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Breastfeeding, timing and number of erupted teeth

in first twelve months of life in Nigerian children

M.O. Folayan*, E.O. Oziegbe*, A.O. Esan**


Depts of *Child Dental Health and **Preventive Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex,
Ile-Ife, Nigeria

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Key words: breastfeeding, tooth eruption, Nigeria


Postal address: Dr M.O. Folayan, Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Email: toyinukpong@yahoo.co.uk

279
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // 11 (Issue 6). 2010
M.O. Folayan et al.

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280
European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // 11 (Issue 6). 2010
Breastfeeding and tooth eruption in Nigerian children

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 Total
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European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry // 11 (Issue 6). 2010

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