Structural-Functionalism is a sociological perspective that views society as a complex

system with interconnected parts, each serving specific functions to maintain stability
and equilibrium. It suggests that various institutions, norms, and values work together to
fulfill essential functions, contributing to social cohesion and order. Here are two
examples in each of the specified domains in the context of the Philippines:

Socio-Cultural Examples:

1. Education System: The education system in the Philippines serves several socio-cultural
functions. It provides essential knowledge and skills to students, preparing them for
future roles in society, including the labor market. Furthermore, it imparts shared
cultural values and national identity, promoting unity and social cohesion among
Filipinos. For instance, the inclusion of Philippine history and culture in the curriculum
fosters a sense of belonging and cultural identity.
2. Religious Institutions: In the Philippines, religious institutions, particularly the Catholic
Church, play a significant role in shaping socio-cultural norms and values. These
institutions offer moral guidance, contribute to community cohesion, and provide
support during times of crisis. For example, religious festivals, such as the Santo Niño
festival in Cebu, reflect the intertwining of religion and culture and strengthen social
bonds within communities.

Economic Examples:

1. Agriculture: Agriculture is a fundamental economic sector in the Philippines. It fulfills

various economic functions, such as providing employment for a significant portion of
the population and contributing to the nation's food security. Moreover, it plays a role
in reducing rural-urban migration, as people in rural areas depend on agriculture for
their livelihoods.
2. Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs): The export of labor, primarily through OFWs, is a
critical economic function for the Philippines. Remittances from overseas Filipino
workers contribute significantly to the country's economy, providing financial support to
families and helping stabilize the nation's balance of payments. This economic function
supports the well-being of many Filipino families and the broader economy.

Political Examples:

1. Government Structure: The Philippine political system, with its elected officials and
democratic processes, serves multiple political functions. It allows citizens to participate
in the decision-making process through voting and representation. It maintains social
order through the rule of law and ensures political stability. The structure of
 government, with its separation of powers, is designed to prevent the concentration of
power and uphold democratic principles.
2. Political Dynasties: The prevalence of political dynasties in the Philippines is a notable
political aspect. While this may be viewed as a deviation from the ideal democratic
structure, it serves specific political functions. These dynasties can provide a degree of
continuity and stability within local politics. They may also offer a form of social
representation for constituents who identify with or trust a particular family or clan.

These examples illustrate how structural-functionalism can be applied to understand the

functions of various societal elements in the Philippines across socio-cultural, economic,
and political domains. This perspective can help analyze how different components work
together to maintain social stability and equilibrium in a specific context.
 Marxism is a socio-political and economic theory and ideology developed by Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels, which seeks to understand and critique the dynamics of class
struggle, capitalism, and societal inequality. It emphasizes the role of economic factors
and class conflict in shaping social and political structures. Here are two examples in
each of the specified domains within the context of the Philippines:

Socio-Cultural Examples:

1. Peasant and Indigenous Movements: The Philippines has a long history of peasant
and indigenous movements that can be understood through a Marxist lens. Many of
these movements have sought to address socio-cultural issues such as land reform,
access to resources, and cultural preservation. For example, the struggle for land reform
by groups like the Hukbalahap during the mid-20th century and the continued efforts
by indigenous communities to protect their ancestral lands reflect Marxist ideas of class
conflict and the struggle for resource ownership.
2. Popular Culture and Resistance: Philippine popular culture often reflects themes of
resistance against oppression and social inequalities. Various forms of media, such as
music, literature, and film, have been used to express socio-cultural critiques. For
example, songs and artworks that address issues like poverty, inequality, and labor
exploitation are common in the Philippines and can be seen as channels for expressing
Marxist-inspired critiques of societal injustices.

Economic Examples:

1. Agrarian Reform: The Philippines has a history of agrarian reform efforts aimed at
redistributing land from large landowners to landless farmers. Marxist principles of
addressing class disparities and land ownership play a significant role in these initiatives.
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) initiated in 1988 was an example
of state-driven land reform with Marxist influences.
2. Labor Movements: The Philippines has a history of labor movements that advocate for
workers' rights, better wages, and improved working conditions. Trade unions and labor
organizations have drawn upon Marxist ideas to frame their demands and critique
capitalist exploitation. For instance, strikes and labor protests in various industries, such
as the garment and sugar industries, are often rooted in Marxist-inspired concerns
about economic inequality and exploitation of the working class.

Political Examples:

1. New People's Army (NPA): The NPA is a communist insurgent group in the Philippines
that has its roots in Marxist-Leninist ideology. The NPA's political activities and armed
 struggle are based on the belief that the Philippine government serves the interests of
the bourgeoisie and that the armed struggle is necessary to establish a more equitable
society based on Marxist principles.
2. Leftist Political Parties: Several political parties and organizations in the Philippines,
such as Bayan Muna and Gabriela, are inspired by Marxism. These parties participate in
electoral politics and advocate for policies and reforms based on Marxist ideas,
particularly in relation to addressing economic inequalities and social injustices.

These examples illustrate how Marxism has influenced socio-cultural, economic, and
political movements and developments in the Philippines. Marxist ideas have often been
employed to critique and address issues of class struggle, economic inequality, and
social injustice in the country's history and contemporary context.
 Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals
and groups create and interpret symbols, which serve as the basis for their social
interactions and the construction of meaning. This perspective emphasizes the
importance of symbols, gestures, language, and communication in shaping human
behavior and the way people understand the world. Here are two examples in each of
the specified domains within the context of the Philippines:

Socio-Cultural Examples:

1. Language and Identity: In the Philippines, the use of language and dialects is a prime
example of symbolic interactionism. The country is known for its linguistic diversity, with
over 175 spoken languages and dialects. The choice of language can be symbolic of
one's regional, ethnic, or social identity. For instance, speaking Tagalog may symbolize a
connection to the capital region, while using Cebuano or Ilocano may signify regional
identity and cultural heritage.
2. Cultural Festivals and Symbolism: Cultural festivals, like the Sinulog Festival in Cebu or
the Panagbenga Festival in Baguio, are rich in symbolic interactions. These festivals often
involve elaborate costumes, dances, and rituals that convey cultural and historical
narratives. Participants and spectators interpret these symbols and performances as
representations of their cultural heritage and values.

Economic Examples:

1. Marketplaces and Bargaining: In Philippine marketplaces, particularly in traditional

settings like "tiangges" and street markets, bargaining and haggling are common
practices. Buyers and sellers engage in symbolic interactions through non-verbal cues,
gestures, and price negotiations. The act of haggling involves the use of symbols (like
pointing, nodding, or gesturing) to communicate and establish prices.
2. Consumer Culture and Branding: In the realm of consumer culture, branding and
advertising are filled with symbolic interactions. Filipinos interpret brands, logos, and
product advertisements as symbols of status, quality, and lifestyle. For instance, the
choice of a particular smartphone brand or clothing label can be seen as a symbol of
one's social identity and preferences.

Political Examples:

1. Political Symbolism in Campaigns: Symbolic interactionism is evident in political

campaigns in the Philippines. Political candidates use symbols, gestures, and slogans to
connect with voters. For example, the hand gesture or "Laban" sign associated with the
 People Power Revolution became a powerful symbol of resistance and change in the
country's political history.
2. Edsa Shrine and People Power Monument: The Edsa Shrine and People Power
Monument in Metro Manila are powerful symbols of the People Power Revolution.
These sites are not only physical representations of political change but also locations
where Filipinos gather to remember and interpret the events of the 1986 revolution.
They serve as symbols of collective action and democratic values.

These examples highlight how symbolic interactionism is at play in various aspects of

Filipino society, from everyday communication and cultural expressions to economic
interactions and political movements. This perspective underscores the importance of
symbols and interpretation in shaping social reality and the way people navigate their
social world.