Applying Bernoulie's equation at section (1) and (2), we get

2 2
P1 v 1 P2 v 1
+ , z 1= + ,z
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g 2

As pipe is horizontal, hence

z 1=z 2
2 2
P1 v 1P2 ν P1−P 2 v 22 v21
2
⋅ = ⋅ or = − ⟶1
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g ρg 2g 2 g

P 1−P3 P −P 2
But is the difference of pressure heads at section 1 and 2 and it is equal to h= 1
pg ρg
Substitute the value of ' h ' in equation (1)
2 2
v2 v1
h= −
2 g 2g

Now applying continuity equation at section 1 and 2

a2 v 2
a 1 v1 =a2 v 2 or v 1=
a1

Substituting the value of v 1 in equation 2

( )
2
a2 v 2
2
v2 a5
h= −
2g 2g

[ ]
2 2
v2 a1
¿ 1− 2
2g a1

[ ]
2 2 2
v 2 a1−a1
¿ 2
2g a1

( )
2
2 a1
v =2 gh
2
a21−a22

√
2
a1 a1
v 22= 2 gh = √ 2 gh
a −a
2
1
2
2 √ a −a 2
1
2
2

Discharge Q=a2 v 2

a1
¿ a2 × √ 2 gh
√ a −a 2
1
2
2
a1 a2
¿ × √ 2 gh
√ a −a 2
1
2
2
The above equation (3) is discharge under ideal conditions and is called, theoretical
discharge, Actual discharge will be less than theoretical discharge.

a1 a2
Qart =C d × × √ 2 gh
√ a −a
2
1
2
2

Where
C d=¿ co-efficient of venturimeter and its value is less than 1
C d . Actual rate of discharge
Theoretical rate of discharge

Value of ' h ' given by differential U-tube manometer

Case 1: The liquid in the manometer is heavier than the liquid flowing through the pipe

h=x
[ ]
Sh
Se
−1

S: Specific gravity of the heavier liquid.

s s : Specific gravity of the flowing liquid.

 : Difference of the heavier liquid column in U-tube

Case 2: The liquid in the manometer is lighter than the liquid flowing through the pipe.

h=x 1−
[ ] sL
S0

s4 : Specific gravity of the lighter liquid.

##x: Difference of the lighter liquid columns in U-tube