Math Book (2) - Merged

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FE2O3
NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION

Nguyen Vu An Viet, Do Duc Minh, Nguyen Ha Phuong,
Pham Hien Vinh, Nguyen Ha Diem Anh
High School Students from Vietnam
1. Introduction
Along with the development of science, nanotechnology has been applied more in the research and
development of new drugs. Nanoparticles have gradually proven their incredible effectiveness in
improving therapeutic outcomes and causing fewer unwanted side effects. Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs)
have many applications in various scientific aspects. There are different types of NPs, each with specific
unique properties and shapes, including such as fullerenes, metallic NPs, ceramic NPs, and polymeric
NPs (Khan, Saeed, & Khan, 2017).
Research on iron oxide nanomaterials has experienced a surge in recent years, and this could be due
to new synthetic techniques or interest in new applications of Fe2O3 nanomaterials. Physical and chemical
adsorption from various aspects, including free radicals and spin-chemistry, to biomedical. Diverse
advanced nanotechnology has recently used functionalized Fe2O3 nanoparticles because they are relatively
nontoxic, biodegradable, and their excellent magnetic property, as well as their, being highly accessible
both financially and procedurally. Above all, the applications of Fe2O3 nanoparticles are super practical
because of its superior catalytic activity, superparamagnetic behavior, and large specific surface area. In
this study, we assessed the role of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in different drug delivery methods.
2. Experimental
Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by Sol-gel method. All chemicals were used in the
experiments : Iron ( III ) nitrate nonahydrate ( > 98.5% ), Sodium chloride ( > 99.5% ).
The synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles were conducted in standard temperature and pressure
condition. In a typical synthesis, 0.04 mol of Fe(NO3)3 .9H2O ( 16,16g ) and 0.12 mol of NaOH ( 4.8g )
were weighted. The former is stirred in 100ml of distilled water, while the latter is stirred in 500ml of
distilled water for 10 minutes. Slowly adding Fe(NO3)3 .9H2O to the NaOH at slow rate of 2ml per
minute
The mixture is poured into the centrifuge to separate the water from the solid of Fe(OH)3
Repeat 3 times, after each time adding 300ml of distilled water. The solids are then dried in the dryer7 at
120oC for 2 hours before baked in the furnace for 2 hours at 400oC. The precipitate is then ground,
resulted in fine powder of Fe2O3 nanoparticles.
Figure 1. All steps in synthesizing Fe2O3 nanoparticles
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Phase structure of Fe2O3 nanoparticles
Figure 2. X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe2O3 nanoparticles samples
Figure 2 depicts the XRD pattern of the samples synthesized. The diffraction peaks of the
samples are at ( 012 ), ( 100 ), ( 104 ), ( 110 ), ( 113 ), ( 024 ), ( 116 ), and ( 214 ), with the peak at ( 104 )
has the strongest intensity. The pattern matches the Card No.JCPDS 33-064, which indicates we have
successfully synthesized the nanoparticles.
3.2. Size of nanoparticles
Figure 3. TEM images and size distribution of Fe2O3 nanoparticles
It is widely known that the size and structure of nanoparticles are dependent on the conditions the
experiment is performed in. In our cases, we have successfully synthesized Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Figure 1
shows the size distribution of our samples along with the TEM images, showing the structure of the
nanoparticles. It can be seen that most of the particles are in a uniformed spherical shape, with sizes
ranging from 10 to 12nm. To use the synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical purposes, we have assessed
the colloidal stability and water-dispersibility of the sample. The data suggested that the sample disperses
well in water without any precipitation, as shown in the figure below.
3.3. Magnetic properties of Fe2O3 nanoparticles

Figure 4. The magnetization of loops of Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesize
The field-dependent magnetization measurement of the samples was carried out on a vibrating
sample magnetometer (VSM). The curve indicates that the sample has the properties of a
superparamagnetic state, with a saturated magnetization value at Ms = 55 emu/g, which is suitable for the
purpose of the material.
4. Conclusion.
At last, we have successfully manufactured iron oxide nanoparticles with 10 -12 nm and all the
properties we have listed. X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) and vibrating sample magnetometer ( VSM ) data
indicated that obtained nanoparticles are single-phase and superparamagnetic at room temperature with
the highest saturation magnetization of 55 electromagnetic units per g.
Nanoparticles are designed to suit the pathway inside the body, capable of delivering drugs to the
correct location to release active ingredients or biological targets. Iron oxide nanoparticles are promising
in diagnosis treatment because of its biocompatibility and selective targets to cells and issue under the
influence of an external magnetic field. Hopefully when we attach them to antibiotic, it will concentrate
on particular needed places.
As a result, the effect will increase quite a lot and people can lessen drug doses, reduce side
effects and make it safer for human's health.
Mathematical
Modeling Competition 2023
Final Round
16th September - 17th September 2023
Team: Incep 067

Date: 16th September 2023
Page 1 of 14
Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Task Restatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Map and Trend Analysis: 2

2.1 Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Map Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Battery Charge Models 5

3.1 Statistical Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Allocationa and Arrangment index: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1 Estimated Time Charge: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.2 Battery State: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.3 Fuzzification: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.4 Fuzzy Inference: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.5 Defuzzification: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Reference 14
Page 2 of 14
1 Introduction
Electric Vehicles are becoming more popular among Vietnamese Citizens, and VinFast is one of
the first and leading companies founded by Vingroup that has developed electric cars in Vietnam.
Still, electrical energy in these EVs is one of the main concerns of decision-makers as they have to
make sure their energy is utilized as much as it can. In this research, we will propose when the
electrical energy battery when charged is most utilized and how to allocate different EVs to different
charging stations when they are on the road in Vinhomes Gia Lam Oceanpark for citizens.
1.1 Task Restatement

1. Locate the charging Stations and rebuild the Map in Vinhomes Oceanpark
2. Build a model that can optimize the energy use of different EVs in Vinhomes Oceanpark, consid-
ering priority, behavior as well as parking time and charging time.
3. Build the algorithm system and recheck the model.
Part 2 Review: In part 2, we aim to create a function that can direct people to the ideal amount
of battery charged so that when they use the same amount as they demand on the system, the
remaining battery will placed in our ideal interval, which is from 25% to 80%. From then, we want
to calculate an index to allocate different vehicles in different circumstantial cable stations within a
specific mile using the Fuzzy Logic System, where the input is the current state of the battery and
the demand of each vehicle.
2 Map and Trend Analysis:
2.1 Trend
It can be easily seen that electric bikes and cars are getting more common, and it is no wonder seeing
the number of Vinfast vehicles rise. With the data provided from the Vinfast page, we have sketched
a graph illustrating the trends of both types of EVs:
1 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt

2
3 x = ["2018" , "2019" , "2020" , "2021" , "2022" , "2023"]

4 y1 = [2740 , 2850 , 3500 , 4700 , 5000 , 6000]
5 y2 = [163 , 1595 , 2270 , 8396 , 13500 , 15000]
6 plt . plot (x , y1 , label =" VinFast ' s electric bikes ")
7 plt . plot (x , y2 , label =" VinFast ' s electric cars ")
8 plt . plot ()
9
10 plt . xlabel (" x axis ")

11 plt . ylabel (" y axis ")
12 plt . title (" Number Of VinFast ' s EVs in Vietnam ")
13 plt . legend ()
14 plt . show ()
With the above lines of code, we’re able to sketch the following graph:
Page 3 of 14
With the following trend, it can be easily noticed that VinFast is urging the rise of Electric Cars.
With a high rise, the problems of building more stations and allocating electric energy use for each
type of vehicle are becoming more important.
2.2 Map Analysis

Below is the map of the above 60 charging cables in the area around Vinhome-Gia Lam Ocean Park:
Page 4 of 14
And the detailed planning scheme of the 60 charging stations (updated to 2023):
Number Categorize Specific Locations
1 Cars Parking Station CCTP-11
2, 3 Cars and Motorbikes Megamall Station
4 Cars GSM Megamall
5 Cars Showroom VinFast Ocean Park.
6, 7, 8 Cars Parking Station CCTP-11
9 Motorbikes Parking Station B3CC002
10 Cars Parking Station B1-CC01
10 Cars Parking Station Vin-University
11 Cars Parking Station B1 Ground Apartment B501
12 Cars Parking Station Apartment B502
13 Motorbikes Parking Station B5 CT01, PK4
14 Motorbikes Parking Station S1.05, S1.07, CT01 PK3
15 Motorbikes Parking Station CCTP11;
16, 17, 18, 19 Cars Parking Station S1 10-12; S1.01-S1.03; B3CC02;
B302
20 Motorbikes Parking Station B302
21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Cars Parking Station S1.05, S2 CT03, S2 CT01,
S2CT02
26 Motorbikes Parking Station CT04-PK3
27 Cars Parking Station S2.06-S2.09
28 Motorbikes Parking Station B2 CT02, PK2
29, 30 Motorbikes Kindergarten Ocean Park
31, 32 Motorbikes and Cars Apartment 01
37− > 46 Motorbikes and Cars Megamall, Vin High School and Apartment 01,02,
CTPP11
47, 48 Cars Vinhome Technopark
49− > 54 Motorbikes Vin University, VinUni Amphitheater, VinUni
Dorm
55 Cars RuBy Station
56 Cars Ruby 01-05 Station
57 Cars Opposite the Technopark
58 Cars Vinfast Office
59 Cars Vinfast Office
With the following distribution, looking deeper into specific conditions of locations, our team has
proposed the following analysis for different areas:
Page 5 of 14
Areas Analysis
Southeast (Sapphire 1 - This area has the highest charging station density. This can
Sapphire 2 - VinUni) be explained by 2 factors. Firstly, the area included VinUni,
which is a hotspot for students. Secondly, Sapphire 1 and
Sapphire 2 divisions are two apartment areas for medium-
income families; therefore, they have the largest population
density and services
Southwest (Low-rise build- This area has the second-highest charging station density. Al-
ing division) though the population density is low because of the above
medium housing price, this area also consists of VinGrp’s
other services such as Sea Lake, showrooms, and other ma-
jor events. Therefore, the number of charging stations has to
meet the demands of not only Ocean Parks’ citizens but also
guests.
Northwest: (Ruby 1 - Ruby This area has the lowest charging density. As these divisions
2 - Diamond) are aimed at high-income clients, the population is relatively
low. Furthermore, services are specialized for the clients, so
there is not much to experience for guests.
.
3 Battery Charge Models
3.1 Statistical Explanation

After reading articles analyzing different types of Electrical Vehicles, we believed that inefficient en-
ergy mostly comes from the source when we charge at different stages. A study from 2016 revealed for
Level 1 charging, efficiency increases as the current increases (Kieldsen, 2016). One study revealed
that charging losses doubled between 80-100% SoC when compared to the losses associated with
charging from 20-80% SoC (Kostopoulos, 2019). The charging rate used for this study was 22 kW,
which lines up well with other studies indicating 85-90% efficiency. Furthermore, when efficiency is
examined as a function of power and SoC, we can see that there appears to be a Goldilocks zone for
charging, where we supply enough current, but not too much (Genovese, 2015). In other words, too
much current can also reduce efficiency. You often need to charge more power than the car actually
receives. And consequently, you need to pay more. According to the ADAC, you can lose between
10 and 25% of the total energy charged.
We therefore concluded that it is most energy inefficient to charge at 2 stages: from

0% to 25% and from 75% to 100%.
Page 6 of 14
To put up with some models, we will have some unexpected assumptions that need more time to
clarify:
Assumptions
The efficiency of AC from 0% − 25% is 70%
15% of the State of the Battery will be lost if the Vehicle is unused.
With the assumptions above, we will define some terms that will be used for our models:
Terms Definition
M BC Maximum Battery Capacity (kW)
V EC Vehicles’ energy consumption per kilometer (kWh/Km)
ELE Energy Loss Efficiency
EC Energy Consumption (kWh)
BT Battery Percentage Remain
BC Battery Percentage Charged
BT0 Battery Percentage Initial
D Estimated Demand Distance Travel (Km)
E Energy charged (kWh)
T Estimated time charge
Ai Arrangement index
ISB Ideal State of Battery
V Charging Speed of Each of the Cable
With the following terms, we divide the charging process into 3 main stages, each stage will represent
a different Energy Consumed and charging efficiency:
Stage 1: For the Battery is in the stage from 0% to 25%
For this stage, we have built the equation that represents Energy Charged:
For 0 < BT 0 + BC < 0.25 :
E = (BT0 +BC)×M
CE2
BC
Page 7 of 14

For this stage, we have built the equation that represents Energy Charged:
For 0.25 < BT 0 + BC < 0.75 :
E = 0.25×M
CE2
BC
+ ( (BT0 +BC)−0.25
CE1
× M BC)
For 0.75 < BC < 1 :
E = 0.25×M
CE2
BC
+ 0.75−0.25
CE1
× M BC) + (BT0 +BC)×M
CE3
BC
EC = D × V EC
BT = ((BT0 + BC) − MEC BC
) × (1 − ELE)
Using data from Vinfast’s cars, assuming that the initial battery would be 0% and the distance
traveled daily is 20km, we simplify some of the variables:
Terms Data from Vinfast

CE1 0.85
CE2 0.7
CE3 0.55
M BC 87.7
V EC 2
ELE 0.15
D 20

For 0 < BT 0 + BC < 0.25 :
E = BC×87.7
0.7
For 0.25 < BC < 0.75 :
E = 0.25×87.7
0.7
+ ( BC−0.25
0.85
× 87.7)
BC−0.25
E = 31.3214 + ( 0.85 × 87.7)
For 0.75 < BC < 1 :
E = 0.25×87.7
0.7
+ 0.75−0.25
0.85
× 87.7 + (BC−0.75)×87.7
0.55
E = 31.3214 + 54.8125 + (BC−0.75)×87.7
0.55
E = 86.1339 + BC × 47.85
Combining with the equations that calculate the energy consumption and the battery percentage
remain, we can obtain:
EC = 20 × 2
EC = 40
40
BT = (BC − 87.7 ) × (1 − 0.15)
BT = (BC − 0.4561) × 0.85
Page 8 of 14
3.2 Allocationa and Arrangment index:

The Mismatch in Demand and Consumption among users is, ultimately, the reason leading to Con-
gestion and Energy Inefficiency. There are problems such as parking to charge and left for personal
business, leading to congestion, still within a 5-hour time limit, we are not able to account enough
for external factors:
In this section, we will propose an algorithm system that will arrange different EVs into different
circumstantial charging stations and hence avoid congestion at different places and timezones, using
the Fuzzy Logic System to calculate what we will call the ”arrangement index”.
This index will show whether one individual vehicle should be charged before/after another depend-
ing on the two main factors: Battery State and estimated time charge depending on their
Ideal Battery State.
3.2.1 Estimated Time Charge:
To calculate the estimated time charge, we have to create functions that can calculate ideal battery
charged for each individual based on their demanding distance to travel:
The ideal state of Battery (from the previous page) will be calculated using Energy Loss Efficiency,
Estimated Demand Distance Travel:
BT EC
ISB = BT0 + BC = +
1 − ELE M BC
With the above equation, our proposing time of charge for each individual will be:
(ISB − BT0 ).M BC

T =
V
3.2.2 Battery State:
To explain why battery state is one of the two input factors for our fuzzy logic system, we want to
take an example of a man having the demand of charge at 20% but his battery Initial State is high
enough - 50%. So this will take a part lowering his ”arrangement index” compared to other drivers.
For the battery initial state, we will give this range from 0% to 100%.
Page 9 of 14
3.2.3 Fuzzification:
For the maximum time charge for a Electrical Car of Vinfast is 7 hours, we will set up a range for
the maximum time charge is from 0-7 hours. And as we have stated, the range for that of battery
state is from 0-1.
For the time charge, without enough Data and Surveys conducted within 5 hours, we have to assume
that the conditions to meet the Gaussian Distribution is fully met, and the fuzzy membership plot
is evenly distributed:
The same goes with Battery State:

Page 10 of 14
3.2.4 Fuzzy Inference:
As we have 3 categories for each type of input, giving us 9 total rules for our fuzzy system. In this
category, we divide this rule as illustrated below:
Time Charge Battery State Arrangement Index
Low Low Low
Medium Low Medium
High Low High
Low Medium Low
Medium Medium Medium
High Medium Medium
Low High Low
Medium High Low
High High Low
3.2.5 Defuzzification:
With the following set of rules, we have different indexes depending on each type of vehicles. Below
are some of the examples that I have taken from our team’s fuzzy system:
Page 11 of 14
With the same amount of ideal time charge, this is what we want: the higher the battery state, the
less arrangement index will be. To have a wider overview, we want to illstrate these 3 factors under
a 3D graph on MATLAB, which will be shown through the control surface:
Page 12 of 14
As we all can see, the graph tends to get higher towards its peak, meaning that when the battery
state is low, the demand is high then the arrangement index is high. At last, we will arrange all
the cables in 500-meter circumstance in ascending order from lowest speed to highest speed and
arrangement index Ai of all cars from lowest till highest. This hence will give us three main cases:
Case 1: The number of cables j is higher than the number of cars i (j > i)
We will have: S1 < S2 < ... < Si < ... < Sj and A1 < A2 < ... < Ai . And our suggest arrangement
is:
Car number Cable number
Arrangement 1 Ai Sj
Arrangement 2 Ai−1 Sj−1
··· ··· ···
Arrangement i A1 Sj−i+1
Case 2: The number of cables j is equal than the number of cars i (j = i)

Page 13 of 14

Arrangement 1 Ai Si
is: Arrangement 3 Ai−2 Sj−2
··· ··· ···
Arrangement i A1 S1
Case 3: The number of cables j is less than the number of cars i (j < i)
Arrangement 1 Ai Sj
is: · · · ··· ···
Arrangement i Ai−j+1 S1
NA Ai−j suggest parking
NA Ai−j−1 suggest parking
··· ··· ···
NA A1 suggest parking
Hence this will be how our algorithm work:
Page 14 of 14
4 Reference
[1]. Tropical primary forest loss by year Vietnam: Tree cover loss by year
https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Vietnam.htm
[2]. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Factors that contain most green-
house gas and specific CO2 equivalent. 2023
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator
[3]. Planet Calculator/ Data Hyperbolic Equation
https://planetcalc.com/8735/
[4]. Vinfast Database
https://ev-database.org/car/1807/VinFast-VF-8-Eco-Extended-Range#:~:text=Real%20Energy%
20Consumption%20Estimation%20between%20141%20%2D%20288%20Wh%2Fkm
Mathematical
Modeling Competition 2023
Semi-final Round
25th August - 31st August 2023
Team: Incep 067

Date: 28th August 2023
Page 1 of 18
Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Summary and Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Task achievement: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Trend Analysis 3
2.1 Graph and codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.1 Overview: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.2 Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Math Model Design 5

3.1 CO2 equivalent measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Connection between 2 quantities: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Recheck with 3rd city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Expansion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 Future predictions 12
4.1 Short introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 General Model of Co2 equivalent emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2.1 Population and consumption effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2.2 Detailed equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Percent of Deforestation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4 Planning and Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.5 Model Recheck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Future Improvements of our model . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 Reference 18
Page 2 of 18
1 Introduction
1.1 Summary and Background

Over the last decade, deforestation has been a raging problem in the world. Since 2010, the net loss in
forest globally was 4.7 million hectares with deforestation rate being much higher - 10 million hectares
of forests were cut down each year. Vietnam is no exception, from 2000 to 2020, the total tree cover
loss has been over 3 million. Deforestation poses great threats to the Earth’s ecosystem, including
climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gasses and
host problems for a variety of tribes. In Vietnam alone, according to 2010 data, desertification was
14,4% along the coastline of Binh Thuan with 35,4% at severe risk. Furthermore, the number of
floods and storms has been on the rise (General Statistics Office Of Vietnam) which is most likely
due to subsequent effects by tree cover loss. These natural disasters have caused great damages to
property and stolen lives; for instance, in 2019, 110 people total have died from natural disaster,
noting that these were confirmed deaths, and nearly 200 people suffered minor to major injuries.
If left unanswered, further destruction is graduated, not only to Vietnam but the entire world.
However, before finding an answer, one must first identify the problem. Therefore, our team decided
to categorize the causes into 2 main reasons, each with their own subcategories - these are not only
ones but our team narrows to the most essential factors for the sake of simplicity and calculation.
1.2 Task achievement:

+ Analyze deforestation in Vietnam from 2002 to 2020.
+ Build a model to show the correlation between the tree coverage of an area and CO2 equivalent
emission.
+ Simulate future predictions about tree coverage with our model in 10,20,30,50,100 years.
To begin with, we will determine all the considered criteria and find data. After that, we will evaluate
the summary and identify data points on the graph to transpher to regression equation using the
linear model.
Page 3 of 18
2 Trend Analysis
2.1 Graph and codes

Collecting data from the last 19 years [1], we have successfully put the data into codes to illustrate
most precise trend of tree cover loss and primary cover loss.
1 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt
2
3 fig , x = plt . subplots ( figsize = (20 ,10) )

4 x = ["2002" , "2003" , "2004" , "2005" , "2006" , "2007" , "2008" , "2009" , "2010" ,
"2011" , "2012" , "2013" , "2014" , "2015" , "2016" , "2017" , "2018" , "2019" ,
"2020"]
5 y1 = [11030 , 9522 , 21113 , 27779 , 20138 , 22282 , 34399 , 46798 , 64629 , 45403 , 68337 ,
26715 , 41831 , 38582 , 68855 , 45012 , 33386 , 30894 , 32620]
6 y2 = [49625 , 43008 , 73881 , 102211 , 78777 , 80225 , 108286 , 137716 , 174256 , 130787 ,
181242 , 132423 , 217342 , 217883 , 353446 , 286941 , 225155 , 216780 , 207641]
7 plt . plot (x , y1 , label =" Tropical primary forest loss ")
8 plt . plot (x , y2 , label =" Tree cover loss ")
9 plt . plot ()
10
11 plt . xlabel (" Year ")

12 plt . ylabel (" Hectares ")
13 plt . title (" Vietnam ' s forest loss trend from 2002 to 2020")
14 plt . legend ()
15 plt . show ()
In this section alone, we will use Google Colab to analyze the data and hence, implement it to draw
the graph precisely:
Page 4 of 18
2.2 Analysis
Believing that graph is just an inarticulate object without fully analysis, my team has analyzed this
trend and give a deeper look towards the factors that contribute to tree loss.
2.2.1 Overview:
Tree cover loss has been on a net increasing trend over the year, peaking at nearly 350,000 hectares
in 2016 before quickly dropping and stabilizing.
1) Between 2002 and 2015, tree cover loss rose from 49,625 hectares to 217883 hectares with minor
fluctuations.
2) There are three major peaks in 2005, 2010 and 2012.
3) There are three major troughs in 2006, 2011 and 2013.
4) In 2016, it rocketed to 353,446 hectares before steadily plummeting to approximately 225,155
hectares in 2018.
5) From 2018 to 2020, it stably decreased back to around 207,641 hectares
6) There are four noticeable peaks in 2005, 2010, 2012, and 2016 to nearly 69,000 hectares which
coincide which those of tree cover loss.
7) There are also troughs in 2006, 2011, and 2013 which also coincide with those of tree cover loss
+ The peak of tropical primary forest in 2016 is not as high as expected compared to tree cover loss
The peak of tropical primary forest in 2016 is not as high as expected compared to tree cover loss.The
data of the two trends from 2013 and 2014 are discrepant as tropical primary forest did not increase
as much as expected.
NOTE: A stabilizing trend is not a good sign as tropical forest and tree cover loss are stacked
throughout the years, meaning the percentage loss is increasing each year. A desired trend would be
a declining or negative trend.
2.2.2 Factors
1. Agriculture (Crop Expansion)

In order to support the ever-increasing population and a developing economy, there is a need for an
expanding crop production. Forests are being replaced by fields and pastures to meet the demand of
Page 5 of 18
consumers. Because of that, it poses a threat to the total tree cover and primary forest cover. The
data is most suitable to be calculated by crop expansion.
2. Residential development
In order to provide space for the ever-increasing population, deforestation is a subsequent action that
various nations around the world take to alleviate the situation. Forests, and trees are cleared to
make space for housing constructions which pose a threat to the total tree cover and primary forest
cover. The data is most suitably calculated by the population growth.
3. Industrial development
Firewood, wood, and other products are valuable materials and fuels for the development of the
economy, the sign of a developing nation. As demand rises, deforestation is inevitable to meet it
which reduces the total tree cover and primary forest cover. The data is most suitable to be calculated
by demands of tree and tree related products.
4. Floods
Floods are one of the major causes of deforestation. Its effects go beyond the initial physical knocking
over the tree as it could also saturate and inundate soil conditions which lead to acute soil and tree
damage. Therefore, it poses a threat to the total tree cover and primary forest cover and is being
worsened by climate changes.
5. Wildfires
One of the most destructive natural instances that clear out massive areas of forests and destroy
habitats that could be started by both humans and natural phenomena. Current situation is also
being further exacerbated by climate changes
3 Math Model Design

To build the most precise model, we will identify the data points of two seeming contrast cities in
Vietnam and from then, build a 3D-model. One of our first obstacle is to accurately measure the
CO2 equivalent as there are various of unenvironmental-friendly greenhouse gas.
3.1 CO2 equivalent measurement

Using data from https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator [2]or
United States Environmental Protection Agency, we have analyzed these factors that contain most
greenhouse gas and specific CO2 equivalent.
With specific data below that we have made a mindmap, we can put precise index number in our
equations to calculate the amount of CO2 equivalent that each city emits.
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As we have mentioned, we will propose the calculations with the precise index to calculate total CO2
emmission of a city. But first, we have to define specific terms:
Terms Definition
Cj the amount of Carbon equivalent that city j emits.
nij the number/amount of factor i that city j uses/consumes
fij the index of factor i that emits CO2 (ton) or is equivalent to the amount of
CO2 emitted.
f1j = 4.901 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 gasonline-powered
vehicle emits.
f2j = 3.38 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 ton of gasonline
emits (we assumed that 1 gallon of gas weights 2.87kg).
f3j = 3.45 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 ton of diesel emits(we
assumed that 1 gallon of gas weights 3.22kg)
f4j = 0.024 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 propane cylinder
emits.
f5j = 200 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 railcar emits.
f6j = 2.15 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 ton of coal burned
emits.
f7j = 0.47 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 barrel of oil emits.
f8j = 0.00043 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 klw of electricity
emits.
f9j = 83.33 the index that represents the amount of CO2 (ton) that 1 tanker truck emits.
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With the precise index, we will use the data given to estimate the amount of CO2eq of two cities
(Hanoi and Kontum) with the following equations:
Cj = Σ9i=1 fij .nij

1 # define
2 C =0
3 for i in range (1 ,10) :
4 n_i = float ( input ( f " The amount / number of things that correspond to the index { i
}: ") )
5 f_i = float ( input ( f " Index object { i }: ") )
6 C = C + n_i * f_i
7 print ( C )
3.2 Connection between 2 quantities:

With the data set of all the factors that we found using Google AI (the database are listed by the
following link on google docs), we have estimated the amount of CO2 equivalent of Hanoi:
Year Vehicles Gases Coal Electricity Railcars Cylinders Diesel Tanker Oil Barrels
2019 7.5(mil) 15(mil) 6.9(mil) 21(mil) 100 480,000 10 (mil) 200,000 10.5(mil)
2020 8(mil) 16(mil) 7.5(mil) 22(mil) 110 550,000 12 (mil) 230,000 11(mil)
2021 8.5(mil) 17(mil) 8(mil) 23(mil) 115 600,000 14 (mil) 260,000 12(mil)
2022 9.5(mil) 18(mil) 8.5(mil) 24(mil) 130 650,000 18 (mil) 290,000 13(mil)
2023 10(mil) 16(mil) 9(mil) 25(mil) 140 700,000 18 (mil) 310,000 14(mil)
Hence, using our equations, the Co2 equation emission of HN is:
Year Co2 equivalent emission

2019 158,434,050 tons of Co2
2020 175,193,560 tons of Co2
2021 186,895,375 tons of Co2
2022 214,867,620 tons of Co2
2023 217,841,150 tons of Co2
With the same data set from Kontum, we have seen an overall trend or correlation between the tree
coverage and Co2 equivalent emission:
2019 500,000 1(mil) 500,000 1.2(mil) 80 500,000 1 (mil) 160,000 8(mil)
2020 600,000 1.1(mil) 600,000 1.3(mil) 90 600,000 1.2 (mil) 190,000 9(mil)
2021 700,000 1.2(mil) 700,000 1.4(mil) 100 700,000 1.4 (mil) 220,000 10(mil)
2022 800,000 1.3(mil) 800,000 1.5(mil) 110 800,000 1.6 (mil) 250,000 11(mil)
2023 900,000 1.4 900,000 1.6(mil) 116 900,000 1.9 (mil) 280,000 11.5(mil)
Page 8 of 18
With same calculations, our calculations of CO2 equivalent emission in KonTum will be:
Year Co2 equivalent emission

2019 27,992,300 tons of Co2
2020 32,742,700 tons of Co2
2021 37,493,100 tons of Co2
2022 42,243,500 tons of Co2
2023 46,993,900 tons of Co2
Apart from these two sets of data points of Co2 emission from 2 cities, we have also collected data
of tree coverage in order to draw a general correlation between these two quantities [4],[6]:
Year Hanoi Kontum

2023 17183 (ha) 746512 (ha)
2022 17273 (ha) 750000 (ha)
2021 17073 (ha) 744545 (ha)
2020 17000 (ha) 730909 (ha)
2019 17056 (ha) 744567 (ha)
With two sets of data points of Co2 emission and a set of data point, we have seen a seemingly
fit equation that represents correlation between the coverage of tree and the Co2 eq emission using
Curve Fitting Method of hyperbolic equation where y (the vertical axis) represents area of tree
coverage. In fact, among all the possible equation (polonomial and hyperbolic), hyperbolic will
predict a more precise model with low average relative error. Therefore, input all the data and use
Planet Calculator[3], the following hyperbolic equation is the best fit:
29497988394554.457
y = −105039.9753720547 +
x
With such precise equation, one can follow the general correlation between two quantities:
Page 9 of 18
3.3 Recheck with 3rd city

With a detailed hyperbolic graph and low average relative error, we want to recheck whether the
curve will change substantially or not.
With the same methodology of data collection, we have chosen Tra Vinh province and estimated its
CO2 equivalent in 5 years time:
2019 600,000 0.1(mil) 8(mil) 1(mil) 800 10000 1 (mil) 100 10(mil)
2020 661,000 0.11(mil) 9(mil) 1.1(mil) 900 11000 1.1 (mil) 115 11(mil)
Hence, its Co2 equivalent emission and area of tree cover is:
Year Co2 eq Area of tree cover

2023 515493565.2(tons) 14,423.35 (ha)
2022 478316736.9(tons) 14,425.35 (ha)
2021 441159512.6(tons) 14,430.34 (ha)
2020 404016991.3(tons) 14,434.34 (ha)
2019 366889173(tons) 14,434.34 (ha)
With such data sets, we have sketched a more precise (lower average relative error) with no substan-
tial difference and therefore believe that we have an educated and detailed graph:
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3.4 Expansion:
Still, we want to have a further look about the correlation between the tree cover loss and the CO2
equivalent emission and hence create a 3D model to observe the correlation between 3 factors. Using
the same method, we will first create a dataset about the tree coverage loss [5],[7]:
Year Hanoi Kontum

2023 122 (ha) 3210 (ha)
2022 95 (ha) 4950 (ha)
2021 70 (ha) 8190 (ha)
2020 85 (ha) 8040 (ha)
2019 87 (ha) 6030 (ha)
Hence, we will have a seemingly fit equation that shows another hyperbolic equation where z (the
vertical axis) represents area of tree coverage loss:
262061053222.07828
z = −1223.09197 +
x
With 8 data points, the graph that represents the function can be shown above:
Still, what we can see is the connection between these three factors, so using Geogebra Geometry,
we have designed a 3D model to connect these three factors. This will help us to have a broader look
at the trend under the 3-dimensional shape:
Here is the code of how we have calculated the numbers and statistics to draw this graph:
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1 # define
2 g : y = -105040+((29497988394554) /( x ) )
3 f : z = -1223+((262061053222) /( x ) )
4 b = Curve (t , -105040+((29497988394554) /( t ) ) ,0 ,t ,1200000 ,20000000)
5 c = Curve (t ,0 , -1223+((262061053222) /( t ) ) ,t ,5000 ,20000000)
With that input, we have sketched the following graph:
(where Ox(red) represents the CO2 equivalent emission, Oy(green) represents the area of tree cov-
erage, Oz(blue) represents the area of the tree coverage loss). All in all, it can be easily seen that
both types of equations and correlation follow a roughly same model.
3.5 Conclusion
In conclusion, although the data set(data points) is not precisely 100% collected, we believe that our
method is one of the accurate ways to show the correlation between two quantities. It can be seen
that seemingly, cities with high Co2 equivalent emission are likely to have less area of tree coverage
and less area of tree coverage loss and cities which have low Co2 equivalent emission, by contrast,
are likely to have high area of Still, it is easily seen that the majority of Vietnam is still primary
forests. But when taking a closer look towards the north of Vietnam, somewhere to the North of
Hanoi, provinces there are experiencing high rate of tree loss seem to be area with low lovel of Co2-eq.
The satellite images above are presented above in order to show that we have an educated-conjecture:
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4 Future predictions
4.1 Short introduction:

What we have learnt, observed and created last section give us the opportunities to have a broader
view. We have analyzed and created a strong and detailed mathematical equations between the three
quantities: the CO2 equivalent emission, the tree area cover and the tree area cover loss.
Therefore, to propose a proper and detailed plan, we have to connect these three factors and the
current data as well as the feasibility of plant planning with a appropriate Mathematic Model. Below
is our proposed plan:
4.2 General Model of Co2 equivalent emission

What we are concerning about is the way of how we precisely calculate the model of Carbon equiva-
lent emission in the next few decades. Therefore, we will propose a general equation and then analyze
specific details for each type of provinces:
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Terms Definition
yij the amount of CO2 eq that province j will emit in near future
yio constant term
uo the coefficient risk
Tij factor number i that affects Co2 eq emission on province j
αij regression coefficient
β1 , β2 regression coefficient
k constant term
Pj population of province j
Cj the Co2 eq of main factors including activies (trains, railcars, vehicles,...)
taj tree area cover area of province j(ha)
tlj tree area cover area loss of province j (ha)
PT The number of trees planted
xo initial CO2 eq at first
Using the regression multivariate model, we can model how much Co2 eq will be emitted in each
year. This model will be represented through the above variables:
yij = yio + Σαij .Tio + Pj .β1 + Cj .β2 + uo
4.2.1 Population and consumption effect
Why population?
Population growth has emerged as a critical factor influencing carbon dioxide equivalent emissions
(CO2-eq), contributing to the ongoing discourse on climate change mitigation. The rise in global
population has direct and indirect implications for energy consumption, deforestation rates, ineffi-
cient resource utilization, consumption patterns, and waste production. The following notes conduct
a thorough analysis of these interactions in an effort to clarify the complex impacts of population
growth on CO2-equivalent emissions.
1 Increased Energy Consumption:
The escalating global population drives a surge in energy demand, leading to heightened carbon
emissions associated with energy production and consumption. The correlation between population
growth and energy use is evident in the escalating need to power homes, industries, and transporta-
tion systems, which contribute significantly to CO2-eq emissions.
2 Deforestation:
The expanding population’s demand for land and resources causes deforestation, releasing stored
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Trees, acting as natural carbon sinks, absorb CO2; however,
deforestation disrupts this balance, contributing to increased CO2-eq emissions and exacerbating the
greenhouse effect.
3 Waste Production
Expanding populations generate higher volumes of waste, including organic and non-organic mate-
rials. The decomposition of organic waste produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas with a higher
heat-trapping potential than CO2, intensifying the overall environmental impact.
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4.2.2 Detailed equations
And hence, we propose two models (population and energy use): The Pj (population) will be pre-
sented under the ODE Population mode:
dP P
= kP (1 − )
dt M
where M is the max capacity of province j.
M
⇒ dP = kdt
P (M − P )
R 1 1 R
⇒ ( + )dP = kdt
P M −P
P
⇒ ln = kt + L1
M −P
P
⇒ = ekt+L1
M −P
M
⇒ P =
1 + L2 .e−kt
All we have to do left is to find the constant L2 . For t=0, we will have P (0) = P0 or:
M
P0 =
1 + L2
and hence, the model of the population of a city in future years is:
M
P = .
M − P0 −kt
1+ .e
P0
With the maximum capacity of Hanoi, for example, statistically calculated by Hanoi People’s Com-
mitee, a city can accomodate to a maximum of 10 million people. With finite resources, we have to
find the rate k and hence draw the solutions of cities in 10,20,30,50 years. This, however, become
one of our disadvantages of our team’s model due to limited time, human resources, and mostly
important: data.
At last, as we have also mentioned, the Co2 eq emission on an arbitrary, the equations will the same
in part 2:
Cj = Σ9i=1 fij .nij
where: nij is the number/amount of factor i that city j uses/consumes and fij is the index of factor
i that emits CO2 (ton) or is equivalent to the amount of CO2 emitted.
4.3 Percent of Deforestation:

As I have mentioned, we wanted to connect the tree cover loss and tree cover area. Therefore, we
calculated the percentage of deforestation using the below equations:
taj
D% =
tlj
Down below are the dataset of the percentage of deforestation of 40 provinces in Vietnam [9]:
Page 15 of 18
Province D-rate Province D-rate Province D-rate

An Giang 4.3% Ba Ria - Vung Tau 6.9% Binh Phuoc 36.9%
Binh Thuan 8% Binh Dinh 11.2% Bac Giang 28.6%
Bac Kan 4.7% Cao Bang 2.6% Ca Mau 12.1%
Province D-rate Province D-rate Province D-rate

Gia Lai 11% Hoa Binh 5.5% Ha Giang 2.4%
Ha Nam 5.9% Ha Noi 1.5% Ha Tinh 14.6%
Hai Duong 10.5% Hai Phong 0.1% Khanh Hoa 8.3%
HCM 0.2% Gia Lai 11% Khanh Hoa 8.3%
Kien Giang 4.7% Kon Tum 15.8% Lai Chau 2.1%
Lao Cai 2.5% Lam Dong 10.1% Lang Son 11.6%
Nghe An 6.8% Ninh Binh 1% Ninh Thuan 6.2%
Phu Tho 5.6% Phu Yen 12.1% Quang Binh 4.4%
Quang Nam 4.4% Quang Ngai 22% Quang Ninh 26.1%
Quang Tri 10.3% Son La 6.8% Thanh Hoa 5.1%
Quang Tri 6.8% Son La 5.1% Thanh Hoa 13.9%
Hue 4.1% 5.1 5.1% Tay Ninh 2%
These are the dataset that can later be used for the ideal model or model recheck.
First before into the model, we have done some research and had to make assumptions based on the
limited data resources. Still, these are not random assumptions but rather taken from famous sources:
Statement Assumptions
All trees absorbs the aver- Although trees across the countries diverse, the amount of Carbon
age amount of Carbon Diox- Dioxide in total does not change and use it with the average value
ide, space taken and growth will give us easier calculations with precise results.
average
The weather forecast is In our equations, we assumed there is no clear substantial im-
100% accurate pact that have high effect on trees as unpredictable storms are not
recorded in near future.
4.4 Planning and Modeling

With deep research, each tree will absorb approximately 21kg of CO2 each year and took an av-
erage of space cover of 8m2 [9]. More over, a tree will take 20 years to reach its proper maturity,
increasing its photosynthesis capacity for 25% every 5 years to reach 100% [10]. Another concern is
the percentage carbon emission increase, which, after research, is recorded to be 5% increase since
2016. Carbon emission is dependent on population and it will with population. As the population
is on a flattening curve, it should also be safe to assume the increase of carbon emission will also be
flattened out. However, for the sake of simplicity, the flattening rate will be ignored. Hence, we will
propose the model about the amount of trees in the 5 specific cases:
Case 1: For less than 5 years For less than 5 years, trees will not fully develop and hence, the
Page 16 of 18
tree plan will not substantially develop.

Case 2: For 5 to 10 years
Trees in this case have developed to a stage that may consume substantial amount of Carbon Dioxide
EQ. Therefore, the amount of CO2 in next 5 to 10 years is:
taij
yij = (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × + 1.05t × xo + P T × 5 × 25% × 0.021
8
taij
yij − (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × − 1.05t × xo
⇒ PT = 8
5 × 25% × 0.021
Hence, we have connected the Deforestation percentage, tree area coverage and Carbon emission
in the future.
With the same explanation, we hence build the model of tree planning:
taij
yij = (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × + 1.05t × xo + P T × 5 × 25% × 0.021 + P T × 5 × 0.021 × 50%
8
taij
yij − (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × − 1.05t × xo
⇒ PT = 8
5 × 25% × 0.021 + 5 × 0.021 × 50%
Trees planted in this stage have developed to a stage where they are able to have a impact on
CO2 overall.
taij
yij = (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × + 1.05t × xo + P T × 5 × 0.021 × (25% + 50% + 75%)
8
taij
yij − (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × − 1.05t × xo
⇒ PT = 8
5 × 25% × 0.021 + 5 × 0.021 × 50% + 5 × 0.021 × 75%
This has accounted for the total CO2 from 5 to 10 years or 10 to 15 years.
Case 5: Over 20 years
taij + P T ∗ t
yij = (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × + 1.05t × xo + P T × 5 × 0.021 × (25% + 50% + 75%)
8
taij
yij − (100 − D)t % × 0.021 × − 1.05t × xo
⇒ PT = 8
t
× (100 − D)t % × 0.021 + 5 × 0.021 × (25% + 50% + 75%)
8
From the model above, we will have specific number of trees planted in each type of cities,
regarding to their deforestation percentage. This will give a detailed plan to every decision maker in
each province.
4.5 Model Recheck

What we expect from this section is that our number of trees planted in Model number 2 (Case 2)
in Hanoi, a specific city, from 2019 to 2023 (5 years) will be approximately the same or have no sub-
stantial difference from the plan of planting more trees that is made by the government. According
to Vietnam express environment, in 5 years, Hanoi is going to built about 400,000 trees [11] by the
Page 17 of 18
following equation:
|Expected − Reality|
Error =
Reality
Below is the set of data that we will use to plug in our equation:
Terms Definition Statistics

xo HN 2019 CO2 equivalent emission roughly 175 million tons (175,193,560)
yij HN 2023 CO2 equivalent emission roughly 218 million tons (217,841,150)
t years (from 2019 to 2023) 5
D Deforestation rate 1.5%
taij area tree coverage 87 hectar of trees
With the statistics above and the model of Case number 2, the expected number of trees that are
planted is:
87 × 105
217 × 106 − (100 − 1.5)5 % × 0.021 × − 1.055 × 170 × 106
PT = 8 = 417488
5 × 25% × 0.021
With such close number, the technical error of our function based on reality is:
417488 − 400000
= 0.04372 = 4.372%
400000
We therefore, believe that with following case as well as other cities, our model will play an important
role in planning to plant trees in every city with relatively low technical error.
4.6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Future Improvements of our model

Strengths
1. Simplicity
We have developed a model that simplified all the related factors and quantified. Despite its sim-
plicity, it still holds high precision and gives simple and accurate results that may may help environ-
mentalists, Infrastructure Manager and maybe Citizens in knowing the importance and emergence
of Deforestation and Cutting Down trees.
2. Versatility
Models we designed show versatility not only one city, one country but can be used all over the
world. Still, again, they keep their precision in provinces in Vietnam
Weaknesses
1. A large amount of data is required A large amount of data and resources is needed in order
to create a more precise database and therefore, can give us a more accurate and throughout view
of the model.
2. Assumptions made Several assumptions are made for ease of calculation. However, when a
real-life model is made, all the factors that are related, including the smallest, should be provided to
calculate the most precise answer for the landowners. This may require high-level mathematics and
as I have mentioned, a large amount of data.
Page 18 of 18
Improvements
Throughout our process of creating our mathematic models, more factors might be considered in the
creation of all the models, including natural phenomenon or disastrous natural events. This may
improve the comprehensiveness of the model and therefore result in a more precise data. To our
problem, we believe that we can widen our scope by considering more factors that might relate and
if given more time and data. Therefore, we will be able to give a more comprehensive answer.
5 Reference
[1]. Tropical primary forest loss by year Vietnam: Tree cover loss by year
https://rainforests.mongabay.com/deforestation/archive/Vietnam.htm
[2]. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Factors that contain most green-
house gas and specific CO2 equivalent. 2023
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator
[3]. Planet Calculator/ Data Hyperbolic Equation
https://planetcalc.com/8735/
[4].Global Forest Watch. Hanoi Tree Coverage
[5]. Global Forest Watch. Hanoi Tree Cover Loss
GlobalForestWatch.œTreecoverlossin[Hanoi].Accessedon27/08/2023fromwww.globalforestwatch.
org.
[6]. Global Forest Watch. Kontum Tree Coverage
[7]. Global Forest Watch. Kontum Tree Cover Loss
GlobalForestWatch.œTreecoverlossin[KonTum].Accessedon27/08/2023fromwww.globalforestwatch.
org.
[8]. Geogebra 3D
https://www.geogebra.org/3d?lang=en
[9]. Georgette Kilgore. How long does it takes for a tree to grow?.2023
https://8billiontrees.com/gardening/how-long-does-it-take-for-a-tree-to-grow/#:~:text=
Trees%20usually%20take%2020%2D30,15%20ft%20within%20five%20years.
[10]. Boiler. CO2 Absorption of a Tree.2022
https://www.viessmann.co.uk/en/heating-advice/boilers/how-much-co2-does-tree-absorb.
html#:~:text=do%20to%20help%3F-,How%20much%20CO2%20can%20a%20tree%20absorb%3F,around%
20a%20tonne%20of%20CO2.
[11]. Vo Hai. Hanoi to plant 400,000 more trees.2023
https://e.vnexpress.net/news/environment/hanoi-to-plant-400-000-more-trees-4580183.
html
AROUND INEQUALITY PROBLEMS IN OLYMPIAD COMPETITIONS
Vo Quoc Ba Can (Archimedes Academy)
Pham Hien Vinh (Hanoi-Amsterdam High School for the Gifted)
In the Municipal Academic Competition for Mathematic Gifted Students, there was an inequality
problem:
16. Find the maximum and the
Problem 1. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that: a + b + c =
minimum values of the expression:
b+c c+a a+b
P= + + .
a b c
This problem has many solutions. One common approach is to use AM-GM inequality (or Cauchy-
Schwarz) with appropriate coefficients. Still, in this article, we will introduce a very special
approach, which can be applied to solve many other difficult Olympiad problems.
Solution for problem 1. We have:
b+c c+a a+b 1 1 1
3
P += +1+ +1+ 1 16  + +  .
+=
a b c a b c
Thus, to find the maximum and minimum values of the above expression respectively, we only
need to find the maximum and minimum values of the following expression:
1 1 1
Q ( a , b, c ) = + + .
a b c
* Maximum value of expression Q. We assume Q will reach its maximum value at the set of
integers (a0 , b0 , c0 ). The maximum value of Q will exist because the number of sets of positive
16 is limited. We will prove that among a0 , b0 , c0 , there
integers (a, b, c) such that a + b + c =
exist two numbers that are equal to 1. Indeed, we assume that among a0 , b0 , c0 there exist two
numbers that are larger than 1. Without loss of generality, let’s assume a0 > 1 and b0 > 1. We have:
1 1  1 1 a + b a +b
Q(a0 , b0 , c0 ) − Q(a0 + b0 − 1, 1, c0 )=  +  −  + = 0 0 − 0 0
 a0 b0   a0 + b0 − 1 1  a0b0 a0 + b0 − 1
(a + b )(a − 1)(b0 − 1)
=− 0 0 0 < 0.
a0b0 (a0 + b0 − 1)
This infers Q(a0 , b0 , c0 ) < Q(a0 + b0 − 1, 1, c0 ), which contradicts the chosen set of positive
integers (a0 , b0 , c0 ). Hence, among a0 , b0 , c0 there are two numbers that are equal to 1. So the
largest value of expression Q is:
29
Q(1, 1, 14) = .
14
* Minimum value of expression Similarly, we assume Q will reach its minimum value at the set
of integers (a1 , b1 , c1 ) . We will prove that among 3 positive integers a1 , b1 , c1 there don’t exist
two numbers with a difference larger than 1. Indeed, we assume, conversely, that among a1 , b1 , c1
there exist two numbers with a difference larger than 1. Without loss of generality, let’s assume
a1 − b1 > 1. We have:
1 1  1 1  a1 + b1 a1 + b1
Q(a1 , b1 , c1 ) − Q(a1 − 1, b1 + 1, c1 ) =  +  −  + = −
 a1 b1   a1 − 1 b1 + 1  a1b1 (a1 − 1)(b1 + 1)
(a1 + b1 )(a1 − b1 − 1)
= > 0.
a1b1 (a1 − 1)(b1 + 1)
This infers Q(a1 , b1 , c1 ) > Q(a1 − 1, b1 + 1, c1 ), which again contradicts our chosen set of positive
integers (a1 , b1 , c1 ). Hence, among 3 positive integers a1 , b1 , c1 there don’t exist two numbers
with a difference larger than 1. We have: a1 + b1 + c1 =
16 so (a1 , b1 , c1 ) is a permutation of
(5, 5, 6). So the smallest value of expression Q is:
17
Q(5, 5, 6) = .
30
From the minimum and maximum values, we can easily infer the minimum and maximum values
of P:
211 91
= max P = , min P . +
7 15
After solving the problem, one question suddenly came to our mind: What if a,b,c are three
distinct positive integers? This question has led us to a whole new problem:
16. Find the maximum
Problem 2. Let a, b, c be distinct positive integers such that: a + b + c =
and minimum values of the following expression:
1 1 1
Q ( a , b, c ) = + + .
a b c
Solution for problem 2.
* Maximum value of Q. We assume Q will reach its maximum value at the set of integers
(a0 , b0 , c0 ) with a condition that a0 < b0 < c0 . If a0 > 1, with a similar approach to problem 1, we
can prove the following inequality: Q(a0 , b0 , c0 ) < Q(1, b0 , a0 + c0 − 1), and this contradicts our
chosen set of positive integers (a0 , b0 , c0 ). So a0 = 1. Next, we will prove b0 = 2. We again
assume that b0 > 2, and we have:
 1 1  1 1  b0 + c0 b0 + c0
Q(a0 , b0 , c0 ) − Q(a0 , 2, b0 + c0 − 2) =  +  −  + = −
 b0 c0   2 b0 + c0 − 2  b0 c0 2(b0 + c0 − 2)
(b + c )(b − 2)(c0 − 2)
=− 0 0 0 < 0.
2b0 c0 (b0 + c0 − 2)
This infers Q(a0 , b0 , c0 ) < Q(a0 , 2, b0 + c0 − 2), which again contradicts our chosen set of positive
integers (a0 , b0 , c0 ). So b0 = 2 and hence:
41
max Q Q=
= (1, 2, 13) .
26
* The minimum value of Q. We assume Q will reach its minimum value at the set of distinct
positive integers (a1 , b1 , c1 ) with a condition that a1 < b1 < c1. We will prove that c1 − b1 ≤ 2.
Indeed, we have:
1 1  1 1  b1 + c1 b1 + c1
Q(a1 , b1 , c1 ) − Q(a1 , b1 + 1, c1 − 1) =  +  −  + = −
 b1 c1   b1 + 1 c1 − 1  b1c1 (b1 + 1)(c1 − 1)
(b1 + c1 )(c1 − b1 − 1)
= > 0.
b1c1 (b1 + 1)(c1 − 1)
Therefore, we can infer that: Q(a1 , b1 , c1 ) > Q(a1 , b1 + 1, c1 − 1), which again contradicts our
chosen set of positive integers (a1 , b1 , c1 ). So c1 − b1 ≤ 2. Similarly, b1 − a1 ≤ 2. Hence, the set
(a1 , b1 , c1 ) must be in the form of ( x, x + 1, x + 2), ( x, x + 1, x + 3), ( x, x + 2, x + 3) or
( x, x + 2, x + 4), where x is a positive integer. Because a1 + b1 + c1 =
16 so the only possible option
is (a1 , b1 , c1 ) = (4, 5, 7).
83
min Q Q=
= (4, 5, 7) . +
140
This approach can be used to solve various and specific kinds of inequality problems in
Olympiad Competitions.
Problem 3. (JBMO, 2017) Let x,y,z be distinct positive integers. Prove that:
( x + y + z )( xy + yz + zx − 2) ≥ 9 xyz.
Solution for problem 3. Fix the sum: x + y + z = s. The inequality that we need to prove is
equivalent to:
9
f ( x, y , z ) ≥ ,
s
where
xy + yz + zx − 2 1 z ( x + y ) − 2
f ( x, y, z )= = + .
xyz z xyz
9
We will prove that min f ≥ . Among the sets of distinct positive integers ( x, y, z ) such that
s
x+ y+z =s, let ( x0 , y0 , z0 ), with x0 > y0 > z0 , be the set where f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) will reach its
minimum value. We will prove that x0 − y0 ≤ 2. If x0 − y0 > 2, we’ll have:
z0 ( x0 + y0 ) − 2 z0 ( x0 + y0 ) − 2
f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) − f ( x0 − 1, y0=
+ 1, z0 ) −
x0 y0 z0 ( x0 − 1)( y0 + 1) z0
=
[ z0 ( x0 + y0 ) − 2] ( x0 − y0 − 1) > 0.
x0 y0 z0 ( x0 − 1)( y0 + 1)
This infers f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) > f ( x0 − 1, y0 + 1, z0 ), which contradicts our chosen set of positive
integers ( x0 , y0 , z0 ). So x0 − y0 ≤ 2. Similarly, y0 − z0 ≤ 2.
Next, we will prove that 2 can’t simultaneously happen Let’s assume
x0 − y0 =
x0 − y0 = y0 − z0 = 2, with a similar approach, we can prove that:
f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) > f ( x0 − 1, y0 , z0 + 1),
Since x0 − 1, y0 , z0 + 1 are three distinct positive integers so the above inequality contradicts our
chosen set of distinct positive integers ( x0 , y0 , z0 ). Therefore, we can infer that ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) must
be in the form of (t + 2, t + 1, t ), (t + 3, t + 1, t ), or (t + 3, t + 2, t ), where t is a positive integer.
* Scenario 1: ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) =(t + 2, t + 1, t ). In this case, we have s= 3t + 3 and
3 9 9
min f = f (t + 2, t + 1, t ) = = = .
t + 1 3t + 3 s
3t 2 + 8t + 1 3t 2 + 8t 3t + 8 (3t + 8)(3t + 4)
min f = f (t + 3, t + 1, t ) = > = = 2
t (t + 1)(t + 3) t (t + 1)(t + 3) (t + 1)(t + 3) (t + 4t + 3)(3t + 4)
9t 2 + 36t + 32 9t 2 + 36t + 27 9 9
= 2
> 2
= = .
(t + 4t + 3)(3t + 4) (t + 4t + 3)(3t + 4) 3t + 4 s
3t 2 + 10t + 4 3t 2 + 10t + 3 3t + 1 (3t + 1)(3t + 5)
min f = f (t + 3, t + 2, t ) = > = = 2
t (t + 3)(t + 2) t (t + 3)(t + 2) t (t + 2) (t + 2t )(3t + 5)
9t 2 + 18t + 5 9t 2 + 18t 9 9
= 2
> 2
= = .
(t + 2t )(3t + 5) (t + 2t )(3t + 5) 3t + 5 s
From all 3 senarios above, the problem is then proved (Q.E.D). +
Problem 4. A group of positive integers is called “T-group” if the sum of every of its element is
equal to 100. What is the maximum value of the product of every elements in all posible T-groups?
Solution for problem 4.
Let A be the T-group that has the largest value of product of every element among all possible T-
groups. We will prove that every element in A will have the value of less or equal than 4. We
assume that there exists a positive integer a > 4. Let b1 , b2 , …, bn be the remaining numbers. We
can easily observe that group A and group B consisting of n+2 elements 2, a − 2, b1 , b2 , …, bn
are both T-groups. Since:
2(a − 2)b1b2  b=
n (a + a − 4)b1b2  bn > ab1b2  bn
so the product of elements in group B is larger than the product of elements in group A
(contradictory). Therefore, no element in group A is larger than 4. (1)
On the other hand, because 4 = 2 ⋅ 2 , each element that has a value equal to 4 can be separated into
two other elements that are equal to 2 without changing the property of the group. Hence, without
loss of generality, we can assume that no element is equal to 4 in group A. (2)
If no element in group A is equal to 1, we can remove this element and increase one random
element by 1 without changing the property of the group. This results in an increase in the product
of every element in group A (contradictory). Therefore, no element in group A is equal to 1. (3)
If there are 3 elements in group A that is equal to 2, we can remove them and replace with 2
elements that are equal to 3 without changing the property of the group. Because 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 < 3 ⋅ 3 , this
results in an increase in the product of every element in group A (contradictory) (4)
From (1), (2), (3) and (4), we can infer that in group A there are no more than two elements that
are equal to 2, and the rest of the elements are equal to 3. Because the sum of all the elements in
group A is equal to 100 so all the elements in group A is 2, 2, 3, 3, …, 3 (32s “3” in total). So
the result of this problem is 4 ⋅ 332. +
Problem 5. (Romanian IMO TST, 1998) Given a1 , a2 , …, an are distinct positive integers.
Prove that:
2n + 1
a12 + a22 +  + an2 ≥ (a1 + a2 +  + an ). (1)
3
Solution for problem 5. The inequality is obvious for n = 1. For n ≥ 2, fix the sum
a1 + a2 +  + an = s. The problem is equivalent to the following inequality
(2n + 1) s
f (a1 , a2 , …, an ) ≥ ,
3
where
f (a1 , a2 , …, an ) = a12 + a22 +  + an2 .
(2n + 1) s
We will prove that min f ≥ . Among sets of distinct positive integers (a1 , a2 , …, an )
3
such that a1 + a2 +  + an = s, let (b1 , b2 , …, bn ), with b1 > b2 >  > bn , be the set where
f (b1 , b2 , …, bn ) will reach its minimum value. We will prove that b1 − b2 ≤ 2. Let’s assume that
b1 − b2 > 2. We have:
f (b1 , b2 , …, bn ) − f (b1 − 1, b2 + 1, b3 , …, bn ) = (b12 + b22 ) − (b1 − 1) 2 + (b2 + 1) 2  = 2(b1 − b2 − 1) > 0.
This infers f (b1 , b2 , …, bn ) > f (b1 − 1, b2 + 1, b3 , …, bn ), and therefore, b1 − b2 ≤ 2. Similarly,

we have bi − bi +1 ≤ 2 for every 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1.
If there exist two indexes i > j such that bi − bi +1 =b j − b j +1 =2. Similarly, we have
f (b1 , b2 , …, bn ) > f (…, bi − 1, …, b j +1 + 1, …), contradictory. Hence, there is less or equal to
one index 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 such that bi − bi +1 =
2. We can, therefore, infer that (b1 , b2 , …, bn ) must be
in the form of ( x + n − 1, x + n − 2, …, x), ( x + n, x + n − 1, …, x + t + 1, x + t − 1, x + t − 2, …, x),
where x is a positive integer and t another positive integer less or equal than n − 1.
n(n − 1)
In the first scenario, we have =
s nx + . (1) is equivalent to:
2
2n + 1  n(n − 1) 
x 2 + ( x + 1) 2 +  + ( x + n − 1) 2 ≥  nx + ⇔ n( x − 1)(3 x + n − 1) ≥ 0 (Q.E.D).
3  2 
n(n + 1)
In the second scenario, we have s =
nx + − t. (1) is equivalent to:
2
2n + 1  n(n + 1) 
x 2 + ( x + 1) 2 +  + ( x + t − 1) 2 + ( x + t + 1) 2 +  + ( x + n) 2 ≥  nx + − t
3  2 
⇔ −3t 2 + (1 + 2n − 6 x)t + (n 2 + 2n) x + 3nx 2 ≥ 0. (2)
Because (t − 1)(t − n + 1) ≤ 0 so t 2 ≤ nt − n + 1. This infers:
VT(2 ) ≥ −3(nt − n + 1) + (1 + 2n − 6 x)t + (n 2 + 2n) x + 3nx 2 =−(n + 6 x − 1)t + 3n − 3 + (n 2 + 2n) x + 3nx 2
≥ −(n + 6 x − 1)(n − 1) + 3n − 3 + (n 2 + 2n) x + 3nx 2= 3nx 2 + (n 2 − 4n + 6) x − n 2 + 5n − 4
≥ 3n + n 2 − 4n + 6 − n 2 + 5n − 4 = 4n + 2 > 0.
(Q.E.D) +
Listed above are the problems from Olympiad Competitions we have found for students to review
and practice:
Problem 1. Let a, b, c be positive integers such that a + b + c = 19. Find the maximum and
minimum value of the following expression:
a b c
P= + + .
b+c c+a a+b
Please solve the problem in case where a, b, c are distinct positive integers.
Problem 2. Let x, y, z be distinct positive integers. Prove that:
( x + y + z )( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 5) ≥ 9 xyz.
Problem 3. Let a1 , a2 , …, an be distinct positive integers. Prove that:
a13 + a23 +  + an3 ≥ (a1 + a2 +  + an ) 2 .
Using land: A valuable resource
Hanoi - Amsterdam high school for the gifted
Team Advisor:
Nguyen Trung Hieu
Team Members:
Pham Hien Vinh
Pham Hai Minh
Nguyen Duc Minh Tam
Le Duc Long
Page 2 of 26 2023071
1 Summary Sheet
Nowadays, the problem of inefficient land use was a challenge to many investors and land owners.
Since most of the land around the world is unused, a precise method to determine the best use of
land must be found.
To optimize the benefit of the land, we needed a method to evaluate a quantitative metric in order
to determine which is the best way to combine different strategies in order to achieve the best way
for the use of land. To solve that problem, we have developed a mathematical model to comprise
and balance factors that affect the land-use plan to calculate approximately the ’best use’ of land.
We first divided the model into 4 smaller models including the Environmental Impact model,
the Business Profit model, the Topographical Elements model, and the Community Value
model, evaluate them on a scale of 1 to 5. To be as precise as possible, we have reviewed much
scientific research on several fields of each option, analyzed and considered the difference between
where the research was done and in the US. Then, we use a mathematical algorithm to quantify
them into the value that can be computed to evaluate the ’good-ness’ of the land-use plan.
To assess the environmental impact, we considered the effect of each land-use option on the 5 key
elements of the environment - Forest, Water, Air, Soil, and Animals - and calculate the mean of all
effect points to create a value of environmental impact. To evaluate business profit, we used two
important indicators - Return on Investment (ROI) and Net Profit - and combined them with a
complex math equation created by the Curve fitting method to create a precise output of business
value. To calculate the effect of topographical elements, we use the two most important elements
which are slope and elevation. Since the ’perfect’ slope and elevation for each business is different, we
have analyzed the best topographical condition for each field and assessed the topographical point
depending on them. To estimate the community value, we analyzed how many jobs the land-use
plan created, and how it would make an impact on the surrounding residents to calculate its value
for the society.
We choose the two options that we considered the best after balancing all their pros and cons -
Regenerative Farm and Agritourist Center - and scrutinize all of their relative values in our metric
to explain why and how we calculated its value and the precision of our metric.
After that, we considered the impact of a semiconductor fabrication facility that is going to be built
50km away from our plan, examining and calculating how it will affect our metric. We concluded
that the factory will most likely increase the area’s population and has a great impact on the tourism
business and environmental value in our metric.
Finally, we explain how our metric could be used in another land with a different environment, and
topography,... and surprisingly we found that our metric is highly adaptable to change.
Overall, we have created a metric to quantify and assess the land-use plan. Whilst many models
already exist for this purpose, a key point of difference of our model is our model used much more
simple input yet still created a precise measure of how good the plan is.
Page 3 of 26 2023071
Contents
1 Summary Sheet 2
2 Introduction 5
3 Definition and Assumptions 6

3.1 General Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4 Building a quantitative Metric 6

4.1 Factors taken into consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.1 Definitions and Additional Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Construction of Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1 Construction of Environmental Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.2 Construction of Business Profit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.3 Construction of Topographical element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.4 Construction of Community value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5 A deeper analysis of the two options 13

5.1 Regenerative farm (REGE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Agritourist center (AGT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6 Re-evaluate the Metric 16

6.1 Environmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Economic Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3 Community Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.4 Topographical Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.6 Alternative option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7 Discussion and Generalization 18

7.1 Environmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.2 Business Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7.3 Community Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.4 Topographical Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.5 Geological and Infrastructure Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
8 Strengths, Weaknesses, and Improvements of Model 20
9 Letter to the Decision Maker 22
10 Reference 23
11 Appendix 24
Page 4 of 26 2023071
11.1 Environmental Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

11.2 Financial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Page 5 of 26 2023071
2 Introduction
2.1 Background
Nowadays, food security has become one of the world-leading problems; therefore, people tend to
take more care about developing sustainable agriculture services. In a technology-driven world, plans
to optimize land use and to balance all the factors, including business profits, community values, and
environmental impact, are highly appraised and advised to land owners to decide which is the ”best
use” option to invest in. However, to consider all the conditions to define and find the ”best use”
possibility is still a big concern.
Therefore, to solve the problem of land optimization, we delved deep into all the factors that are
mentioned above, did research to find the related data, developed mathematical models and algo-
rithms in order to create an overall scale that could measure and consider all the options and factors.
2.2 Problem Restatement

Task 1: Design a scale and method to determine the ”best use” of land use considering the related
factors both long-term and short-term.
Task 2: From the scale and the options that have been listed, choose at least 2 options and deter-
mine their values to decide which should be focused on.
Task 3: There will be built a large semiconductor fabrication facility in New York to the north of
Syracuse, where the land is located. The fab can support 9000 jobs and create 40,000 additional
jobs. Re-evaluate the options of the metric considering the impact of the fab on the area.
Task 4: Discuss changes and generalize our metric to other locations.
Task 5: Write a one-page letter to the Decision Makers describing and providing important infor-
mation to decision-makers about the recommendation.
Page 6 of 26 2023071
3 Definition and Assumptions
3.1 General Assumptions
Assumption Justification
Unpredictable factors are not included Since we are unable to predict and calculate unpre-
dictable factors such as natural disasters, economic
crises, et cetera, we will assume that those factors
do not have any influence in our method
We will not measure the effect of geo- Since the land is located in a temperate marine
logical and infrastructure factors climate with four seasons, 50km away with ade-
quate water, power supplies, and adequate roads
and transit systems.
People’s awareness and their ap- We assume that the environment through people’s
proaches towards the environment are usage might get worse. This may affect negatively
negative many of the activities.
Business profit and ROI rate are con- For easier measurement
stant throughout the year
3.2 Definitions
Term Definition
OSC Outdoor Sports Complex
XCS Cross-Country Skiing
CR Crop Farm
GR Grazing Farm
REGE Regenerative Farm
SA Solar Array
AGV Agrivoltaic farm
AGT Agritourist center
STe Short Term
LTe Long Term
4 Building a quantitative Metric
4.1 Factors taken into consideration

The usage of that available 3 square kilometer parcel with the most balanced and profit in community
values and business is considered ’best use’. To construct the model, the impact of different options
is analyzed and quantified mathematically and scientifically first, and the values from each of these
will be used to infer the ’best’ point of the usage. The factors taken into consideration are listed as
follows:
Page 7 of 26 2023071
1. Topographical elements:
When assessing the feasibility of construction, the topographical elements are the first factor that
you should consider. It indicates whether your plan is going to work or not. We will measure its
value based on our data on elevation, slope, aspect, and land cover.
2. Environmental impact:
In real life, when you started to build construction on a particular area, that process would affect
both negatively and positively the core values that contribute to the environment. In this section, we
will measure the impact of the process of constructing an activity on the surrounding environment
in different land types.
3. Business profits:
One of the most concerned factors that most investors consider is the financial profits that each
project brings. We will measure the profits each project brings based on our collected data, the Net
Profit, and the Return on Investment.
4. Community Values:
Community values are the non-negotiable core principles or standards that the community’s residents
wish to maintain. They must be acknowledged, honored, and constantly defended to ensure that
change and development occur in accordance with these. In this section, we will measure the impact
on society by using two key factors: Job Creation and the Effect on the area’s residents.
Page 8 of 26 2023071
4.1.1 Definitions and Additional Variables
Term Definition
RO Return on Investment on each option (e.g: If ROI is 5%, RO = 5)
N PO Net Profit per hectare per year on each option ($USD per hectare)
BVO The business profit value of the option
ESt The environmental short-term impact of a constructing possibility
ELt The environmental long-term impact of a constructing possibility
SFo The area of the forest used for construction of option
STFo The short-term scale of the impact of option on forest
LTFo The long-term scale of the impact of option on forest
SCo The area of the cropland used for construction of option
STCo The short-term scale of the impact of option on cropland
LTCo The long-term scale of the impact of option on cropland
SWo The area of the wetland used for construction of option
STWo The short-term scale of the impact of option on wetland
LTWo The long-term scale of the impact of option on wetland
SDo The area of the developed land used for construction of option
STDo The short-term scale of the impact of option on developed land
LTDo The long-term scale of the impact of option on developed land
S Total area of construction
e Elevation after being converted to points
PI Agriculture Productivity Index
Y The total production of the selected crop in the unit area
Yn The total production of the same crop on a national scale
T The total cropped area of the unit area
Tn The total cropped area on a national scale
S iO The area of land type i
STiO The short-term scale of the impact of the option of land type i
SLiO The long-term scale of the impact of the option of land type i
C VO The community value of an option
TVO The topographical elements of an option
V The total point of the land-use plan
4.2 Construction of Model

4.2.1 Construction of Environmental Model
Before measuring any impact, both short term and long term, we have listed out 5 core environmental
values, including Forest, Air, Water, Soil, Animals, and 4 main types of the land of the area,
which are Forest, Crop, Wetland, and Developed area. The 8 suggested options that have
been considered by decision-makers include: OSC, XCS, CR, GR, REGE, SA, AGV, AGT. As
we have mentioned, we will measure the impact of the process of constructing an activity on the
surrounding environment in different land types with the help of a scale of 1 to 5 from negative to
Page 9 of 26 2023071
positive.
1 2 3 4 5
heavily negative negative neutral positive highly positive
With the above values combined, there is a total of 320 combinations with a total of 16 tables. The
following table is one of the 16 tables that analyze the impact of OSC on the surrounding environ-
ment when assumed to be put in different locations:
OSC Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 1 3 2 1 1.6
Crop 3 1 3 2 3 2.4
Wetland 2 1 1 2 1 1.4
Developed Area 3 1 3 2 3 2.4
When OSC is built, different building materials, technical procedures and the CO2 combustion from
heavy machinery resulted in affected negatively on the air quality, therefore 1 is an appropriate scale
that illustrates the impact of OSC on the air quality when built on any of the four areas [1] More
specifically, if we built OSC on a forest, we will have to cut down all trees and this results in a 1-scale.
If OSC is built on a wetland, it would affect negatively the ecosystem of the nearby forest, therefore
we put it the scale of 2 [2]. Last but not least, there are big ecosystems in wetlands and forests;
therefore, when we cut down trees and reconstruct wetlands for building OSC, it would severely
affect the animal, resulting in a scale of 1.
With the analysis of other 15 tables both short-term and long-term [*]
Category OSC STe OSC LTe XSC STe XSC LTe CR STe CR LTe
Forest 1.6 1 2.2 2 2 1.8
Crop 2.4 1.8 2.8 2.2 3 3
Wetland 1.4 1 2.2 2 2.4 2
Developed Area 2.4 2 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.8
Category GR STe GR LTe REGE STe REGE LTe SA STe SA LTe

Forest 2.4 2 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.6
Crop 3 3 3 3.6 3 2.8
Wetland 2.6 2.2 2.6 3 2 2
Developed Area 3.4 3.2 3.4 4 3 3
Category AGV STe AGV LTe AGT STe AGT LTe

Forest 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4
Crop 3.2 3.2 3 3.4
Wetland 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.4
Developed Area 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
From the scale designed above, we, therefore, have formed a calculation to combine all the
possibilities to measure the impact on the surrounding environment of every option. We have also
Page 10 of 26 2023071
considered the possibilities when the land owner wanted to use a typical land type for different
building activities:
Σ(SF o · STFo ) + Σ(SCo · STCo ) + Σ(SWo · STWo ) + Σ(SDo · STDo )
ESt =
S
Σ(SF o · LTFo ) + Σ(SCo · LTCo ) + Σ(SWo · LTWo ) + Σ(SDo · LTDo )

ELt =
S
From the function above, the landowners can measure all influences on the environment with every
one of their constructing wills.
4.2.2 Construction of Business Profit Model
In measuring the value of Business Profit, because of the lack and the imprecision of data, we will
only use two elements: Return on Investment - RO and Net Profit per hectare - N PO . We
have done research on 8 options considered by the decision makers and estimated the two variables on
each field [3]. In order to estimate the financial value, we will use those elements to answer questions
that investors care about the most: How efficiently is my land used? and How long does it take to
recover my capital?
We have created an algorithm to combine and balance the two elements so that we can calculate the
overall business profit

1 if RO < 2.3



3
f (RO ) = 0, 0008825 × RO 2
− 0, 04084 × RO + 0, 79752 × RO − 1, 6145 if 2.3 ≤ RO ≤ 20


5

if RO > 20
This function is created to measure the ’good-ness’ of the ROI on a scale similar to Environmental
Impact. The number 2.3% is the 10-year inflation rate in the US, and we decided to choose 20% as
a good ROI so that everything more than 20% is considered a max-point ROI.
Using the Curve-fitting method, this function is designed to show the ’curve’ of this measurement
(e.g when the disparity between ROI at 2% and 6% is much bigger than the disparity between 10%
and 14% though their difference is the same)
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Figure. 1: Graph of the function
After that, we define the criterion for the amount of N PO , and with the same explanation, we
have developed an algorithm to assess N PO value on a scale of 1 to 5.



 1 if N PO < 0

−5.2020138
g(N PO ) = 5.185373 + N PO 1.09794 if 0 ≤ N PO ≤ 150000
 1+( 11214 )


5 if N PO > 150000
Figure. 2: Graph of the function
Finally, using two modified values of ROI and Net Profit and evaluating the balance between
the two values, we calculate the final output of our business profit model.
p
BVO = f (RO ) × g(N PO )
4.2.3 Construction of Topographical element
To measure a Topographical element on land, our team decided to evaluate it in two main criteria:
Elevation and Slope of that land. Both Elevation and Slope is divided into a scale of 5. Firstly,
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about the scale of Elevation, we have:
Elevation Scale
< 0m 1
0 − 500m 2
500 − 1000m 3
1000 − 2000m 4
> 2000m 5
And with a specific option, there is a function for it to scale the suitability of that project to
the land:
OSC XCS CR GR REGE SA AGV AGT
Elevation 5 − |e − 2| e 6−e 5 − |e − 3.5| 6−e 5 − |e − 4| 5 − |e − 2| 6−e
For the explanation, XCS in the higher altitude, the better it can be, while CR (especially tomatoes)
can only be grown on lower land. Some options have their own specific altitude to make it best to
work.
Secondly, almost all options need flat terrain, whereas a minority of others need high slopes or even
not be affected by a slope. In the given area, the land is almost flat so we consider this is suitable for
all 8 options and make it all 5. To evaluate the influence of slope on options, we divide options into
three different categories such as options that need to be exercised on flat terrain, options that need
to be exercised on steep terrain, and options that are not affected. by slope. Thus, the options in
the first group will be evaluated with the highest level of flatness and then lower with an increasing
slope. That will be evaluated in the opposite direction to the options in the second group. The last
group will get the maximum score on all slopes.
Figure. 3: Topographical Stats
4.2.4 Construction of Community value
The effect of each option on the surrounding community will also be evaluated through two criteria:
Job creation and Effect on area resident. Regarding job creation, points will be evaluated
according to the following table:
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Job creation Scale

1 − 50 1
51 − 150 2
151 − 500 3
501 − 2000 4
> 2000 5
As for the effect on area residents, since it is almost impossible to convert the effect to a specific
number, the assessment of scores for this criterion depends heavily on sentiment. Each option before
being evaluated has also been researched and considered, so the impact score is said to be relative.
For example, options for tourism will receive a higher score than options that are purely farming.
We consider dividing it into 5 levels: affecting heavily negative, negative, not very much, positive,
and highly positive the area resident.
After getting the two scales, to evaluate Community value, we take 2 times the Job creation
plus the Effect on area resident then all are divided by 3.
4.3 Conclusion
We have investigated and analyzed all the options that the decision-makers are considering. We have
constructed a quantitative metric that defines ’best’ considering all the factors with short-term and
long-term effects. The final ’point’ of the land-use plan is calculated by
Σ(CVO × 15% + BVO × 30% + (ESt + ELt ) × 15% + TVO × 25%) × (SFO + SCO + SWO + SDO )
V =
S
We put different weights on each indicator such as environment value, topographical value, commu-
nity value, and business value by the ratio of 30% - 25% - 15% - 30%, respectively, to calculate the
’general point’.
The equation is the sum of the ’General point’ of each option times the percentage of the land used
in our land-use plan. Because in the process of calculating each option’s value, we have balanced all
the factors so here we only considered the percentage of the land and not considering other weights
of the option.
5 A deeper analysis of the two options

Among the options listed above, a regenerative farm and agritourist center are the options that can
be two of the ”best use” on this land.
5.1 Regenerative farm (REGE)

Regenerative farm is accounting for approximately 30% of all crop value in the U.S. With the
average size of 0.04 − 0.05km2 per farm, this option is suitable for our three-square-kilometer land.
This type of farm will reduce waste and even improve soil health. Initially, this is still a type of
Page 14 of 26 2023071
crop farm, so in the short term, it still affects the environment like a conventional farm. But after
that, it will become more and more environmentally friendly day by day, helping to improve the soil
and reduce the amount of water used for farming. Due to that explanation, we have the points that
regenerative farms affect the environment: [3]
STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 3 3 2 2.2
Crop 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wetland 3 3 2 3 2 2.6
LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 3 3 3 2 2.4
Crop 3 4 4 4 3 3.6
Wetland 3 4 3 3 2 3
Developed Area 4 5 3 5 3 4
Therefore, regenerative farm affects the environment neutrally and positively. In other words,
it is friendly to the environment.
While discussing geographical types of agriculture, Enyedi (1964) devised a technique for deter-
mining an index of productivity coefficient. Enyedi’s formula for the productivity index is:
Y T
PI = :
Yn Tn
Enyedi’s technique is appreciable in the sense that it determines the productivity index of an
area with reference to the national level. However, the technique does not consider that in certain
cases the productivity index is influenced by the magnitude of the area under a particular individual
crop. Besides, when the district yield is less than the national yield, its productivity index is higher
than the national level. In other words, when the productivity is higher than the national level, the
land is worth to be invested.
After doing some research, it can be shown that the annual profit of a regenerative farm ranges
from 3000 to 5000 USD per hectare. Through the aforementioned function, we convert points to 1.5.
Along with that, the ROI is up to 149%, equivalent to a score of 5 on the same scale. That means
the business profit that regenerative farm brings back is [4]
√
1.5 × 5 = 2.74
Regarding the community value, a regenerative farm brings about 5 to 10 job opportunities, it
is a modest number and be scaled by only 1. And since the regenerative farm does not affect the
surrounding population very much, its influence level will be around 3. In conclusion, 1.67 is the
community value of the regenerative farm.
With 2 evaluation criteria in the topographical element, the regenerative farm grows tomatoes,
so the lower the altitude, the better compared to the growth and yield of the crop. As discussed
above, the function of the regenerative farm is now 6-e. Since then, the elevation score is 4 and
the elevation of the land is almost flat (accounting for 92% of the entire land), so the rating is 5.
Summarizing both components, the regenerative farm reaches 4.5 points of topographical elements.
[5]
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5.2 Agritourist center (AGT)

Agritourism is a new concept that merges agriculture and tourism and is becoming increasingly
popular in the last decade. Agritourism not only adds an additional stream of income to farmers
and land owners, and increases their profit but also a way to provide education to families and
schools. It may increase the sale of local products and promote small communities. Specifically, the
US agritourism market size was recorded to be $2.2 billion dollars in 2021 and was forecast to rise
with the compound annual growth rate of 10.9%.[6]. With the average size of the majority of the
land being just about 175 hectares, this option, together with the measurement of our scale, is one
of the best suitable options considering all the related factors. Initially, to our scale, it influences
positively the environment when build on typical land types both short term and long term.
AGT STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 2 2 3 3 2 2.4
Crop 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wetland 2 3 2 3 2 2.4
AGT LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 2 2 2 3 3 2.4
Crop 3 3 4 4 3 3.4
Wetland 2 2 2 3 3 2.4
It can be concluded that AGT influences positively the surrounding nature and environment if
it is placed in a reasonable way. One of our next considered factors is the business profits. In one
of our research in New York, the average net profit for an agritourist center business is $13,000. [7],
with the aforementioned function, we convert the point to:
P = 5.185373 + 1+(−5.2020138
13000 1.09794 = 2.79
)
11214
For the lack of data about the Return on Investment (ROI) of agritourism in the USA, we have to
analyze another agritourism farm in India where we could find the cumulative Agritourism ROI is
127.984% with the time of the payback period of 3.48 years. [7]. Therefore the final output of our
business model is:
√
BVO = 2.79 × 5 = 3.73
Similar to the regenerative farm, the Agritourist center is also affected by altitude. And also
with the height of the same piece of land and the relatively flat ground, the average score for the
whole topographical element group is 4.5.
With the parameters that our team found out, the number of jobs created is about 85,000 for a
total of 776,000 hectares of land of the agritourist center in Florida, USA. That is, the number of jobs
does not exceed 1 per hectare, so the scale for this part is 1. On the other hand, the influence of the
agritourist center on the surrounding population is quite good, with the attraction of tourists to this
land, the income of the surrounding people may be somehow improved, both with agriculture and
tourism. Therefore, it is 4 for the effect on area residents, which leads to 2 on the scale of community
value. [8]
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Summarizing all the above evaluation criteria, both the score of the regenerative farm and
agritourist center is said to be quite good, and if they are replaced the original crop farm and the
developed area will be very beneficial. From there, it can be seen that the metric that our group has
set is a relatively reasonable assessment. From the output, the point is visible to see if it’s an option
worth investing in. With the influence levels of the options, the metric of our group has covered
the relative likelihood of the future so that decision-makers can give the best land planning (that is,
the way that planning has a certain amount of time). best score, which represents a balance in the
evaluated criteria).
6 Re-evaluate the Metric

In this section, we will consider how the presence of fab affects our metric and demonstrate an
alternative option for using the land.
6.1 Environmental Impact

Micron’s new facility in Clay has the potential to bring about a range of environmental impacts that
need to be thoroughly addressed to maintain ecological balance. The construction and operation of
such a facility can lead to soil erosion, deforestation, and loss of natural habitats for wildlife. The air
and water pollution generated by the facility can also cause health hazards to the flora and fauna.
The facility will require a lot of energy for its operation, which can increase its carbon footprint and
contribute to climate change. Compensating for these negative environmental impacts, though the
fab is about 40 kilometers away from our land, the environmental impact in our metric will have a
slightly larger proportion.
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6.2 Economic Impact

According to real estate broker Chip Hodgkins, [9] by creating nearly 40,000 additional jobs, this
facility can attract about 200,000 - 400,000 people to live in the vicinity. Consequently, there are
more visitors to outdoor sports complexes, cross-country skiing, and agritourism, leading to the strong
development of these building options. Besides, these additional residents ensure the consumption
of production for crop farms, grazing farms, regenerative farms, and agrivoltaic farms. Additionally,
Micron’s presence in Clay attracts other businesses and talent to the area, further boosting economic
growth. Overall, the presence of Micron’s new facility will make the eight options have better business
profits.
6.3 Community Impact

In terms of community value, Micron’s facility provides about 400,000 employment opportunities
for residents, decreasing the unemployed rate. The increase in the number of residents also helps
to attract more investment into the surrounding areas, thereby improving the quality of life here.
Because of these positive impacts on the community, the proportion for the community of our metric
will be slightly important.
6.4 Topographical Impact

Because of being located over 40 kilometers away from our parcel of land, Micron’s facility cannot
affect the topographical element of our metric too much.
6.5 Conclusion
Overall, because of harming the environment, improving business profit and community value, and
not affecting topographical elements, the fab will affect our metric. Nevertheless, due to being located
over 40 kilometers away from our 3 square kilometer land, the fab will cause such a slight change
to our metric. Therefore, in our metric, we suggest that the proportion of Environmental impact to
Business profit to Topographical elements to Community value will be 3.1 to 3 to 2.5 to 1.4 (instead
of 3 to 3 to 2.5 to 1.5) and that the value of N PO and RO should be slightly less important.
6.6 Alternative option

Due to such a large number of residents (about 200, 000 - 400, 000 residents) moving to the proximity
of the fab, there is a potential to develop residential housing (RH). With an average size of 0.25
hectares per apartment, this option is considered to be suitable for our three-square-kilometer land.
Nevertheless, during both construction and use, residential housing can have a moderate negative
influence on the environment:
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RH STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 1 2 2 1 1.4
Crop 3 2 3 3 3 2.8
Wetland 2 2 2 2 2 2
Developed area 3 3 3 3 3 3
RH LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 1 1 1 1 1
Crop 3 2 3 3 3 2.8
Wetland 2 2 1 2 2 1.8
Developed area 3 3 3 3 3 3
RH Short term Long term

Forest 1.4 1
Crop 2.8 2.8
Wetland 2 1.8
Developed area 3 3
Average 2.3 2.15
In terms of business profit, residential housing creates about $600,000 per hectare, making its NPO 5
points. Along with that, the RO is up to 8% with the time of a payback period of 9 years. According
to the aforementioned function, we convert the ROI to:
f (RO ) = 0.0008825 × 83 − 0.04084 × 82 + 0.79752 × 8 − 1.6145 ≈ 2.6
Then, using two modified values of ROI and Net Profit and evaluating the balance between the two
values, we calculate the final output of our business profit model:
√
BVO = 2.6 × 5 ≈ 3.6
About the community value, because residential housing creates about 5−9 residents per apartment,
it would be scaled by only 1. Since having a good impact on the surrounding population, RH would
have a score of influence of 4. Therefore, 2 is the score community value of residential housing.
Because our parcel of land is considered to be flat land, the elevation slope score are both 5, leading
to a score 5 of for a topographical element.
Summarizing all the above criteria, the score for generalization is considered to be quite good, and if
some unprofitable areas are replaced for residential housing, there will have many promising economic
benefits.
7 Discussion and Generalization

When considering the land which was in a different location or country, we will use five main factors:
environmental impacts, business profits, community values, topographical elements, and geological
and infrastructure factors.
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7.1 Environmental Impact

In terms of environmental impacts, we still list 5 core environmental values - including Forest, Air,
Water, Soil, and Animals - and measure the impact of constructing an activity on the surrounding
environment by the same model mentioned before. However, instead of considering 4 types of land
(Forest, Crop, Wetland, and Developed Area), we will consider all main types of this land (Land
type1 , Land type2 ,..., Land typen ). Therefore, we have 16 tables of 7 x (n + 1):
O - short (or long) term Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average
Land type1 —
Land type2 —
Land type3 —
... —
Land typen —
In Table (O - short (or long) term), square in row Land typei and column Criteriaj (Forest, Air,
Water, Soi, or Animal) has a value (in a set of {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}) depending on how constructing X on
Landtypei affects Criteriaj in the short (or long) term.
Then, the remainder of evaluating environmental impacts is calculated according to the aforemen-
tioned model:
Σ(S1O · ST1O ) + Σ(S2O · ST2O ) + ... + Σ(SnO · STnO )

ESt =
S
Σ(S1O · SL1O ) + Σ(S2O · SL2O ) + ... + Σ(SnO · SLnO )

ELt =
S
Note that: SiO is the area of land type i for an option; STiO is the short-term scale of the impact
of an option of land type i ; SLiO is the long-term scale of the impact of an option of land type i
7.2 Business Profit

Because our algorithm does not depend on geological factors, the only factor that will change when
we consider the land in different locations, we can still use the algorithm mentioned before - using
two elements: Return on Investment (RO ) and Net Profit per hectare (N PO ).
However, because of considering the land in different locations, we maintain that the RO and N PO
of each of the eight activities will change. (For instance, in terms of crop farms, the land in different
locations with other types of soil can be suitable for other crops of higher economic value). Conse-
quently, we need to analyze the new RO and N PO of each of them before measuring business profits.
Therefore, in terms of business profits, our algorithm will not change, while our RO and N PO for
each of the eight activities should be analyzed before being entered into the algorithm.
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7.3 Community Value

The community effect of each of the eight activities will still be evaluated through two criteria: Job
creation and Effect on area residents.
However, instead of being calculated just through the number of job creations, the point for the Job
creation criterion will be evaluated through the proportion of the number of job creations to the
population of this area.
Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Proportion < 2% 2% - 5% 5% - 10% 10% - 20% > 20%
Jobs
Proportion =
P opulation
Meanwhile, the assessment of scores for effect on area residents will still be evaluated with the help
of a scale of 1 to 5 from negative to positive.
1 2 3 4 5
heavily negative negative neutral positive highly positive
7.4 Topographical Elements

For evaluating the influence of topographical elements on projects in other locations, we still evaluate
on two main criteria as above. In addition, the climate and geography sections have also been added.
Thus, considering the input of a project, it is also necessary to study the level of influence from
that to the feasibility and then evaluate the score according to a certain function. Depending on
each specific project, the coefficient of the function will also be considered. From there, conclude the
buildability of that project and rate it on a 5-point scale.
7.5 Geological and Infrastructure Factors

When applying our metric to other locations, the Geological and Infrastructure Factors such as
climate type, road, and the attractiveness of our service need to be considered.
Climate type could make a great impact on business, the effects of climate change on agriculture can
result in lower crop yields and nutritional quality due to drought, heat waves, and flooding as well
as increases in pests and plant diseases, ...
The Infrastructure system is a key element in our tourism plan. Since our land had adequate roads
and a transit system, we’re assuming that all of our tourism business running well; however, in
applying our metric to another location, we have to analyze this element to re-evaluate our business
profit, expenses, and the success possibility of our plan.
8 Strengths, Weaknesses, and Improvements of Model

Strengths
1. Simplicity
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We have developed a model that simplified all the related factors and quantified them under a mutual
scale. Albeit its simplicity and it is ease to understand, it still holds high precision and gives simple
and accurate results that may aid landowners with their decisions.
2. Versatility
The metric we designed, together with our algorithms, can be used with different terrain and different
geological and topographical location if we are provided with enough time and data for deep research
and analysis.
Weaknesses
1. A large amount of data is required A large amount of data, including the financial analysis
of different types of activities and the job creation that each activity brings, is required to model
and measure to find the most precise answer.
2. Assumptions made Several assumptions are made for ease of calculation. However, when a
real-life model is made, all the factors that are related, including the smallest, should be provided to
calculate the most precise answer for the landowners. This may require high-level mathematics and
as I have mentioned, a large amount of data.
Improvement
Throughout our process of creating our mathematic models, more factors might be considered in the
votality and fluctuation ratio of the economical profit that each activity provides. This may improve
the comprehensiveness of the model and therefore give the landowner a more persuasive answer. To
our problem, we believe that we can widen our scope by considering more factors that might relate
and if given more time, can give the decision-maker a more accurate and comprehensive answer.
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9 Letter to the Decision Maker

Dear community leaders and business planners.
As we all know, there are still a great number of lands that are in the condition of being unused.
To optimize land, we needed a quantitative metric to determine which was the best way to com-
bine different models and determine the best way for the final use of land. Our team developed a
mathematical algorithm that comprised factors including geography, climate, financial options, and
community values, therefore being able to suggest optimal land use.
During the research, collecting financial statements, analysis, and job data about the given suggested
options was complicated, especially after the Covid-19 pandemic which has sent shock waves and
triggered most parts of agriculture. This meant that finding exact measurements for the options
with absolute precision was nearly impossible without high-level mathematics.
However, we created a much more simple solution to our problem. We found four main factors that
would have the most notable impact on our metrics. The first among these was the environmental
impact, for which we designed a scale from 1 to 5 with 320 different combinations to measure the
influence of the eight building options on five natural elements (forest, air, water, soil, and animal)
contingent upon particular land types of the area. The second to be mentioned was the economic
impact of each activity that has been suggested. Our scale from 1 to 5 was measured through a
mathematical algorithm that depended notably on two main variables which were the Net Profit
(NP) and The Payback Period. The third factor of our metric was the community values that each
activity influenced on a particular unit area, which depended on how many jobs it created and its
effect on the surrounding residence. Lastly, we measured the project’s feasibility through the activ-
ity’s building characteristics, the slope, and the elevation of the area.
After building our math algorithm and the quantitative metric, we found that they help quantify
data from different categories and help visualize worthwhile ways of investment. We tried to make
our math model work out all possibilities as fast as possible; however, due to the shortage of time
and lack of precise data, our calculations and model still needed further research. However, our
algorithms still displayed appreciative results. We hoped that our recommendations and analysis
would aid you in your investment, and we are looking forwards to your feedback.
Yours sincerely
Team 2023071
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Quality of the Life in Rural Regions: A Study from a Developed Country” , DOI:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247501642_Agritourism_as_a_Catalyst_
for_Improving_the_Quality_of_the_Life_in_Rural_Regions_A_Study_from_a_Developed_
Country?enrichId=rgreq-27b00b96acb3f28a314eb754e4a4ab9b-XXX&enrichSource=
Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI0NzUwMTY0MjtBUzoyOTM5NjEyNTMwNDgzMjBAMTQ0NzA5NzIzMjAzOA%3D%3D&el=
1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
9. Katelyn McCarthy, ””200,000 to 400,000 people:” Neighbors, real estate pre-

pare for Micron population boom”, DOI: https://cnycentral.com/news/local/
housing-market-remains-steady-despite-micron-coming-to-cny?_gl=1*6x5736*_
ga*M1hlRDlSaGJDNEhaVmxXU3lsTU5ndUNSdXZQaXRYN0RWSVBlb21vak9nbkcxYXZDN3pvMW1CMUh6RjJYSGJ6bA
Page 24 of 26 2023071
11 Appendix
11.1 Environmental Data

OSC LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average
Forest 1 1 1 1 1 1
Crop 3 1 1 1 3 1.8
Wetland 1 1 1 1 1 1
XCS STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 2 2 3 2 2 2.2
Crop 3 2 3 3 3 2.8
Wetland 2 2 2 3 2 2.2
XCS LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 2 2 2 2 2 2
Crop 3 2 2 2 2 2.2
Wetland 2 2 2 2 2 2
CR STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 2 3 2 2
Crop 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wetland 2 3 2 3 2 2.4
CR LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 2 2 2 1.8
Crop 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wetland 2 2 2 2 2 2
GR STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 3 3 3 2.4
Crop 3 2 3 3 4 3
Wetland 3 2 2 3 3 2.6
Page 25 of 26 2023071
GR LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 1 3 3 2 2
Crop 3 1 3 4 4 3
Wetland 3 1 2 3 2 2.2
REGE STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 3 3 2 2.2
Crop 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wetland 3 3 2 3 2 2.6
REGE LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 3 3 3 2 2.4
Crop 3 4 4 4 3 3.6
Wetland 3 4 3 3 2 3
SA STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 3 2 1 1.8
Crop 3 2 4 3 3 3
Wetland 2 2 2 2 2 2
SA LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 2 2 1 1.6
Crop 3 2 3 3 3 2.8
Wetland 3 2 2 2 1 2
AGV STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 3 3 2 2.2
Crop 3 3 4 3 3 3.2
Wetland 2 3 2 3 2 2.4
AGV LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 2 3 3 2 2.2
Crop 3 3 3 4 3 3.2
Wetland 2 3 2 4 2 2.6
Page 26 of 26 2023071
AGT STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 2 2 3 3 2 2.4
Crop 3 3 3 3 3 3
Wetland 2 3 2 3 2 2.4
AGT LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 2 2 2 3 3 2.4
Crop 3 3 4 4 3 3.4
Wetland 2 2 2 3 3 2.4
Residential STe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 1 2 2 1 1.4
Crop 3 2 3 3 3 2.8
Wetland 2 2 2 2 2 2
Residential LTe Forest Air Water Soil Animal Average

Forest 1 1 1 1 1 1
Crop 3 2 3 3 3 2.8
Wetland 2 2 1 2 2 1.8
11.2 Financial Data

OSC XCS CR GR REGE SA AGV AGT
ROI 9,2% 20% 108% 30% 149% 17% 4,8% 142,8%
N PO 150,000 100,000 4,950 430 5,000 106,000 11,050 13,000
Collection of the best
for secondary school students

__Pham Hien Vinh__
Chương 1
LỜI MỞ ĐẦU
1.1 Lời tựa

Các em học sinh thân mến!
Khác với những học sinh chuyên Toán khác, xuất phát điểm của anh với môn học này khá là muộn.
Là một học sinh luôn có ước mơ bước vào một trong những trường cấp 2 danh giá nhất Hà Nội, anh
đã có 3 cơ hội để cố gắng bước vào vòng thi Quốc gia Violympic Toán ở năm lớp 3,4,5. Tuy vậy, ở
cả 3 lần thi anh đều chỉ dừng lại ở vòng thi cấp quận với số điểm cao nhất mà bản thân có thể đạt
được là 260/300 (lúc đó số điểm để bước tiếp vào vòng Thành phố là 300/300). Đó cũng là lúc anh
đã tự hỏi rằng liệu bản thân mình có thực sự hợp với môn học này.
Khi bước vào lớp 6, anh đã có cơ hội trở thành 1 trong 4 thành viên đội tuyển Việt Nam sang Hồng
Kông giao lưu Toán học với bạn bè quốc tế qua kì thi Po Leung Kuk. Anh đã thấy mình thực sự
trưởng thành hơn, bắt đầu tìm thấy và sống bằng chính mình trong thế giới của những bài toán,
được thỏa sức sáng tạo và tự nghĩ ra những ý tưởng đột phá. Và hơn hết, anh đã được học hỏi, giao
lưu với những người bạn đồng trang lứa từ các quốc gia khác nhau trên thế giới. Đây thực sự là
quãng thời gian khó quên với anh, và cũng là quãng thời gian mở ra một hành trình đầy gian nan
phía trước trên con đường chinh phục Toán học.
Những khó khăn ban đầu của người bước vào thế giới Toán học luôn là ý chí và sự kiên nhẫn đứng
trước những bài toán khó, những bài đòi hỏi không chỉ kinh nghiệm, sự liên kết mạnh giữa các ý
tưởng mà còn là sự sáng tạo không giới hạn. Thật may mắn khi anh đã luôn tin tưởng vào tình yêu
và năng lực chính mình để rồi từ đó luôn chầm chậm, kiên trì cố gắng và có thể bước chân vào khối
chuyên toán của ngôi trường anh đã luôn mơ ước-THPT Chuyên HN Amsterdam.
Trong một chuyến từ thiện tại làng Hữu Nghị, anh đã được chứng kiến nhiều em học sinh đặc biệt
có hứng thú với những bài toán và những phép tính. Lúc đó anh mới nhận ra rằng có rất nhiều bạn
học sinh luôn có trong mình sự tò mò về môn Toán nhưng điều kiện của họ đã không thể cho họ
được cơ hội tốt nhất để “phá vỡ kén”, thoát ra khỏi vùng tò mò bản thân để đến với đam mê. Dù ở
đâu, anh tin rằng có một nguồn tham khảo, một tài liệu phù hợp sẽ tạo ra một sợi dây liên kết vô
hình giữa những con người yêu toán, giúp các em cởi mở hơn để trao đổi và giúp đỡ lẫn nhau. Cuốn
sách này anh viết không chỉ dành cho những em học sinh đã có sẵn tình yêu với môn Toán mà còn
1
Page 2 of 102 Phạm Hiển Vinh
dành cho những em học sinh vẫn còn băn khoăn và muốn tìm hiểu hơn về bộ môn này. Những kì thi
Toán quốc tế sẽ là những trải nhiệm, sẽ là những nền tảng vững trắc, là những nét bút bắt đầu cho
sự say mê của em với môn học này.
Cuốn sách này gồm những tuyển tập những bài ôn tập cho 4 kì thi anh cho là nổi bật và đáng để
trải nhiệm tham gia thi tại cấp THCS bao gồm: VMTC (MYTS) - AMC 8 - IMSO - IGO. Mỗi kì
thi sẽ có những đề thi nhằm mục đích để các em biết được cấu trúc đề, dạng bài để ôn tập. Kèm với
mỗi đề thi sẽ là những lời giải do anh tự làm và cả sưu tầm từ những nguồn nhằm giúp cho các em
có những hướng nhìn đa chiều hơn về bài toán.
Anh tin rằng cuốn sách này sẽ không chỉ đồng hành cùng với các em trước mỗi kì thi, không chỉ
khơi dậy ngọn lửa đam mê Toán học mà còn giúp các em có những góc nhìn, suy nghĩ khác nhau về
hướng giải mỗi bài toán. Anh mong rằng với mỗi kì thi, giải thưởng, xếp hạng và huy chương chỉ là
những thứ nhất thời. Thứ các em có được thực sự mà sẽ đi theo mãi với các em sau này sẽ là tư duy
Toán học, là sự kiên trì không ngại khó khăn. Anh tin rằng những kì thi quốc tế này sẽ giúp cho các
em nuôi dưỡng thêm tình yêu Toán học và không ngừng cố gắng!
Hà Nội, tháng 3 năm 2023

Phạm Hiển Vinh
1.2 Preface
Dear fellow students!
Unlike other students majoring in Mathematics, my starting point with this subject is quite late. As
a student who has always dreamed of entering one of the most esteemed secondary schools in Hanoi,
I had opportunities to enter the National Mathematical Violympic in primary school. However, in
all 3 times, I only stopped at the district round as the highest score I could achieve was 260/300 (at
that time, the minimum score to qualify for the next round was 300/300). That’s when I wondered
if I was really suitable for Math.
When I entered grade 6, I had the opportunity to become one of four members of the Vietnam team
traveling to Hong Kong to participate in Po Leung Kuk, an international math competition where I
could discuss Math and share experience with international students. I have found myself really more
mature, started to find and live with myself in the world of math problems, unleash my creativity,
and come up with breakthrough ideas by myself. And most importantly, I had the chance to learn
and interact with foreign students from different nations around the world. It was the time that
opened an arduous journey of conquering Math.
The initial difficulties for most people when they entered the magic world of Mathematics are always
their will and patience towards facing difficult problems, which require not only experience, and
strong connections between ideas but also unlimited creativity. It is so fortunate that I have always
believed in my love and my ability, have persistently tried, and have been able to qualify for the
Math honors class of my dream school, Hanoi Amsterdam High School for the Gifted.
During a charity trip to Huu Nghi village, I witnessed many students who were especially interested
in math problems and calculations. It was then that I realized many students always had a curiosity
about Math but their living standards and conditions did not offer them the opportunity to "break
out of their cocoon", get out of the curiosity zone and come towards their passion. Wherever Math
lovers live, I believe that having a reference source, and a suitable document will create an invisible
bond between people who love math, helping you to be more open to sharing your experiences and
helping each other. The book that I have written is not only for students who already have a love
for Mathematics but also for students who are still wondering, or simply curious, and want to learn
more about this subject. The international math competitions will be your experience, will be your
solid foundation, and will be the beginning of your passion for this subject.
This book contains a selection of practice exercises for 4 exams that I consider outstanding and worth
taking part in at the lower secondary level, including VMTC (MYTS) - AMC 8 - IMSO - IGO. Each
exam will have questions for letting you know the structure and the format of the exam to review
yourself. Attached to each exam question will be the solutions I made myself and collected from the
sources to help you have a more multi-dimensional view of the problem.
I believe that this book will not only accompany you before each exam, not only ignite your passion
for Mathematics but also help you have different perspectives and thoughts on how to solve each
problem. I hope that each contest, awards, ratings, and medal are just temporary things and what
you really achieve that will follow you forever will be your mathematical thinking, your perseverance
and not being afraid of difficulties. I believe that these international competitions will help you
nurture, and cultivate more love for Mathematics and never stop trying!
Hanoi, March 2023

Pham Hien Vinh
Mục lục
1 LỜI MỞ ĐẦU 1
1.1 Lời tựa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Vietnam mathematical talent challenge (VMTC): 7

2.1 Giới thiệu kì thi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Các đề ôn tập, đề mẫu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 Đề ôn tập số 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 Lời giải cho đề ôn tập số 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.3 Đề ôn tập số 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.5 Đề ôn tập số 3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 American Mathematics Competitions (AMC): 29

3.1 Giới thiệu kì thi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Mục đích: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.2 Lịch sử kì thi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.3 Các thí sinh hợp lệ: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.4 Đề thi và bài làm: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Các đề ôn tập: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1 Đề ôn tập số 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.3 Đề ôn tập số 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.2.5 Đề ôn tập số 3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.7 Đề ôn tập số 4: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 International Mathematical and Science Olympiad (IMSO) : 71

4.1 Giới thiệu kì thi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.1 Mở đầu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.1.2 Lịch sử : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5
4.1.4 Đề thi và bài làm: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.2 Các đề ôn tập: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.1 Đề ôn tập số 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.2.3 Đề ôn tập số 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5 Iran Geometry Olympiad (IGO): 91

5.1 Giới thiệu kì thi: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1.1 Mở đầu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 Các đề ôn tập: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2.1 Đề ôn tập thứ 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2.2 Lời giải đề ôn tập số 1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.3 Đề ôn tập thứ 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.2.4 Lời giải đề ôn tập số 1 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3 Tài liệu tham khảo: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chương 2
Vietnam mathematical talent challenge

(VMTC):
2.1 Giới thiệu kì thi:

1) Với mục tiêu phát hiện và cổ vũ các năng khiếu toán học trong lứa tuổi học sinh và góp phần đẩy
mạnh phong trào học toán ở các trường phổ thông, Hội Toán học Việt Nam tổ chức Cuộc thi Thách
thức tài năng Toán học Việt Nam (Vietnam Mathematical Talent Challenge, viết tắt VMTC), trước
được đặt tên là Mathematical Young Talent Search, viêt tắt MYTS. Cuộc thi VMTC sẽ được tổ
chức thành hai vòng thi: vòng Sơ khảo và vòng Chung khảo, trong đó vòng Chung khảo dành cho
tối đa 1/3 số thí sinh đạt kết quả cao nhất ở vòng Sơ khảo.
2) Vòng Sơ khảo sẽ được tổ chức đồng thời tại 5 địa điểm: Điểm 1: Trường Đại học Khoa học
Tự nhiên, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội.
Điểm 2: Trường Đại học Hải Phòng.
Điểm 3: Trường Đại học Vinh, Nghệ An.
Điểm 4: Trường THPT chuyên Lam Sơn, Thanh Hóa.
Điểm 5: Trường Đại học Sài Gòn, TP. Hồ Chí Minh.
Vòng Chung khảo sẽ được tổ chức đồng thời tại 2 địa điểm: Điểm 1: Trường Đại học Khoa học
Tự nhiên, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội.
Điểm 2: Trường Đại học Sài Gòn, TP. Hồ Chí Minh.
Lễ Tổng kết và Trao giải VMTC tổ chức ở Hà Nội và TP. Hồ Chí Minh
2.2 Các đề ôn tập, đề mẫu:
2.2.1 Đề ôn tập số 1:
xy 2
Câu 1 Cho dãy các số hữu tỉ dương x, y, z thỏa mãn đồng thời các điều kiện sau: = ,
x+y 3
yz 1 zx 1 xyz
= , = . Tính giá trị của .
y+z 9 z+x 7 zy + yz + zx
Câu 2 Cho dãy vô hạn các chữ cái V M T CV M T CV M T C..., hãy tìm chữ cái thứ 2021.
Câu 3 Tìm 2 chữ số tận cùng trong biểu diễn thập phân của 612021
Câu 4 Cho các số thực x, y, z khác 0 thoải mãn điều kiện (y + z − x)(x + z − y)(x + y − z) ̸= 0 và
x y z x+y+z
= = = . Tìm z.
y + z − 100 x + z − 100 x + y − 100 2
Câu 5 Xét 4 số nguyên dương phân biệt a, b, c, d không vượt quá 5. Tìm giá trị lớn nhất của ab − cd
Câu 6 Thống kê điểm thi học kì môn Toán của một tổ, cô giáo thấy có 1 điểm 10, 1 điểm 9, 1 điểm
8 và tất cả còn lại được 6. Biết điểm trung bình các tổ đó là 7. Hỏi tổ đó có bao nhiêu học sinh.
Câu 7 Tuấn đi từ nhà đến trường hết 40 phút, trong đó, 20 phút đầu đi với vận tốc 3km/h, 20 phút
sau đi với vận tốc 6km/h. Hỏi nếu Tuấn đi với vận tốc 3km/h trên nửa quãng đường đầu và
với vận tốc 6km/h trên nửa quãng đường sau thì thời gian đi là bao nhiêu phút?
Câu 8 Có bao nhiêu đường thẳng chia tam giác ABC cho trước thành 2 tam giác có chu vi bằng
nhau?
x + 2020
Câu 9 Có bao nhiêu số hữu tỉ x mà số nguyên lớn nhất không vượt qua nó bằng ?
2021
Câu 10 Tìm số nguyên dương nhỏ nhất chia hết cho cả 3 và 7, trong đó có 2 chữ số 3 còn lại tất cả
đều là chữ số 7.
Câu 11 Một quán giải khát có 6 bình đựng nước hoa quả, trong đó có 1 bình nước Mơ, các bình
còn lại đựng nước Dâu và nước Sấu. Thể tích nước hoa quả trong bình là 15l, 10l, 18l, 19l, 20l,
31l. Biết rằng số lít nước Dâu gấp đôi số lít nước sấu. Hỏi, quán đó có bao nhiêu lít nước mơ?
Câu 12 Cho tam giác ABC vuông tại A có AB = 6 và AC = 8. Trên cạnh BC lấy M và N sao
cho CM = 4 và BN = 2. Tính số đo góc AM N .
Câu 13 Cho số nguyên dương b thỏa mãn 20a = bb , với a = 2021 . Hỏi b có bao nhiêu ước nguyên
dương?
Câu 14 Người ta đặt vào mỗi ô vuông màu xám của bảng 4x4 (như hình dưới), 0 hoặc 1 ngôi sao
tằng hình, sao cho số ghi được ở mỗi ô màu trắng bằng tổng số ngôi sao được đặt vào các ô
màu xám có chung cạnh hoặc đỉnh với ô màu trắng đó. Hỏi trong đó có bao nhiêu ngôi sao
tàng hình?
Figure. 2.1: Bảng 4x4
7 4
Câu 15 Một nhóm học sinh có tỷ số giữa học sinh nam và nữ là lớn hơn và nhỏ hơn . Hỏi
26 13
nhóm đó có ít nhất bao nhiêu học sinh?
Câu 16 Sắp xếp độ dài 4 cạnh và 1 đường chéo tứ giác theo thứ tự tăng dần, ta được dẫy 3,4,6,9,14.
Hỏi độ dài đường chéo là bao nhiêu?
Câu 17 Có bao nhiêu cách sắp xếp 5 bạn A,B,C,D,E thành 1 hàng dọc sao cho A và C đứng trước
E, B đứng trước D?
Câu 18 Một lớp học có 40 học sinh giỏi Toán, 35 học sinh giỏi Lý, 35 học sinh giỏi Sinh và 45 học
sinh giỏi tiếng Anh. Biết rằng có 5 học sinh giỏi cả 4 môn và mỗi em trong số học sinh còn lại
đều giỏi đúng 3 môn. Hỏi lớp có bao nhiêu học sinh?
Câu 19 Cho hình vuông ABCD mà trên cạnh AB có điểm E và trên cạnh BC có điểm F sao
AE = 3, CF = 5 và ∠CDF = ∠F DE. Tính diện tích hình vuông đã cho.
Câu 20 Hà chọn 2 số nguyên dương, viết tổng bình phương 2 số đó lên bảng. Hà đưa tấm bảng đó
cho Dương xem đố Dương đoán được 2 số đó. Dương bảo: "Tớ chịu, vì có nhiều cặp số có tổng
bình phương bằng số của cậu." Hà trả lời: "Tớ cho cậu biết thêm tổng 2 số đó lớn hơn 10."
Ngay sau đó Dương đoán đúng. Hỏi 2 số Hà chọn là 2 số nào?
2.2.2 Lời giải cho đề ôn tập số 1:
xy 1 x+y 1 1 1 1 1 1
Câu 1 Ta có: = => = 6 => + = 6. Tương tự, ta sẽ có: + = 9 và + = 6.
x+y 6 xy x y y z z x
1 1 1 xyz 1 1
Suy ra + + =11. Từ đó ta sẽ có giá trị biểu thức: = . Đáp án:
z x y zy + yz + zx 11 11
Câu 2 Dãy chữ cái vô hạn lặp lại chu kì 4 theo nhóm [V, M, T, C]. 2021 chia 4 dư 1 nên chữ cái thứ
2021 rơi vào vị trí thứ nhất của nhóm 4 hay đó là chữ V. Đáp án: V
Câu 3 Các số tận cùng là 1 nhân với nhau luôn tận cùng là 1. Tuy vậy để ý đề bài yêu cầu 2 chữ
số tận cùng nên để ý rộng hơn ta thấy rằng 615 tận cùng 01 thỏa mãn thứ chúng ta đang cần.
2021 chia 5 dư 1, nên ta có: 612021 = A01.61 = B61. Đáp số: 61
Câu 4 Ở đây, ta thấy một dãy các phân số bằng nhau, có thể nghĩ ngay đến việc sử dụng dãy tỉ số
bằng nhau. Nếu x + y + z = 0 thì ta sẽ có từ đề bài: x, y, z = 0 dẫn đến mâu thuẫn đề bài. Khi
x + y + z ̸= 0 thì ta sẽ có:
x y z x+y+z 1
= = = =.
y + z − 1000 z + x − 1000 x + y + 2021 (y + z − 1000) + (z + x − 1000) + (x + y + 2021) 2
Từ dãy tỉ số, ta sẽ có 2z = x + y + 2021, x + y + z = 1. Hay 3z = 2022 hay x = 674. Đáp số:
674.
Câu 5 Cho a,b,c,d là các số phân biệt không vượt quá 5, nên để ab − cd lớn nhất thì ab lớn nhất và
cd nhỏ nhất. Để ý 45 > 54 nên để ab lớn nhất thì a = 4, b = 5. Tương tự, để cd nhỏ nhất thì
c = 1 => cd = 1. Vậy ab − cd ≤ 1024 − 1 = 1023. Đáp số: 1023
Câu 6 Từ đề bài, có thể thấy rằng chúng ta đều biết hết số điểm của cả tổ. Vậy nên sẽ rất tự nhiên
khi đặt số học sinh tổ đó là x. Điều kiện đề bài: x là số nguyên dương lớn hơn 3. Từ đề bài ta
có: tổng số điểm cả tổ là: 10 + 9 + 8 + 6.(x − 3). Vì điểm trung bình môn của cả tổ là 7 nên
tổng số điểm cả tổ cũng là 7x. Từ đó, ta sẽ có 9 + 6x = 7x hay x = 9 (thỏa mãn điều kiện đề
bài). Vậy có 9 học sinh trong tổ.
1 1
Câu 7 Đây là một bài toán đơn giản về vận tốc. Quãng đường nhà Tuấn đến trường là: 3. + 6. =
3 3
3(km). Nếu Tuấn đi nửa quãng đường đầu với vận tốc 3km/h và nửa sau với vận tốc 6km/h
1.5 1.5
thì thời gian đi sẽ là: + = 0.75 (giờ). Đổi đơn vị từ 0.75 giờ thành 45 phút. Đáp số: 45
3 6
phút.
x + 2020 x + 2020
Câu 9 Số nguyên lớn nhất không vượt qua x là , từ đó ta có là số nguyên hay
2021 2021
x + 2020 x + 2020
x là số nguyên. Từ đề bài, ta có: x ≤ và vì x và đều là số nguyên nên
2021 2021
x + 2020
x= hay x=1. Đáp số: 1
2021
Câu 8 Chia một tam giác thành 2 tam giác cần 1 đường thẳng đi qua điểm và cắt cạnh đối diện của
nó. Giả sử chúng ta xét tam giác ABC thỏa mãn điều kiện và xét đường thẳng d đi qua điểm
A cắt cạnh BC. Khi đó tồn tại một điểm M thuộc cạnh BC thỏa mãn: AB + BM = M C + CA
k
(vì nếu chu vi tam giác ABC là k thì ta sẽ có: k > > max(AB, BC, CA).)
2
Câu 10 Dấu hiệu nhận biệt của số chia hết cho 3 là tổng tất cả các chữ số của số đó chia hết 3. Mà
trong số đó có 2 chữ số 3 => tổng tất cả các chữ số 7 chia hết cho 3 hay số chữ số 7 phải chia
hết cho 3. Đề bài tìm số nguyên dương nhỏ nhất và số lượng số chữ số 7 phải lớn hơn hoặc
bằng 3. Các số thỏa mãn là: 33777, 37377, 37737, 37773, .... Thử từ bé đến lớn, ta nhận thấy số
thỏa mãn đề bài là: 37737. Đáp số là: 37737
Câu 11 Tổng các lít của cả 3 loại là: 15 + 10 + 18 + 19 + 20 + 31 = 113. Gọi bình chứa lít nước Mơ
có thể tích là x, bình chưa lít nước Sấu có thể tích là y và bình chưa lít nước Dâu là 2y. Ta sẽ
có: x + 3y = 113 => x chia 3 dư 2. Trong các số đề bài cho có 20 là số duy nhất chia 3 dư 2.
Đáp số: 20.
√ √
Câu 12 Theo định lý Py-ta-go, ta sẽ thấy BC = AB 2 + AC 2 = 62 + 82 = 10. Do đó M N =
BC − BN − M C = 10 − 2 − 4 = 4, BM = 6, CM = 8. Ta có thể thấy từ cách tính,
tam giác M AB cân tại B, và tam giác CAN cân tại C. Đặt ∠BM A = a, ∠CN A = b,
∠M AN = c. Ta có: ∠BAC = (a − c) + (b − c) + c = a + b − c =°90 và trong tam giác M AN
có ∠M AN + ∠M N A + ∠AM N = °180 hay a + b + c = °180. Từ đó ta tính được ra rằng c =
°45. Đáp số: °45.
Câu 13 Coi các hàng có tên lần lượt là 1, 2, 3, 4 và các cột có tên lần lượt là a, b, c, d. Kí hiệu các ô
và gọi tên là a1, a2, ... Nếu a1, a2, a3, b3, c3 đều có ngôi sao tàng hình thì ta thấy ô b3, c3 đều
liên kết với ô số 1 (vô lý). Vậy một trong hai ô a2, b3 phải có 1 ô có ngôi sao tàng hình. Do
b1, c2, d1, d2 đều liên kết với ô số 1, mà a2, b3 phải có 1 ô có ngôi sao tàng hình nên hai ô d1
và d2 không có ngôi sao tàng hình. Do b3, c3, d4 đều liên kết với ô có số 1 nên trong ô c3, d4
có tối đa 1 ngôi sao tàng hình suy ra c2 là ô có ngôi sao tàng hình. Từ đó, b1,d1,d2 không có
ngôi sao tàng hình. Từ đó c3,d4 có 1 ngôi sao tàng hình. Nếu đó là d4, c3 không có ngôi sao
và từ đó a1,a2,a3,b1,b3 (xung quanh ô có số 5) đều có ngôi sao (vô lý). Vậy c3 có ngôi sao và
điền ô còn lại dễ dàng có a1,a2,a3 đều có bom.
Figure. 2.2: Bảng 4x4
Câu 14 Nhận xét: 20 chỉ có 2 ước nguyên tố là 2 và 5 (20 = 22 .5). Từ đó dễ thấy b cũng chỉ có
(2a .5b )
2 ước nguyên tố là 2 và 5. Đặt b=2x .5y , ta có: bb = (2a .5b ) . Lũy thừa của 2 trong 20a là
2.2021 và lũy thừa của 2 trong bb là x.2x .5y do đó 2.2021 = x.2x .5y . Tương tự: 2021 = y.2x .5y
=> x = 2y, thay vào tính được y=20, x=40. Vậy b = 240 .520 hay số ước nguyên dương của b
khi phân tích sẽ là 21.41 = 861. Đáp số: 861
a 4
Câu 15 Ta có: < => 4b > 13a > 12a => b > 3a. Xét a = 1 không thỏa mãn yêu cầu đề bài,
b 13
xét a = 2 khi đó 7 ≤ b. Thử lại thấy a = 2 và b = 7 thỏa mãn yêu cầu đề bài nên số học sinh
ít nhất là 9 học sinh. Đáp số: 9
Câu 16 Giả sử tồn tại 1 tứ giác thỏa mãn đề bài là ABCD. Khi đó, không mất tính tổng quát, ta giả
sử AC là đường chéo được xét đến. Nếu AC = 14 thì xét tam giác ABC có: AB+BC > AC = 14
nên AB,BC phải là 2 cạnh có độ dài là 6,9. Khi đó CD,AD có độ dài là 3,4 và CD + AD > AC
(mâu thuẫn). Nên một trong 4 cạnh AB,BC,CD,DA phải có 1 cạnh có độ dài là 14. Không mất
tính tổng quát đó là CD. Ta có trong tam giác ACD có AC + AD > CD nên AC + AD > 14.
Nếu AC < 5 lại có AD ≤ 9 khi đó AC + AD < 14 (mâu thuẫn) nên AC phải lớn hơn 6. AC
hoặc là 6 hoặc là 9. Nếu AC = 9 thì ta có AD + 9 > 14 hay AD > 5 nên AD = 6. Khi đó AB,
BC phải là 3,4 và theo bất đẳng thức cho tam giác ABC (mâu thuẫn). Vậy AC = 6. Đáp số: 6
Câu 17 Coi B và D là 1 người, khi đó B và D sẽ chiếm 2 vị trí trong 5 vị trí và số cách xếp để B
4.5
đứng trước D là = 10. Còn lại 3 vị trí cho A,C,E: số cách xếp để A,C đứng trước E là ACE
2
và CAE. Nên tổng cách xếp là 10.2 = 20 cách. Đáp số: 20
Câu 18 Bỏ 5 em giỏi cả 4 môn ra, ta sẽ còn lần lượt 35 em giỏi Toán, 30 em giỏi Lý, 30 em
giỏi Sinh và 40 em giỏi Tiếng Anh. Mỗi em đều giỏi đúng 3 môn nên số em tổng cộng là
(35 + 30 + 30 + 40)
= 45 em. Cộng lại 5 em giỏi 4 môn là 50 em. Đáp số: 50 em.
3
Câu 19 Đặt cạnh hình vuông là a Hạ FG vuông góc ED, dễ thấy do DF là phân giác góc EDC nên
tam giác FDC bằng tam giác FDG theo trường hợp cạnh huyền-góc nhọn. Từ đó ta có DC =
√ √ √
DG = a. Theo pytago, ta lại có DE = AD2 + AE 2 = a2 + 9 nên ta có GE = a − a2 + 9.
Áp dụng định lý Pytago 2 lần nữa: ta sẽ thấy GF 2 = EF 2 − GE 2 = DF 2 − DG2 nên ta sẽ có:
√ √
(a − 3)2 + (a − 5)2 − (a − a2 + 9)2 = a2 + 25 − a2 = 25 => dễ tính được a = 55 hay diện
tích hình vuông sẽ là 55. Đáp số: 55
Câu 20 Một số nhận xét như sau cho bài toán này: 2(a2 + b2 ) = (a + b)2 + (a − b)2 => nếu a+b cố
định là 1 số, thì a2 + b2 lớn nhất khi và chỉ khi |a − b| lớn nhất. Theo như đề bài, ta sẽ chứng
minh tồn tại số nguyên dương n và 2 cặp (a,b) và (x,y) thỏa mãn:
n = a2 + b2 = x2 + y 2 và a + b ≤ 10 và x + y > 10 .
Khi đó, ta có 2n ≤ 102 + (9 − 1)2 = 164 => n ≤ 82. Lại có: 11 ≤ x + y nên 2n > (x + y)2 = 121
√
=> n > 60. Vì 2n < 164=> x + y < 164 => x + y < 13 => hoặc x + y = 11 hoặc x + y = 12.
Lại có 121 > 2.x2 => 8 ≤ x. Tương tự y nên ta sẽ có 3 cặp cho x + y = 12 và 3 cặp cho
x + y = 11.
Nếu x,y có 1 số chia hết cho 5 thì n chia 5 dư 1 hoặc 4. Mà a2 , b2 chia 5 dư 0,1,4 nên phải có 1
số chia hết cho 5. Không mất tính tổng quát, giả sử đó là a => a = 5 (mâu thuẫn tại khi đó
a + b ≤ 10 nên n ≤ 50 (mâu thuẫn). Nếu cả x,y chia hết cho 2 vậy n chia hết cho 4. Tổng 2 số
chính phương chia hết cho 4 dẫn đến 2 số chính phương đó chia hết cho 4 (bạn đọc tự chứng
minh) hay khi đó a,b chia hết cho 2 => 6 ≤ |a − b| => 2n ≤ 100 + 36 hay n ≤ 68.
Trường hợp (x, y) = (8, 3) nếu xét ra ta sẽ thấy không có cặp (a,b) nào thỏa mãn đề bài. Khi
đó (7,4) là cặp duy nhất thỏa mãn đề bài và thử lại đúng. Đáp số: (7,4)
Câu 1 Trong 1 ngày từ 9h sáng đến 9h tối có bao nhiêu lần kim giờ và kim phút cùng nằm trên
cùng 1 đường thẳng,
4 16 36 2500
Câu 2 Tính giá trị của biểu thức: S = + + + ... +
1.3 3.5 5.7 49.51
Câu 3 Một chiếc đồng hồ có kim giờ, phút và giây. Hỏi tại thời điểm 8h10, trong các góc tạo bởi 2
kim đồng hồ thì góc có giá trị nhỏ nhất là bao nhiêu?
Câu 4 Hai người thợ An và Bình chia nhau một khoản tiền công. Sau khi nhận tiền,An nhận xét:
“Nếu phần của mình được tăng thêm 6% thì phần của Bình sẽ bị giảm đi 5%”. Hỏi nếu phần
của Bình được tăng thêm 30% thì phần của An sẽ bị giảm đi bao nhiêu phần trăm?
a1 − 1 a2 − 2 a10 − 10
Câu 5 Cho 10 số a1 , a2 , ..., a10 thỏa mãn đồng thời hai điều kiện: = = ... =
10 9 1
và a1 + a2 = 41. Tính S=a1 − a2 + a3 − ... + a9 − a10
x − 2y x − 2z
Câu 6 Cho ba số x, y, z thỏa mãn: = −5. Tính
z−y y−z
Câu 7 Trong hình vẽ bên, tam giác ABC có diện tích bằng 24 cm2 . Tính diện tích tam giác ADE.
Câu 8 Tìm các bộ số tự nhiên (x, y, z) thỏa mãn x ≤ y ≤ z và x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 34.
Câu 9 Ban đầu trong mỗi ô vuông của bảng 4 × 4 có một con cào cào. Sau đó, vào cùng một lúc,
tất cả các con cào cào đều nhảy sang ô vuông bên cạnh. Nhiều con cào cào có thể nhảy vào
cùng một ô vuông. Hỏi sau khi nhảy, trong bảng có thể có nhiều nhất bao nhiêu ô vuông trống?
Câu 10 Cho tam giác ABC cân tại A, có ∠A =°45 và AB = 4. Về phía ngoài tam giác dựng hình
vuông ACDE như hình vẽ dưới. Tính BD.
Câu 11 Hà đi bộ từ nhà ra chợ mất 20 phút; cũng đường đó, mẹ Hà đi mất 30 phút. Một hôm, mẹ
đi chợ lúc 7h sáng; 5 phút sau, Hà cũng bắt đầu đi ra chợ. Hỏi Hà sẽ đuổi kịp mẹ vào lúc mấy
giờ?
Câu 12 Viết lần lượt lên bảng bốn số có trung bình cộng bằng 20. Biết rằng trung bình cộng của
ba số viết đầu là 23 và trung bình cộng của ba số viết cuối là 19. Hỏi trung bình cộng của số
viết đầu và số viết cuối bằng bao nhiêu?
Câu 13 Trong các số tự nhiên từ 1 tới 2019, có bao nhiêu số chính phương không chia hết cho 3?
Câu 14 Trên bảng có một số tự nhiên có hai chữ số. Bạn An nói: “Đây là số chẵn nhưng không chia
hết cho 4”. Bạn Bình nói: “Đây là một số chính phương”. Bạn Cường nói: “Số này là một lũy
thừa của 3”. Biết rằng có một bạn nói sai, hai bạn còn lại đúng. Hỏi số trên bảng là số nào?
Câu 15 Trong các số tự nhiên có sáu chữ số a2019b, tìm số lớn nhất là bội của 33.
Câu 16 Cho năm số tự nhiên không nhất thiết phân biệt. Biết rằng khi tính tổng của từng cặp hai
số trong năm số này ta được các giá trị sau:
4, 5, 7, 7, 9, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 .
Hỏi tích 5 số đã cho là bao nhiêu?
Câu 17 Cho bảy thành phố và các con đường nối giữa chúng như ở hình vẽ bên. Hỏi từ thành phố
số 1, có bao nhiêu cách điqua tất cả các thành phố còn lại, mỗi thành phố đi qua đúng một
lần, rồi quay trở về nơi xuất phát?
Câu 18 Tìm số tự nhiên n nhỏ nhất sao cho n vừa là tổng của năm số nguyên dương liên tiếp, vừa
là tổng của bảy số nguyên dương liên tiếp, vừa là tổng của chín số nguyên dương liên tiếp.
Câu 19 Cho hình vuông ABCD có cạnh bằng 2 cm. Một điểm E thay đổi luôn nằm ngoài hình
vuông, sao cho tam giác ABE vuông tại E. Tìm giá trị lớn nhất của độ dài đoạn thẳng DE.
Câu 20 Trong một chiếc thùng có 20 quả bóng màu xanh, 20 quả bóng màu đỏ và 20 quả bóng
màu vàng. Các quả bóng cùng màu được đánh số 1, 2, ..., 20. Hỏi một người bị bịt mắt cần lấy
ra ít nhất bao nhiêu quả để trong số bóng lấy ra chắc chắn có ba quả cùng màu và được đánh
bởi ba số liên tiếp?

.
Câu 1 Từ 9h sáng đến 12h sáng có 6 lần kim giờ và kim phút thẳng hàng với nhau. Từ 12h sáng
đến 9 giờ tối có 8 khoảng thời gian mà kim giờ và kim phút 2 lần nên tổng số lần 2 kim thẳng
hàng là: 8.2 + 6 = 22 (lần). Đáp số: 22 lần
1 1 1
Câu 2 S = (1 + ) + (1 + + ... + (1 + )
1.3 3.5 49.51
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 25 + .( − + − ... + − )
2 1 3 3 49 51
1 1 25 1300
= 25 + (1 − ) = 25 + =
2 51 51 51
Câu 3 Vào lúc 8h10, chúng ta sẽ để ý góc giữa kim phút và kim giây sẽ chỉ đúng số 12 và số 2 nên
2
góc tạo bởi 2 kim này sẽ là: .360 = °60. Mặt khác có thể để ý kim giờ chỉ sát số 8 nên góc
12
tạo bởi kim giờ và kim giây sẽ xấp xỉ °120. Do đó đễ thấy góc nhỏ nhất có giá trị °60. Đáp số:
60
Câu 4 Gọi phần của bạn An là a, phần của bạn Bình là b. Ta có theo đề bài: a + b = a.106% + b.95%
=> 5b = 6a. Nếu Bình tăng lên 30% thì lúc đó khoản tiền công của Bình là 130%.b hay 156%.a
mà a + b = 220%.a lúc đó khoản tiền của An chỉ còn lại 64%.a hay An đã bị giảm đi 36%. Đáp
số: 36
a1 − 1 a2 − 2 a1 + a2 − 3
Câu 5 Áp dụng dãy tỉ số bằng nhau, ta có: = = = 2. Từ đó ta sẽ có
10 9 19
a1 = 21, a2 = 20, a3 = 19, ..., a10 = 11. Vậy biểu thức: S = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5. Đáp số: 5
Câu 6 Từ giả thiết, nhân chéo ta sẽ được x − 2y = 5y − 5z hay x = 7y − 5z hay x − 2z = 7(y − z)

từ đó ta có được đáp án bài toán là 7. Đáp số: 7
Câu 7 Hạ AM vuông góc với BC, do tam giác ABC cân tại A nên AM vuông góc BC và M là
trung điểm BC. Dễ thấy 2 tam giác DAN = ABM theo trường hợp cạnh huyền-góc nhọn. Do
đó diện tích tam giác DAE gấp đôi diện tích tam giác DAN và cũng gấp đôi diện tích tam giác
BAM. Nói cách khác diện tích tam giác DAN sẽ là 24 cm2 . Đáp số: 24 cm2
Câu 8 Nhận xét: 3x2 ≤ 34 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 3.3z 2 => x2 ≤ 11 => x ≤ 3. x = 0 => thử ta sẽ được
bộ (x,y,z) là (0,3,5). x = 1 và x = 2 không có nghiệm, x = 3 thu được một bộ khác là (3,3,4).
Vậy có 2 bộ số thỏa mãn đề bài: (0,3,5),(3,3,4).
Câu 9 Đặt các hàng là 1,2,3,4 và các cột là A,B,C,D. Nhận xét: để tối ưu nhất thì 4 ô ở 4 góc bảng
sau lần nhảy sẽ không còn con cào cào nào (vì đây là những ô tiếp xúc với các ô khác ít nhất).
Xét con cào cào ở ô A3, A4 hoặc B3. Vì con cào cào ở ô A1 đã nhảy sang B1 nên trong 3 ô A2,
A4,B3 có thêm 1 ô không có con nào nhảy. Tương tự khi xét D4, do đó có tối đa 10 ô trống
(16 − 4 − 2 = 10 ô). Nếu giả sử số được điền trên các ô biểu hiện cho số con cào cào, ta sẽ điền
như sau: Đáp số: 10 ô
√
Câu 10 Nối AD, ta có ∠CAD =°45. Lại có ∠BAC =°45 nên ∠BAD =°90. AB = 4 và AD = 4 2.
√ √ √
Nên áp dụng định lý Pytago: ta sẽ có BD = AB 2 + AD2 = 48. Đáp số: 48
Câu 11 Gọi độ dài quãng đường từ nhà đến chợ là: a(km). Hà đi a km hết 20 phút, mẹ Hà đi hết
3
30 phút nên vận tốc Hà sẽ gấp lần vận tốc mẹ Hà. Khi mẹ Hà đi được 5 phút (hay đã đi
2
a
được a/6). Vậy để Hà bắt kịp mẹ sẽ mất tổng thời gian là: a 6 a = 10 phút. Vậy Hà gặp
−
20 30
mẹ lúc 7h15. Đáp số: 7h15
Câu 12 Gọi 4 số lần lượt là a,b,c,d. Ta có: a + b + c + d = 80, a + b + c = 69, b + c + d = 57=>

a + 2b + 2c + d = 126 => a + d = 80.2 − 126 = 34 hay trung bình cộng là 17. Đáp số: 17
Câu 13 Ta có: 1 ≤ x2 ≤ 2019 < 2025 = 452 nên 1 ≤ x ≤ 44. Số các số chia hết cho 3 từ 1 đến 44 là
14 số nên số số không chia hết cho 3 là 30 số. Đáp số: 30
Câu 14 Nếu An nói sai, số đó là một số chính phương lũy thừa của 3 và có 2 chữ số. Trong tất các
các số chỉ có 34 = 81 là số thỏa mãn. Nếu Bình nói sai thì số đó là số chẵn có 2 chữ số và là
lũy thừa 3 (không có số nào thỏa mãn đề bài do chỉ có số lẻ mới là lũy thừa của 3). Nếu Cường
nói sai thì đó là số chính phương chia hết cho 2 mà không chia hết cho 4 (mâu thuẫn do các
số chính phương chẵn đều chia hết cho 4) Vậy 81 là số duy nhất thỏa mãn đề bài. Đáp số: 81
Câu 15 Số đó là bội 33 nên tổng các chữ số chia hết cho 3. Do đó a + b chia hết cho 3. Ngoài ra
số đó chia hết cho 11 nên |a + 9 − b − 3| chia hết 11 hay |a − b + 6| chia hết cho 11. Các cặp
(a, b) = (9, 4), (8, 3) đều không chia hết cho 3 từ đó chọn (a, b) = (7, 2) nên số lớn nhất là
720192. Đáp số: 720192
Câu 16 Gọi 5 số cần tìm là a,b,c,d,e theo thứ tự tăng dần. Ta có trong các cặp tổng 2 số từ 5 số,
cặp nhỏ nhất có giá trị a + b, cặp lớn nhất có giá trị c + d. Tổng 5 số là: (4 + 5 + 7 + 7 + 9 +
9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 14)/4 = 22. Từ đó, ta có c = 4. Lại có cặp số có giá trị nhỏ thứ nhì là a + c
nên từ đó ta có a = 1, b = 3, các cặp nhỏ thứ 3 và nhỏ thứ 4 chỉ có thể là a + d hoặc b + c. Từ
đó ta tính được nốt d = 6 và e = 8. Tích 5 số là: 1.3.4.6.8 = 576. Đáp số: 576
Câu 17 Ta có thể dùng phương pháp liệt kê bằng cách vẽ các sơ đồ cây liên kết thể hiện đường đi
từ 1 và quay trờ lại 1. Đáp số: 12 cách
Câu 18 Ta có: n = (a + 1) + ... + (a + 5) = (b + 1) + ... + (b + 7) = (c + 1) + ... + (c + 9) hay

n = 5a + 15 = 7b + 28 = 9c + 45. Từ đó ta sẽ có n chia hết cho 5,7,9. Vậy n nhỏ nhất là 315.
Đáp số: 315
Câu 19 Lấy F là điểm chính giữa cung của đường tròn đường kính AB. Lấy điểm E bất kì trên
cung AF. Ta sẽ chứng minh DE ≤ DF hay chứng minh tam giác DEF tù nếu E không trùng
F. Thật vậy nếu kéo dài DA cắt đường thẳng qua F song song với AB tại G thì ta có tam giác
DGF vuông tại G và E sẽ nằm trong tam giác DGF. Vì thế ta sẽ có:
∠DEF = 180 − ∠EDF − ∠EF D > 180 − ∠F DG − ∠DF G = 90 .
Vì thế ta có tam giác DEF tù hay khi F là điểm chính giữa cung AB thì DF max. Theo định
lý Pytago ta sẽ có:
√ p √ √
DF = DG2 + GF 2 = (DA + AG)2 + AO2 = 32 + 12 = 10 .
√
Đáp số: 10
Câu 20 Nhận xét: Nếu có ít hơn hoặc bằng 42 quả thì ta xét trường hợp xấu nhất khi bốc không
bốc được quả nào có số 3,6,9,... Khi có bốc nhiều hơn hoặc bằng 43 quả thì ta sẽ có 1 màu có
nhiều hơn hoặc bằng 15 quả. Áp dụng phương pháp Dirichlet sẽ chắc chắn có 3 quả cùng màu
và được đánh bởi 3 số liên tiếp.
Câu 1 Một cửa hàng nhập một loại áo phông với giá 200 ngàn đồng và niêm yết giá bán cao hơn
40% so với giá gốc. Sau một thời gian, vì không bán được áo nên cửa hàng quyết định giảm
25% giá niêm yết, bán hết sạch ngay lập tức. Hỏi sau khi bán hết áo đã nhập thì lợi nhuận thu
được từ mỗi chiếc áo có giá bao nhiêu?
Câu 2 Có bao nhiêu tam giác đều có tất cả các đỉnh của một hình lập phương cho trước?
Câu 3 Dưới đây là biểu đồ số lỗi chính tả của một nhóm học sinh trong một kỳ thi viết tiếng Anh.
Hỏi có bao nhiêu phần trăm học sinh của nhóm mắc ít hơn 4 lỗi ?
Câu 4 Cho A = 20182 − 20172 + 20162 − ... + 22 − 1. Tìm 2 chữ số tận cùng A
Câu 5 Kỷ lục của kình ngư Ánh Viên tại Sea Game 28 trong cuộc thi 200m bơi tự do là 1 phút 59
giây. Biết rằng sau khi nhảy xuất phát, vận tốc bơi của Ánh Viên giữ ổn định ở mức 1,6m/giây,
hỏi Ánh Viên nhảy xuất phát xa bao nhiêu mét (coi như không tính thời gian nhảy xuất phát)?
Câu 6 Có bao nhiêu số nguyên dương n mà khi chia n cho 45 thì có phần dư đúng bằng bình phương
của thương?
Câu 7 Các số lẻ được xếp thành hàng như sau. Hỏi tổng các số hàng 20 là bao nhiêu?
Câu 8 Hai cầu thủ Xuân Trường và Văn Thanh cùng nhau tập sút phạt đền, mỗi người sút ít nhất
một lần. Giả sử tỷ lệ sút thành công của Xuân Trường là 80% và của Văn Thanh là 95%. Hỏi
tổng số lần sút thành công của cả hai cầu thủ nhiều nhất có thể là bao nhiêu, nếu họ sút tổng
cộng 125 lần?
Câu 9 Cho tam giác ABC vuông tại A,AB = 3cm và AC = 4cm. Dựng ra phía ngoài tam giác hình
vuông BCED (xem hình vẽ). Tính độ dài đoạn thẳng AD.
Câu 10 Bạn An có 13 tấm thẻ được ghi các số từ 1 đến 13. Hỏi An có thể chọn ra nhiều nhất bao
nhiêu thẻ để tích các số trên các tấm thẻ được chọn là một số chính phương?
Câu 11 Một nhóm bạn đến từ ba trường rủ nhau đi câu cá, số bạn từ mỗi trường đều bằng nhau.
1
Cuối buổi câu cá, bạn câu được ít cá nhất câu được tổng số cá, bạn câu được nhiều cá nhất
15
1
câu được tổng số cá. Hỏi nhóm này có bao nhiêu bạn?
9
Câu 12 Bạn Châu ghép 64 khối lập phương cạnh 1, để tạo thành khối lập phương cạnh 4. Sau đó,
Châu lại gỡ đi 14 khối lập phương nhỏ như trong hình bên. Tính diện tích bề mặt của khối
được tạo thành?
Câu 13 Bốn bạn nhỏ An, Bình, Lan, Hoa, hát và đệm đàn cho nhau. Với mỗi bài, có một bạn đánh
đàn và ba bạn kia hát. Biết rằng, An đã hát 9 bài, Bình đã hát 5 bài, Lan đã hát 6 bài và Hoa
đã hát 7 bài. Hỏi Bình đã đệm đàn cho mấy bài hát?
Câu 14 Cho hình vuông ABCD. Dựng hai tam giác đều ABE và BDF như hình bên. Tính góc EFD.
Câu 15 Hỏi có bao nhiêu cách nhốt 5 con vật, gồm hổ, báo, sư tử, gấu và mèo rừng, vào 5 chuồng
được đánh số 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sao cho mỗi con được nhốt vào một chuồng và hổ không ở chuồng 1,
báo không ở chuồng 5?
Câu 16 Một vận động viên điền kinh luyện tập 9 ngày liên tục để chuẩn bị thi đấu. Biết rằng trong
bất kỳ bốn ngày liên tiếp nào vận động viên cũng chạy được tổng cộng 87 km; trong ngày thứ
2 và ngày cuối cùng vận động viên chạy lần lượt là 22km và 19 km. Hỏi trong hai ngày thứ 3
và thứ 8 vận động viên chạy tổng cộng bao nhiêu km?
Câu 17 Có bốn trang trại nuôi bò A, B, C, D, theo thứ tự đó nằm trên một trục giao thông. Khoảng
cách từ trang trại A tới các trang trại B, C, D lần lượt là 2km, 5km, 6km. Người ta xây một
nhà máy chế biến sữa nằm trên trục giao thông đó sao cho tổng các quãng đường từ nhà máy
tới hai trang trại A, B bằng tổng các quãng đường từ nhà máy tới hai trang trại còn lại. Hỏi
nhà máy xây cách trang trại A bao nhiêu km? (Coi trục giao thông là một đường thẳng)
Câu 18 Một người đang đi xe máy trên đường quốc lộ thì thấy một xe ô tô vượt lên. Sau 10 phút,
đến trạm nghỉ, người đi xe máy thấy xe ô tô đã dừng ở đó. Biết rằng vận tốc của xe máy là 40
km/h và của xe ô tô là 50 km/h. Hỏi xe ô tô đến trạm nghỉ trước xe máy bao nhiêu phút?
Câu 19 Tìm số nguyên dương N nhỏ nhất sao cho N chia hết cho 99 và trong biểu diễn thập phân
của N không chứa chữ số 9.
Câu 20 Xét các số thực a,b,c thỏa mãn: |a| ≤ 5, |b + 1| ≤ 7 và |c + 2| ≤ 9. Tìm giá trị nhỏ nhất S
và giá trị lớn nhất T của |a + b − c|.
Câu 21 Tìm số nguyên tố nhỏ nhất có ba chữ số abc sao cho cả sáu số a, ab, abc, c, cb và cba đều
là các số nguyên tố.
Câu 22 Gọi E là trung điểm cạnh CD của hình vuông ABCD. Biết diện tích hình vuông bằng 144
cm2 . Tính diện tích phần tô đậm.
Câu 23 Cho 13 hình tròn được sắp xếp thành 3 hàng, mỗi hàng có 5 hình, như hình bên. Điền 13
số nguyên dương đầu tiên vào 13 hình tròn đó sao cho mỗi hình tròn chỉ chứa đúng một số và
tổng của 5 số ở mỗi hàng bằng tổng của 7 số nằm ở 7 hình tròn tô đậm. Tìm giá trị lớn nhất
có thể của tổng 6 số được điền ở 6 hình tròn có đánh dấu X.
Câu 24 Trong một buổi tiệc, ngoại trừ Hà, hai người bất kỳ đều bắt tay nhau. Hà chỉ bắt tay với
những người mình quen. Biết rằng mỗi cặp hai người chỉ bắt tay nhau không quá một lần và
có tổng cộng 420 lần bắt tay. Hỏi Hà có bao nhiêu người quen trong buổi tiệc?

.
Câu 1 Giá niêm yết của cái áo là: 200.140%= 280 ngàn đồng. Sau khi giảm thì giá sẽ còn lại là:
280.75%= 210 ngàn đồng. Do đó mỗi cái áo lãi 10 ngàn đồng. Đáp số: 10 ngàn đồng.
Câu 2 Mỗi đỉnh của hình đã cho có thể kết nối các đỉnh khác để tạo được 3 tam giác đều. có 8
đỉnh nên có 24 tam giác đều được tạo. Mỗi lần tính như vậy có 3 tam giác đều bị lặp nên có
24/3 = 8 tam giác khác nhau. Đáp số: 8 tam giác đều.
Câu 3 Từ bảng thống kê, ta thấy có 15 học sinh trong đó có 6 học sinh mắc ít hơn 4 lỗi hay 40%
mắc ít hơn 4 lỗi. Đáp số: 40%
Câu 4 Nhận xét: (n + 1)2 − n2 = (n + 1 − n)(n + 1 + n) = 2n + 1. Do đó nếu ghép cặp tương tự ta

2019.2018
sẽ có: A = 2018 + 2017 + ... + 1 = = 2037171. Do đó A tận cùng bởi 71.
2
Câu 5 1 phút 59 giây quy đổi thành 119 giây. Vậy Ánh Viên đã bơi: 119.1, 6 = 190.4m. Vậy Ánh
Viên đã nhảy: 200 − 190.4 = 9.6m. Đáp số: 9.6m
Câu 6 Xét các số ở đầu hàng, chúng ta sẽ nhận ra quy luật rằng số đứng đầu hàng thứ n sẽ có dạng
là: 1 + 2 + ... + 2(n − 1) hay sẽ có dạng là: 1 + (n − 1).n. Số đứng đầu hàng thứ 20 sẽ là 381.
(381 + 381 + 19.2).20
Vậy tổng các số hàng thứ 20 sẽ là: =8000. Đáp số: 8000.
2
Câu 7 Đặt n = 45.a2 + a trong đó a nguyên dương. Vì a2 là thương phép chia nên a2 < 45 hay
a < 7. Vì a nguyên dương nên có 6 giá trị a thỏa mãn, mỗi giá trị a tương ứng 1 giá trị n. Đáp
số: 6
Câu 8 Gọi số lần sút Xuân Trường là a, khi đó số lần sút Văn Thanh là: 125 − a. Ta có tổng số
4 19 125.19 − 3a
lần sút thành công 2 người sẽ là: a. + (125 − a). = .Số này lớn nhất khi a nhỏ
5 20 20
nhất và nhận xét a chia hết cho 5 vì số cần tìm là số nguyên dương. Chọn a = 5 thỏa mãn và
lúc đó họ sút tổng cộng 118 lần. Đáp số: 118 lần.
Câu 9 Từ D hạ DH vuông góc với AB, ta có BD = BC, lại có ∠DBA = 180−∠CBA−90 = ∠ACB.
Do đó tam giác BDH bằng tam giác CBA theo trường hợp cạnh huyền-góc nhọn. Do đó
√ √ √
DH = 3, AH = 7 => AD = AH 2 + DH 2 = 58. Đáp số: 58
Câu 10 Các số không thể chọn bao gồm: 7,11,13. Vì những số này là các số nguyên tố và trong
khoảng từ 1 đến 13 không còn số nào khác có ước là 7,11,13. Tích các số còn lại khi phân tích
ra thừa số nguyên tố sẽ là: 210 .35 .52 . Do đó nếu không bốc bài số 3, ta sẽ có 1 số chính phương.
Đáp số: 9 tấm.
1
Câu 11 Do bạn câu nhiều nhất được tổng số cá nên số bạn phải lớn hơn 9. Tương tự, số bạn phải
9
nhỏ hơn 15. Mà số bạn chia hết cho 3 nên sẽ có 12 bạn. Đáp số: 12 bạn
Câu 12 Mỗi ô không nằm trong cạnh khi tháo ra sẽ tăng diện tích lên 4 đơn vị. Mỗi ô ở cạnh mà
không ở góc khi bị tháo ra tăng lên 2 đơn vị. Mỗi ô ở góc khi tháo ra sẽ không làm tăng lên
diện tích của bề mặt. Vậy diện tích của tổng bề mặt sau khi đếm là: 16.6 + 4.6 + 2.3 = 126.
Đáp số: 126
Câu 13 Ta thấy mỗi bài, có 1 bạn đệm đàn và 3 bạn còn lại sẽ hát nên Bình sẽ đệm đàn cho:
9+5+6+7
− 5 = 4 bài. Đáp số: 4 bài
3
Câu 14 Do EAB là tam giác đều nên E thuộc trung trực AB và từ đó sẽ có E thuộc trung trực CD hay
EC = ED.Ta có thể thấy ∠EBF = 60−∠EBD = ∠EBD = 45 lại có EB = AB và F B = DB
nên tam giác EBF bằng tam giác ABD theo trường hợp c-g-c. Do đó ∠EF B = ∠ADB = 45
nên ∠DF E = 15. Đáp số: 15
Câu 15 Chúng ta sẽ dùng phương pháp đến kết hợp với nguyên lý bù trừ để giải bài này. Có 5!
cách sắp xếp 5 con vào chuồng. Ta sẽ tìm số cách không thỏa mãn đề bài: Có 4! cách mà hổ
ở chuồng 1, báo không ở chuồng 5 và ngược lại. Có 3! cách mà cả hổ cả báo ở chuồng 1 và 5.
Nên sẽ có tổng cộng: 120 − 4!.2 + 3! = 78 cách. Đáp số: 78 cách.
Câu 16 Gọi độ dài quãng đường vận động viên đó chạy trong 9 ngày lần lượt là: a1 , a2 , .., a9 . Khi
đó ta có:
ai + ai+1 + ai+2 + ai+3 = 87
với i chạy từ 1 đến 6. Từ đó ta sẽ có: a1 = a5 = 19, a2 = a6 = 22, a5 = a9 = 19, a3 = a7 , a4 = a8 .
87.3 − (19 + 22).3
Từ đó cộng hết lại ta sẽ có: a3 + a8 = = 46. Đáp số: 46
3
Câu 17 Vì tổng quãng đường từ nhà máy chế biến sữa đến A,B bằng tổng quãng đường từ nhà máy
đến C,D nên nhà máy phải đặt giữa B và C. Từ đó gọi khoảng cách từ nhà máy đến B là x, ta
5
sẽ có: x + x + 2 = 3 − x + 3 − x + 1 hay x = => khoảng cách của nhà máy đến trang trại A
4
sẽ là 3.25 km. Đáp số: 3.25 km
1 1 5
Câu 18 10 phút = giờ. Xe ô tô đã đi hơn xe máy: (50 − 40). = km. Do đó sẽ đến trạm nghỉ
6 6 3
5
1
trước xe máy: 3 = giờ hay sẽ là 2 phút. Đáp số: 2 phút.
50 30
Câu 19 Nhận xét các số chia cho 99 nhận thương là 1, 2, ..., 11 đều có chữ số 9 trong đó bao gồm:
(99,198,297,396,495,594,693,792,891,990,1089). Ta thử số 12 được 1188 là số không có chữ số
9. Đáp số: 1188
Câu 20 |a| < 5 nên ta có: −5 ≤ a ≤ 5. Tương tự ta sẽ có: −8 ≤ b ≤ 6 và −11 ≤ c ≤ 7. Do đó

−20 ≤ a + b − c ≤ 22. Nên giá trị lớn nhất biểu thức T = |a + b − c| là 22. Đáp số: 22
Câu 21 Lần lượt thử các số a thỏa mãn, ta loại đi những trường hợp mà không thỏa mãn với c.
Đến cuối ta nhận ra chỉ có số 313 là số duy nhất thỏa mãn đề bài. Đáp số: 313.
Câu 22 Chia hình vuông thành 4 phần bằng nhau và đặt tên đỉnh như hình vẽ ta sẽ thu được:
EA đi qua trung điểm MO hay từ đó ta có S△DEH = 4S△T HO.
Đặt S△T HO = a, S△EHO = b
=> ta có: a + b = 9 và 4a + b = 18 => a = 3, b = 6. Vậy S△EHO = 6
Do đó diện tích tô đậm là: 12cm2 . Đáp số: 12cm2
Câu 23 Bạn đọc tự giải. Hướng giải: Đặt ẩn phụ của các ô vuông, sử dụng để bài để liên kết các
ẩn với nhau.
n.(n − 1)
Câu 24 Gọi n là số người ở bữa tiệc. Số cái bắt tay trong bữa tiệc sẽ là: . Vì Hà chỉ bắt
2
tay với những người mình quen mà có 420 cái bắt tay nên ta có:
n(n − 1)
> 420
2
hay n > 29. Từ đó ta sẽ có: 30 ≤ n. Nếu có 30 người trong bữa tiệc thì số cái bắt tay của mọi
29.28
người sẽ là = 406 cái. Vậy còn lại sẽ còn 14 cái bắt tay hay đây cũng chính là số người
2
mà Hà quen. Đáp số: 14.
Chương 3
American Mathematics Competitions

(AMC):
3.1.1 Mục đích:

Kỳ thi Toán học Hoa Kỳ là kì thi toán quốc tế uy tín, chất lượng, được xem là sân chơi toán học
hàng đầu hiện nay. Mục tiêu quan trọng nhất của kì thi là tạo cơ hội cho các thí sinh được làm quen
với những dạng toán có chiều sâu trong chương trình giáo dục phổ thông, với nhiều câu hỏi liên quan
tới các ứng dụng toán học trong thực tế. Mỗi năm, cuộc thi thu hút 350.000 thí sinh đến từ hàng
nghìn trường của các quốc gia trên thế giới tham gia. Các bài thi sẽ có mức độ khó tăng dần dành
cho học sinh THCS và THPT. Học sinh THCS có thể dự thi AMC 8 (được dành cho học sinh có
trình độ từ lớp 8 trở xuống).
3.1.2 Lịch sử kì thi:

Kỳ thi Học sinh giỏi Toán học Hoa Kỳ (American Mathematics Competitions - AMC) là kỳ thi có
lịch sử lâu đời được tổ chức bởi Hiệp hội Toán học Hoa Kỳ (Mathematical Association of America)
ra đời từ năm 1954. Từ đó đến nay kì thi được tổ chức tại nhiều quốc gia, đại diện chính thức của
Hiệp hội Toán học Hoa Kỳ sẽ phụ trách tổ chức kì thi.
3.1.3 Các thí sinh hợp lệ:

Cấu trúc đề thi được chia thành 3 trình độ: AMC 8 (dành cho học sinh có trình độ lớp 8 trở xuống);
AMC 10 dành cho học sinh có trình độ lớp 10 trở xuống; AMC 12 dành cho học sinh có trình độ từ
lớp 12 trở xuống).
3.1.4 Đề thi và bài làm:

Đề thi trình độ AMC 8 (cấp THCS) được đưa ra dưới dạng trắc nghiệm, gồm 25 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm
với độ dài 40 phút. Với mỗi câu hỏi có 5 phương án và chỉ có duy nhất một đáp án là chính xác.
Hiệp hội Toán học Hoa Kỳ biên soạn và cung cấp đề thi bằng Tiếng Anh cho các quốc gia. BTC tại
Việt Nam sẽ tiến hành dịch đề thi ra Tiếng Việt. Các thí sinh sẽ được cung cấp đề thi song ngữ Anh
29
– Việt.
3.2 Các đề ôn tập:
Câu 1 What is the value of (8 × 4 + 2) − (8 + 4 × 2)?

(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 18 (E) 24
Câu 2 A square piece of paper is folded twice into four equal quarters, as shown below, then cut
along the dashed line. When unfolded, the paper will match which of the following figures?
Câu 3 Wind chill is a measure of how cold people feel when exposed to wind outside. A good esti-
mate for wind chill can be found using this calculation
(wind chill) = (air temperature) - 0.7. (wind speed)
where temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit (◦ F) and the wind speed is measured in
miles per hour (mph). Suppose the air temperature is 36◦ F and the wind speed is 18 mph.
Which of the following is closest to the approximate wind chill?
(A) 18 (B) 23 (C) 28 (D) 32 (E) 35
Câu 4 The numbers from 1 to 49 are arranged in a spiral pattern on a square grid, beginning at
the center. The first few numbers have been entered into the grid below. Consider the four
numbers that will appear in the shaded squares, on the same diagonal as the number 7. How
many of these four numbers are prime?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
Câu 5 A lake contains 250 trout, along with a variety of other fish. When a marine biologist catches
and releases a sample of 180 fish from the lake, 30 are identified as trout. Assume that the ratio
of trout to the total number of fish is the same in both the sample and the lake. How many
fish are there in the lake?
(A) 1250 (B) 1500 (C) 1750 (D) 1800 (E) 2000
Câu 6 The digits 2, 0, 2, and 3 are placed in the expression below, one digit per box. What is the
maximum possible value of the expression?
(A) 0 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 16 (E) 18
Câu 7 A rectangle, with sides parallel to the x-axis and y-axis, has opposite vertices located at
(15, 3) and (16, 5). A line drawn through points A(0, 0) and B(3, 1). Another line is drawn
through points C(0, 10) and D(2, 9). How many points on the rectangle lie on at least one of
the two lines?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
Câu 8 Lola, Lolo, Tiya, and Tiyo participated in a ping pong tournament. Each player competed
against each of the other three players exactly twice. Shown below are the win-loss records for
the players. The numbers 1 and 0 represent a win or loss, respectively. For example, Lola won
five matches and lost the fourth match. What was Tiyo’s win-loss record?
(A) 000101 (B) 001001 (C) 010000 (D) 010101 (E) 011000
Câu 9 Malaika is skiing on a mountain. The graph below shows her elevation, in meters, above the
base of the mountain as she skis along a trail. In total, how many seconds does she spend at
an elevation between 4 and 7 meters?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 14

1
Câu 10 Harold made a plum pie to take on a picnic. He was able to eat only 4
of the pie, and he
left the rest for his friends. A moose came by and ate 13 of what Harold left behind. After that,
a porcupine ate 31 of what the moose left behind. How much of the original pie still remained
after the porcupine left?
1
(A) 12 (B) 61 (C) 14 (D) 31 5
(E) 12
Câu 11 NASA’s Perseverance Rover was launched on July 30, 2020. After traveling 292,526,838
miles, it landed on Mars in Jezero Crater about 6.5 months later. Which of the following is
closest to the Rover’s average interplanetary speed in miles per hour?
(A) 6,000 (B) 12,000 (C) 60,000 (D) 120,000 (E) 600,000
Câu 12 The figure below shows a large white circle with a number of smaller white and shaded
circles in its interior. What fraction of the interior of the large white circle is shaded?
1 11 1 19 5
(A) 4
(B) 36
(C) 3
(D) 36
(E) 9
Câu 13 Along the route of a bicycle race, 7 water stations are evenly spaced between the start and
finish lines, as shown in the figure below. There are also 2 repair stations evenly spaced between
the start and finish lines. The 3rd water station is located 2 miles after the 1st repair station.
How long is the race in miles?
(A) 8 (B) 16 (C) 24 (D) 48 (E) 96
Câu 14 Nicolas is planning to send a package to his friend Anton, who is a stamp collector. To pay
for the postage, Nicolas would like to cover the package with a large number of stamps. Suppose
he has a collection of 5-cent, 10-cent, and 25-cent stamps, with exactly 20 of each type. What
is the greatest number of stamps Nicolas can use to make exactly 7.10 in postage? (Note: The
amount 7.10 corresponds to 7 dollars and 10 cents. One dollar is worth 100 cents.)
(A) 45 (B) 46 (C) 51 (D) 54 (E) 55
Câu 15 Viswam walks half a mile to get to school each day. His route consists of 10 city blocks of
equal length and he takes 1 minute to walk each block. Today, after walking 5 blocks, Viswam
discovers he has to make a detour, walking 3 blocks of equal length instead of 1 block to reach
the next corner. From the time he starts his detour, at what speed, in mph, must he walk, in
order to get to school at his usual time?
(A) 4 (B) 4.2 (C) 4.5 (D) 4.8 (E) 5
Câu 16 The letters P, Q, and R are entered into a 20 × 20 table according to the pattern shown
below. How many Ps, Qs, and Rs will appear in the completed table?
(A) 132 Ps, 134 Qs, 134 Rs

(B) 133 Ps, 133 Qs, 134 Rs
(C) 133 Ps, 134 Qs, 133 Rs
(D) 134 Ps, 132 Qs, 134 Rs

(E) 134 Ps, 133 Qs, 133 Rs
Câu 17 A regular octahedron has eight equilateral triangle faces with four faces meeting at each
vertex. Jun will make the regular octahedron shown on the right by folding the piece of paper
shown on the left. Which numbered face will end up to the right of Q?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
Câu 18 Greta Grasshopper sits on a long line of lily pads in a pond. From any lily pad, Greta can
jump 5 pads to the right or 3 pads to the left. What is the fewest number of jumps Greta must
make to reach the lily pad located 2023 pads to the right of her starting point?
(A) 405 (B) 407 (C) 409 (D) 411 (E) 413
Câu 19 An equilateral triangle is placed inside a larger equilateral triangle so that the region between
them can be divided into three congruent trapezoids, as shown below. The side length of the
2
inner triangle is the side length of the larger triangle. What is the ratio of the area of one
3
trapezoid to the area of the inner triangle?
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 8 (C) 5 : 12 (D) 7 : 16 (E) 4 : 9
Câu 20 Two integers are inserted into the list 3, 3, 8, 11, 28 to double its range. The mode and
median remain unchanged. What is the maximum possible sum of two additional numbers?
(A) 56 (B) 57 (C) 58 (D) 60 (E) 61
Câu 21 Alina writes the numbers 1, 2, . . . , 9 on separate cards, one number per card. She wishes to
divide the cards into 3 groups of 3 cards so that the sum of the numbers in each group will be
the same. In how many ways can this be done?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
Câu 22 In a sequence of positive integers, each term after the second is the product of the previous
two terms. The sixth term is 4000. What is the first term?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 10
Câu 23 Each square in a 3 × 3 grid is randomly filled with one of the 4 gray and white tiles shown
below on the right. What is the probability that the tiling will contain a large gray diamond
in one of the smaller 2 × 2 grids? Below is an example of such tiling.
1 1 1 1 1
(A) 1024
(B) 256
(C) 64
(D) 16
(E) 4
Câu 24 Isosceles triangle ABC has equal side lengths AB and BC. In the figures below, segments
are drawn parallel to AC so that the shaded portions of △ABC have the same area. The
heights of the two unshaded portions are 11 and 5 units, respectively. What is the height h of
△ABC?
(A) 14.6 (B) 14.8 (C) 15 (D) 15.2 (E) 15.4
Câu 25 Fifteen integers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . , a15 are arranged in order on a number line. The integers are
equally spaced and have the property that:
1 ≤ a1 ≤ 10, 13 ≤ a2 ≤ 20,and 241 ≤ a15 ≤ 250
What is the sum of digits of a14 ?
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 11 (E) 12

Câu 1 Step-by-step calculation will lead you to the answer D. Answer: D
Câu 2 Unfolding the first time will give you a triangle in the middle. Unfold the second time will
lead you to the answer E. Answer: E
Câu 3 Windchill= 36 − 0.7 × 18 = 23.4. Answer: B
Câu 4 Fill out the grid and easily have the answer, which is D (19,23,47). Answer: D
Câu 5 We can easily obtain:

the number of trout 30 1
= = .
total number of fish 180 6
There are 250 trouts in the lake so there are 250.6 = 1500 fish in the lake. Answer: B
Câu 6 If 0 is in the exponent box, the result is 0. The exponent box will take the value of only 2
or 3. Without the loss of generality, we would put 2 in the first box and 3 in the second box.
Therefore, the answer would be 32 × 20 = 9, which is C. Answer: C
Câu 7 Extend the line and we may get the answer 1, which is B. Answer: B
4×3
Câu 8 The number of matches among the four players is ×2 = 12. So there are 12 wins during
2
12 matches. We have seen 10 wins so Tiyo must have two more wins. Each round would record
2 wins as there are 2 matches/round. So this would lead to the answer: A (000101). Answer: A
Câu 9 The requested time intervals are:

from the 2nd to the 4th seconds
from the 6th to the 10th seconds
from the 12th to the 14th seconds.
In total, he would spend 8 seconds at such an elevation. Answer: B
Câu 10 The solution can be simplified with the following equation:

1 1 1 3 2 2
(1 − ).(1 − )(1 − ) = × × .
4 3 3 4 3 3
1
After the third time, there was only left of the pie. Answer: D.
3
Câu 11 Note that 6.5 months is approximately 6.5·30·24 hours. This leads to the answer C. Answer:
Câu 12 Assume the length of a small square is 1. The area of the shaded region can be calculated as:
1 11
22 .Π − 2.12 .Π + 3 × ( )2 .Π = .Π
2 4
The area of the large white triangle is: 9.Π Therefore, the fraction of the interior of the inner
11
11
shaded circle is: 4 = . Answer: B
9 36
Câu 13 Assume the length of the bicycle race is a. The water stations would be located at:
a 2a 7a
, , ...,
8 8 8
The repair stations are located at:
d 2d
, .
3 3
Therefore, we can obtain the following equations:
3d d
= +2 .
8 3
Hence, the answer is D. Answer: D
Câu 14 Most stamps make 7.10. You have 20 of each coin, nickles, dimes and quarters.
If we want to have the most amount of stamps we have to have the most amount of smaller
value coins. We can use 20 nickels and 20 dimes to bring our total cost to 7.10 − 3.00 = 4.10.
However when we try to use quarters the 25 cents don’t fit evenly, so we have to give back 15
cents in order to make the quarter amount 4.25 the most efficient way to do this is to give back
a dime and a nickel to have 38 coins used so far. This leads to the answer E. Answer: E
Câu 15 Since he has to start his detour, he only has 5 minutes to finish 7 blocks, which is 84 blocks
1
per hour. 10 blocks have the length of miles, so 84 blocks would have the length of 4.2 miles.
2
So, therefore, he must walk at the speed of 4.2 miles per hour. Answer: B
Câu 16 The pattern for a 20 × 20 grid is that the following number of P, Q, R (respectively) is
x,x+1,x. So therefore we would have 3x + 1 = 400 => x = 133. The answer is C.
Câu 17 We label the octahedron going triangle by triangle until we reach the ? triangle. The triangle
to the left of the Q should be labeled with a 6. Underneath triangle 6 is triangle 5. The triangle
to the right of triangle 5 is triangle 4 and further to the right is triangle 3. Finally, the side of
triangle 3 under triangle Q is 2, so the triangle to the right of Q is 1. Answer: A
Câu 18 If a represents the steps the frog needs each time he goes right and b represents the same
but to the left. We would have the following equation:
5a − 3b = 2023 .
Because a and b are both positive integers, 3b when divided by 5 will have the remainder of 2,
or b when divided by 5 will have the remainder of 4. The smallest number that satisfies these
conditions is 4. Therefore, b = 4 and a = 407 or a + b = 411. Answer: D
2 4
Câu 19 The ratio between two given equilateral triangles is: ( )2 = . If the area of the inner
3 9
5a
triangle is 4a, the area of the outer triangel is 9a. Therefore, the area of a trapezoid is . The
3
5a
5
ratio of one trapezoid to the inner triangle is 3 = . Answer: C
4a 12
Câu 20 The new range is (28 − 3) × 2 = 50. The Median is unaffected so the smaller value must be
smaller than 8. The larger value, meanwhile, should be fixed at 53. So the maximum value of
the sum is: 53 + 7 = 60. Answer: 60
45
Câu 21 The sum of each group is: = 15. The sum of the other 2 numbers in the group that has
3
the number 9 is only 6. This will help us to obtain 2 groups (9, 1, 5), (9, 2, 4). Therefore, there
are only 2 groups. Answer: C
Câu 22 If the first two number is x and y (respectively), the sixth term would be x3 .y 5 . Fortunately,
we also have: 4000 = 25 .53 so x = 5, y = 2. So the first term is x = 5. Answer: D
Câu 23 There are 4 cases that the tiling will contain a large gray diamond in one of the smaller
2 × 2 grids, as shown below: There are 45 ways to decide the 5 white squares for each case, and
the cases do not overlap. So, the requested probability is:

4·45 6
49
= 449 = 413
Câu 24 First, we notice that the smaller isosceles triangles are similar to the larger
isosceles triangles.

11 2
We can find that the area of the gray area in the first triangle is [ABC] · 1 − h . Similarly,
2
we can find that the area of the gray part in the second triangle is [ABC] · h−5

h
. These areas
11 2 h−5 2

are equal, so 1 − h = h . Simplifying yields 10h = 146 so h = 14.6
Câu 25 Because the numbers are equally spaced so let d be the difference between consecutive
numbers. The a15 = a1 + 14d therefore 231 ≤ 14d ≤ 249 => d = 17. Hence, the second
number: a2 = a1 + d = a1 + 17 => 0 ≤ a1 ≤ 3. The Last inequality helps us to obtain that:
3 ≤ a1 .When a1 = 3,a1 4 = a1 + 13d = 3 + 221 = 224. Answer: 224
Câu 1 The Math Team designed a logo shaped like a multiplication symbol, shown below on a grid
of 1-inch squares. What is the area of the logo in square inches?
(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 13 (D) 14 (E) 15
Câu 2 Consider these two operations: What is the value of (5 ♦ 3) ⋆ 6?
(A) −20 (B) 4 (C) 16 (D) 100 (E) 220
Câu 3 When three positive integers a, b, and c are multiplied together, their product is 100. Suppose
a < b < c. In how many ways can the numbers be chosen?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4
Câu 4 The letter M in the figure below is first reflected over the line q and then reflected over the
line p. What is the resulting image?
Câu 5 Anna and Bella are celebrating their birthdays together. Five years ago, when Bella turned
6 years old, she received a newborn kitten as a birthday present. Today the sum of the ages of
the two children and the kitten is 30 years. How many years older than Bella is Anna?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
Câu 6 Three positive integers are equally spaced on a number line. The middle number is 15, and
the largest number is 4 times the smallest number. What is the smallest of these three numbers?
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7 (E) 8
Câu 7 When the World Wide Web first became popular in the 1990s, download speeds reached
a maximum of about 56 kilobits per second. Approximately how many minutes would the
download of a 4.2-megabyte song have taken at that speed? (Note that there are 8000 kilobits
in a megabyte.)
(A) 0.6 (B) 10 (C) 1800 (D) 7200 (E) 36000
Câu 8 What is the value of

1 2 3 18 19 20
· · ··· · · ?
3 4 5 20 21 22
1 1 1 2 1
(A) 462
(B) 231
(C) 132
(D) 213
(E) 22
Câu 9 A cup of boiling water (212◦ F) is placed to cool in a room whose temperature remains con-
stant at 68◦ F. Suppose the difference between the water temperature and the room temperature
is halved every 5 minutes. What is the water temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, after 15 min-
utes?
(A) 77 (B) 86 (C) 92 (D) 98 (E) 104
Câu 10 One sunny day, Ling decided to take a hike in the mountains. She left her house at 8 am,
drove at a constant speed of 45 miles per hour, and arrived at the hiking trail at 10 am. After
hiking for 3 hours, Ling drove home at a constant speed of 60 miles per hour. Which of the
following graphs best illustrates the distance between Ling’s car and her house over the course
of her trip?
Câu 11 Henry the donkey has a very long piece of pasta. He takes a number of bites of pasta,
each time eating 3 inches of pasta from the middle of one piece. In the end, he has 10 pieces of
pasta whose total length is 17 inches. How long, in inches, was the piece of pasta he started with?
(A) 34 (B) 38 (C) 41 (D) 44 (E) 47
Câu 12 The arrows on the two spinners shown below are spun. Let the number N equal 10 times
the number on Spinner A, added to the number on Spinner B. What is the probability that N
is a perfect square number?
1 1 1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
16 8 4 8 2
Câu 13 How many positive integers can fill the blank in the sentence below?
One positive integer is ... more than twice another, and the sum of the two numbers is 28.
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10
Câu 14 In how many ways can the letters in BEEKEEPER be rearranged so that two or more
Es do not appear together?
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 12 (D) 24 (E) 120
Câu 15 Laszlo went online to shop for black pepper and found thirty different black pepper options
varying in weight and price, shown in the scatter plot below. In ounces, what is the weight of
the pepper that offers the lowest price per ounce?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5
Câu 16 Four numbers are written in a row. The average of the first two is 21, the average of the
middle two is 26, and the average of the last two is 30. What is the average of the first and last
of the numbers?
(A) 24 (B) 25 (C) 26 (D) 27 (E) 28
Câu 17 If n is an even positive integer, the double factorial notation n!! represents the product of
all the even integers from 2 to n. For example, 8!! = 2 · 4 · 6 · 8. What is the units digit of the
following sum?
2!! + 4!! + 6!! + · · · + 2018!! + 2020!! + 2022!!
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6 (E) 8
Câu 18 The midpoints of the four sides of a rectangle are (−3, 0), (2, 0), (5, 4), and (0, 4). What is
the area of the rectangle?
(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 40 (D) 50 (E) 80
Câu 19 Mr. Ramos gave a test to his class of 20 students. The dot plot below shows the distribution
of test scores. Later Mr. Ramos discovered that there was a scoring error on one of the questions.
He regraded the tests, awarding some of the students 5 extra points, which increased the median
test score to 85. What is the minimum number of students who received extra points?
(Note that the median test score equals the average of the 2 scores in the middle if the 20 test
scores are arranged in increasing order.)
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6
Câu 20 The grid below is to be filled with integers in such a way that the sum of the numbers in
each row and the sum of the numbers in each column are the same. Four numbers are missing.
The number x in the lower left corner is larger than the other three missing numbers. What is
the smallest possible value of x?
(A) −1 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 8 (E) 9
Câu 21 Steph scored 15 baskets out of 20 attempts in the first half of a game, and 10 baskets out of
10 attempts in the second half. Candace took 12 attempts in the first half and 18 attempts in
the second. In each half, Steph scored a higher percentage of baskets than Candace. Surprisingly
they ended with the same overall percentage of baskets scored. How many more baskets did
Candace score in the second half than in the first?
(A) 7 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10 (E) 11
Câu 22 A bus takes 2 minutes to drive from one stop to the next, and waits 1 minute at each stop
to let passengers board. Zia takes 5 minutes to walk from one bus stop to the next. As Zia
reaches a bus stop, if the bus is at the previous stop or has already left the previous stop, then
she will wait for the bus. Otherwise she will start walking toward the next stop. Suppose the
bus and Zia start at the same time toward the library, with the bus 3 stops behind. After how
many minutes will Zia board the bus?
(A) 17 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21 (E) 23
Câu 23 A △ or ⃝ is placed in each of the nine squares in a 3-by-3 grid. Shown below is a sample
configuration with three △s in a line.
(A) 39 (B) 42 (C) 78 (D) 84 (E) 96
Câu 24 The figure below shows a polygon ABCDEF GH, consisting of rectangles and right tri-
angles. When cut out and folded on the dotted lines, the polygon forms a triangular prism.
Suppose that AH = EF = 8 and GH = 14. What is the volume of the prism?
(A) 112 (B) 128 (C) 192 (D) 240 (E) 288
Câu 25 A cricket randomly hops between 4 leaves, on each turn hopping to one of the other 3 leaves
with equal probability. After 4 hops, what is the probability that the cricket has returned to
the leaf where it started?
2 19 20 1 7
(A) 9
(B) 80
(C) 81
(D) 4
(E) 27

1 1
Câu 1 Each small triangle has an area of inch square so the total area of the logo is: × 20 = 10
2 2
inch square. Answer: A
Câu 2 Step by step calculation will lead you to the answer of 100. Answer: D
Câu 3 a3 ≤ a × b × c = 100, hence a ≤ 4. Positive divisors that are less or equal to 100 is 1,2,4. So
we will work on three cases of a:
If a=1: there are 3 possible solutions for (b,c): (2,50),(4,25),(5,20)
If a=2: there is only one possible solution for (b,c): (5,10)
If a=4, b × c = 25 so there isn’t any possible solution.
In total, there are 4 possible solutions.
Câu 4 Easily obtain the image of answer A. Answer: A
Câu 5 Five years ago, Bella was 6 years old, and the kitten was 0 years old. Today, Bella is 11 years
old, and the kitten is 5 years old. It follows that Anna is 30 − 11 − 5 = 14 years old. Therefore,
Anna is 3 years older than Bella. Answer: C
Câu 6 If the first number is a and the equal difference between these 3 numbers is d, the third
number would be a + 2d. We have:
a + 2d = 4a => 2d = 3a
We also have the second number, which is a + d, has a value of 15. So we have:
a + d = 15.
From the two statements above, we would obtain d = 9, a = 6. Therefore, the smallest would
be: 6. Answer: 6
Câu 7 We seek a value of x that makes the following equation true since every other quantity equals
1.
x min 56 kb 1 mb 60 sec
· · · = 1.
4.2 mb 1 sec 8000 kb 1 min
This leads to the answer x=10. Answer: B
Câu 8 All the values from 3 to 20 appear on both the numerator and the denominator. So the values
that remain on the numerator are 1 and 2 while those on the denominator are 21 and 22. So
the answer is:
1×2 1
=
21 × 22 231
Answer:B
Câu 9 The initial difference between water temperature and room temperature is:
degrees Farenheit. After 15 minutes, the difference remains:
degrees Farenheit. At that point, the water temperature is: 68 + 18 = 86 degrees Farenheit.
Answer: B
Câu 10 Her car is 90 miles from her home by the time she arrives at the mountain at 10 pm. She
hikes for 3 hours so the answer is E by analysis. Answer: E
Câu 11 The length of the piece of pasta is:

(10 − 1) × 3 + 17 = 44
inches long. Answer: D
Câu 12 16 total possible values from the calculations. There are only 2 square numbers from these
1
ones, which are 64 and 81. So the probability that N is a perfect square is . Answer: B
8
Câu 13 Let a and b be the two mentioned numbers (a > b). Therefore it exists d > 0 such that
a = 2b + d. We have: 3b + d = 28 so d = 28 − 3b. b is a positive integer and 3b < 28 so b < 10.
Hence, there are 9 possible solutions. Answer: D
Câu 14 All valid arrangements of the letters must be of the form:

E...E...E...E...E
Four remaining spaces will offer 24 ways. Answer: D
Câu 15 We are looking for a black point, that when connected to the origin, yields the lowest slope.
The slope represents the price per ounce. We can visually find that the point with the lowest
slope is the blue point. Furthermore, it is the only one with a price per ounce significantly less
than 1. Hence, the answer is C, which has the lowest slope.
Câu 16 The sum of the four numbers is: 21 × 2 + 30 × 2 = 102. So the sum of the first and the last
number is: 102 − 52 × 2 = 50 or the average of these two numbers is 25. Answer: B
Câu 17 Once n > 8, n!! will have a unit digit of 0 has it has the factor 10. So the last digit of:
2!! + 4!! + 6!! + 8!!
is 2.
Answer: B
Câu 18 Let A = (−3, 0), B = (2, 0), C = (5, 4), and D = (0, 4). Note that A, B, C, and D are the
√ √
vertices of a rhombus whose diagonals have lengths AC = 4 5 and BD = 2 5. It follows that
√ √ √ √
the dimensions of the rectangle are 4 5 and 2 5, so the area of the rectangle is 4 5.2 5 = 40
Answer: C
80 + 80
Câu 19 The initial median is = 80. The subsequent median after adding the score is 85.
2
The students who achieve 85 are at the position of 15th and 16th . In order for the median to
be 85, the students therefore must achieve 85 with the position of 10th and 11th in ascending
order. Therefore, the minimum number of students having their scores is:
15 − 11 = 4 students
Answer: C
Câu 20 The sum of the numbers in each row is 12. Consider the second row. In order for the sum
of the numbers in this row to equal 12, the two shaded numbers must add up to 13: If two
numbers add up to 13, one of them must be at least 7: If both shaded numbers are no more than
6, their sum can be at most 12. Therefore, for x to be larger than the three missing numbers,
x must be at least 8. We can construct a working scenario where x = 8: Answer: D
Câu 21 If x represents the number Candace made in the first half, and y represents that of the
second half. We will have: x + y = 25. Moreover, we have:
x 15 y 10
< and <
12 20 18 20
so x < 9 and y < 18. x + y = 25 so x = 8, y = 17 => y − x = 9. Answer: 9
Câu 22 Since Zia will wait for the bus if the bus is at the previous stop, we can create an equation
to solve for when the bus is at the previous stop. The bus travels 13 of a stop per minute, and
Zia travels 51 of a stop per minute. Now we create the equation, 13 m = 51 m + 3 − 1 (the −1
accounts for us wanting to find when the bus reaches the stop before Zia’s). Solving, we find
that m = 15. Now Zia has to wait 2 minutes for the bus to reach her. Therefore, the answer is
17. Answer: A
Câu 23 In Cases where three identical symbols are in the same column and the same row is the
same, so we will evaluate one and then double at last. 3 ways to choose a column with 3 circles
and 2 ways for all triangles. The third one can be filled in 8 ways, so there are 48 ways. There
are overlap cases, which are 2 complete columns and 1 complete column with another symbol,
which takes 6 cases. So there are 42 in total, which when doubled will give the answer of 84.
Answer: D
Câu 24 Folding polygon ABCDEF GH on the dotted lines: The volume of the given polygon is:
8×6
× 8 = 192. Answer: C
2
Câu 25 There are always three possible leaves to jump to every time the cricket decides to jump,
so there is a total number of 34 routes. Let A denote the leaf cricket starts at, and B, C, D be
the other leaves. If we want the cricket to move to leaf A for its last jump, the cricket cannot
jump to leaf A for its third jump. Also, considering that the cricket starts at leaf A, he cannot
jump to leaf A for its first jump. Note that there are 3 · 2 = 6 paths if the cricket moves to
leaf A for its third jump. Therefore, we can conclude that the total number of possible paths
21 7
for the cricket to return to leaf A after four jumps is 33 − 6 = 21. So the answer is =
81 21
Answer: E
Câu 1 Luka is making lemonade to sell at a school fundraiser. His recipe requires 4 times as much
water as sugar and twice as much sugar as lemon juice. He uses 3 cups of lemon juice. How
many cups of water does he need?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 18 (E) 24
Câu 2 Four friends do yardwork for their neighbors over the weekend, earning 15, 20, 25, 40 dollars
respectively. They decide to split their earnings equally among themselves. In total how much
will the friend who earned 40 dollars give to the others?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 18 (E) 24
Câu 3 Carrie has a rectangular garden that measures 6 feet by 8 feet. She plants the entire garden
with strawberry plants. Carrie is able to plant 4 strawberry plants per square foot, and she
harvests an average of 10 strawberries per plant. How many strawberries can she expect to
harvest?
(A) 560 (B) 960 (C) 1120 (D) 1920 (E) 3840
Câu 4 Three hexagons of increasing size are shown below. Suppose the dot pattern continues so
that each successive hexagon contains one more band of dots. How many dots are in the next
hexagon?
(A) 35 (B) 37 (C) 39 (D) 43 (E) 49
Câu 5 Three fourths of a pitcher is filled with pineapple juice. The pitcher is emptied by pouring
an equal amount of juice into each of 5 cups. What percent of the total capacity of the pitcher
did each cup receive?
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20 (E) 25
Câu 6 Aaron, Darren, Karen, Maren, and Sharon rode on a small train that has five cars that seat
one person each. Maren sat in the last car. Aaron sat directly behind Sharon. Darren sat in
one of the cars in front of Aaron. At least one person sat between Karen and Darren. Who sat
in the middle car?
(A) Aaron (B) Darren (C) Karen (D) Maren (E) Sharon
Câu 7 How many integers between 2020 and 2400 have four distinct digits arranged in increasing
order? (For example, 2347 is one integer.)
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 21 (E) 28
Câu 8 Ricardo has 2020 coins, some of which are pennies (1-cent coins) and the rest of which are
nickels (5-cent coins). He has at least one penny and at least one nickel. What is the difference
in cents between the greatest possible and least possible amounts of money that Ricardo can
have?
(A) 8062 (B) 8068 (C) 8072 (D) 8076 (E) 8082
Câu 9 Akash’s birthday cake is in the form of a 4 × 4 × 4 inch cube. The cake has icing on the top
and the four side faces, and no icing on the bottom. Suppose the cake is cut into 64 smaller
cubes, each measuring 1 × 1 × 1 inch, as shown below. How many small pieces will have icing
on exactly two sides?
(A) 12 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 20 (E) 24
Câu 10 Zara has a collection of 4 marbles: an Aggie, a Bumblebee, a Steelie, and a Tiger. She wants
to display them in a row on a shelf, but does not want to put the Steelie and the Tiger next to
one another. In how many ways can she do this?
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 12 (D) 18 (E) 24
Câu 11 After school, Maya and Naomi headed to the beach, 6 miles away. Maya decided to bike
while Naomi took a bus. The graph below shows their journeys, indicating the time and distance
traveled. What was the difference, in miles per hour, between Naomi’s and Maya’s average
speeds?
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) 20 (E) 24

Câu 12 For a positive integer n, the factorial notation n! represents the product of the integers from
n to 1. (For example, 6! = 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1.) What value of N satisfies the following equation?
5! × 9! = 12 × N !
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13 (E) 14
Câu 13 Jamal has a drawer containing 6 green socks, 18 purple socks, and 12 orange socks. After
adding more purple socks, Jamal noticed that there is now a 60% chance that a sock randomly
selected from the drawer is purple. How many purple socks did Jamal add?
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 18 (E) 24
Câu 14 There are 20 cities in the County of Newton. Their populations are shown in the bar chart
below. The average population of all the cities is indicated by the horizontal dashed line. Which
of the following is closest to the total population of all 20 cities?
(A) 65,000 (B) 75,000 (C) 85,000 (D) 95,000 (E) 105,000
Câu 15 Suppose 15% of x equals 20% of y. What percentage of x is y?

(A) 5 (B) 35 (C) 75 (D) 133 31 (E) 300
Câu 16 Each of the points A, B, C, D, E, and F in the figure below represents a different digit from
1 to 6. Each of the five lines shown passes through some of these points. The digits along each
line are added to produce five sums, one for each line. The total of the five sums is 47. What
is the digit represented by B?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

Câu 17 How many factors of 2020 have more than 3 factors? (As an example, 12 has 6 factors,
namely 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.)
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10
Câu 18 Rectangle ABCD is inscribed in a semicircle with diameter F E, as shown in the figure.
Let DA = 16, and let F D = AE = 9. What is the area of ABCD?
(A) 240 (B) 248 (C) 256 (D) 264 (E) 272
Câu 19 A number is called flippy if its digits alternate between two distinct digits. For example,
2020 and 37373 are flippy, but 3883 and 123123 are not. How many five-digit flippy numbers
are divisible by 15?
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 8
Câu 20 A scientist walking through a forest recorded as integers the heights of 5 trees standing in
a row. She observed that each tree was either twice as tall or half as tall as the one to its right.
Unfortunately some of her data was lost when rain fell on her notebook. Her notes are shown
below, with blanks indicating the missing numbers. Based on her observations, the scientist
was able to reconstruct the lost data. What was the average height of the trees, in meters?
(A) 22.2 (B) 24.2 (C) 33.2 (D) 35.2 (E) 37.2
Câu 21 A game board consists of 64 squares that alternate in color between black and white. The
figure below shows square P in the bottom row and square Q in the top row. A marker is
placed at P. A step consists of moving the marker onto one of the adjoining white squares in
the row above. How many 7-step paths are there from P to Q? (The figure shows a sample
path.)
(A) 28 (B) 30 (C) 32 (D) 33 (E) 35
Câu 22 When a positive integer N is fed into a machine, the output is a number calculated according
to the rule shown below. For example, starting with an input of N = 7, the machine will output
3 · 7 + 1 = 22. Then if the output is repeatedly inserted into the machine five more times, the
final output is 26.
7 → 22 → 11 → 34 → 17 → 52 → 26
When the same 6-step process is applied to a different starting value of N, the final output is
1. What is the sum of all such integers N ?
N→ → → → → →1
(A) 73 (B) 74 (C) 75 (D) 82 (E) 83
Câu 23 Five different awards are to be given to three students. Each student will receive at least
one award. In how many different ways can the awards be distributed?
(A) 120 (B) 150 (C) 180 (D) 210 (E) 240
Câu 24 A large square region is paved with n2 gray square tiles, each measuring s inches on a side.
A border d inches wide surrounds each tile. The figure below shows the case for n = 3. When
n = 24 , the 576 gray tiles cover 64% of the area of the large square region. What is the ratio
d
s
for this larger value of n?
6
(A) 25 (B) 14 (C) 259 7
(D) 16 9
(E) 16
Câu 25 Rectangles R1 and R2 , and squares S1 , S2 , and S3 , shown below, combine to form a rectangle
that is 3322 units wide and 2020 units high. What is the side length of S2 in units?
(A) 651 (B) 655 (C) 656 (D) 662 (E) 666

Câu 1 The number of cups of water he needs is: 3 × 2 × 4 = 24 cups. Answer: E
Câu 2 Each friend would have: (15 + 20 + 25 + 40)/4 = 25 dollars. The friend who earned 40 dollars
must therefore give: 40 − 25 = 15 dollars. Answer: C
Câu 3 The area of the garden is: 6 × 8 = 48 feet. There are 4 strawberry plants per square foot and
10 strawberries per plant so the total number of strawberries she expect to harvest is:
48 × 4 × 10 = 1920 strawberries.
Answer: D
Câu 4 There is 1 dot in the first hexagon, there are 2 + 3 + 2 dots in the second, and 3 + 4 + 5 + 4 + 3
dots in the third one. So the fourth contains: 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 = 37 dots. Answer: B
3 1 3
Câu 5 Each cup is filled with × = . So therefore the percentage of a total capacity of the
4 5 20
3
pitcher is × 100 = 15. Answer: C
20
Câu 6 The last car is Maren so there are remaining four cars. We suppose that Aaron and Sharon
sit in a couple of cars, and Darren sit in front of Aaron so there are 3 conditions that can satisfy
the above-mentioned conditions: MASDK, MASKD, MKASD. The only possible arrangement
that satisfies the last condition is MKASD. Answer: A
Câu 7 The second digit can be only 3 as the number is smaller than 2400. The last digit is more
than 3, which only satisfies 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. There are:
5
6 × = 15
2
ways. Answer: 15
Câu 8 If Ricardo has n pennies, he would have 2020 − n nickles. He must have at least one penny
so we have: 1 ≤ p ≤ 2019. The maximum number of cents he can make is: 2019 × 5 + 1 = 10096
cents. The required difference is: 4 × 2018 = 8072 cents. Answer: C
Câu 9 There are 8 edges in total and each edge will provide 2 cubes that are painted on exactly 2
sides. There are 4 corners so there are total of 20 cubes. Answer: D
Câu 10 There are 4! ways to arrange 4 marbles. However, there are 2 × 3! = 12. So there are total:
12 ways. Answer: C
6
Câu 11 Naomi’s speed is = 36 mph. The answer is: 36 − 12 = 24 mph. Answer: E
1
6
Câu 12 5! = 120, therefore we can obtain that: 120 × 9! = 12 × N ! so N ! × 12 = 12 × 10!. So
therefore N = 10. Answer: 10
Câu 13 There are currently 36 socks in total. If he added n socks, there are total 36 + n socks.
There is a chance of 60 percent is that a sock selected is purple. So we have:
(18 + a) 3
=
(36 + a) 5
so therefore a = 9. Answer: B
Câu 14 The total population of all 20 cities is: 4750 × 20 = 95000 Answer: D
Câu 15 WLOG, let x = 100, we will therefore have: 0.15 × 100 = 0.2 × y. Hence, y = 75, and y is
75 percent of x. Answer: C
Câu 16 The sum on each line is:

A+B+C
A+F +E
B+F
C +D+E
B+D
The sum of all the above-mentioned sums is: 2(A + B + C + D + E + F ) + B = 47. The sum
6×7
of A,B,C,D,E,F is = 21. So hence the value of B is 5. Answer: E.
2
Câu 17 Since 2020 = 22 · 5 · 101, we can simply list its factors:
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20, 101, 202, 404, 505, 1010, 2020.
There are 12 of these; only 1, 2, 4, 5, 101 (i.e. 5 of them) don’t have over 3 factors, so the
remaining have 7 factors have more than 3 factors in total.
Câu 18 We have F D = AE so the midpoint of AD is the center of the circle. Let the center of the
circle is O. We have:
√ √ √
BA = BO2 − OA2 = 172 − 82 = 225 = 15
the area of ABCD is: 15 ∗ 16 = 240. Answer: A
Câu 19 If the number is ababa, we then have 10101a + 1010b is divisible by 15 or 6a + 5b divisible
by 15. Therefore, a divisible by 5 and b is divisible by 3. This will hence give us 4 answers:
(5,0),(5,3),(5,6),(5,9). Answer: 4
Câu 20 Since all the trees’ heights are integers tree 1 and tree 3 must have a height of 22. The next
two trees’ height therefore will have 3 possible cases: (11,22), (44,88), (44,22). The possible
average that suits the 5 given possible answers is: 24.2. Answer: B
Câu 21 Answer: A
Câu 22 The final output is 1 so the value of the 6th number in order to obtain 1 is 2. And similarly,
we can obtain the following sequence: The sum of all number possible numbers N is: 1 + 8 +
10 + 64 = 83. Answer: E
Câu 23 Two possible cases are made: one gets 3 awards and the other each gets 1 award; one gets
1 award and the other has 2 awards. Let consider each case:
Case 1: there are 3 ways to choose the one who gets 3 awards. And there are 53 = 10 ways

to choose 3 awards from 5 awards and lastly, one person has 2 choices for awards. There are total:
3 × 10 × 2 = 60
ways.
Case 2: 3 ways to choose the person who gets 1 award and 5 different choices for his award.
Each person has 6 ways for their award so there are a total:
3 × 5 × 6 = 90
ways.
In total, there are 150 ways to give 5 different awards to 3 students. Answer: B
Câu 24 Without loss of generality, we may let s = 1 (since d will be determined by the scale of s,
and we are only interested in the ratio ds ). Then, as the total area of the 576 gray tiles is simply
576
√
576, the large square has area 0.64 = 900, making the side of the large square 900 = 30. As
in Solution 1, the side length of the large square consists of the total length of the gray tiles
and 25 lots of the border, so the length of the border is d = 30−24 25
6
= 25 . Since ds = d if s = 1,
the answer is A.
Câu 25 Since, for each pair of rectangles, the side lengths have a sum of 3322 or 2020 and a differ-
ence of S2 , the answer must be:
3322 − 2020 1302
= = 651 .
2 2
Answer: A
Câu 1 Ike and Mike go into a sandwich shop with a total of 30.00 dollars to spend. Sandwiches
cost 4.50 dollars each and soft drinks cost 1.00 dollars each. Ike and Mike plan to buy as
many sandwiches as they can, and use any remaining money to buy soft drinks. Counting both
sandwiches and soft drinks, how many items will they buy?
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9 (E) 10
Câu 2 Three identical rectangles are put together to form rectangle ABCD, as shown in the figure
below. Given that the length of the shorter side of each of the smaller rectangles is 5 feet, what
is the area in square feet of rectangle ABCD?
(A) 45 (B) 75 (C) 100 (D) 125 (E) 150

15 19 17
Câu 3 Which of the following is the correct order of the fractions , ,
11 15
and 13
, from least to
greatest?
15 17 19 15 19 17 17 19 15 19 15 17 19
(A) 11 < 13
< 15
(B) 11
< 15
< 13
(C) 13
< 15
< 11
(D) 15
< 11
< 13
(E) 15
<
17 15
13
< 11
Câu 4 Quadrilateral ABCD is a rhombus with perimeter 52 meters. The length of diagonal AC is
24 meters. What is the area in square meters of rhombus ABCD?
(A) 60 (B) 90 (C) 105 (D) 120 (E) 144
Câu 5 A tortoise challenges a hare to a race. The hare eagerly agrees and quickly runs ahead,
leaving the slow-moving tortoise behind. Confident that he will win, the hare stops to take a
nap. Meanwhile, the tortoise walks at a slow steady pace for the entire race. The hare awakes
and runs to the finish line, only to find the tortoise already there. Which of the following graphs
matches the description of the race, showing the distance d traveled by the two animals over
time t from start to finish?
Câu 6 There are 81 grid points (uniformly spaced) in the square shown in the diagram below,
including the points on the edges. Point P is in the center of the square. Given that point Q is
randomly chosen among the other 80 points, what is the probability that the line P Q is a line
of symmetry for the square?
1 1 2 9 1
(A) 5
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 20
(E) 2
Câu 7 Shauna takes five tests, each worth a maximum of 100 points. Her scores on the first three
tests are 76, 94, and 87. In order to average 81 for all five tests, what is the lowest score she
could earn on one of the other two tests?
(A) 48 (B) 52 (C) 66 (D) 70 (E) 74
Câu 8 Gilda has a bag of marbles. She gives 20% of them to her friend Pedro. Then Gilda gives
10% of what is left to another friend, Ebony. Finally, Gilda gives 25% of what is now left in
the bag to her brother Jimmy. What percentage of her original bag of marbles does Gilda have
left for herself?
(A) 20 (B) 33 13 (C) 38 (D) 45 (E) 54
Câu 9 Alex and Felicia each have cats as pets. Alex buys cat food in cylindrical cans that are 6
cm in diameter and 12 cm high. Felicia buys cat food in cylindrical cans that are 12 cm in
diameter and 6 cm high. What is the ratio of the volume of one of Alex’s cans to the volume
one of Felicia’s cans?
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 1 : 1 (D) 2 : 1 (E) 4 : 1
Câu 10 The diagram shows the number of students at soccer practice each weekday during last
week. After computing the mean and median values, Coach discovers that there were actually
21 participants on Wednesday. Which of the following statements describes the change in the
mean and median after the correction is made? (A) The mean increases by 1 and the median
does not change.

(B) The mean increases by 1 and the median increases by 1.
(C) The mean increases by 1 and the median increases by 5.
(D) The mean increases by 5 and the median increases by 1.
(E) The mean increases by 5 and the median increases by 5.
Câu 11 The eighth grade class at Lincoln Middle School has 93 students. Each student takes a math
class or a foreign language class or both. There are 70 eighth graders taking a math class, and
there are 54 eight graders taking a foreign language class. How many eight graders take only a
math class and not a foreign language class?
(A) 16 (B) 23 (C) 31 (D) 39 (E) 70
Câu 12 The faces of a cube are painted in six different colors: red (R), white (W ), green (G), brown
(B), aqua (A), and purple (P ). Three views of the cube are shown below. What is the color of
the face opposite the aqua face?
(A) red (B) white (C) green (D) brown (E) purple
Câu 13 A palindrome is a number that has the same value when read from left to right or from
right to left. (For example, 12321 is a palindrome.) Let N be the least three-digit integer which
is not a palindrome but which is the sum of three distinct two-digit palindromes. What is the
sum of the digits of N ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6
Câu 14 Isabella has 6 coupons that can be redeemed for free ice cream cones at Pete’s Sweet Treats.
In order to make the coupons last, she decides that she will redeem one every 10 days until she
has used them all. She knows that Pete’s is closed on Sundays, but as she circles the 6 dates
on her calendar, she realizes that no circled date falls on a Sunday. On what day of the week
does Isabella redeem her first coupon?
(A) Monday (B) Tuesday (C) Wednesday (D) Thursday (E) Friday
Câu 15 On a beach 50 people are wearing sunglasses and 35 people are wearing caps. Some people
are wearing both sunglasses and caps. If one of the people wearing a cap is selected at random,
the probability that this person is also wearing sunglasses is 25 . If instead, someone wearing
sunglasses is selected at random, what is the probability that this person is also wearing a cap?
14 7 2 4 7
(A) 85
(B) 25
(C) 5
(D) 7
(E) 10
Câu 16 Qiang drives 15 miles at an average speed of 30 miles per hour. How many additional miles
will he have to drive at 55 miles per hour to average 50 miles per hour for the entire trip?
(A) 45 (B) 62 (C) 90 (D) 110 (E) 135
Câu 17 What is the value of the product

1.3 2.4 98.100
× ... ×
2.2 3.3 99.99
1 50 9800
(A) 2
(B) 99
(C) 9801
(D) 100
99
(E) 50
Câu 18 The faces of each of two fair dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8. When the two dice are
tossed, what is the probability that their sum will be an even number?
4 1 5 3 2
(A) 9
(B) 2
(C) 9
(D) 5
(E) 3
Câu 19 In a tournament there are six teams that play each other twice. A team earns 3 points for
a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss. After all the games have been played it turns
out that the top three teams earned the same number of total points. What is the greatest
possible number of total points for each of the top three teams?
(A) 22 (B) 23 (C) 24 (D) 26 (E) 30
Câu 20 How many different real numbers x satisfy the equation

(x2 − 5)2 = 16?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4 (E) 8
Câu 21 What is the area of the triangle formed by the lines y = 5, y = 1 + x, and y = 1 − x?
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12 (E) 16
Câu 22 A store increased the original price of a shirt by a certain percent and then decreased the
new price by the same amount. Given that the resulting price was 84% of the original price,
by what percent was the price increased and decreased?
(A) 16 (B) 20 (C) 28 (D) 36 (E) 40
Câu 23 After Euclid High School’s last basketball game, it was determined that 41 of the team’s
points were scored by Alexa and 27 were scored by Brittany. Chelsea scored 15 points. None of
the other 7 team members scored more than 2 points. What was the total number of points
scored by the other 7 team members?
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13 (E) 14
Câu 24 In triangle ABC, point D divides side AC so that AD : DC = 1 : 2. Let E be the midpoint
of BD and let F be the point of intersection of line BC and line AE. Given that the area of
△ABC is 360, what is the area of △EBF ?
Câu 25 Alice has 24 apples. In how many ways can she share them with Becky and Chris so that
each of the three people has at least two apples?
(A) 105 (B) 114 (C) 190 (D) 210 (E) 380

.
30 20
Câu 1 The number of sandwiches is an integer and must be less or equal to = so the
4.5 3
maximum number of sandwiches he can buy is 6. With the remaining dollars, he can buy more
than 3 sodas so the total number is: 6 + 3 = 9 items. Answer: D
Câu 2 The area of ABCD is: (5 × 2) × (5 × 2 + 5) = 150. Answer: E

x x+z
Câu 3 When y
> 1 and z > 0, y+z
< xy . Hence, the answer is E.
AC 24 √
Câu 4 We have: AB × 4 = 52 => AB = 13.AE = = = 12 so BE = AB 2 − AE 2 =
√ 2 2
132 − 122 = 5. The area of the rhombus is: 10 × 12 = 120. Answer: D
Câu 5 First, we know that the rabbit beats the tortoise in the first half of the race. So he is going
to be ahead of the tortoise. We also know, while he rested, he didn’t move. The answer hence
is B.
Câu 6 Divide the grid into 4 4x5 quadrants. Each row of 5 points has 1 point on a horizontal/vertical
2
line of symmetry + 1 point on a diagonal line of symmetry: . Answer: C
5
Câu 7 The total points of the 2 tests are: 81 × 5 − 76 − 94 − 87 = 148. The maximum number of
one test is 100, so the lowest of the other must be: 148 − 100 = 48. Answer: A
Câu 8 After Gilda gives 20 of the marbles to Pedro, she has 80 percent of the marbles left. If she
then gives 10 percent of what’s left to Ebony, she has (0.8 ∗ 0.9) = 72 percent of what she
had at the beginning. Finally, she gives 25 percent of what’s left to her brother, so she has
(0.75 ∗ 0.72) = 54 percent of what she had in the beginning left.
Câu 9 Using the formula for the volume of a cylinder, we get that the volume of Alex’s can is
32 × 12 × π, and that the volume of Felicia’s can is 62 × 6 × π. Now, we divide the volume of
Alex’s can by the volume of Felicia’s can, so we get 12 . Answer: B
Câu 10 Total increases by 5, so the average increases by 1. The initial median is 20, the following
median is 21 so the median increases by 1. Answer: B
Câu 11 The number of students who take both classes is: 70 + 54 − 93 = 31 So the number of
graders that take only math classes is: 70 − 31 = 39. Answer: D
Câu 12 Looking closely, we can see that all faces are connected with R except for A. Answer: R.
Câu 13 Two-digit palindrome numbers include numbers that are divisible by 11. So,therefore, N
is divisible by 11. The smallest number that satisfies this condition is 110. We also have:
110 = 77 + 22 + 11 so the smallest N is 110 and its sum of the digits is 2. Answer: 2
Câu 14 Let Sunday be Day 0, Monday be Day 1, Tuesday be Day 2, and so forth. We see that
Sundays fall on Day n, where n is a multiple of seven. If Isabella starts using her coupons
on Monday (Day 1), she will fall on a Day that is a multiple of seven, a Sunday (her third
coupon will be "used" on Day 21). Similarly, if she starts using her coupons on Tuesday (Day
2), Isabella will fall on a Day that is a multiple of seven (Day 42). Repeating this process, if
she starts on Wednesday (Day 3), Isabella will first fall on a Day that is a multiple of seven,
Day 63 (13, 23, 33, 43, 53 are not multiples of seven), but on her seventh coupon, of which she
only has six. So, the answer is C.
2
Câu 15 The number of people wearing caps and sunglasses is · 35 = 14. So then, 14 people out of
5
7
the 50 people wearing sunglasses also have caps. Therefore the answer is or B
25
Câu 16 Let the additional miles he has to drive be x. The total distance of the road he has to ride
is 15 + x. We can therefore set the following equation based on the problem:
15 + x
= 50 .
1 x
+
2 55
So solving the equation gives us the answer of 110. Answer: D
Câu 17 We can rewrite:

1 3·2 4·3 99 · 98 100
· ··· ·
2 2·3 3·4 98 · 99 99
All the terms are canceled, and therefore we can obtain the results of:
1.100 50
= .
2.99 99
Answer: B
Câu 18 To obtain a sum that is odd, the two numbers must be odd-even or even-odd. The chance
2 1
of obtaining an odd is and the chance of obtaining an even is . So to get odd, the chance
3 3
4 5
is . So answer is . Answer: C
9 9
Câu 19 We can name the top three teams as A, B, and C. We can see that (respective scores of)
A = B = C because these teams have the same points. If we look at the matches that involve
the top three teams, we see that there are some duplicates: AB, BC, and AC come twice. In
order to even out the scores and get the maximum score, we can say that in a match AB, A,
and B each win once out of the two games that they play. We can say the same thing for AC
and BC. This tells us that each team A, B, and C win and lose twice. This gives each team
a total of 3 + 3 + 0 + 0 = 6 points. Now, we need to include the other three teams. We can
label these teams as D, E, and F . We can write down every match that A, B, or C plays in
that we haven’t counted yet: AD, AD, AE, AE, AF , AF , BD, BD, BE, BE, BF , BF , CD,
CD, CE, CE, CF , and CF . We can say A, B, and C win each of these in order to obtain the
maximum score that A, B, and C can have. If A, B, and C win all six of their matches, A, B,
and C will have a score of 18. Answer: 24 or C
Câu 20 The equation given is equivalent to:

(x + 3)(x − 3)(x + 1)(x − 1) = 0
Therefore, there are total of 4 solutions. Answer: D
Câu 21 y = x + 1 and y = −x + 1 have y-intercepts at (0, 1) and slopes of 1 and −1, respectively.
Since the product of these slopes is −1, the two lines are perpendicular. From y = 5, we see
that (−4, 5) and (4, 5) are the other two intersection points, and they are 8 units apart. By
√
symmetry, this triangle is a 45 − 45 − 90 triangle,
√ so the legs are 4 2 each and the area is
(4. 2)2
= 16
2
Answer: A
Câu 22 Suppose the fraction of the discount is x. That means (1−x)(1+x) = 0.84; so, 1−x2 = 0.84,
and (x2 ) = 0.16, obtaining x = 0.4. Therefore, the price was increased and decreased by 40
percent. Answer: E
Câu 23 Starting from the above equation 4t + 2t7 + 15 + x = t , where t is the total number of points
scored and x ≤ 14 is the number of points scored by the remaining 7 team members, we can
simplify to obtain the Diophantine equation x + 15 = 13 28
t, or 28x + 28 · 15 = 13t. Since t is
necessarily divisible by 28, let t = 28u where u ≥ 0 and divide by 28 to obtain x + 15 = 13u.
u = 2, t = 56 and x = 11. Answer: B
Câu 24 As before, we figure out the areas labeled in the diagram. Then, we note that
EF x 120 − x
= =
AE 60 180
Even simpler:
EF x 120
= =
AE 60 240
. Hence, x = 30.
Câu 25 Students should read about Euler’s candy problem, which is one of the most famous candy
distribution problems. Read more at: https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/
Ball-and-urn The answer therefore is C. Answer: C
Chương 4
International Mathematical and Science

Olympiad (IMSO) :
4.1.1 Mở đầu:
Kì thi Olympic Toán và Khoa học trẻ quốc tế (International Mathematics and Science Olympiad for
Primary School – viết tắt là IMSO) là một trong các cuộc thi toán quốc tế dành cho học sinh tiểu
học và trung học dưới 13 tuổi trên toàn thế giới. Kỳ thi Olympic Toán học và Khoa học quốc tế là
sân chơi quốc tế rất có uy tín và bổ ích, tạo điều kiện cho học sinh dưới 13 tuổi từ nhiều quốc gia có
cơ hội giao lưu và phát triển khả năng về Toán học, Khoa học. Kì thi không chỉ đơn thuần là kiểm
tra kiến thức lý thuyết mà còn thử thách khả năng sáng tạo của các bạn học sinh. Do đó, phương
châm của kỳ thi là đề cao giá trị của sự thông minh, sáng tạo và kích thích sự hứng thú của học trò
sinh với Toán và Khoa học. Với những ý nghĩa sâu sắc, thiết thực, bài thi bổ ích, mang tính phân
loại và đánh giá cao cùng với sự tổ chức chuyên nghiệp, IMSO được đánh giá là kì thi uy tín nhất
dành cho học sinh dưới 13 tuổi. Kỳ thi ngày càng tạo được sức lan tỏa, ngày càng có nhiều quốc gia,
vùng lãnh thổ trên thế giới tham dự.
4.1.2 Lịch sử :
- Năm 2021 Kỳ thi IMSO diễn ra trong bốn ngày từ 21/1 – 24/1, do Indonesia làm chủ nhà. Vì dịch
COVID19 diễn biến phức tạp, thí sinh dự thi IMSO 2021 thi ngay tại quốc gia mình vào cùng một
khung giờ, được truyền hình trực tiếp tại tất cả các nước. Số nước tham dự năm 2021 cũng giảm, chỉ
còn 15 quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ. Sau 3 ngày thi, đoàn Việt Nam xuất sắc mang về 2 Huy chương
Vàng, 5 Huy chương Bạc, 4 Huy chương Đồng ở môn Toán học. Với môn Khoa học, đoàn học sinh
Việt Nam giành 5 Huy chương Bạc và 4 Huy chương Đồng.

- Các bạn học sinh dưới 13 tuổi có niềm đam mê Toán và Khoa học muốn thử sức các cuộc thi Toán
– Khoa học Tiếng Anh Quốc tế lớn. Các thí sinh sẽ được kiểm tra qua các vòng để chọn vào đội
tuyển và mỗi quốc gia sẽ đề cử 12 thí sinh tham gia (6 thí sinh đội tuyển Toán, 6 thí sinh đội tuyển
Khoa học). Nhưng cũng có những năm, ở từng quốc gia, số thí sinh được lựa chọn nhiều hơn 12.
71
4.1.4 Đề thi và bài làm:
- Đề thi: Cấu trúc đề của cuộc thi IMSO gồm có 2 phần là Toán và Khoa học, trong đó đề thi Toán
yêu cầu tổng thời gian làm bài là 270 phút. Đề thi Toán gồm 3 phần: Trắc nghiệm yêu cầu viết đáp
số (25 bài/60 phút, mỗi câu đúng được 1.0 điểm); Tự luận (13 bài/90 phút, mỗi câu đúng tối đa 3.0
điểm) và Khám phá (6 bài/120 phút, mỗi bài đúng tối đa 6.0 điểm). Câu hỏi, hướng dẫn trong đề
đều bằng tiếng Anh. Trong quá trình thi, thí sinh không được sử dụng từ điển tiếng Anh, khoa học,
máy tính cầm tay hoặc các thiết bị điện tử khác.
Câu 1 A job at Hai Liang Education Park can be done by Alex alone in 6 hours and by Bob alone
in 10 hours. Alex works on the job for one hour alone, then Bob continues to work on the job
for one hour alone. If they repeat the pattern, in how many hours can the job be done? Express
your answer as a common fraction.
Câu 2 In the figure below, E is a point on side AD of rectangle ABCD. Points F, G, H and I are
midpoints of CE, BF, CG and BH respectively. If the area of triangle BCI is 1cm2 , find the
area of rectangle ABCD, in cm2 .
Câu 3 In a sequence, the first two terms are 64 and 36. Each subsequent term is the average of the
preceding terms. Find the sum of the first 2018 terms.
Câu 4 In the figure shown, the distance between adjacent dots in each row and each column is 1
cm. What is the area of the shaded region, in cm2 ?
Câu 5 For any positive integer n, we define the function f(n) to be the sum of the digits of n and
the number of digits of n. For example,
f (218) = 2 +1 + 8 + 3 = 14. (Note: The first digit of n, reading from left to right, cannot be
0). What is the sum of maximum and minimum values of n such that f(n)= 6?
Câu 6 A rectangle is divided into 9 smaller portions as shown in the figure below. The perimeter, in
cm, of the 5 known portions are also given. Find the perimeter, in cm, of the original rectangle.
Câu 7 A cylindrical water tank, with diameter 2.8 m and height 4.2 m, is filled in by a pipe of
diameter 7 cm, through which water flows at the rate of 4 m/sec. How many minutes will it
22
take for the pipe to completely fill the tank? (Take π = )
7
Câu 8 We want to divide a square into obtuse triangles such that every two triangles meet at a
common vertex or at a common edge or are disjoint. At least how many triangles can we have?
Câu 9 What is the last digit of 122018 + 142018 + 162018 + 182018 + 202018 + ... + 20142018 + 20162018 +
20182018
Câu 10 How many 3-digit positive integers have the property that the product of all of its digits is
equal to 18?
Câu 11 Two overlapped equilateral triangles are shown in the figure below. The sides of each triangle
are parallel to the sides of the other. The perimeter of the two triangles are 744 cm and 930
cm, respectively. What is the perimeter, in cm, of shaded hexagon?
Câu 12 Sunny got three boxes from his father, which contained some number of marbles. His father
said that the number of marbles inside the first, second and third boxes are three consecutive
integers in increasing order and that they are divisible by 5, 7 and 9 respectively. What is the
minimum total number of marbles inside the three boxes?
Câu 13 Given is the sequence 1, 1, 1, 3, 5, 9, 17, 31, ... , where the nth term after the 3rd term is
the sum of three previous terms. For example, the 4th term is 1 + 1 + 1= 3 and the 5th term
is 1 + 1 + 3= 5. What is the remainder when the 2018th term is divided by 8?
Câu 14 If the eight-digit number 2 0 1 8 M N 2 8 is divided by 7, the remainder is 5. If the same

eight-digit number is divided by 11, the remainder is 9. Find the largest possible value of the
two-digit number M N .
Câu 15 Let I, M, S and O represent different digits and the sum of IMSO, ISMO, OMSI, OSMI,
MISO, MOSI, SIMO and SOMI is equal to 60012. What is the sum of I + M + S + O?
Câu 16 Find the sum of all the shaded angles, in degrees, of the figure shown below.
Câu 17 In the following 5 x 5 square grid, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are filled in, such that each
number appears only once in each row and only once in each column. Find the number filled
in the shaded square.
Câu 18 We place 2018 distinct points inside a square, then divide the square into triangles, whose
vertices are those 2018 points and the 4 vertices of the square. (that is we have 2022 points
in total, which are vertices of the triangles). For each triangle, each point is either one of its
vertices or lies completely outside the triangle itself. In how many triangles has the square been
divided?
Câu 19 In the figure shown below, each empty white cell is filled with an integer from 1 to 9. Each
number is used at most once. The gray cell is filled with a sign shown below . In each line with
3 numbers, the calculation is from left to right. In the last column, the calculation is from top
to bottom. Show one possible solution.
Câu 20 In the grid below, each letter represents a different integer from 1 to 7. When comparing
the sum of the numbers in any row or column to that of any other rows or columns, the two
sums must be of the same parity (either both even or both odd) and differ by at most 2. Find
the sum of all possible values of a.
Câu 21 Mathrix is a 5 x 5 puzzle game where we place the digits from 1 to 5 in the board such that
each row and column contain the digits from 1 to 5 exactly once. Circles with conditions are
placed on some intersections and are meant for the 2 pairs of diagonally adjacent cells. This
can be the sum (+), difference (-) or only odd numbers can be used (odd). (For example if we
have +5 this means that the sum of the two diagonally adjacent numbers is 5). Find the value
of I + M + S + O.
Câu 22 It is known that AM M M and M M M B are two 4-digit numbers, where A,B,M are different
AM M M 2
digits. If = , find the value of A+B+M
MMMB 5
Câu 23 What is the units’ digit of the expression below:
−1 × 2018 + 2 × 2017 − 3 × 2016 + ... − 1003 × 1006 + 1004 × 1005
Câu 24 Each hexagon is coloured either red, yellow or blue, such that no two hexagons connected
by a line segment have the same colour. In how many different ways can we colour the figure?
Câu 25 In the figure shown below, colour each of the equilateral triangles with any one of 4 colours:
blue, yellow, green or red so that no two triangles will have the same colour. How many different
possible ways of colouring the figure are there? (Two ways of colouring the figure are considered
the same if we can obtain one colouring from another by rotating the entire figure, reflecting
the figure however counts as a different colouring.)

.
1 1
Câu 1 Trong 1 giờ Alex có thể làm được giờ, Bob làm được công việc từ đó ta có bảng 2 người
6 10
đã làm được. Cứ 2 tiếng thì họ sẽ hoàn thành:
1 1
+ = 4/15
6 10
công việc
12 29
Sau 6 tiếng luôn phiên, họ sẽ hoàn thành công việc và 7 tiếng họ sẽ hoàn thành công
15 30
1 1 22
việc. Sau thêm giờ thì Bobo hoàn thành thêm nốt công việc cuối cùng. Đáp số:
3 30 3
Câu 2 Diện tích tam giác BCI là 1cm2 và vì có I,H,G,F là trung điểm các cạnh BH,GC,BF,EC nên
diện tích tam giác BEC là 16cm2 . Do đó diện tích hình chữ nhật ABCD là 32cm2 . Đáp số:
32cm2
Câu 3 Số thứ 3 là 50 và kể từ số thứ 3, trung bình các số sau đều là 50 không đổi. Tổng 2018 số
đầu tiên là: 50 × 2016 + 64 + 36 = 100900. Đáp số: 100900
Câu 4 Ta dùng bù trừ để tính những phần không tô đậm trong hình vuông (8cm2 ), diện tích hình
vuông là 25cm2 nên diện tích tô đậm là 17cm2 .
Câu 5 Số lớn nhất thỏa mãn: 10000

Số nhỏ nhất thỏa mãn: 5 Đáp số: Tổng = 10005
Câu 6 Đặt tên các đỉnh như hình dưới. Đặt CD = M N = x, EF = GH = y, IL = JK = a,

IJ = LK = b. Ta có:
6x + 2b = 20 + 8 + 11
6y + 2a = 11 + 8 + 12
Lại có 2(x+y) là chu vi hình giữ nhật ở giữa nên x + y = 4, từ đó 2(a + b) = 46. Đáp số: 46
Câu 7 Thể tích thùng chứa nước là:

22
× 2, 82 × 4, 2 = 103, 488m3
7
Mặt khác do 7 cm = 0,07 m nên trong 1 giây thì lượng nước chảy qua ống là:
22
× 0.072 × 4 = 0.0616m3
7
Vậy thời gian để vòi nước chảy làm đầy bình là:
103, 488
= 1680(giây) hay 28 phút.
0.0616
Câu 8 Đáp số: 6
Câu 9 2018 chia 4 dư 2 ta có thể xét:

24k+2 ≡ 4 (mod 10) 44k+2 ≡ 6 (mod 10) 64k+2 ≡ 6 (mod 10) 84k+2 ≡ 4 (mod 10) Tổng 4 số liên
tiếp tận cùng là 0, nên tổng S có tận cùng là 0. Đáp số: 0
Câu 10 Các số có 3 chữ số mà tích các chữ số bằng 18 là: 129, 192, 219, 291, 912, 921, 136, 163,
316, 361, 613, 631, 233, 323, 332 Đáp số: 15
Câu 11 Để ý rằng tổng chu vi 6 tam giác trắng trong hình cũng chính là tổng chu vi hai hình tam
giác đều to nhất. (1)
Xét 1 trong các tam giác đều trắng, gọi là ABC như trên. Do BC song song với DE nên LABC
= LACB = 60°. Do đó tam giác ABC đều, dẫn đến chu vi tam giác ABC bằng 3 lần độ dài
BC.
Làm tương tự cho các tam giác trắng còn lại, ta suy ra được rằng tổng chu vi 6 tam giác trắng
bằng 3 lần chu vi hình lục giác tô đậm. (2)
Từ (1) và (2), chu vi lục giác tô đậm là:
1
× (744 + 930) = 558 .
3
Đáp số: 558
Câu 12 Gọi x là số bi hộp đầu, khi đó x + 1 và x + 2 là số bi trong hộp thứ 2 và hộp thứ 3. Ta có:
x ≡ 0 (mod 5)
x + 1 ≡ 0 (mod 7)
x + 2 ≡ 0 (mod 9)
Ta thấy, từ 3 điều kiện trên, ta thấy sẽ đi tìm 1 số chia hết cho 5, chia 7 dư 6 và chia 9 dư 7.
Số nhỏ nhất thỏa mãn là 155, từ đó ta thấy x + 155 ≡ 0 (mod 315). Vậy x nhỏ nhất có giá trị
là 160. Tổng số bi 3 hộp từ đó là 483. Đáp số: 483
Câu 13 Đồng dư của 8 lặp lại theo chu kì 8, 2018 chia 8 dư 2 nên số dư của nó sẽ là 1. Đáp số: 1
Câu 14 Ta có 2018M N 28 chia 11 dư 9 nên 2018M N 19 chia hết cho 11. Từ đó ta thấy 2 + 1 + M +
N − 0 − 8 − N − 9 chia hết cho 11 hay M − N chia 11 dư 2. Chọn M,N sao cho số đã cho chia
7 dư 5, ta thấy M N = 86 là thỏa mãn và lớn nhất. Đáp số: 86
Câu 15 Tổng của 8 số là 2204(I+O)+2240(M+S)=60012 hay 2204(I+M+S+O)=60012-36(I+O).

Trong các số chia hết cho 2204 chỉ có 59508 là gần nhất 60012 và chia hết 2204. Do đó dễ tính
được I+M+S+O=27. Đáp số: 27
Câu 16 Cộng tổng các góc đưa về tam giác to nhất ở giữa, ta sẽ được tổng các góc thỏa mãn đề
bài là 180. Đáp số: 180
Câu 17 Đánh số lần lượt các hàng là 1,2,3,4,5 và các cột là a,b,c,d,e. Ta thấy a1 , a3 , a4 , a5 không
thể là 4 nên a2 = 4. a5 không thể 5 nên a5 = 3, a3 = 5. Xét cột thứ 3 dễ thấy 1 phải nằm ở
vị trí c5 , và từ đó 3 phải nằm vị trí c1 và 2 phải nằm ở vị trí c2 . Điền xong 2 cột ta sẽ dễ xác
định một cách tương tự rằng ô ở vị trí tô đậm sẽ có giá trị là 1. Đáp số: 1
Câu 18 Sau đó với mỗi điểm mới mà ta tạo thêm thì nó sẽ nằm hoàn toàn bên trong một tam giác
có sẵn, đồng thời chia tam giác đó thành ba tam giác khác tương tự.
Nói cách khác, mỗi điểm mới mà ta thêm sẽ làm tăng số tam giác thêm 2 Vậy số tam giác được
tạo thành bởi hình vuông và 2018 điểm bên trong nó là:
2 + 2018 × 2 = 4038 .
Đáp số: 4038
Câu 19 Lời giải bài toán:

Câu 20 Đặt tên các cột là 1,2,3; các hàng là a,b,c. Do tổng các số trong 3 cột là 28 (số chẵn) và
tổng của từng số trong mỗi cột 1, 2, 3 cùng tính chẵn lẻ nên tổng của các số trong từng cột
đều là số chẵn.
Mặt khác, 2 cột bất kì có chênh lệch giữa tổng các số trong mỗi cột không quá 2. Từ đây ta
tính được tổng của các số trong mỗi cột chỉ có thể là 8 hoặc 10. Chứng minh tương tự thì tổng
các số trong mỗi hàng chỉ là 8 hoặc 10. Nếu a = 1 thì b và c chỉ có thể là 7 (do b, c ≡ 0(mod
7)) và a + b và a + c chỉ nhận 1 trong 2 giá trị 8 hoặc 10 Điều này vô lí do b khác c. Tương
tự ta cũng chứng minh đượca = 2 vô lí. Nếu a = 4 thì do b, c không thể bằng 4 nên a + b và
a + c chỉ có thể là 10
=> b = c = 6 (vô lí). Chứng minh tương tự ta loại được trường hợp a = 5. Với các trường hợp
còn lại, ta đều chỉ ra được bảng thoả mãn bài toán
Câu 21 Đáp số: 13. Bạn đọc tự thử tìm hướng giải.
AM M M
Câu 22 Do nên AM M M ≡ 0(mod 2) do đó M là chữ số chẵn. Tương tự ta có M M M B
MMMB
chia hết cho 5, thử các trường hợp M M M B chỉ có M = 2, B = 6, A = 5. Do đó A+B +M = 13
Câu 23 Ta thấy kết quả biểu thức đã cho có cùng chữ số hàng đơn vị với giá trị biểu thức sau:
A = 100 × (−1 × 8 + ... + 10 × 9) − 1 × 8 + 2 × 7 − 3 × 6 + 4 × 5 Vậy chữ số tận cùng A là 8
Câu 24 Với mỗi cách tô màu 4 hình lục giác ở trong, ta có thể tạo ra 16 cách tô các hình lục giác
bên ngoài. Cụ thể, ở mỗi hình lục giác ngoài, ta có thể dùng 2 màu không trùng với màu của
hình lục giác bên trong mà nó tiếp xúc; do đó có:
24 = 16
cách tô
Giờ xét 4 ngũ giác ở trong, ta thấy TH1 nếu dùng 2 màu, có 3 cặp màu và 2 cách tô mỗi cặp
tạo nên 6 cặp khác nhau. TH2 dùng 3 màu, 1 màu tô 2 lần 2 lục giác đối diện và 2 màu tô bất
kì nên do đó có tổng cộng 2 × 3 × 2 = 12 cách tô 3 màu. Từ đó số cách tô cả hình là:
16 × (12 + 6) = 288
cách tô.
Câu 25 Nếu tô như bình thường sẽ thu được 24 cách, tuy nhiên ta có thể thấy mỗi cách tô bị lặp
lại 2 lần nên số cách tổng cộng là:
24
= 12 cách
2
Câu 1 1. Find the smallest positive integer n such that the three numbers: n − 96, n and n + 96 are
positive prime numbers
Câu 2 The figure below shows five circles touching each other at points B, C, D and E. Points A
and B are two different points on the leftmost circle. Points E and F are two different points
on the rightmost circle. An ant wants to crawl from A to F along part of the circumference of
the circles. If the ant is only allowed to crawl along any parts of the circumference of the circles
at most once, how many possible paths can the ant take to crawl from A to F?
Câu 3 Alex spent a total of 119 dollars in 7 days. Each day, he spent 4 dollars more than the
previous day. How much did Alex spend on the 6th day?
Câu 4 A sequence of numbers is added in the following way: For example, for the sequence 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, ... , all the numbers in the sequence are first written as decimals as
shown below and then added up together.
0.1
0.02
0.003
0.0004
0.00005
0.000006
0.0000007
0.00000008
0.000000009
0.0000000010
0.00000000011
0.000000000012
= 0.123456790123
What is the result when the sequence 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99, 108, 117, ... is
added up in the same way?
Câu 5 A positive integer is lucky if each digit in its base-ten representation, starting from the
leftmost digit, is not more than the digit on its right. For example, 79, 335 and 679 are lucky
numbers but 41, 523 and 786 are not. A super-lucky number is a lucky number with 8 in its
ones place and whose square is also lucky. Find the smallest super-lucky number.
Câu 6 Harry, Larry and Parry were each given some marbles on Monday.
On Tuesday, Harry gave Larry and Parry some marbles so that Larry and Parry each ended
up with 4 times their original number of marbles.
On Wednesday, Larry gave Harry and Parry some marbles so that Harry and Parry each ended
up with 3 times the number of marbles they had on Tuesday.
On Thursday, Parry gave Harry and Larry some marbles so that Harry and Larry each ended
up with twice the number of marbles they had on Wednesday.
If Harry, Larry and Parry ended up with 48 marbles each on Thursday, how many marbles did
Parry have on Monday?
Câu 7 Form 9-digit numbers using each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 exactly once. Let A
and B be two such numbers with B = 8A. Find the sum of the digits of the number A + B
Câu 8 Straight lines are used to divide a square into identical regions as shown in the figure below.
How many triangles are there in the figure?
Câu 9 A sculptor wanted to carve a statue from a piece of marble. On the first week, the sculptor
carved out 35% of the original piece of marble. On the second week, he carved out 20% of
what was left, and on the third week, he carved out 25% of the remaining block to complete
the statue. The weight of the completed statue is 48.75 kg. What was the weight, in kg, of the
original piece of marble?
Câu 10 Find the greatest 10-digit positive integer that is divisible by 36 and in which each of the
digits 0 to 9 appears exactly once.
Câu 11 Jack wants to climb up a 26-step staircase. He is only allowed to take 2 or 4 steps for each
move. In how many different ways can he climb up to the top of the staircase with exactly 8
moves?
537
Câu 12 What number should be subtracted from the numerator of the fraction and added to
463
1
the denominator so that the resulting fraction is equal to ?
9
Câu 13 In the figure below, H, I, J, ... , Q and R are 11 points on the circle such that HI = IJ =
JK = KL = LM and N O = OP = P Q = QR. If HM is the diameter of the circle, find the
total measure, in degrees, of ∠HRI , ∠IJQ , ∠JP K , ∠KOL and ∠LN M .
Câu 14 A palindrome is a number which remains the same when its digits are written in the reverse
order. For example, 131 is a palindrome. A car’s odometer reads 16961 km. How much further
should the car travel in kilometers before the odometer reads the next palindrome?
Câu 15 If abcdef represents a 6-digit number, where a, b, c, d, e and f denote different digits, what
is the largest possible value of abc + bcd + cde + def ?
Câu 16 Alvin and Charles both walk from Town Q to Town M at a speed of 4.8 km/h and 5.4
km/h respectively. Bob cycles from Town M to Town Q at a speed of 10.8 km/h. If all three
of them start at the same time, Alvin will meet Bob 5 minutes after Charles meets Bob. How
many minutes will Bob take to travel from Town M to Town Q?
Câu 17 In the figure below, square AEJH and square FCGL overlap to form the shaded square
1 4
KJIL. The area of KJIL is the area of FCGL and area of AEJH. What fraction of the
4 9
square ABCD is shaded?
Câu 18 In the figure below, D is a point on the line AC such that BD is perpendicular to AC. Point
E is on the line BC such that AB is parallel to DE. The area of △CDE is 9 cm2 . Given that
BD = 8cm and DC = 6 cm, find the length, in cm, of AD.
Câu 19 A, B and C are positive integers. The sum of 160 and the square of A is equal to the sum
of 5 and the square of B. The sum of 320 and the square of A is equal to the sum of 5 and the
square of C. Find the positive integer A.
Câu 20 Eight positive integers are arranged in a row as shown below.

2017, a,b,c,d,e,f,g
Starting from b, each number is the average of the previous two numbers. If the difference be-
tween f and g is 1, what is the smallest possible value of a?
Câu 21 In the figure below, AB is the diameter of the circle with centre O. Two circles are drawn
with AO and OB as diameters. In the region between the circumferences, a circle with centre
D is inscribed to touch the other three circles. If the length of the radius of the circle D is 8
cm, find the length, in cm, of AB.
Câu 22 A total of 555 balls are distributed into 11 boxes such that all boxes contain different
numbers of balls. If the number of balls in each box must contain the digit ‘5’, what is the
greatest possible number of balls in a box?
Câu 23 In the figure below, the area of trapezium MNQP is 21 cm2 . C is the centre of both the big
and small circles and MC is perpendicular to CP.
Find the area, in cm2 , of the shaded region.
22
(take π =
7
Câu 24 Every unit square on a 8 × 8grid table is painted in one of eight different colours. Each
colour is used at least once and any two unit squares sharing a common side cannot be of the
same colour. Two colours are friendly if there are two unit squares sharing a common side which
are painted in these two colours. What is the minimum number of friendly pairs of colours ?
Câu 25 The organizer wants to paint the figure below which comprises of 7 dotted grid squares
with characters written on it.
Each grid square should not be of the same color as any of its adjacent grid squares. For
example, the grid square with S cannot have the same color as those with M, O, 1 and 7. If
there are four different colors to choose from, in how many different ways can the organizer
paint the figure?

.
Câu 1 Thử một số các TH nhỏ bắt đầu từ n − 96, ta có thể thấy để thỏa mãn cả 3 điều kiện thì
chỉ có TH n − 96 = 5 là nhỏ nhất và thỏa mãn. Vậy n = 101 là số nhỏ nhất thỏa mãn đề bài
Câu 2 Có 2 cách đi qua mỗi hình tròn, có 5 hình tròn nên sẽ có tổng cộng: 25 = 32 cách đi qua cả
5 hình tròn.
Câu 3 Nếu Alex tiêu x đô ở ngày đầu tiên thì anh ta sẽ tiêu x + 20 đô ỏ ngày thứ 6 và tổng cộng ở
cả 7 ngày anh ta tiêu: 7x + 84. Từ đó ta có thể suy ra x = 5 và ngày thứ 6 anh ta tiêu 25 đô.
Câu 4 Ta có:
9 18 27
A= + + + ...
10 100 1000
9 18
= + + ..
10 100
18
=> 10 × A = 9 + + ...
10
9 18
=> 9 × A = 9 + + 2 + ...
10 10
9 9
= 9 + A Vì thế, 8 × A = 9 and A = Vậy A =
8 8
Câu 5 Bắt đầu từ những giá trị nhỏ nhất: 18,28,.. ta thấy 38 là số nhỏ nhất mà "siêu may mắn".
Đáp số: 38
Câu 6 Chúng ta lật ngược lại từ thứ 5, tính dần số bi để lật ngược lại số bi ban đầu. Ta có thể thấy
số bi ban đầu mà Parry có sẽ là 8 viên bi. Đáp số: 8 viên bi
Câu 7 A + B = 9B chia hết cho 9 nên tổng các chữ số của A + B chia hết cho 9. Chúng ta hoàn
toàn có thể chặn được tổng các chữ số của A + B nhỏ hơn 18, do chữ số đầu tiên của B bắt
buộc là 1. Từ đó tính được tổng các chữ số A + B là 9. Đáp số: 9
Câu 8 Coi một cạnh hình vuông có độ dài đơn vị là 2, ta có thể bắt đầu đếm từ những tam giác
√ 1
vuông cân có cạnh góc vuông là 1, 2, √ . Ta thấy có tổng cộng 32 tam giác được đếm. Đáp
2
số: 32
Câu 9 Gọi cân nặng ban đầu trước khi bị điêu khắc là x. Sau lần 1, cân nặng còn lại là x × 65% và
sau 3 lần cân nặng còn lại là: x × 65% × 80% × 75%. Từ đó dễ tính được phần còn lại của bức
tượng có cân nặng là 48.75kg và dễ tính được x. Đáp số: 125
Câu 10 Hiển nhiên nếu mỗi chữ số từ 0 đến 9 xuất hiện 1 lần thì số đó chia hết cho 9. Vậy ta sẽ
tìm số lớn nhất thỏa mãn để chia hết cho 4, và dễ thấy số lớn nhất là: 9876543120. Đáp số:
9876543120
Câu 11 Sau 8 lượt thì Jack sẽ đi được tối đa 32, do đó có ít nhất 3 lượt Jack bước 2 bước. Xét từng
trường hợp ra và có thể thấy số trường hợp xảy ra sẽ là 56 trường hợp. Đáp số: 56 trường hợp.
Đáp số: 56 trường hợp
537 − x 1
Câu 12 Gọi x là số thỏa mãn = . Nhân chéo lên sẽ có x = 437. Đáp số: 437
463 + x 9
Câu 13 Mỗi góc ở đó sẽ đại diện cho các cung HI, IJ, JK, KL, LM nên tổng các góc của đề bài sẽ
180
có tổng là: = 90 độ. Đáp số: 90
2
Câu 14 Số lớn có dạng ’palindrom’ mà đứng ngay sau 16961 sẽ là 17071. Do đó, xe đó sẽ phải đi
thêm: 17071 − 16961 = 110 km. Đáp số 110km
Câu 15 Tổng trên có độ lớn bằng: 100a + 110b + 111c + 111d + 11e + f , do đó để tổng lớn nhất thì
c = 9, d = 8, b = 7, a = 6, e = 5, f = 4 khi cộng lại ta sẽ được giá trị là 3316. Đáp số: 3316
Câu 16 Cộng tổng các góc đưa về tam giác to nhất ở giữa, ta sẽ được tổng các góc thỏa mãn đề
bài là 180. Đáp số: 180
IJ 1 x
Câu 17 Ta có thể tính tỉ lệ: = nên nếu IJ = x thì F C = 2x và tương tự ta sẽ có EI =
FC 2 2
5x 2 2 4 4
do đó ta có BC = . Vậy tỉ lệ ABCD bị tô đậm là : ( ) = . Đáp số:
2 5 25 25
Câu 18 Từ bài toán có thể tính được diện tích tam giác BDC là 7cm2 nên ta sẽ tính được tỉ lệ:
EC DC
. Từ đó theo định lý Thales sẽ tính được . Ta tính được cả diện tích tam giác ABC từ
BC AC
đó tính được cạnh AC. Và vì vậy, ta tìm được độ dài cạnh AD là 10cm. Đáp số: 10 cm.
Câu 19 Ta có:
160+A2 = 5+B 2 => (B−A)(B+A) = 155. Tương tự ta cũng sẽ có: (C −A)(C +A) = 315.Phân
tích nhân tử ta tính được A duy nhất thỏa mãn cả 2 trường hợp là A = 13, B = 18, C = 22.
Đáp số: 13
Câu 20 Ta có thể tính các số theo đằng sau theo biến a, lại có hiệu giữa f và g là 1 nên ta có 2
trường hợp xảy ra: |f − g| = 1. Từ đó tính được giá trị nhỏ nhất của a là 1953. Đáp số: 1953
Câu 21 K,E lần lượt là trung điểm AO và BO như hình vẽ. Đặt KO = x, ta sẽ có KD = x + 8
và tương tự DE = x + 8. G là tiếp điểm đường tròn tâm D và đường tròn tâm O, ta có:
√
DO = 2x − 8. Từ đó theo định lý Pytago, ta sẽ có: DO = DK 2 − KO2 từ đó tính được
x = 12 và AB = 48. Đáp số: 48
Câu 22 Bạn đọc thử tự giải. Đáp án: 165
Câu 23 Ta có diện tích hình thang MNPQ là hiệu diện tích 2 tam giác MCP và NCQ. Đặt M C = x
x2 y 2 x2 × 22 y 2 × 22
và N C = y, ta có: − = 21 => x2 −y 2 = 42. Diện tích phần tô đậm là: − =
2 2 7 7
22
42 × = 132. Đáp số: 132
7
Câu 24 Bạn đọc thử tự giải bài 24. Đáp số: 7
Câu 25 Bạn đọc thử tự giải bài 25. Đáp số: 384
Chương 5
Iran Geometry Olympiad (IGO):
5.1.1 Mở đầu:
Olympic hình học Iran, viết tắt là IGO, là cuộc thi dành cho học sinh THCS-THPT từ lớp 7-12, và
cả các bạn đã tốt nghiệp nhưng đam mê hình học. Kỳ thi này do BTC Iran khởi xướng lần đầu vào
năm 2014 và đến nay là kỳ thi lần thứ 6, mở rộng ra nhiều nước. Thí sinh sẽ giải 5 bài toán tự luận
trong thời gian 270 phút. Việt Nam tính đến giờ đã tham gia lần thứ 3, với sự thành công của kỳ
thi 2018 với khoảng 600 thí sinh. Kỳ thi này bao gồm các bài toán hình học, đẹp cả về nội dung lẫn
hình thức, hứa hẹn sẽ tạo cho các thí sinh các cơ hội thử thách, trải nghiệm thú vị.

-Đề thi sẽ được phân chia thành 3 cấp độ khác nhau: Elementary, Intermediate và Advanced. -Mỗi
cấp độ thi sẽ phù hợp với lứa tuổi thi khác nhau. Elementary được đánh giá là cấp độ thi phù hợp
cho lớp 7-8, Intermediate được đánh giá dành cho lớp 9-10 và Advanced được đánh giá dành cho lớp
11-12.
5.2.1 Đề ôn tập thứ 1:
Câu 1 With putting the four shapes drawn in the following figure together make a shape with at
least two reflection symmetries
Câu 2 Points K, L, M, N lie on the sides AB, BC, CD, DA of a square ABCD, respectively, such
that the area of KLMN is equal to one half of the area of ABCD. Prove that some diagonal of
KLMN is parallel to some side of ABCD.
Câu 3 As shown in the following figure, a heart is a shape consist of three semicircles with diameters
AB, BC and AC such that B is midpoint of the segment AC. A heart (W) is given. Call a pair
(P, M) bisector if P and M lie on (W) and bisect its perimeter. Let (P, M) and (Q, N) be bisector
pairs. Tangents at points P, M,Q, and N to (W) construct a convex quadrilateral XYZT. If the
quadrilateral XYZT is inscribed in a circle, find the angle between lines P M and QN .
Câu 4 In isosceles trapezoid ABCD (AB is parallel to CD) points E and F lie on the segment CD in
such a way that D, E, F and C are in that order and DE = CF . Let X and Y be the reflection
of E and C with respect to AD and AF. Prove that circumcircles of triangles ADF and BXY
are concentric.
Câu 5 Let A1, A2, . . . , A2021 be 2021 points on the plane, no three collinear and ∠A1 A2 A3 +
∠A2 A3 A4 + ... + ∠A2021 A1 A2 = 360 , in which by the angle ∠Ai−1 Ai Ai+1 we mean the one
which is less than 180 (assume that A2022 = A1 and A0 = A2021 ). Prove that some of these
angles will add up to 90 .
5.2.2 Lời giải đề ôn tập số 1 :
Câu 1 Lời giải:
Câu 2 Lời giải:

Lấy H thuộc AD thỏa mãn HL song song AB và song song CD.
1
Ta thấy: diện tích tứ giác KHML được chia thành 4 phần và mỗi phần có diện tích bằng
2
diện tích hình chữ nhật bao quanh nó. Do đó diện tích tam giác KHM bằng diện tích tam giác
KMN.
Vì vậy, KMNH là hình thang và từ đó ta sẽ có: KM song song HN hay song song AD. Ta có
điều phải chứng minh.
Câu 3 Ta đi chứng minh bổ đề sau: Nếu P và M là 2 điểm nằm trên (W) sao cho 2 điểm này chia
(W) thành 2 phần có chu vi bằng nhau thì P,M,B thẳng hàng.
⌢ ⌢
Chứng minh: Giả sử: P nằm trên AB, khi đó gọi PB giao với AC tại K. Ta sẽ đi chứng minh
K trùng M.
⌢
Đặt AB = 2 × x trong đó x > 0 Thật vậy, chu vi AC là:
π×2×x
⌢ ⌢
Và tổng chu vi 2 cung AB và BC:
π×2×x
⌢ ⌢
Ta đi chứng minh độ dài AP bằng độ dài CK.
⌢ ⌢ ∠P BA × π × x
Độ dài P A là: P A= 2 ×
180
⌢ ⌢ ∠CBK × π × x × 2
Độ dài CK là: CK=
180
Lại có ∠P BA = ∠CBK nên ta có bổ đề được chứng minh. Quay lại bài toán:
⌢
TH1: Không mất tính tổng quát, ta giả sử P,Q thuộc cung nhỏ AB và khi đó, M,N thuộc cung
⌢
lớn AC
Do tứ giác XYZT nội tiếp nên ∠T XY = ∠T ZY . Ta có vì XP,XQ là tiếp tuyến đường

tròn tâm B bán kính BC nên: ∠M BN = 2 × ∠N M X = 2 × ∠M N X. Tường tự, ta sẽ
có: ∠P BQ = ∠ZP Q = ∠ZQP.
Do đó ta sẽ có biểu thức sau:
∠T ZY = ∠T XY = 180 − ∠N XM = ∠N BM = ∠P BQ = ∠ZP Q = ∠ZQP
từ đó ta có ∠P BQ = ∠T ZY = 60
Đáp số cho trường hợp 1 là 60 độ.
⌢ ⌢
Th2: :P,Q nằm ở 2 cung khác nhau là AB và BC.
⌢ ⌢
Từ B kẻ Bx là tiếp tuyến chung 2 cung tròn AB và AC. Ta có:
∠xBP = ∠ZP B và ∠xBQ = ∠ZQB.
Khi đó: ∠P ZQ = 360 − 2 × P BQ. Lại có: N BM = 180 − N XM nên ta sẽ có:
360 − ∠P ZQ ∠P ZQ
∠N XM = 180 − ∠N BM = 180 − ∠P BQ = 180 − = .
2 2
Hai góc này cộng nhau bằng 180 độ nên ∠N XM = 60 hay ∠N BM = 120.
Đáp số cho trường hợp này là 120 độ.
Câu 4 Lấy T thuộc AB sao cho TBFC là hình bình hành. AF cắt YC tại K.
Ta có: BC = AD = T F nên ATFD là hình thang cân, từ đó ta cũng có thể dễ dàng suy ra
rằng O là tâm đường tròn ngoại tiếp hình thang ATFD hay OT = OA = OF = OD. Ta cũng
có:
XD = DE = CF = F Y = T B. Ta đi chứng minh 3 góc ∠ODX = ∠OF Y = ∠OT B.
∠ODX = ∠ODA + ∠XDA = 90 − ∠AF D + ∠ADF
∠OT B = ∠OT F + ∠BT F = ∠ADF + ∠OAD = ∠ADF + 90 − ∠AF D
∠OF Y = ∠AF Y − ∠OF A = 180 − ∠AF D − ∠OF A = ∠ADF + 90 − ∠AF D
Như vậy từ đó ta sẽ chứng minh được 3 tam giác △OT B = △OF Y = △ODX hay OX =
OB = OY . Ta có điều phải chứng minh.
Câu 5 Gọi Xi là độ lớn các góc ∠Ai−1 Ai Ai+1 mà giá trị góc nhỏ hơn 180 độ.
Nếu bắt đầu đi từ đỉnh A, đến đỉnh Ai , ta sẽ phải xoay một góc có giá trị là 180 − Xi theo
chiều kim đồng hồ hoặc ngược chiều kim đồng hồ. Nếu đặt M1 là tập số lần mà người đó xoay
theo chiều kim đồng hồ và M2 là tập số lần mà người đó xoay theo ngược chiều kim đồng hồ.
Tại một số lần cố định, vì đi hết 1 vòng nên người đó đã phải xoay k lần 360 độ. Từ đó ta có:
360 × k = Σ(180 − Xi ) − Σ(180 − Xj )
trong đó Xi là tập các phần tử thuộc M1 và Xj là tập các phần tử thuộc M2 .
Lại có tổng số phần tử 2 tập là 2021 là 1 số lẻ nên ta có đẳng thức tương đương với:
180 × (2t + 1) = Σ(180 − Xi ) − Σ(180 − Xj )
Tổng 2 góc này cộng nhau bằng 180 độ nên từ đó 2 tổng trên phải có 1 tổng bằng 90 một tổng
bằng 270. Ta có điều phải chứng minh.
.
5.2.3 Đề ôn tập thứ 2:
Câu 1 By a fold of a polygon-shaped paper, we mean drawing a segment on the paper and folding
the paper along that. Suppose that a paper with the following figure is given. We cut the paper
along the boundary of the shaded region to get a polygon-shaped paper. Start with this shaded
polygon and make a rectangle-shaped paper from it with at most 5 number of folds. Describe
your solution by introducing the folding lines and drawing the shape after each fold on your
solution sheet.
(Note that the folding lines do not have to coincide with the grid lines of the shape.)
Câu 2 A parallelogram ABCD is given (AB 6= BC). Points E and G are chosen on the line CD
such that AC is the angle bisector of both angles ∠EAD and ∠BAG. The line BC intersects
AE and AG at F and H, respectively. Prove that the line FG passes through the midpoint of
HE.
Câu 3 According to the figure, three equilateral triangles with side lengths a, b, c have one common
vertex and do not have any other common point. The lengths x, y and z are defined as in the
figure. Prove that 3(x + y + z) > 2(a + b + c).
Câu 4 Let P be an arbitrary point in the interior of triangle ABC. Lines BP and CP intersect AC
and AB at E and F, respectively. Let K and L be the midpoints of the segments BF and CE,
respectively. Let the lines through L and K parallel to CF and BE intersect BC at S and T,
respectively; moreover, denote by M and N the reflection of S and T over the points L and K,
respectively. Prove that as P moves in the interior of triangle ABC, line MN passes through a
fixed point.
Câu 5 We say two vertices of a simple polygon are visible from each other if either they are adjacent,
or the segment joining them is completely inside the polygon (except two endpoints that lie
on the boundary). Find all positive integers n such that there exists a simple polygon with n
vertices in which every vertex is visible from exactly 4 other vertices. (A simple polygon is a
polygon without hole that does not intersect itself.) .
5.2.4 Lời giải đề ôn tập số 1 :
Câu 1 Chúng ta có thể gập bằng 4 lần như sau:

Lần 1:
Lần 2:
Lần 3:
Lần 4:
Câu 2 Ta có: ∠F AC = ∠CAD = ∠ACF nên suy ra AF = F C.

Tương tự ta sẽ chứng minh được GA = GC hay △GAF = △GCF . Vì thế ta có ∠HAF =
∠F CE. Lại có ∠HF A = ∠EF C nên △HF A = △EF C. Từ đó có GF là trục đối xứng của
AC cũng là trục đối xứng HE. Ta có điều phải chứng minh.
Câu 3 Xoay hình tam giác trắng 60 độ theo chiều kim đồng hồ sẽ khiến các cạnh của các tam giác
trắng dính vào nhau. Đầu tiên ta chọn 1 hình tam giác trắng, xoay 60 độ để nó gắn liền với
một cạnh một tam giác trắng khác.
Tiếp tục xoay cái hình gắn liền các cạnh này thêm 60 độ sẽ được tạo nên 1 đường gấp khúc có
độ dài là x + y + z. Hai khoảng cách 2 đầu đường gấp khúc là 2a nên ta có:
x + y + z > 2a
Chứng minh tương tự cộng lại vế với vế ta có điều phải chứng minh.
Câu 4 EM cắt FC tại T.

MP cắt BC tại K
Ta có EC và MS đi qua trung điểm mỗi đường nên EMCS là hình bình hành. Do đó ta có
EM = SC. Vì MS song song TC, lại có TM song song CS nên TMSC là hình bình hành. Từ
đó ta có: T M = CS = M E.
Theo định lý Thales ta có:
TM MP ME
= =
KC PK BK
Mà T M = M E nên BK = KC hay MP đi qua trung điểm BC. Chứng minh tương tự NP đi
qua trung điểm BC hay MN đi qua trung điểm BC là điểm cố định. Ta có điều phải chứng
minh.
Câu 5 Ta sẽ định nghĩa lại từ "visible" trong đề bài là các đỉnh có thể "nhìn thấy nhau". Ta sẽ
chứng minh bài toán bằng 2 bổ đề sau:
Bổ đề 1: Nếu Ai có thể nhìn thấy Ai−1 , Aj , Ak , Ai+1 thì Ai−1 , Aj có thể nhìn thấy nhau, Aj , Ak
có thể nhìn thấy nhau, Ak , Ai+1 có thể nhìn thấy nhau.
Bổ đề 2: Giả thuyết tương tự bổ đề 1, chứng minh Aj , Ak là 1 cạnh.
2 bổ đề này bạn đọc thử tự chứng minh.
Từ bổ đề thứ 2 ta cũng có thể suy ra n ≤ 6.
Quay lại bài toán giả sử tồn tại i thỏa mãn Ai−1 và Ai+1 có thể nhìn thấy nhau, theo bổ đề
2, Ai−1 có thể nhìn thấy Ai+2 , Ai+1 nhìn thấy Ai−2 , Ai−2 nhìn thấy Ai+2 . Vậy là có 4 đỉnh có
thể nhìn từ Ai−1 và Ai+1 . Theo bổ đề 1: Ai−1 và Ai+1 đều có thể nhìn thấy Ai và Ai cũng nhìn
thấy Ai−2 và Ai+2 . Theo bổ đề 2 ta có thể suy ra Ai−2 Ai+2 là 1 cạnh. (1)
Ta xét TH riêng n = 6:
Từ bổ đề 2 có thể thấy Ai Aj , Aj Ak , Ak Ai là các đường chéo của hình đa giác đã cho. và từ
khẳng định (1), giả sử các điểm đó là A2 , A4 , A6 . A3 không thể nhìn thấy A6 , cũng không nhìn
A1 và A5 (mâu thuẫn). Vậy số đỉnh thỏa mãn duy nhất là 5, hay đa giác đó là ngũ giác.
.
5.3 Tài liệu tham khảo:

Một số tài liệu tham khảo:
https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c13_contest_collections
https://cmath.edu.vn/tai-lieu/de-thi-vmtc-khoi-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-nam-hoc-2020-2021/
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Z73ihKB4AtqdS5ZpkBH5TQKWghIVTOjm
https://imogeometry.blogspot.com/p/iranian-geometry-olympiad.html
Ngoài những trang ở trên nơi các em có thể đọc thêm để tham khảo, anh tin rằng có 1 kì thi khá
thích hợp cho các bạn học sinh lớp 8 muốn thử sức và có ý định thi chuyên Toán. Đây là JBMO,
một kì thi vùng Balkan dành cho lứa tuổi Junior của Châu Âu nơi các em có thể tiếp xúc khá nhiều
với toán chuyên cấp 3: https://artofproblemsolving.com/community/c3227_junior_balkan_mo.
CHÚC CÁC EM LUÔN GIỮ NGỌN LỬA ĐAM MÊ VỚI TOÁN HỌC!

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FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FE2O3

NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY APPLICATION

Pham Hien Vinh, Nguyen Ha Diem Anh

High School Students from Vietnam

Figure 1. All steps in synthesizing Fe2O3 nanoparticles

3. Results and discussions

3.1. Phase structure of Fe2O3 nanoparticles

Figure 2. X-ray diffraction pattern of Fe2O3 nanoparticles samples

3.2. Size of nanoparticles

Figure 3. TEM images and size distribution of Fe2O3 nanoparticles

3.3. Magnetic properties of Fe2O3 nanoparticles

Team: Incep 067

2 Map and Trend Analysis: 2

3 Battery Charge Models 5

1.1 Task Restatement

2 Map and Trend Analysis:

1 import matplotlib . pyplot as plt

3 x = ["2018" , "2019" , "2020" , "2021" , "2022" , "2023"]

10 plt . xlabel (" x axis ")

2.2 Map Analysis

3 Battery Charge Models

3.1 Statistical Explanation

We therefore concluded that it is most energy inefficient to charge at 2 stages: from

Stage 2: For the Battery is in the stage from 25% to 75%

Terms Data from Vinfast

Stage 1: For the Battery is in the stage from 0% to 25%

3.2 Allocationa and Arrangment index:

3.2.1 Estimated Time Charge:

(ISB − BT0 ).M BC

3.2.2 Battery State:

The same goes with Battery State:

3.2.4 Fuzzy Inference:

Case 2: The number of cables j is equal than the number of cars i (j = i)

Car number Cable number

Team: Incep 067

3 Math Model Design 5

1.1 Summary and Background

1.2 Task achievement:

2.1 Graph and codes

3 fig , x = plt . subplots ( figsize = (20 ,10) )

11 plt . xlabel (" Year ")

1. Agriculture (Crop Expansion)

3 Math Model Design

3.1 CO2 equivalent measurement

Cj = Σ9i=1 fij .nij

3.2 Connection between 2 quantities:

Hence, using our equations, the Co2 equation emission of HN is:

Year Co2 equivalent emission

Year Co2 equivalent emission

Year Hanoi Kontum

3.3 Recheck with 3rd city

Year Co2 eq Area of tree cover

Year Hanoi Kontum

With that input, we have sketched the following graph:

4.1 Short introduction:

4.2 General Model of Co2 equivalent emission

4.2.1 Population and consumption effect

4.2.2 Detailed equations

4.3 Percent of Deforestation:

Province D-rate Province D-rate Province D-rate

Province D-rate Province D-rate Province D-rate

4.4 Planning and Modeling