Generalized Hooke’s Law

How is Hooke’s law defined in 3-D?

How is it calculated in different applications?

Capturing Complex Response

Linear Elastic Materials
Overview
1. Hooke’s Law (1 stress state)
2. Hooke’s Law (2 stress states)
3. Hooke’s Law (3 stress states)
4. Orthotropic Behavior
Hooke’s Law 3-D (1 stress state)

❖ Let’s look at this belt drive to formulate 3-D strain tensor.

❖ The belt experiences a tension state in only one direction.

❖ Using Hooke’s law, the relation between the stress and strain in X
direction is given by

❖ Due to Poisson’s effect the material will experience deformation in the

other two principal directions.

❖ There are no shear forces so the shear strains are zero.

Hooke’s Law 3-D (2 stress states)

❖ Look at the structure of the Rhessi satellite.

❖ It has four wings connected to a plate and rotates about its own
axis.

❖ It has two tensile stress states acting along two principal directions.

❖ The strains along these directions are given by:

❖ The strain in Z direction due to Poisson’s effect is:

❖ Shear strains are zero.

Hooke’s Law 3-D (3 stress states)

❖ Let’s look at a submarine that experiences hydrostatic pressure from all

the sides.

❖ It experiences stress from in all three principal directions.

❖ Strains in principal directions

❖ No shear strains
Cont’d…

❖ Sum of three principal strains is nothing but the volumetric strain.

❖ Simplifying this equation leads to

❖ This follows Hooke’s law!

❖ Relation between the bulk modulus and Young’s modulus

Engineering Shear Strains

❖ Let’s review shear strain in a cube that shears in XY

plane.

❖ Due to symmetry,

❖ Engg. Shear strain (γ) is often reported as shear strain

by most commercial FE solvers.
Hooke’s Law 3-D

❖ A more general case such as brake pad assembly.

❖ Brake pads experience both normal and shear

stressed.

❖ All the strain components

Strain Vector In Tensor Form

❖ In full 3-D case strain tensor can be written in this form.

❖ It is in full agreement with the linear form proposed by Hooke’s law.

❖ The constant tensor is called as Compliance tensor.

Stress Vector In Tensor Form

❖ Due to linear nature, the same equation can be expressed in the form of stress vector.

❖ It still follows the Hooke’s law and the tensor of constants is called as Stiffness matrix.

❖ This is what Hooke’s law looks like in a 3-D isotropic body.

Anisotropic Materials

❖ In reality not all materials are isotropic, some have significant

directional behavior.

❖ In such cases the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio

change according to the principal direction.

❖ Examples include various materials such as wood, fibrous

tissues, composites, rolled metal specimens, etc.,

❖ Hooke’s law is still applicable but the equations need to be

accounted for the directional material properties.
Orthotropic Materials

❖ Orthotropic materials are special case where material has symmetry about the three
orthogonal planes.

❖ Material has different material properties in each direction.

❖ Stiffness matrix for such material takes this form: