Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150

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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/genrep

Genomic diversity at 22 STR loci (extended CODIS STR) in the population

of Rajasthan, India
Anand Kumar a, *, 1, Rajesh Kumar a, 1, R.K. Kumawat a, 1, Pankaj Shrivastava b,
Gyaneshwer Chaubey c
a
DNA Division, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302016, India
b
DNA Fingerprinting Unit, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Department of Home (Police), Govt. of MP, Sagar 470001, India
c
Cytogenetics Laboratory, Dept of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This study presents genetic diversity at 22 autosomal STR loci (extended CODIS STR) in the population of
CODIS STR Rajasthan. It provides an allelic database of this population for the purpose of forensic inference. 595 unrelated
Polymorphism healthy individuals residing in the state were randomly selected from the routine casework of the laboratory.
Genetic database
Compliance of ethical standards was ensured during the collection of blood samples. The allele 15 of locus
Paternity index
D22S1045 was found to be the most frequent allele among all the studied genetic markers. The matching
Rajasthan
probability was found to be 1.80 × 10− 26 at all the studied markers. The loci Penta E and TPOX were found to be
highest and least forensic importance respectively, among all the studied loci. The heterozygosity ranged from
0.711 for locus TPOX to 0.926 for the locus Penta E. The discrimination and exclusion power were found as 1 and
0.999999998292 respectively at all the studied loci. Overall, the highest polymorphism was observed 0.907 for
locus Penta E among the studied markers in the population of Rajasthan. In population differentiation test, the
population of Rajasthan showed a greater genetic affinity with north-western and central Indian populations than
southern and eastern Indian, as well as East Asian populations.

1. Introduction
The state of Rajasthan is located in the North-western region of India
(Fig. 1). Its western international boundaries are formed by Punjab and
Sindh provinces of Pakistan and remaining borders are formed by Indian
states like Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
(Gupta and Bakshi, 2008) (Fig. S1). Rajasthan was earlier known as
“Rajputana” which means “Land of Kings” (Gupta and Bakshi, 2008). Its
gene-pool is known as the oldest one across the globe. According to
Census 2011, Rajasthan is inhabited by5.66% of the total population of
India. Demography of Rajasthan comprises of 68,548,437 people
(35,550,997 males and 32,997,440 females) (John, 2011). Migration of
people of Rajasthan is reflected in its genetic diversity (Lawson et al.,
2012).
In forensic science, DNA analysis has become “the new form of
scientific evidence” and has come under public scrutiny. More and more
courts have begun to accept DNA-based evidence. DNA technology has
taken an unparalleled position in the forensic sciences field for the
investigation of paternity and criminal cases across the globe (Kumar
et al., 2019). Since 1985, when Peter Gill and Alec Jeffrey first applied
DNA technology to forensic problems, to this day, more than 50,000
cases worldwide have been solved by using DNA-based technology. DNA
analysis based on autosomal as well as sex chromosome STR is routinely
used in forensic casework, population study and medico-legal in­
vestigations. Although the advancement of DNA technology in forensic
science has been extremely rapid, today we are witnessing a new era of
DNA technology that uses automation and miniaturization like Rapid
DNA Typing (Shrivastava et al., 2020).
In Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), short tandem repeat loci
are required for the forensic DNA Analysis purposes. These core loci

Abbreviations: STR, Short Tendem Repeat; CODIS, Combined DNA Index System; coPD, Combined Power of Discrimination; coPE, Combined Power of Exclusion;
PIC, Polymorphic Information Content; PM, Probability of a Match; HIPS, Human Identification Professional Services; ILS, Internal Lane Standard; Hi Di Formamide,
Highly Deionized Formamide.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: anandfsl@gmail.com (A. Kumar).
1
Authors with equal credential.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101150
Received 13 January 2021; Received in revised form 14 March 2021; Accepted 8 April 2021
Available online 15 April 2021
2452-0144/© 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A. Kumar et al.
Fig. 1. The geographical location of the studied population.
have been expanded to 20 STRs by the use of CODIS (Hares, 2015;
Moretti et al., 2016). Until 01.01.2017, CODIS prescribed 13 core loci
for forensic purposes are CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, vWA, D3S1358,
D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51 and D21S11,
and since 1ST January 2017, seven new markers namely D1S1656,
D2S441, D2S1338, D10S1248, D12S391, D19S433 and D22S1045 are
included in the extended CODIS markers. In this study we explore
genomic diversity on 20 CODIS markers along with two additional Penta
E and Penta D markers in the population of Rajasthan. The allelic di­
versity and several forensic parameters for 13 CODIS core loci have been
already reported for the population of Rajasthan (Kumar et al., 2020)
and various states of India (Shrivastava et al., 2015).Therefore, there is
utmost need of forensic parameter data based on extended CODIS core
loci.
This study provides allelic frequencies and various forensic param­
eter dataset on extended CODIS core loci for the purpose of forensic
inferences in the population of Rajasthan. In order to discover genetic
affinity of geographically close Indian populations viz., Central Indian
Population, Uttar Pradesh, Balmiki (Punjab), Jharkhand; geographically
distinct Indian populations viz., Mahadev Koli (Maharashtra), Kora
(Bengal), Maheli (Bengal), Tamil Population (Tamil Nadu) and reported
populations of Rajasthan, their pre-existing databases were taken into
consideration. Comparison of genomic ancestry of studied population
with reported global populations was also performed.
2
Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Samples
Blood samples of 595 unrelated randomly selected normal adult in­
dividuals were taken for the study with prior written informed consent
from the candidates. These samples were from the routine casework
performed at DNA division, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Jaipur.
2.2. DNA isolation and quantification
DNA was isolated from the blood samples using PrepFiler Express™
kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA, USA-Thermo) with the help of Auto­
mate Express (Thermo) according to the recommended protocol of the
manufacturers. The quantification of the isolated DNA was performed
by using QuantifilerTrio quantification kit (Thermo) on Quant Studio 5
(Thermo) instrument as per the prescribed protocol of the producer.
2.3. Amplification and genotyping
Quantified DNA was amplified for 22 extended CODIS core auto­
somal STRs along with gender determining loci Amelogenin and one Y-
STR DYS391 using PowerPlex® Fusion system kit (Promega, CA, USA-
Promega). Primers for the studied STR markers were presented in
Table 1. Amplification reaction was performed on Veriti™ fast thermal
cycler (Thermo) as per the recommendations of manufacturer except the
A. Kumar et al. Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150

Table 1
Primer sequence of studied STR markers.
Locus Primer sequence [Forward (top row) & Reverse (bottom row)]

Amelogenin 5′ -CCCTGGGCTCTGTAAAGAATAGTG-3′
5′ -ATCAGAGCTTAAACTGGGAAGCTG-3′
D3S1358 5′ -ACT GCA GTC CAA TCT GGG T-3′ (AGAT strand)
5′ -ATG AAA TCA ACA GAG GCT TG-3′ (TCTA strand)
D1S1656 5′ -GTGTTGCTCAAGGGTCAACT-3′
5′ -GAGAAATAGAATCACTAGGGAACC-3′
D2S441 5′ -TGCACCCAACATTCTAACAA-3′
5′ -ATTGGAGCTAAGTGGCTGTG-3′
D10S1248 5′ -GGAATAAGTGCAGTGCTTGG-3′
5′ -ACCAATCTGGTCACAACCAT-3′
D13S317 5′ -ACAGAAGTCTGGGATGTGGA-3′
5′ -GCCCAAAAAGACAGACAGAA-3′
PENTA-E 5′ -ATTACCAACATGAAAGGGTACCAATA-3′
5′ -TGGGTTATTAATTGAGAAAACTCCTTACAATTT-3′
D16S539 5′ -GATCCCAAGCTCTTCCTCTT-3′
5′ -ACGTTTGTGTGTGCATCTGT-3′
D18S51 5′ -TTCTTGAGCCCAGAAGGTTA-3′
5′ -ATTCTACCAGCAACAACACAAATAAAC-3′
D2S1338 5′ -CCAGTGGATTTGGAAACAGA-3′
5′ -ACCTAGCATGGTACCTGCAG-3′
CSF1PO 5′ -AACCTGAGTCTGCCAAGGACTAGC-3′ (AGAT strand)
5′ -TTCCACACACCACTGGCCATCTTC-3′ (TCTA strand)
PENTA-D 5′ -GAAGGTCGAAGCTGAAGTG-3′
5′ -ATTAGAATTCTTTAATCTGGACACAAG-3′
TH01 5′ -ATTCAAAGGGTATCTGGGCTCTGG-3′
5′ -GTGGGCTGAAAAGCTCCCGATTAT-3′
vWA 5′ -GCCCTAGTGGATGATAAGAATAATCAGTATGTG-3′
5′ -GGACAGATGATAAATACATAGGATGGATGG-3′
D21S11 5′ -ATATGTGAGTCAATTCCCCAAG-3′
5′ -TGTATTAGTCAATGTTCTCCAGAGAC-3′
D7S820 5′ -TGTCATAGTTTAGAACGAACTAACG-3′
5′ -CTGAGGTATCAAAAACTCAGAGG-3′
D5S818 5′ -GGGTGATTTTCCTCTTTGGT-3′
5′ -TGATTCCAATCATAGCCACA-3′
TPOX 5′ -GCACAGAACAGGCACTTAGG-3′
5′ -CGCTCAAACGTGAGGTTG-3′
D8S1179 5′ -ATTGCAACTTATATGTATTTTTGTATTTCATG-3′
5′ -ACCAAATTGTGTTCATGAGTATAGTTTC-3′
D12S391 5′ -AACAGGATCAATGGATGCAT-3′
5′ -TGGCTTTTAGACCTGGACTG-3′
D19S433 5′ -ATTTCTAAGGCTGGGTGAGGTG-3′
5′ -TTAAGGAACAGGTGGTGTTGGTT-3′
FGA 5′ -GGCTGCAGGGCATAACATTA-3′
5′ -ATTCTATGACTTTGCGCTTCAGGA-3′
D22S1045 5′ -GCTAGATTTTCCCCGATGAT-3′
5′ -ATGTAAAGTGCTCTCAAGAGTGC-3′

10 μL reaction volume. Some of the samples were directly subjected to
amplification as per the previous study (Kumawat et al., 2019)(Kuma­
wat et al., 2020, Srivastava et al., 2019). Amplicons were separated on
Genetic Analyzer 3500XL using POP™-4 (Performance Optimized
Polymer), 36 cm Capillary array as per the recommendations of the
manufacturer. Each amplified sample was mixed with 0.5 μL ILS 500 and
9.5 μL Hi-Di Formamide. Samples were injected at 1.2 kV for 5 s. Elec­
trophoresis results were analyzed with GeneMapper ID-X v1.1 software
(Thermo).
2.4. Quality standards
Our laboratory has been validated by Human Identification Profes­
sional Services (HIPS) by Thermo Fisher Scientific CA, USA. As per the
internal laboratory standards, positive and negative control samples
were used to ascertain the quality of analysis.
2.5. Statistical analysis
Genetic data of present study was statistically evaluated using
various population softwares viz., PowerStats V1.2 spreadsheet program
(for allele frequency and forensic interest parameters such as, Paternity
Index, discrimination power, exclusion power, estimation of matching
probability, polymorphism, observed and expected heterozygosity);
Arlequin V3.5 (for Hardy-Wienberg equilibrium expectations using
exact test); POPTREE2 program and PAST 3.02a (for phylogenetic
relatedness between studied and compared populations which were
evaluated based on Nei’s DA distance through and plotted between
component 1 and 2); and heat map packages (for heat map).
3. Results and discussion
A total of 267 alleles were observed among all the studied loci in the
population of Rajasthan. The highest number of the alleles were
observed at locus Penta E (21) whereas the lowest number of the alleles
were found at locus TH01 (6). A wide range of allele frequency with a
minimum value of 0.001 to a maximum value of 0.425 was observed for
the studied population among all the tested loci. Allele 15 of locus
D22S1045 was found to be the most frequent allele among all the
studied genetic markers (Table 2). To find Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
(HWE) in the allelic data, the exact test was performed; all the loci
followed Hardy Weinberg’s expectations, which supports the random

3
 A. Kumar et al.
Table 2
Allele frequency observed at autosomal STR loci of PowerPlex® Fusion 5C system in the population of Rajasthan (n = 595)
Allele D3S1358 D1S1656 D2S441 D10S1248 D13S317 PENTA-E D16S539 D18S51 D2S1338 CSF1PO PENTA-D TH01 vWA D21S11 D7S820 D5S818 TPOX D8S1179 D12S391 D19S433 FGA D22S1045

5 – – – – – 0.064 – – – – 0.001 – – – – – 0.001 – – – – –

6 – – – – – 0.002 – – – – 0.007 0.273 – – – – 0.002 – – – – –
7 – – – – 0.004 0.066 – – – 0.005 0.004 0.138 – – 0.034 0.003 0.006 – – – – –
8 – 0.024 0.007 – 0.163 0.007 0.069 – – 0.003 0.012 0.135 – – 0.240 0.002 0.361 0.010 – – – –
9 – 0.008 0.002 – 0.076 0.023 0.168 0.001 – 0.024 0.185 0.303 – – 0.058 0.028 0.121 0.003 – 0.001 – 0.002
9.3 – – – – – – – – – – – 0.147 – – – – – – – – – –
10 – 0.009 0.293 – 0.084 0.034 0.101 0.008 – 0.203 0.210 0.004 0.003 – 0.211 0.118 0.098 0.191 – – – 0.006
11 – 0.170 0.410 0.009 0.266 0.128 0.324 0.033 – 0.282 0.240 – – – 0.241 0.339 0.371 0.072 – 0.004 – 0.244
11.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.001 – –
11.3 – – 0.034 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
12 – 0.093 0.058 0.016 0.290 0.126 0.183 0.092 0.001 0.384 0.115 – – – 0.187 0.340 0.036 0.103 – 0.064 – 0.004
12.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.007 – –
12.3 – – 0.006 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
13 0.002 0.127 0.023 0.140 0.087 0.087 0.129 0.114 – 0.084 0.149 – 0.008 – 0.024 0.153 0.003 0.176 – 0.282 – 0.003
13.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.013 – –
14 0.039 0.114 0.149 0.261 0.029 0.071 0.025 0.284 – 0.015 0.049 – 0.116 – 0.006 0.015 0.001 0.197 – 0.241 – 0.057
14.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.063 – –
14.3 – 0.001 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
15 0.290 0.167 0.018 0.298 0.001 0.092 0.001 0.155 0.001 0.001 0.018 – 0.092 – – 0.003 – 0.163 0.003 0.139 – 0.425
15.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.076 – –
15.3 – 0.021 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
16 0.321 0.141 0.001 0.215 – 0.115 – 0.119 0.008 – 0.008 – 0.222 – – – – 0.071 0.009 0.061 – 0.175
16.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.034 – –
16.3 – 0.028 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
17 0.225 0.051 – 0.054 – 0.078 – 0.085 0.055 – 0.003 – 0.290 – – – – 0.011 0.140 0.013 – 0.076
17.2 0.001
4

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
17.3 – 0.026 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.012 – – –
17.4 – – – – – 0.001 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
18 0.112 0.003 0.001 0.005 – 0.050 – 0.034 0.175 – 0.001 – 0.194 – – – – 0.004 0.234 0.001 0.005 0.005
18.3 – 0.015 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.017 – – –
19 0.012 – – 0.001 – 0.029 – 0.038 0.173 – – – 0.066 – – – – – 0.144 – 0.045 0.003
19.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.002 – – –
19.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.001 – – –
19.3 – 0.002 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.003 – – –
20 – – – – – 0.015 – 0.022 0.110 – – – 0.008 – – – – – 0.107 – 0.115 –
20.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.002 –
21 – – – – – 0.008 – 0.009 0.039 – – – 0.001 – – – – – 0.118 – 0.155 –
21.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.002 –
22 – – – – – 0.003 – 0.004 0.067 – – – – – – – – – 0.089 – 0.128 –
22.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.011 –
23 – – – – – 0.003 – 0.001 0.183 – – – – – – – – – 0.071 – 0.182 –
23.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.007 –
24 – – – – – 0.001 – – 0.104 – – – – – – – – – 0.039 – 0.182 –
24.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.004 –
25 – – – – – – – – 0.062 – – – – – – – – – 0.011 – 0.115 –
26 – – – – – – – – 0.019 – – – – – – – – – 0.002 – 0.034 –

Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150

27 – – – – – – – – 0.003 – – – – 0.012 – – – – – – 0.012 –
28 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.145 – – – – – – 0.001 –
28.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.002 – – – – – – – –
29 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.186 – – – – – – – –
29.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.003 – – – – – – – –
30 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.176 – – – – – – – –
30.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.030 – – – – – – – –
30.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.001 – – – – – – – –
(continued on next page)
A. Kumar et al. Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150

selection of tested samples in this study. The observed heterozygosity

D22S1045
(Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.711 and 0.706 to
0.924 and 0.914 respectively. The observed heterozygosity was found to
be more than 0.7 which is highly supportive of this data for population

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
genetic studies. The allelic data was evaluated for forensic character­
FGA

ization viz., power of discrimination (PD), polymorphic information

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
content (PIC), power of exclusion (PE), matching probability (Pm), and
D19S433

paternity index (PI). The locus Penta E was found to be most poly­
morphic with a value of 0.907 and locus TPOX was found to be least

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
polymorphic with a value of 0.656 among all the studied loci (Table 3).
D12S391

The highest gene diversity (GD) was observed at locus Penta E with a
value of 0.914 and the lowest GD was observed at locus TPOX with a
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

value of 0.706. The power of discrimination (PD) and power of exclusion

TPOX D8S1179

(PE) ranged from 0.858 and 0.445 to 0.984 and 0.845 respectively. The
combined value of the power of discrimination (coPD) and power of
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

exclusion (coPE) was observed as 1and 0.999999998292, respectively.

The matching probability (Pm) and paternity index (PI) were in a range
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

of 0.016 and 1.730 to 0.142 and 6.611 respectively (Table 3). The cu­
D5S818

mulative values of matching probability (CPM) and paternity index

(CPI) were found to be 1.80 × 10− 26 and 1.6 × 109, respectively. Overall
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

the locus Penta E was found to be most important in terms of forensic

D7S820

value in the population of Rajasthan. This finding is also supportive of

the previous genetic studies on the population of Rajasthan (Kumar
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

et al., 2020, Kumawat et al., 2020).

D21S11

0.006
0.001
0.039
0.132
0.004
0.184
0.068
0.002
0.001
0.008

To understand the genetic affinity of the studied population,

geographically close Indian populations viz., Central Indian population
(Shrivastava et al., 2015), population of Uttar Pradesh (Srivastava et al.,
vWA

2019), Balmiki (Punjab) (Ghosh et al., 2011), population of Jharkhand

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

(Imam et al., 2017); geographically distinct Indian populations viz.,

TH01

Mahadev Koli (Maharashtra) (Ghosh et al., 2011), Oraon (Chotanagpur)

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

(Banerjee et al., 2005), Kora (Bengal) (Singh et al., 2006), Maheli

CSF1PO PENTA-D

(Bengal) (Singh et al., 2006), Tamil population (Tamil Nadu) (Bala­

murugan et al., 2010) and other reported populations of Rajasthan
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

(Kumar et al., 2020, Kumawat et al., 2020) were taken into consider­
ation. To know genomically shared ancestry of studied population, re­
ported global populations viz., Americans (Basque) (Besecker et al.,
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

2018), Han population of Southern China (Tong et al., 2013), Tibetan

D2S1338

population (Nepal) (Kido et al., 2006), Bhutanese population (Kraai­

jenbrink et al., 2007), Manchu population of China (Liu et al., 2013) as
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

well as Tibetan (Gayden et al., 2009) and Korean populations (Yoo et al.,
D18S51

2011) were taken into consideration.

Nei’s Da distance (Nei, 1972) based Neighbor-joining (NJ) dendro­
–
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

gram was constructed using Poptree 2 program, which revealed two

D16S539

major clusters along with some small groups of outlier populations.

Cluster 1 pooled with studied populations along with populations of
–
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Central India, Jharkhand, Balmiki (Punjab),

PENTA-E

and Tamilnadu, which might be result of shared ancestry. Cluster 2

pooled with east Asian populations viz., Han population of Southern
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

China, Korean population, Bhutanese population, Tibetan population,

D13S317

and Manchu population of China (Fig. 2). The distance matrix plotted
using Principal Component 1 and 2 disclosed 77.215% variations. The
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

compared populations were placed in the PCA plot (Fig. 3) accordingly

D10S1248

to their genetic distances. The results of NJ and PCA were found to be

consistent with each other. The Fst distance as illustrated in the heat
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

map (Fig. 4) revealed that the studied population showed greater genetic
D2S441

affinity with geographically close populations viz., populations of

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Central India, Jharkhand, Balmiki (Punjab)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–

and Tamilnadu rather than with geographically distant Indian pop­

D1S1656

ulations viz., Mahadev Koli (Maharashtra), Oraon (Chotanagpur), Kora

(Bengal), Maheli (Bengal) and global populations viz., Han population
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Table 2 (continued )

of Southern China, Korean population, Bhutanese population, Tibetan

D3S1358

population, Manchu population of China, Americans (Basque) and Ti­

betan population (Nepal).
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
31.2

32.2
33.2
33.3
34.1
34.2
35.2
36.2
Allele

31

32

5
A. Kumar et al. Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150

Table 3
Forensic parameters for the population of Rajasthan, India (N = 595).
Locus GD PIC PM PD Ho He PE TPI pHW

D3S1358 0.749 0.705 0.105 0.895 0.741 0.748 0.495 1.932 0.406
D1S1656 0.881 0.868 0.026 0.974 0.850 0.880 0.696 3.343 0.950
D2S441 0.719 0.675 0.125 0.875 0.724 0.718 0.467 1.814 0.906
D10S1248 0.774 0.737 0.091 0.909 0.783 0.773 0.568 2.306 0.057
D13S317 0.798 0.769 0.071 0.929 0.775 0.798 0.553 2.220 0.240
PENTA-E 0.914 0.907 0.016 0.984 0.924 0.914 0.845 6.611 0.010
D16S539 0.802 0.775 0.067 0.933 0.812 0.801 0.621 2.656 0.735
D18S51 0.848 0.832 0.041 0.959 0.857 0.848 0.709 3.500 0.394
D2S1338 0.870 0.856 0.033 0.967 0.855 0.870 0.706 3.459 0.040
CSF1PO 0.725 0.678 0.124 0.876 0.711 0.724 0.445 1.730 0.741
PENTA-D 0.827 0.803 0.054 0.946 0.810 0.826 0.618 2.633 0.682
TH01 0.776 0.739 0.087 0.913 0.785 0.775 0.571 2.324 0.691
vWA 0.803 0.775 0.070 0.930 0.829 0.803 0.653 2.917 0.575
D21S11 0.855 0.838 0.039 0.961 0.845 0.855 0.686 3.234 0.383
D7S820 0.800 0.770 0.071 0.929 0.783 0.800 0.568 2.306 0.110
D5S818 0.732 0.687 0.118 0.882 0.724 0.732 0.467 1.814 0.013
TPOX 0.706 0.656 0.142 0.858 0.714 0.706 0.451 1.750 0.557
D8S1179 0.847 0.827 0.044 0.956 0.839 0.846 0.673 3.099 0.451
D12S391 0.866 0.851 0.033 0.967 0.847 0.865 0.689 3.269 0.726
D19S433 0.825 0.803 0.051 0.949 0.820 0.824 0.637 2.780 0.423
FGA 0.864 0.848 0.035 0.965 0.855 0.863 0.706 3.459 0.204
D22S1045 0.721 0.679 0.126 0.874 0.716 0.720 0.453 1.760 0.259

GD- Gene Diversity; PIC- Polymorphic Information Content; Pm – Matching Probability; PD – power of discrimination; Ho - observed heterozygosity; He - expected
heterozygosity; PE- Power of Exclusion; TPI – typical paternity index; pHW - Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium p value.

Fig. 2. Neighbor Joining Tree showing relatedness of 19 compared populations based on 15 autosomal STR data.

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A. Kumar et al. Gene Reports 23 (2021) 101150

Fig. 3. PCA plot indicating the distance and dissimilarity among 19 compared populations based on 15 autosomal STR data.

Fig. 4. Heat map of comparative Fst values of 19 compared populations.

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A. Kumar et al.
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the genetic DNA data of this study would enrich the
existing DNA database in respect of extended CODIS core loci, and
therefore, may aid in parentage testing and identification of victims of
natural disasters. Furthermore, this investigation revealed that locus
Penta-E is the most informative and useful marker for the population of
Rajasthan. The population of Rajasthan showed a greater genetic affinity
with north-western and central Indian populations than southern and
eastern Indian, as well as east Asian populations.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India (Ref. No. - I.Sc./ECM-XII/2018-19/06).
Funding
This research received no external funding.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
AK and RK designed the study, AK analyzed the samples, AK, PS and
RK (Kumawat) did the statistical analysis of the obtained genetic data.
AK and RK (Kumawat) wrote the manuscript. RK, PS and GC reviewed
the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they do not have any conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
Authors are thankful to the Director, State Forensic Science Labo­
ratory, Rajasthan for permitting the study.
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