SESSION 2023 – 2024

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
TOPIC: HOOKE’S LAW

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME- SAMEER KALE
CLASS- 11TH INTEGRATED BATCH
ROLL NO. – 28

SUBMITTED TO: MRS. DIVYA PRIPIN

 CERTIFICATE:

This is to certify that SAMEER KALE of class

11th has successfully completed his
investigatory project on the topic Hooke’s
Law under the guidance of Mrs. Divya Pripin
for the academic session 2023-2024.

Signature of Principal Signature of Teacher

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to

my subject teacher Mrs.Divya Pripin for their
guidance, my honourable principal Mrs. Shanthi
Ramesh for providing me with all the facilities that
was required.
I would also like to express special thanks to my
parents and friends for helping me to complete
this project.

Date:
Name of student: Sameer Kale
Class: 11th Integrated Batch
 AIM: TO STUDY ABOUT
HOOKE’S LAW

INTRODUCTION:

In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical

law which states that the force (F) needed to
extend or compress a spring by some distance
(x) scales linearly with respect to that
distance—that is, Fs = kx, where k is a
constant factor characteristic of the spring
(i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to
the total possible deformation of the spring.
The law is named after 17th-century British
physicist Robert Hooke. He first stated the
law in 1676 as a Latin anagram. He published
the solution of his anagram in 1678 as: ut
tensio, sic vis ("as the extension, so the force"
or "the extension is proportional to the
force"). Hooke states in the 1678 work that
he was aware of the law since 1660.

WHAT IS HOOKE’S LAW :

Hooke’s Law states that the strain of a
material is always proportional to applied
stress, within the elastic limit of that
particular material. When an elastic material
is stretched and stress is applied to it, the
atoms and molecules constituting the object
will deform. Once the stress is removed from
the object, it will return to its original state.
• Hooke’s Law states that the strain of a
material is directly proportional to the
applied stress within the elastic limit of
that material.
• The force required to extend or compress
a spring by a certain distance is directly
proportional to that distance.
• The stiffness of the spring plays an
important role in the application of
Hooke's Law.
• Stretching a spring twice as long requires
twice as much power.
• Hooke’s law is the linear relationship of
displacement on stretching.
Mathematically, Hooke’s law is expressed as:
Stress ∝ Strain
It can also be stated as:
• Stress = Constant × Strain
• Constant = Stress / Strain
• Modulus of Elasticity = Stress / Strain

HOOKE’S LAW FORMULA:

Hooke’s law illustrates that the strain of an
elastic object is proportional to the stress
applied to it.
F = -kx
Where
• F is the force applied to the object.
• x is the displacement in the spring.
• k is the force constant or the spring
constant.

DERIVATION OF HOOKE’S
LAW:

To explain Hooke’s law in terms of

mathematics, the following equation has
been derived which consists of the following
terms:
F = kx
Here, F is the force we apply, and it is
constant in this equation while K denotes a
constant equal to k times the displacement or
change in the length of an object denoted by
x
Where,
F = The Applied force
k = The Constant for displacement
x = Elongation in the object
The nature of the material of the object,
its size, and its form all impact the elastic
constant k, and when a substantially large
amount of force is exerted, the elastic
material deforms much more than the
quantity indicated by Hooke's Law. The
material, however, still stays elastic and
returns to its original size when the applied
force is removed, and it preserves its form
when the force is stopped. Hooke's Law
equation can be given as follows sometimes:
 The Restoring force of a spring is equal to
the Spring constant multiplied by the
displacement of the spring from its normal
position
F = -kx
Where,
Here F is known as the Restoring force of
a spring (Newtons, N)
k = Spring constant (N/m)
x = Displacement of the spring (m)
The negative sign relates to the direction
of the applied force.
By convention, the minus or negative sign
is present in F= -kx.
The restoring force F is proportional to the
displacement x, according to Hooke's
law. When the spring is compressed, the
coordinate of displacement x is negative.
 Zero when the spring is at its normal
length.
Positive when the spring is extended.

HOOKE’S LAW OF
ELASTICITY:
Hooke’s law especially emphasizes working
with a limited amount of force that shall lead
to temporary deformation of the object. Thus,
Hooke’s Law is not applicable to the extreme
elasticity of any object.
• The relation is completely based on the
properties of the intrinsic materials of the
objects.
• For instance, a homogeneous rod that has
a uniform cross-section is meant to act as
a simple spring during the stretching.
• The spring constant (k) of the rod is
directly proportional to the area of the
 cross-section of the rod, as per the
convention.
• The spring constant is inversely
proportional to its length as per the law of
elasticity.
• Hooke's law also detects the nature of a
wave-like periodic function within the
spring.
• It also helps in finding out the frequency
and wavelength of the motion generated
inside the spring.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:
Modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio of
stress and strain.
• The SI unit of modulus of elasticity is Nm-2.
• The dimensional formula of the modulus
of elasticity is given as [ML-1T-2]
• Modulus of elasticity is dependent on the
nature of the material of the body.
 • Modulus of elasticity of a body is
independent of its dimensions.
• The dimensional formula of the Modulus
of elasticity is the same as that
of pressure or stress.

HOOKE’S LAW
EXPERIMENT:
To understand Hooke’s Law, we shall perform
an experiment. Consider a spring with load
application, as shown in the figure.
 • In the figure, the stable condition of the
spring is demonstrated when no load is
applied to it.
• It elongates to x when the spring is under
the load of 1 N and the spring is elongated
to 2x under the influence of load 2 N.
• Various springs will have different spring
constants depending on the material.
• If we substitute the 3 values given in the
figure in Hooke’s law equation, we get the
spring constant for the given material.

HOOKE’S LAW GRAPH:

A graph is plotted between the stress, which
can be defined as the applied force per unit
area and the strain produced.
• Although, the stress-strain curves vary
from material to material, depending on
multiple factors.
• The curves help us to understand how a
given material deforms with the
 increasing forms and give justification to
Hooke’s law.
Hooke’s law graph is represented as follows:

• It can be seen that the region between O

to A has a linear curve. Thus, Hooke’s law
is justified.
• In the region from A to B, the stress and
the strain are not proportional. The body
still returns to its original form when the
force is removed.
• Point B in the curve is known as the yield
point which is also known as the elastic
limit.
• The stress corresponding to the elasticity
is known as the yield strength of the
material.
• The region between B and D represents
the increase in the yield strength and the
strain that increases due to the increase in
the force/load.
• Even after reducing the force, the
dimensions of the body do not come back
to normal.
• Such material is said to have a permanent
set when a strain is always greater than
zero, either in presence of stress or in its
absence.
• Point D in the figure is the tensile strength
of the material.
• Point D marks the increase in the strain
even in the case of reducing stress, thus,
point E marks the fracture.
 • In such cases, the material is either called
brittle or ductile.

APPLICATIONS OF HOOKE’S
LAW:

The applications of Hooke’s Law are as

follows:
• Hooke’s law is a fundamental principle
behind the manometer, the balance
wheel of the clock, and the spring scale.
• It sets the foundation for
seismology, molecular mechanics,
and acoustics.
• Hooke’s Law is used in all branches of
science and engineering to understand
the behavior of elastic material.
 DISADVANTAGES OF
HOOKE’S LAW:

The disadvantages of Hooke’s Law are as

follows:
• Hooke’s law is not applicable beyond the
elastic limit of a material.
• Hooke’s law is accurate only for solid
bodies if the deformations and forces are
small.
• It is not a universal principle. Hooke’s law
only applies to materials as long as they
are not stretched past their capacity.