM 4* /CTEJGUUCWNV 5VWF[ QH VJG ETQUUNKPMKPI TGCEVKQP
DGVYGGP GRKEJNQTQJ[FTKP CPF UVCTEJ 5VCTEJ5V“TMG    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//UVCT
=? (:KG/.K:.CPGVCN/QFKHKECVKQPQHFKGVCT[HKDGTUHTQORWTRNG
HNGUJGF RQVCVQGU Heimeiren  YKVJ JKIJ J[FTQUVCVKE RTGUUWTG CPF JKIJ
RTGUUWTGJQOQIGPK\CVKQPRTQEGUUKPICEQORCTCVKXGUVWF[+PPQX(QQF5EK
'OGTI  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LKHUGV
=? * %JGP % <JCQ , .K GV CN 'HHGEVU QH GZVTWUKQP QP UVTWEVWTCN CPF
RJ[UKEQEJGOKECN RTQRGTVKGU QH UQNWDNG FKGVCT[ HKDGT HTQO PQFGU QH NQVWU
TQQV.96(QQF5EK6GEJPQN  JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LNYV
=? )/-JCP 0/ -JCP <7 -JCP GV CN 'HHGEV QH GZVTCEVKQP OGVJQFU
QP UVTWEVWTCN RJ[UKQEJGOKECN CPF HWPEVKQPCN RTQRGTVKGU QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT
HTQOFGHCVVGFYCNPWVƀQWT(QQF5EK$KQVGEJPQN    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//U
=? );W,$GK,<JCQGVCN/QFKſECVKQPQHECTTQV Daucus carota.KPP
XCT5CVKXC*QHHO RQOCEGKPUQNWDNGFKGVCT[HKDGTYKVJEQORNGZGP\[OG
OGVJQFWNVTCſPGEQOOKPWVKQPCPFJKIJJ[FTQUVCVKERTGUUWTG(QQF%JGO
  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? ) <JCQ 4 <JCPI . &QPI GV CN 2CTVKENG UK\G QH KPUQNWDNG FKGVCT[
HKDGT HTQO TKEG DTCP CHHGEVU KVU RJGPQNKE RTQHKNG DKQCEEGUUKDKNKV[ CPF
HWPEVKQPCN RTQRGTVKGU .96(QQF 5EK 6GEJPQN    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LNYV
=? $/CVUWJKTQ.'.KNNQ%5¶GP\GVCN%JGOKECNEJCTCEVGTK\CVKQPQHVJG
OWEKNCIGHTQOHTWKVUQH2SXQWLD¿FXVLQGLFD%CTDQJ[F2QN[O    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LECTDRQN
=? 22GGTCLKV0%JKGYEJCP5&GXCJCUVKP'HHGEVUQHRTGVTGCVOGPVOGVJQFUQP
JGCNVJTGNCVGFHWPEVKQPCNRTQRGTVKGUQHJKIJFKGVCT[ſDGTRQYFGTHTQONKOG
TGUKFWGU (QQF %JGO       JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LHQQFEJGO
=? /5 /CHK /# $TKEM ' &KOCU GV CN )GPGVKE CTEJKVGEVWTG QH FKGVCT[
HKDGT CPF QNKIQUCEEJCTKFG EQPVGPV KP C OKFFNG #OGTKECP RCPGN QH
GFKDNG FT[ DGCP 2NCPV )GPQOG      JVVRU//FQKQTI//
RNCPVIGPQOG
 Y. He et al. / Food Science and Human Wellness 11 (2022) 1-10
=? .*WCPI:&KPI;<JCQGVCN/QFKſECVKQPQHKPUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGT
HTQO ICTNKE UVTCY YKVJ WNVTCUQPKE VTGCVOGPV , (QQF 2TQEGUU 2TGU   
 JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHRR
=? . %JGPI : <JCPI ; *QPI %JCTCEVGTKUCVKQP QH RJ[UKEQEJGOKECN CPF
HWPEVKQPCNRTQRGTVKGUQHUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDTGHTQORQVCVQRWNRQDVCKPGFD[
GP\[OGCUUKUVGFGZVTCEVKQP+PV,$KQN/CETQOQN  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LKLDKQOCE
=? .<JCQ(<JCPI:&KPIGVCN)WVDCEVGTKCUGNGEVKXGN[RTQOQVGFD[
FKGVCT[ſDGTUCNNGXKCVGV[RGFKCDGVGU5EKGPEG    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//UEKGPEGCCQ
=? /2CTXKP$<CJTC-/5CLCFGVCN#RTQURGEVKXGUVWF[QHFKHHGTGPVV[RGUQH
FKGVCT[ſDGTCPFTKUMQHECTFKQXCUEWNCTFKUGCUGVGJTCPNKRKFCPFINWEQUGUVWF[
0WVTKGPVU    JVVRU//FQKQTI//PW
=? +0CPFK#5GPIWRVC/)JQUJ'HHGEVUQHFKGVCT[ſDTGUGZVTCEVGFHTQO
FGHCVVGF UGUCOG JWUM TKEG DTCP  HNCZUGGF QP J[RGTEJQNGUVGTQOKE TCVU
$KQCEV%CTDQJ[FT&KGV(KDTG  JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LDEFH
=? 6 /CPFKOKMC ) 2CVWTK %'& )W\OCP GV CN 'HHGEVU QH FKGVCT[
DTQEEQNKHKDTGCPFEQTPQKNQPUGTWONKRKFUHCGECNDKNGCEKFGZETGVKQPCPF
JGRCVKE IGPG GZRTGUUKQP KP TCVU (QQF %JGO      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? : .WQ 3 9CPI $ <JGPI GV CN *[FTCVKQP RTQRGTVKGU CPF DKPFKPI
ECRCEKVKGUQHFKGVCT[ſDGTUHTQODCODQQUJQQVUJGNNCPFKVUJ[RQNKRKFGOKE
G H H G E V U  K P  O K E G   ( Q Q F  % J G O   6 Q Z K E Q N                     
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHEV
=? %.KW:..KP<9CPGVCN6JGRJ[UKEQEJGOKECNRTQRGTVKGU in vitro
DKPFKPI ECRCEKVKGU CPF in vivo J[RQEJQNGUVGTQNGOKE CEVKXKV[ QH UQNWDNG
FKGVCT[ſDGTGZVTCEVGFHTQOUQ[JWNNU(QQF(WPEV    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//%(1(
=? 5%JCPI:%WK/)WQGVCN+PUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTHTQORGCTRQOCEG
ECPRTGXGPVJKIJHCVFKGVKPFWEGFQDGUKV[KPTCVUOCKPN[D[KORTQXKPIVJG
UVTWEVWTG QH VJG IWV OKETQDKQVC , /KETQDKQN $KQVGEJPQN     
ŌJVVRU//FQKQTI//LOD
=? && )CNNCJGT -, 9QQF %/ )CNNCJGT GV CN +PVGUVKPCN EQPVGPVU
UWRGTPCVCPVXKUEQUKV[QHTCVUHGFQCVDCUGFOWHſPUCPFEGTGCNRTQFWEVU%GTGCN
%JGO    JVVRU//FQKQTI//%%*'/
=? + 7NNCJ 6 ;KP 5 :KQPI GV CN 'HHGEVU QH VJGTOCN RTGVTGCVOGPV QP
RJ[UKEQEJGOKECNRTQRGTVKGUQHPCPQUK\GFQMCTC UQ[DGCPTGUKFWG KPUQNWDNG
FKGVCT[ſDGTRTGRCTGFD[YGVOGFKCOKNNKPI,(QQF'PI  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LLHQQFGPI
=? 5//QMJVCT*/5YCKNCO'5'ODCD[2J[UKEQEJGOKECNRTQRGTVKGU
PWVTKVKQPCNXCNWGCPFVGEJPQHWPEVKQPCNRTQRGTVKGUQHIQNFGPDGTT[ Physalis
peruviana YCUVGRQYFGTEQPEKUGVKVNGEQORQUKVKQPQHIQNFGPDGTT[LWKEGYCUVG
(QQF%JGO  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? 8 5WT[CPVK 6 -WUWOCPKPIUKJ ;5 4WOKPIV[CU 2J[UKEQEJGOKECN
RTQRGTVKGUQHFKGVCT[ſDGTUHTQOArtocarpus camansKHTWKV+QR%QPHGTGPEG
  JVVRU//FQKQTI//:/193/1/
=? .+ :WGNK *' :KWNK .8 ;WCPRKPI GV CN 'ZVTCEVKQP CPF HWPEVKQPCN
RTQRGTVKGUQHYCVGTUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTHTQOCRRNGRQOCEG,(QQF2TQEGUU
'PI    JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHRG
=? # %GTFC6CRKC / FG . 2ÃTG\%JCDGNC ,  2ÃTG\NXCTG\ GV CN
8CNQTK\CVKQP QH RQOCEG RQYFGT QDVCKPGF HTQO PCVKXG /GZKECP CRRNG
(Malus domestica XCT TC[CFC  EJGOKECN VGEJPQHWPEVKQPCN CPF
CPVKQZKFCPV RTQRGTVKGU 2NCPV (QQF *WO 0WVT      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//U
=? $6CQ;(C[KP.*CPI2JGPQNKERTQſNGCPFKPXKVTQCPVKQZKFCPVECRCEKV[
QHKPUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTRQYFGTUHTQOEKVTWU Citrus junos5KGDGZ6CPCMC 
RQOCEGCUCHHGEVGFD[WNVTCſPGITKPFKPI,#IT(QQF%JGO    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHD
=? ,;W/#JOGFPC(WPEVKQPCNEQORQPGPVUQHITCRGRQOCEGVJGKTEQORQUKVKQP
DKQNQIKECNRTQRGTVKGUCPFRQVGPVKCNCRRNKECVKQPU+PV,(QQF5EK6GEJ  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LZ
=? 9 <JCPI ) <GPI ; 2CP GV CN 2TQRGTVKGU QH UQNWDNG FKGVCT[ HKDGT
RQN[UCEEJCTKFGHTQORCRC[CRGGNQDVCKPGFVJTQWIJCNMCNKPGQTWNVTCUQWPF
CUUKUVGF CNMCNKPG GZVTCEVKQP %CTDQJ[F 2QN[O    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LECTDRQN
=? ;.KW%(CP/6KCPGVCN'HHGEVQHFT[KPIOGVJQFUQPRJ[UKEQEJGOKECN
RTQRGTVKGUCPF in vitroJ[RQIN[EGOKEGHHGEVUQHQTCPIGRGGNFKGVCT[ſDGT,(QQF
2TQEGUU2TGUGTX    GJVVRU//FQKQTI//LHRR
9
=? :*WC5:W/9CPIGVCN'HHGEVUQHJKIJURGGFJQOQIGPK\CVKQPCPF
JKIJRTGUUWTGJQOQIGPK\CVKQPQPUVTWEVWTGQHVQOCVQTGUKFWGHKDGTU(QQF
%JGO  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? *;CKEJ*)CTPC$$EJKTGVCN%JGOKECNEQORQUKVKQPCPFHWPEVKQPCN
RTQRGTVKGUQHFKGVCT[HKDTGGZVTCEVGFD['PIN[UVCPF2TQUM[OGVJQFUHTQO
VJG CNIC Ulva lactuca EQNNGEVGF KP 6WPKUKC #NICN 4GU    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LCNICN
=? <(GPI&9GK5#NCZKGVCN/QFKſGFUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTHTQODNCEM
DGCP EQCVU YKVJ KVU TJGQNQIKECN CPF DKNG CEKF DKPFKPI RTQRGTVKGU (QQF
*[FTQEQNN  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFJ[F
=? %(&KGFGTKEMU8#,KFGCPK2J[UKEQEJGOKECNCPFHWPEVKQPCNRTQRGTVKGUQHKPUQNWDNG
FKGVCT[ſDGTKUQNCVGFHTQO$CODCTCITQWPFPWV Vigna subterranea =.?8GTFE ,
(QQF5EK    JVVRU//FQKQTI//
=? $&W(<JW$:W2J[UKEQEJGOKECNCPFCPVKQZKFCPVRTQRGTVKGUQHFKGVCT[
ſDGTUHTQO3KPIMG JWNNNGUUDCTNG[ ƀQWTCUCHHGEVGFD[WNVTCſPGITKPFKPI
$KQCEV%CTDQJ[FT&KGV(KDTG  JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LDEFH
=? %4/CTYC#5QWJKT65CDW7UGQHITGGPEJGOKUVT[OGVJQFUKPVJG
GZVTCEVKQP QH FKGVCT[ HKDGTU HTQO ECEVWU TCEMGVU Opuntia ficus indica 
UVTWEVWTCN CPF OKETQUVTWEVWTCN UVWFKGU +PV , $NQN /CETQOQN  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LKLDKQOCE
=? ;/CNMMK-#WVKQ1*CPPKPGP1CVDTCPEQPEGPVTCVGURJ[UKECNRTQRGTVKGU
QH DGVCINWECP CPF J[RQEJQNGUVGTQNGOKE GHHGEVU KP TCVU %GTGCN %JGO
    
=? ,5.X:;.KW:2<JCPI%JGOKECNEQORQUKVKQPCPFHWPEVKQPCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEU
QHFKGVCT[ſDGTTKEJRQYFGTQDVCKPGFHTQOEQTGQHOCK\GUVTCY(QQF%JGO  
 JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? 0*WUUCKP$#2#IWU#</&CNKGVCN&GVGTOKPCVKQPQHHWPEVKQPCN
RTQRGTVKGUQHEQEQCYCUVGHTQOEQPEGPVTCVGFEQEQCFTKPM,(QQF/GCU%JCTCEV
    JVVRU//FQKQTI//U
=? 0%& 4KUM (CEVQT %QNNCDQTCVKQP 0%&4KU%  6TGPFU KP CFWNV DQF[
OCUUKPFGZKPEQWPVTKGUHTQOVQCRQQNGFCPCN[UKUQH
RQRWNCVKQPDCUGF OGCUWTGOGPV UVWFKGU YKVJ  OKNNKQP RCTVKEKRCPVU
6JG .CPEGV        JVVRU//FQKQTI//5
  :
=? '5 /QWUVCHC 2 (TQIWGN (TQO QDGUKV[ IGPGVKEU VQ VJG HWVWTG QH
RGTUQPCNK\GFQDGUKV[VJGTCR[0CV4GX'PFQETKPQN    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//PTGPFQ
=? ($ /QTGN 3 &CK , 0K GV CN Į)CNCEVQQNKIQUCEEJCTKFGU FQUG
FGRGPFGPVN[TGFWEGCRRGVKVGCPFFGETGCUGKPƀCOOCVKQPKPQXGTYGKIJVCFWNVU
,0WVT    JVVRU//FQKQTI//LP
=? ( +UMGP 5 -NCWU / 1UVGTJQHH GV CN 'HHGEVU QH NQPIVGTO UQNWDNG XU
KPUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTKPVCMGQPJKIJHCVFKGVKPFWEGFQDGUKV[KP%$./,
OKEG , 0WVT $KQEJGO       JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LLPWVDKQ
=? 5%JCPI:%WK/)WQGVCN+PUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTHTQORGCTRQOCEG
ECPRTGXGPVJKIJHCVFKGVKPFWEGFQDGUKV[KPTCVUOCKPN[D[KORTQXKPIVJG
UVTWEVWTG QH VJG IWV OKETQDKQVC , /KETQDKQN $KQVGEJPQN     
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LOD
=? ( .W ; .KW $ .K 1MCTC FKGVCT[ HKDGT CPF J[RQIN[EGOKE GHHGEV QH
QMCTC HQQFU $KQCEV %CTDQJ[FT &KGV (KDTG      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LDEFH
=? #5TKEJCOTQGP8%JCXCUKVIn vitro TGVCTFCVKQPQHINWEQUGFKHHWUKQPYKVJ
IWO GZVTCEVGF HTQO OCNXC PWV UGGFU RTQFWEGF KP 6JCKNCPF (QQF %JGO
    JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFEJGO
=? /#UJWVQUJ,5JKXGUJIn vitro RQUVRTCPFKCNINWEQUGNQYGTKPIGHHGEVUQHFKGVCT[
HKDGTUKUQNCVGFHTQOTamarindus indicaCPFCassia fistulaUGGFU#OGTKECP,
(QQF6GEJ    JVVRU//FQKQTI//CLHV
=? . %JGPI : <JCPI ; *QPI %JCTCEVGTKUCVKQP QH RJ[UKEQEJGOKECN CPF
HWPEVKQPCNRTQRGTVKGUQHUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDTGHTQORQVCVQRWNRQDVCKPGFD[
GP\[OGCUUKUVGFGZVTCEVKQP+PV,$KQN/CETQOQN  
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LKLDKQOCE
=? /.$CPIQWTC,0UQT#VKPFCPC-<JWGVCN2QVGPVKCNJ[RQIN[ECGOKE
GHHGEVU QH KPUQNWDNG HKDTGU KUQNCVGF HTQO HQZVCKN OKNNGVU =Setaria italic
.  2 $GCWXQKU? +PV , (QQF 5EK 6GEJ      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LZ
=? 4/(GPI;0<QPI5/%CQGVCN%WTTGPVECPEGTUKVWCVKQPKP%JKPC
IQQFQTDCFPGYUHTQOVJG)NQDCN%CPEGT5VCVKUVKEU!%CPEGT%QOOWP
    JVVRU//FQKQTI//U
10 Y. He et al. / Food Science and Human Wellness 11 (2022) 1-10
=? 5% *Q 5< %JGPI %: <JCPI GV CN 'HHGEV QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT KPVCMG
QP DTGCUV ECPEGT TKUM CEEQTFKPI VQ GUVTQIGP CPF RTQIGUVGTQPG TGEGRVQT
UVCVWU 'WT , %NKP 0WVT       JVVRU//FQKQTI//
GLEP
=? * :W ; &KPI : :KP GV CN &KGVCT[ HKDGT KPVCMG KU CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ C
TGFWEGFTKUMQHQXCTKCPECPEGTCFQUGTGURQPUGOGVCCPCN[UKU0WVT4GU
  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LPWVTGU
=? , %JGP . 8KVGVVC +PHNCOOCVKQPOQFWNCVKPI GHHGEV QH DWV[TCVG KP VJG
RTGXGPVKQP QH EQNQP ECPEGT D[ FKGVCT[ HKDGT %NKP %QNQTGEVCN %CPE
    JVVRU//FQKQTI//LENEE
=? &-CYCMKVC;%#.GG(6WTCVKGVCN&KGVCT[HKDGTKPVCMGCPFJGCF
CPFPGEMECPEGTTKUMCRQQNGFCPCN[UKUKPVJGKPVGTPCVKQPCNJGCFCPFPGEM
ECPEGTGRKFGOKQNQI[EQPUQTVKWO+PV,%CPEGT    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//KLE
=? $ <JGPI * 5JGP * *CP GV CN &KGVCT[ HKDGT KPVCMG CPF TGFWEGF
TKUM QH QXCTKCP ECPEGT C OGVCCPCN[UKU 0WVT ,      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//U
=? %*9CPI%3KCQ4%9CPIGVCN&KGVCT[ſDGTKPVCMGCPFRCPETGCVKE
ECPEGTTKUMCOGVCCPCN[UKUQHGRKFGOKQNQIKEUVWFKGU5EK4GR    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//UTGR
=? / &GUEJCUCWZ % 2QWEJKGW / *KU GV CN &KGVCT[ VQVCN CPF KPUQNWDNG
HKDGT KPVCMGU CTG KPXGTUGN[ CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ RTQUVCVG ECPEGT TKUM , 0WVT
    JVVRU//FQKQTI//LP
=? # 6CLCFFKPK # 2QWT\CPF < 5CPCCV GV CN &KGVCT[ TGUKUVCPV UVCTEJ
EQPVCKPGFHQQFUCPFDTGCUVECPEGTTKUMCECUGEQPVTQNUVWF[KPPQTVJYGUVQH
+TCP#UKCP2CE,%CPEGT2    
=? $.2QQN<QDGN,5CWGT1XGTXKGYQHGZRGTKOGPVCNFCVCQPTGFWEVKQPQH
EQNQTGEVCNECPEGTTKUMD[KPWNKPV[RGHTWEVCPU,0WVT    5
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LP/5
=? ;$-CPI;.K;&WGVCN-QPLCMWƀQWTTGFWEGUQDGUKV[KPOKEGD[
OQFWNCVKPIVJGEQORQUKVKQPQHVJGIWVOKETQDKQVC+PV,1DGUKV[    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//UZ
=? 3 <JCPI * ;W : :KCQ GV CN +PWNKPV[RG HTWEVCP KORTQXGU FKCDGVKE
RJGPQV[RG CPF IWV OKETQDKQVC RTQHKNGU KPTCVU 2GGT,     
JVVRU//FQKQTI//RGGTL
=? $(CTC\'2JKNNKR20CKNNKYGVCN&KGVCT[ſDGTVTGCVOGPVEQTTGEVUVJG
EQORQUKVKQPQHIWVOKETQDKQVCRTQOQVGU5%(#RTQFWEVKQPCPFUWRRTGUUGU
EQNQP ECTEKPQIGPGUKU )GPGU       JVVRU//FQKQTI//
IGPGU
=? /,#NHC&5VTCPI256CRRKCGVCN#TCPFQOK\GFVTKCNVQFGVGTOKPG
VJG KORCEV QH C FKIGUVKQP TGUKUVCPV UVCTEJ EQORQUKVKQP QP VJG IWV
OKETQDKQOGKPQNFGTCPFOKFCIGCFWNVU%NWP0WVT    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LENPW
=? /#5%JCROCP/()TCJP/#$Q[NG$WV[TCVGQZKFCVKQPKUKORCKTGF
KP VJG EQNQPKE OWEQUC QH UWHHGTGTU QH SWKGUEGPV WNEGTCVKXG EQNKVKU )WV
  JVVRU//FQKQTI//IWV
=? &, 4QUG /6 &GOGQ # -GUJCXCT\KCP +PHNWGPEG QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT QP
KPƀCOOCVQT[DQYGNFKUGCUGCPFEQNQPECPEGTKORQTVCPEGQHHGTOGPVCVKQP
RCVVGTP 0WVT 4GX       JVVRU//FQKQTI//L
VDZ
=? * <QJTG ( ,CPGNNG + *[WP GV CN &KGVCT[ RGC HKDGT UWRRNGOGPVCVKQP
KORTQXGU IN[EGOKC CPF KPFWEGU EJCPIGU KP VJG EQORQUKVKQP QH IWV
OKETQDKQVCUGTWOUJQTVEJCKPHCVV[CEKFRTQſNGCPFGZRTGUUKQPQHOWEKPUKP
INWEQUGKPVQNGTCPVTCVU0WVTKGPVU    JVVRU//FQKQTI//
PW
=? %&GTV/2JKNNKRUQP.*QNOGVCN2TGXGPVKXGCPFVJGTCRGWVKEGHHGEVUQH
PKVTKVGUWRRNGOGPVCVKQPKPGZRGTKOGPVCNKPƀCOOCVQT[DQYGNFKUGCUG4GFQZ
$KQN  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LTGFQZ
=? # 1\GT 4GOQXCN QH 2D ++  KQPU HTQO CSWGQWU UQNWVKQPU D[ UWNRJWTKE
CEKFVTGCVGF YJGCV DTCP , *C\CTF /CVGT      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LLJC\OCV
=? /-JQVKOEJGPMQ8-QXCNGX;-JQVKOEJGPMQ'SWKNKDTKWOUVWFKGUQH
UQTRVKQPQHNGCF ++ KQPUD[FKHHGTGPVRGEVKPEQORQWPFU,*C\CTF/CVGT
  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LLJC\OCV
=? * 9CPI 6 *WCPI <% 6Q GV CN 6JG CFUQTRVKQP QH NGCF ++  KQPU D[
F[PCOKEJKIJRTGUUWTGOKETQƀWKFK\CVKQPVTGCVGFKPUQNWDNGUQ[DGCPFKGVCT[
ſDGT,(QQF5EK6GEJ    JVVRU//FQKQTI//U

=? )# 5QNKOCP &KGVCT[ HKDGT CVJGTQUENGTQUKU CPF ECTFKQXCUEWNCT FKUGCUG
0WVTKGPVU    JVVRU//FQKQTI//PW
=? ,9#PFGTUQP2$CKTF4*&CXKUGVCN*GCNVJDGPGſVUQHFKGVCT[ſDGT0WVT
4GX  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LZ
=? %0CICVC-*KTQMCYC05JKOK\WGVCN#UUQEKCVKQPUQHOGPUVTWCNRCKP
YKVJKPVCMGUQHUQ[HCVCPFFKGVCT[ſDGTKP,CRCPGUGYQOGP'WT,%NKP
0WVT  JVVRU//FQKQTI//ULGLEP
=? <<JCPI.5JK92CPIGVCN&KGVCT[HKDGTKPVCMGTGIWNCVGUKPVGUVKPCN
OKETQHNQTC CPF KPJKDKVU QXCNDWOKPKPFWEGF CNNGTIKE CKTYC[ KPHNCOOCVKQP
KPCOQWUGOQFGN2NQU1PG    JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LQWTPCNRQPG
=? 0 6QOKE $ &QLPQX , /KQEKPQXKE GV CN 'PTKEJOGPV QH [QIJWTV YKVJ
KPUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTHTQOVTKVKECNGŌCUGPUQT[RGTURGEVKXG.96(QQF5EK
6GEJPQN  JVVRU//FQKQTI//LNYV
=? 5; 2CTM -; ;QQP 'P\[OCVKE RTQFWEVKQP QH UQNWDNG FKGVCT[ HKDGT
HTQO VJG EGNNWNQUG HTCEVKQP QH %JKPGUG ECDDCIG YCUVG CPF RQVGPVKCN
WUG CU C HWPEVKQPCN HQQF UQWTEG (QQF 5EK $KQ      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//U
=? . $GNIJKVJ(GPFTK ( %JCCTK ( -CNNGN GV CN 2GC CPF DTQCF DGCP
RQFU CU C PCVWTCN UQWTEG QH FKGVCT[ HKDGT VJG KORCEV QP VGZVWTG CPF
UGPUQT[ RTQRGTVKGU QH ECMG , (QQF 5EK      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//
=? &/WFIKN5$CTCM$5-JCVMCT%QQMKGVGZVWTGURTGCFTCVKQCPFUGPUQT[
CEEGRVCDKNKV[QHEQQMKGUCUCHWPEVKQPQHUQNWDNGFKGVCT[ſDGTDCMKPIVKOG
CPF FKHHGTGPV YCVGT NGXGNU .96(QQF 5EK 6GEJ    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LNYV
=? ;*QPI9<,WP:,KCPGVCN&GXGNQROGPVQHVJGFKGVCT[ſDGTHWPEVKQPCN
HQQFCPFUVWFKGUQPKVUVQZKEQNQIKECNCPFRJ[UKQNQIKERTQRGTVKGU(QQF%JGO
6QZKE    JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHEV
=? 3.W*.KW39CPIGVCN5GPUQT[CPFRJ[UKECNSWCNKV[EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU
QHDTGCFHQTVKſGFYKVJCRRNGRQOCEGWUKPIHW\\[OCVJGOCVKECNOQFGN+PV,
(QQF5EK6GEJ    JVVRU//FQKQTI//KLHU
=? .6%CTXCNJQ/#2KTGU,%$CNFKPGVCN2CTVKCNTGRNCEGOGPVQHOGCV
CPFHCVYKVJJ[FTCVGFYJGCVHKDGTKPDGGHDWTIGTUFGETGCUGUECNQTKEXCNWG
YKVJQWV TGFWEKPI VJGHGGNKPIQH UCVKGV[CHVGT EQPUWORVKQP/GCV 5EK
 JVVRU//FQKQTI//LOGCVUEK
=? 8.#PIGNGU25#TCEGNK4++UTCGNGVCN%JGOKECNRJ[UKECNCPFUGPUQT[
RTQRGTVKGU QH 8KGPPC UCWUCIGU HQTOWNCVGF YKVJ C UVCTHTWKV FKGVCT[ HKDGT
EQPEGPVTCVG,(QQF5EK6GEJ  JVVRU//FQKQTI//
U
=? ,/(GTPCPFG\)KPGU,(GTPCPFG\.QRG\'5C[CU$CTDGTCGVCN'HHGEV
QHUVQTCIGEQPFKVKQPUQPSWCNKV[EJCTCEVGTKUVKEUQHDQNQIPCUCWUCIGUOCFG
YKVJEKVTWUſDGT,(QQF5EK    JVVRU//FQKQTI//
LVDZ
=? ,&ÈC\8GNC#6QVQUCWU/.2ÃTG\%JCDGNC+PVGITCVKQPQHCITQKPFWUVTKCN
EQRTQFWEVUCUHWPEVKQPCNHQQFKPITGFKGPVUECEVWURGCT 2SXQWLD¿FXVLQGLFD)
ƀQWTCPFRKPGCRRNG Ananas comosus RGGNƀQWTCUſDGTUQWTEGKPEQQMGF
UCWUCIGUKPQEWNCVGFYKVJNCEVKECEKFDCEVGTKC,(QQF2TQEGUU2TGUGTX  
 JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHRR
=? 69CPI</C#PQXGNKPUQNWDNGFKGVCT[HKDGTDCUGFGFKDNGRCRGTHTQO
%JKPGUGECDDCIG%GNNWNQUG    JVVRU//FQKQTI//
U
=? <3 (W / 9W :; *CP GV CN 'HHGEV QH QMCTC FKGVCT[ HKDGT QP VJG
RTQRGTVKGUQHUVCTEJDCUGFHKNOU5VCTEJ5VTMG    
JVVRU//FQKQTI//UVCT
=? 626TKPKFCF#%/CNNKNNKP&*8CNFG\GVCN&KGVCT[ſDGTHTQOEQEQPWV
HNQWT C HWPEVKQPCN HQQF +PPQX (QQF 5EK 'OGTI      
JVVRU//FQKQTI//LKHUGV
=? ;0KW3:KC/)WGVCN+PVGTRGPGVTCVKPIPGVYQTMIGNUEQORQUGFQH
IGNCVKPCPFUQNWDNGFKGVCT[HKDGTUHTQOVQOCVQRGGNU(QQF*[FTQEQNN
 JVVRU//FQKQTI//LHQQFJ[F
=? 9)2QOCEG2%QORQWPF&(KDGT&GXGNQROGPVQHCPVKQZKFCPVFKGVCT[
HKDGTU HTQO YKPG ITCRG RQOCEG CPF VJGKT CRRNKECVKQPU CU HWPEVKQPCN HQQF
KPITGFKGPVU9KPG)TCRG2QOCEG