LIM4102 – Design of Mechanical Systems

Prof.: Melvyn Alvarez Vera

Project report

Design and railcar for the industry

Student information
ID: 168446

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 Index Page
Section
Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Identification of needs. 9

3. Problem definition 14

a) Standards 19

4. Constraints 22

5. Synthesis 25

a) Generation of multiple solutions (functional phase) 25

b) Advantage/disadvantage chart or table 30

c) Decision-making process 32

6. Bill of Materials 40

7. Design of Mechanical Elements and finite method simulations 44

8.- Functionality Analysis (Cinematics) 147

9.- Buyer Documents & Utility Model 151

10.- Executive Summary 169

References 172

Index and plans 181

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Abstract
This project focuses on the conception, idealization, justification, creation, and presentation
of the project of a mechanical system that consists of a low-weight and small-dimensional railway motorized
vehicle that is agile and fulfills complex tasks that railway companies have.
This process began with locating the needs and the niche that exists in the market through surveys for an
analysis by the QFD method of two different proposals made and the competition in the market, which was
evaluated with the same parameters, after this use a method of multi-weights, advantages, and disadvantages
to locate which of the two alternatives is the optimal to be able to take to production.
Once with an alternative selected, this is developed under design criteria of solids, materials, and mathematics
mechanics, developing each piece of this system in an analytical way to check the qualities that are necessary
to develop for the final artifact, verifying these results with finite method simulation in the Solid Works
software.
Once the system is finished, develop an assembly of the entire system, simulate the way power is transported
from one wheel to another and document the system with the creation of a manual and a utility model. Finally,
the plans are presented and how this system is assembled.

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1.- Introduction
What is an Armon and how does it work?
The “Armon”, better known as rail car; as mentioned in (Harsco Rail, 2023) are little motorcars
that have their own engine which drives them to move on a railway line, these were very important in the
railway companies of several countries. And exist in motorized versions and without engine modified to a
specific use. These vehicles are very simple, with wheels adapted to the rails of a specific caliber, and on
these a platform with the specific requirements of the operation that are intended to perform.
What uses does an armon have, what is its context and history?
The Armon today is a tool of the railway industry very requested for their characteristics,
because this vehicle is used to transport loads, personnel and its small size and simplicity is quite useful to
save space, as can be seen in the pictures of (Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo, 2023) where it is
possible to see a unit still in operation. As (Harsco Rail, 2023) mentions; the only builder of these cars was
the company Fairmont Railway Motors, this company in 1940 would develop the hy-rail, which consists of
a truck modified to be able to mount on the rails and be driven by these. Curiously, this company stopped
manufacturing railcars units by focusing on the hy-rail, leaving aside the production of this type of vehicle.
At the same time there is the NARCOA (About NARCOA, 2019) a group who today are dedicated to the
operation and preservation of railcars in the United States.
Why does this topic deserve research and relationships with other topics?
(Christou, 2023) mentions that little by little people are realizing the cost of not investing,
referring to the railroad, which little by little rises after what happened due to the pandemic, and there is an
encouraging picture as far as the railway is concerned. The AAR Report:
“Moving freight by rail instead of truck lowers GHG emissions by up to 75%, on average. AAR
analysis of federal data finds that if 25% of the truck traffic moving at least 750 miles went by rail
instead, annual GHG emissions would fall by approximately 13.6 million tons.” (Freight Railroads
are Part of the Solution to Climate Change, 2023)
The figures cited above by the AAR are of great importance as they demonstrate the potential that railways
currently have. So, it can be said that the railroad, besides being a means of transport, is a solution for society
and the current problems it faces. In addition (International Energy Agency, 2019) He points out that railways
are growing and are a solution to the problems of the future, including even a trend towards electric and
renewable energies, which would allow this means of transport to be further improved. This transport is also
linked to the industry and the growth of the country, just (Merican Industries, 2018) mentioned that in 2018
485 million dollars were invested in the Mexican railways destined to freight. For other side; (<<Tren Maya
Railway Project, Mexico>>, 2023) It refers to the Mayan Train project where a huge number of private sector
companies are joining, in addition to the construction of 14554 km of railroads; this is mentioned by the
company IDOM, which mentions “IDOM, […] has been awarded the Executive Project of the Maya Train
[…] is approximately 228 km and will link the towns of Palenque and Escárcega […]will include 14 railway
bridges, 55 viaducts, 13 pedestrian crossings” («Rail Projects in Mexico», 2019).
All this information demonstrates the importance of the railway industry and how the future of the railway
is promising, because not only this means of transport has an industrial objective, but also has a political and
social weight reaching the point of being a key factor in the development of climate change, so the potential

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and importance of the railway is increasing. So, it is important to highlight that these private sector railway
companies have needs to meet currently and in the future. Currently in Mexico, railway companies must hire
external companies to maintain their tracks since they cannot cope, (Sáez & León, 2021) report that Kansas
City Southern in Mexico has a presence of contractors in 42 different types of operations, between different
companies and in different types of jobs. It represents many companies providing services to the railways.
This is where the importance of harmonies comes in, because this is a highly demandable market, which
requires small and intelligent solutions, where this type of artifacts is giving a great result, and so it has been
its invention. There are a lot of companies that have a reduced amount of these rail cars and updating these
would be of great help to companies being also a smart solution.
Why was it decided to take this work? and personal experience of the author.
In personal experience, the author has been able to realize that the armors are vehicles used
today, but mostly no longer carry their own engine, on the other hand. Maintenance and construction
operations of railways are carried out in hy-rail vehicles, but they are insufficient for the work and demand
that is required, exposing personnel to certain dangerous situations. (Guerrero A., 2023) presents in video a
clear example, where at minute 21:27 it is possible to see a group of journalists boarding a hy-rail vehicle,
exceeding the capacity of people in the back, and exposing people to situations of risk; Without ignoring that
the hi-rails in the video are old and modified units.
Personally, by experience in construction of railways in San Juan del Río, Querétaro. it was possible to
document a maintenance provider company of Kansas City Souther, which appears in the list of (Saez &
Leon, 2021), which had one of these units for transporting scaffolding, curiously this device was attended by
the company because for them it was very useful and difficult to obtain. At the same time, the staff operating
the hy-rail comments that it could use these vehicles, facilitating certain tasks and even transporting tools,
thus giving small businesses an affordable option to perform certain tasks without the need for a hy-rail.
There have also been situations in which a hy-rail delays or interrupts some railway operation due to its
logistical limitations. Many people today, as is the case of the NARCOA even want to acquire a vehicle of
this type for personal or professional use, so there is curiosity to revive an old railway vehicle, with modern
modifications, which would have the ability to solve modern problems; In addition to being a safe and easy
to use work tool. Added to this, it is possible to integrate current electrical technology with Industry 4.0 that
allows efficient and capable work.

Figure 1.1: An armon used for transporting equipment in Queretaro. Carlos Gonzalez Torres 2023

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What is the focus and why?
In this work the focus is mainly on a simple, sustainable, economical, dynamic, and
innovative vehicle for the railway industry. as mentioned in (Lu et al., 2019) Railways are being built today
based on creating an intelligent structure, considering planning and technology, so a vehicle that can be
connected always is the trend today. In addition, as mentioned in (Xiong et al., 2012) and (Hirano et al.,
2005) In the creation of smart cities, the railway is a highly recommended solution and has a high potential
for implementation. So having an intelligent and accessible vehicle, allows all companies to meet their
obligations, and the fact of being connected to a network makes it much more efficient, because it allows to
be a great solution to various situations of the current world and be in constant monitoring for better
performance and support users of this. The tendency of a communication on the railroad is mentioned by (He
et al., 2022) where he mentions 5G technology in railway management and administration, even proposing
an intelligent connection with an automated system, for this reason is important take this in a count for the
purpose of a rail car.
On the other hand, (Lin et al., 2019) mention the railway currently has a lot of precautionary measures to
avoid accidents, but, as mentioned (Santos-Reyes et al., 2005) to ensure safety it is necessary to analyze
previous accidents and find the key points that were part of these events, Baysari et al mentioned: ”was
revealed that nearly half the incidents resulted from an equipment failure, most of these the product of
inadequate maintenance or monitoring programs.” (Baysari et al., 2008). And at the same time (Baysari et al.,
2008) mentioned the importance that the human factor that railway actions have, if not also in the operation
of the equipment by the operator. This is why an approach is proposed to a small vehicle, which complies
with current regulations, in addition to being simple to operate and above all that is light to avoid accidents
with high operating or human costs.
For other part; “From 2001 to 2016 rail accidents in the U.S. cost more than $4.6B.” (Heidarysafa et al.,
2018) This comment includes high costs, where road recognition vehicles are also involved, in addition to
hy-rails, which in occasions are injured or affected by this type of catastrophic events. In this case the
proposed vehicle has a very important focus on weight, because it is planned that it can be removed from the
roads when loaded by the workers, which would avoid losses in case of accidents and a better decision
making. Well, in case of accidents with hy-rails, not only is the personnel exposed in a very direct way, but
also high-cost unities are lost that are totally inoperative, in addition to sometimes even damaging the railway
transport equipment.
What is the hypothesis and the project to be developed?
In this case it is planned to develop a modern armon, which has attractive capabilities for railway
companies and contrastists of these corporations, this considering for this vehicle the innovations that exist
today with the benefits of current security measures and standardizing this product. In this case the hypothesis
that must be developed is to give certain capabilities to this vehicle; this will be electric, with an power oil
plant for generate light and more battery added for different uses, which make it attractive for the purchased;
These features are as follows: A standardized vehicle, complying with modern safety standards, light to be
loaded by a group of employees, enormously cheaper than a hy-rail, in addition to simple and easy to use.
Having two variants; one motorized and another without this capacity, having the role of trailer or support
for transport. In this project the principal scope is centering in the development of the motorized option.
What is expected of the project?

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 It is expected that at the end of the project a design of a railway vehicle will be obtained as a good
product, that can comply with the standards, and that it has useful machine elements, which are justifiable
and quantifiable, offering reliable and proven information about the designed vehicle. Thus, guaranteeing a
final product and well-measured specifications.
How the project will be developed?
To develop this product, it is planned to verify the needs of potential customers and develop
proposals, once this is done, we will consult the existing standards and norms to define the limits and
capabilities of the product. Interestingly, as mentioned in (Cui et al., 2022) It is currently focusing on
analyzing railway equipment to be able to carry out a standardization, since they do not have a definitive one
and there is a potential in the industry. (Tsai, 1998) Although it is worth mentioning that the existing
regulations will be respected as mentioned (Cui et al., 2022) Well, being in line with the trend of the railway
standard allows to have a more optimal result in terms of safety.
In this case it is planned to use the ISO 23054 standard to standardize, this mark according to (ISO 23054-
1:2022, 2022) vocabulary, standard measures, and points to consider. In addition, it is planned that it also has
the ISO 22074 standard which according to (ISO 22074-1:2020, 2020) is designed for high-speed railway
lines, which have other important qualities very similar but different in some terminus. In addition, it is
planned to consider the (ISO 22480-1:2022, 2022) and (ISO 12856-1:2022, 2022) standards, These are the
standards for sleepers that are currently being used, so with that information you can take into account
important points for the development of the vehicle, the situations to which it will be subjected and possible
scenarios that could be faced.
In addition, it is planned to use the (ISO 23300, 2021) standard to understand the welds and existent for joints
in the rails, in addition to using the standard (UNE-EN 14587-2:2010, 2010) which is the Spanish equivalent
of this standard and considers some interesting scenarios in high-speed trains. It is also necessary to take as
a basis the (ISO 5003: 2016, 2016) standard, since this is the standard of the rails occupied in the railroad, in
addition to considering its equivalent (ASTM A729/A729M-17(2022), 2022) which governs the rails used,
their characteristics and the standards of the American railroads, taking into account that these standards are
used in North America from Mexico to Canada, which is a very important sector at the industry level.
On the other hand, in the technical aspect, it is planned to implement complete systems, as in the case of
suspension and braking, so that it is a competitive product with others, for this it is planned to follow the
(ISO 24478:2023, 2023) and (ISO 20138-1:2018, 2018) standard that tells us about braking in railway units
and their performance in this work, in addition to the (ISO 22749-1:2021, 2021) standard that includes
suspensions in railway units, with which it is expected to obtain a suspension that complies with the
international standard effectively. To consolidate the project in a professional manner it is intended to follow
the (NOM-002-ARTF-2019 Sistema Ferroviario-Seguridad-Inspección del Equipo Tractivo., 2019) standard
recently established in Mexico, which gives us the qualities and requirements of a railway line, so it will be
taken as a basis for the development of this work together with the (ISO 23054-1:2022, 2022) standard; which
also has the fundamentals on averages and specifications in the railway.
In addition, to make the product more professional, it is planned to standardize with the AAR standards,
which as mentioned (The Association of American Railroads (AAR), 2023) are the standards that govern the
area of North America, also forming an important part of the transport since this agency is of American
administration. (Manual Of Standards and Recommended Practices Section A-I, 2023) It mentions the most
important standardized standards, where it highlights those of elements of railway equipment, these standards

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also allow to have precise and focused information on the railway, in addition to covering the objective of
the project. In addition, it is also proposed to use the rules of (Track Safety Standards Compliance Manual,
2008) That is established by the Department of Transportation of the United States, it is necessary to
emphasize that this type of organism is a reference for the standardization of these artifacts worldwide.
What circumstances are expected to be obtained? What results are expected?
In this case, it is expected that to obtain the expected results all the parameters of the railway
vehicle can be checked, so that the results obtained can be demonstrated with analytical calculation and after
this use simulation to verify the calculated data. For this, drawing and simulation tools such as solid works
will be used, in addition to making analytical analysis based on the methodology of the book "Shigley's
mechanical engineering design". It is expected that at the end of this project there will be the development of
a rail car "armon" which is a useful, modern, and innovative vehicle for the industry, being also quite sensible
and useful for heavy work, offering an attractive option for companies dedicated to the maintenance of
railways, works and construction of this means of communication.
What kind of results currently exist?
There are many patents of artifacts that today I am very interesting for the industry, an example
is the US9562878B2 (Graham & Santos, 2017) where a system of detection of imperfection in vias, is shown,
another example is the patent US9010186B2 (Pagano, 2015) which shows a fault detection system in rails
based on a small railway platform that is dragged by the tracks. It also highlights the patent US9981671B2,
(Fraser et al., 2018) which is even in use today and follows the same principle. The interesting thing is that
this type of artifacts is used and handled from a hy-rail, where the personnel use a modified vehicle for these
operations.
It is necessary to delimit that a track vehicle will be developed for maintenance and transport of the personal
of small measures, but not a wagon, so it would not have interference in cases such as patent US1262577A
(Bowen, 1918) which describes a motorized passenger car, being a different case from what is being planned
to do. They also highlight the patents of Fairmont Motor Railway, since they developed these vehicles a few
years ago and have not patented these motor railway vehicles, but they have some artifacts similar; like
US2346370A (Eustis & Olsen, 1944), however if it has important components such as chassis US2655872A
(Templeton, 1953), wheels US1615709A (Kasper, 1927) or other components.

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2.- Identification of needs
With all the above, it is necessary to identify the needs that this product aims to solve, for this it is
necessary to find the important parameters of each of the problems, so to identify exactly what is needed and
what are the qualities that the railway vehicle must have, it is intended to carry out a survey, This is based
on personal criteria, where important parameters will be selected personally, to see which is the most
important approach for potential customers. In this case, 10 specific topics were developed, which according
to personal criteria, are the most important points to consider during the development of this artifact.
For this, a questionnaire was developed, which was evaluated with a numerical value, this having as a
minimum value 0, which indicated that this was a point not important for the buyer in case of acquiring the
product, having as a maximum value 5 that this indicates a necessary point in the development of the vehicle
in which time should be invested and ensure its correct operation. The questions asked to potential buyers
were as follows:
1.- How important is to consider maintenance? In the first question reference is made to the maintenance of
the vehicle, this focused on the aspect of repairs, changes of parts or solution of damages, considering that it
is a task that must be considered in the design.
2.- How important is the price of the product? Many times, the development of this type of vehicle leads to
competition for more economical prices, but in the section of industrial machinery many times the price is
not usually an attractive factor for the buyer, especially in the railway industry, so it would be interesting to
know what the buyer thinks.
3.- How important is it to consider the size? The industry often not only considers issues of innovation
because space is key, this type of vehicles to think of being compact, you need to know if it is important to
take in consideration that is large or small, so it is important to ask the buyer how differential the size can be
when selecting a product.
4.- How important is it that this vehicle is easy to transport? In several cases the issue of this machinery is to
be able to use it in different locations so focusing the design on being able to transport it is an issue that
buyers consider, not only by size but also by logistics costs.
5.- How important is it that the vehicle is fast? Many times, the issue with the road machinery is that it can
reach certain levels of speed, in this case it is important to know if the buyer is interested in getting fast from
one point of reference to another, so this is an important point to consider.
6.- How important is the implementation of an electric motor? In many cases, companies are committed to
the development of increasingly clean technologies, so this type of consideration must be considered since
we are in the period of energy transition and buyers may have related objectives.
7.- How important is the quality of the materials used? In this case this question is asked about both the
quality of materials for the construction of this project must be considered, being sometimes a controversial
issue associated with weight, price, and performance.
8.- How important is it to take safety into account in the design of the vehicle? This is an important issue for
the industry because safety measures and standards are those that ensure a correct result in the operations of
all types of transport, whether in the case of personnel, operation, or dangers to which this vehicle is exposed
in the performance of their duties.

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9.- How important is it to include high technology in this device? Nowadays with the industry so connected
and automated processes, this is a point to consider, because these most modern products are usually quite
striking in addition to meeting the industrial objectives of the companies.
10.- How important is it that the product is beautiful? Many times, this is an important point for the choice
of a specific product by buyers so taking it into account is of great importance in case it is a factor of decision
for those who are interested in acquiring it.
Once the questions were defined, a group of interested parties in this product was contacted and their response
was consulted regarding these important points of the design of the railway vehicle, this was done through
the Microsoft tool; Forms, which was used giving those interested in the project two options to choose from
with different particularities each. After this it was possible to obtain the following results:

Figure 2.1: Results of the survey evaluation two different concepts for the project

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Once the result of the findings was obtained, it was possible to make the graph (Figure 2.1) of data obtained,
having in an interesting way quite curious results on the part of the buyers. On the one hand in an interesting
way the highest and lowest global rating was obtained by project 1, where the highest score was around
maintenance and the lowest in technology, on the other hand the highest score of the second project was
obtained in size, which indicates that this is the important point of the second prototype, having its lowest
score in technology. In the global scope, the highest ratings were obtained in the maintenance area, followed
by the security area, worse on the other hand having the lowest ratings in the technology area.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY

Maintenance

Nice Price

Technology Size

Proyect 1 (Bota)
Proyect 2 (Cima)

Safety Easy Transp.

Qual.
Fast
Material

Electric Pw.

Figure 2.2: Performance analysis of the survey with a radial graph for see the differences of the projects.

In an interesting way analyzing all the information obtained from the surveys, it was possible to obtain the
second graph Figure 2.2, in which it is possible to briefly see the difference between the results of the surveys
obtained. It is important to note that these two prototypes have very similar results and quite similar numbers.
Emphasizing that in points Easy transport, Electric Power, Quality of material and safety; the results of
project one is superior by very little, having in the opposite way higher values of project two in the areas of
Size, technology, Nice and Maintenance.

2.- QFD Method

Once the evaluation of results of each of the proposals that were given, hand in hand with the information
given by the interviewees, it is time to evaluate what is the real value of this information and have in a
graphic method these results, so it will be evaluated using the QFD method. It is necessary to mention that

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this method also allows us to evaluate the direct competition, so we will proceed to evaluate two
competitors that offer similar or equal solutions to the problems described, this with the objective of having
a serious competitor that allows us to buy the potential of our product with which it is being offered, to
make a complex analysis of this.

Taking in a count: For the medium area: A = Little relation, B= related, C = Necessarily related.

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 Figure 2.3: QFD Method; evaluating the Evaluation of survey results and qualification of the competition to buy securities and
characteristics.

In respect to the Figure 2.3, is necessary to take in a count the measurable points of the central part, this are
very important points to take in a consideration what have a very strong relation with the points evaluates in
the last survey, In this case, the first indicate the energy; referring to the energy generate by the power plant
what this car will include, in the part or range; is referent to the range of scope what this car must take in a
count to transport, In the velocity; is referring to the speed, Noise; is referring to the scandal of the machine,
Volume; refers to the area used by this car, Consumption; is referring to the spend of fuel for the power plant,
battery; referring to the capacity of the battery, Capacity of weight; is referring to the capacity of transport
weight, Torque; refereeing the electric motion for move the machine and the last point; Weight of the
machine; is referring to the weight of all the car and equipment.
Once the QFD method has been carried out for the evaluation of the proposals and existing projects (Figure
2.3) that are currently for sale, it is possible to emphasize that the first project that was proposed is the one
that has the highest ratings overall, even more than the qualifications of the competition. Standing out for
having a higher score in each of the items evaluated or indicating that this is a suitable project for the
development of this project.
It is also necessary to emphasize that the next highest score is not that of the Ford truck that is the perfect
example of the units that railway companies have today, but in this case the highest scores are those of the
prototype of the Chinese industry, which indicates that this project has competition and the objectives
proposed by the Chinese industry are quite similar. It is interesting to mention that this type of coincidences
should be a point of reference, because you do not want to offer the same product offered by the Chinese
industry, however the ideal is also not to replicate their designs, since this can cause future problems
regarding concepts.
It also highlights that the average scores are higher in the field of maintenance of machinery and energy,
which indicates that they are the most important items to consider when making the design of the armon.
Taking in parallel less focus to the energy area and that this is visually attractive to potential buyers, these
are the foundations for the design of this device, so that everything is based on these concepts, also
considering the importance of each of the other concepts and elements that were considered for the
evaluation.

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3.- Problem Definition
The actual railway industry is growing rapidly, today huge railway projects are being
developed, (Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo, 2023) mentioned the southeast of Mexico is a big
example of the enormous future and potential that this means of transport demands, Well, this is documented,
as indicated by (American Industries, 2018) the railway having millionaire investments every year, in
addition to helping society and industry in a friendly way with the planet, being in this way a more ecological
alternative to the problems of tomorrow, as indicated (Freight Railroads are Part of the Solution to Climate
Change, 2023) the railway is an alternative for climate change, since this means of transport emits a lower
amount of CO2 than a goods truck with a much lower amount of emissions to the environment.
It is also necessary to mention that there are today a huge number of railway companies, not only in Mexico,
but also in the world. Among the fundamental elements of these companies are the locomotives, the railway
lines, the yards, and the personnel; being the railway lines the points of connection with various destinations,
having with these the ability to operate in these areas. There are companies so large that sometimes they do
not cope to be able to properly maintain their own lines, so they go to companies contracted externally that
provide railway maintenance services. A good example of this is the company Kansas City Southern of
Mexico that has a huge staff of companies that are providers of various services for the KCSM lines.
In parallel, the railway companies have equipment with different purposes, such as cranes, pickers, among
others, but of these stands out the Hy-rail, a vehicle modified to be able to mount on the railway lines. This
is the most used vehicle for many years, as these consist of cars that have adapted wheels with a mechanism
to follow the rails. But these vehicles are quite limited for certain tasks, because they are expensive, difficult
to modify, in addition that sometimes this causes that the units are not enough for certain tasks, are scarce
for a high number of personnel and that also at times when it is necessary to use them; is not possible since
they are in use in another location.
It also highlights that railway accidents continue to occur, causing problems to all railway operations, only
in Mexico (Redaction, 2023) so far this year there have been two railway accidents where Hy-rail vehicles
were involved, having losses in equipment and in railway automotive units. This accident not only means a
large loss of money when a serious train accident occurs, but also a risk to workers, damages to third parties,
in addition to a damaged automotive unit and the total loss of a hy-rail.
Curiously, as mentioned above, the "armones" were used, a motorized railway car that had the ability to
propel itself on the lines and transport large numbers of people, tools or equipment that were required for the
maintenance of tracks or other railway operations. The interesting thing is that these units stopped being used
since the company that oversaw their manufacture was dedicated to producing Hy-rail models, leaving aside
the production of this type of rail cars. The interesting proposal in this project is to mitigate the needs of
railway companies of units for the maintenance of tracks, with the manufacture of modern harmonies and
that have the necessary technology to face the problems that are today with other units such as hy-rail, Sperry,
or other track equipment.
This considering the international potential that exists for the construction of railways, added to the large
number of companies that are suppliers of the companies that own the lines, the same railway companies that
have national and international operations, as is the case of Canadian Pacific Kansas City, including also
independent consultancies and various government sectors. This represents a breakthrough for the
development of this type of large-scale means of communication, with great technological potential.

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1.1 Benchmarking Analyzing the competition.
An important step to understand this type of market is to analyze what the competition is doing
and how they are dedicated to satisfying the market, considering personal, industrial perspectives, in addition
to collecting information on the performance of these units and especially the performance they have solving
certain railway problems. For this, a complete analysis of the competition is planned, taking as a reference
the hy-rail that are for sale online, this with the intention of being able to buy how these vehicles are sold,
prices, comments, and other aspects by the seller. It is necessary to emphasize that these units vary in their
state, being analyzed from the scope of used units since the information about a unit of this new type is
limited.
At the same time, it is planned to analyze the market offered by Chinese technology, which is developing
very similar units but with different characteristics and possibilities, so it is of general interest to be able to
verify the conditions of a new Chinese equipment, the benefits it has and the performance with which it
performs. Finally, this analysis is intended to compare what the competition offers to make a list of limitations
and capabilities that our product offers.

3.11.- 2015 F550 Hi-Rail Service Truck

(Sterling Rail - Trucks for Sale, n.d.) sale this model of hy-rail, this is a truck of the company
Ford Motor Company, model F550, this truck is presented in good condition and has a 6.7 diesel engine with
traction on all 4 wheels.

Figure 3.11.1 (Sterling Rail - Trucks for Sale, n.d.): Ford F550 hy-rail on sale.

As it is possible to see in the image this is a modified vehicle with wheels adapted for iron sheets, emphasizes
that this is a fairly long truck and, on the back, has mounted a section of cabinets and spaces for equipment,
in addition to carrying a little crane in the back of the car, It should also be noted that this pickup truck is
from 2015, so it is not a new agency product and surely no longer has a guarantee, added to the fact that its

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Spring 2023
condition despite being preserved is not perfect to be considered as new. The price for this truck is $ 45,000
USD, which in Mexican currency is equivalent to about 771,000 MXN.

Table 3.11.1: Details of the Ford F550 Hy-rail on sale

Parameter Detail
Name: Ford F550 hy-rail Service Truck
Status Used
Price 771,000.00 MXN (September 2023)
Motor 6.7 diesel engine
Year of manufactured 2015
Additional Information It has mounted on the back a small crane for
the service

Table 3.11.1 shows the basic sales information of this truck, highlights that it has a crane in the back so
considering these details for our product is very helpful, in addition the manufacturer of the adaptations has
a large amount of storage spaces for work tools, so it is an important point to take in Cunet for the final design
of our product. It emphasizes that this truck is of use, worse the benefits are attractive, so in this chaos an
approach should be given is to be of a lower price than this type of vehicles that have high prices, this
guarantees a great final product and be more attractive by price.
It should be noted that this type of vehicles are used inside and outside the railway lines, so the own
development has this limitation, because it is not designed to leave the railway lines, however; this is partly
a good distinctive, because it acquires an exclusive work tool of rails, which has another type of public and
capacity that the Hy-rail does not have.

3.12 Tiegong; Smart High speed railway equipment lithium battery railroad vehicle rail trolley
(Jinzhou Tiegong Railway Maintenance Machinery Co., Ltd., 2023) This prototype
manufactured in China is quite similar to what is being proposed in doing, it is curious what the Chinese
industry have in the market a version of this type of vehicles of this category, also highlights that it has a
lithium battery and the controls are highly easy, this armon does not have suspension and its wheels have a
drawing on the footprint that steps on the rail. The price of this artifact is 8,650 USD, which equivalent to
148,000 MXN approximately, it should also be noted that this unit offers a logistics service, with which you
can get to collect the artifact for free.
It stands out among the characteristics of this railway vehicle that is manufactured in the Liaoning China
plant, where its predominant material is steel, the approximate measurements of this vehicle are also
specified, which are 17000 mm x 17000 x 1000mm. the name of this device is Tiegong, and the manufacturer
even offers a 1-year warranty for any problem with this equipment.

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Spring 2023
 Figure 3.12.1: (Jinzhou Tiegong Railway Maintenance Machinery Co., Ltd., 2023) Front image of the railway vehicle

Figure 3.12.2: (Jinzhou Tiegong Railway Maintenance Machinery Co., Ltd., 2023) Back image of the railway vehicle

It is necessary in this case to consider that this vehicle is powered by electric energy, this has a lithium battery,
which makes it a very attractive vehicle for companies with ecological goals. It should also be noted that
among the important points of this vehicle is the weight, this according to the manufacturer is equal to or
greater than 240 kg, also on the technical side, this to be used must spend a period of 6 to 8 hours in load,
although the scope of the battery is not specified.
As can be seen in Figure 3.12.1 and Figure 3.12.2, this vehicle has limits regarding suspension and
consideration for the crew or operators of this equipment. This is a point against this type of vehicle, in
particular this has structures and other considerations that are quite basic, which turns this in an effective but
very limited design.

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Spring 2023
 Table 3.12.1: Details of Tiegong; Smart High speed railway equipment lithium battery railroad vehicle rail trolley

Parameter Detail
Name: Tiegong; Smart High speed railway
equipment lithium battery railroad vehicle rail
trolley

Status New

Price 148,000 MXN

Motor 60V/40AH

Year of manufactured 2023

Additional Information This device does not have suspension, besides

being a very austere design, without
consideration for the crew or tasks to perform

As can be seen in table 3.12.1, this Chinese model has limitations but at the same time offers effective
solutions to problems mentioned above. It is necessary to emphasize that this is a proposal that is quite like
ours, although with certain limitations, having this product as a point of reference and must also be considered
at the time of design not to offer the same product, if not rather take advantage of the disadvantages of this
model with respect to which it is planned to design.

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Spring 2023
 a) Standards
To ensure a product is useful in all areas of its development, rules are followed that govern and
certify that an artifact will work correctly, it will have the specific measures, in addition to having
characteristics that will guarantee that it will work correctly and perform in the ideal way. The standards also
allow us to avoid common mistakes or take certain precautionary measures against possible failures
guaranteeing excellent performance and that this article that is planned to be produced fulfills its function
correctly.
Standardizing also allows us to have the international considerations that are used in various parts of the
world, offering products to different markets, with the assurance that they have what is required to perform
in the best way. Having the product regulated also forces us to design certain specific points of a considerable
quality so it is important to take this point into account.
For this product, it is proposed to design an equipment for low, medium, and high-class railways, with the
aim of being useful for the personnel, for this we will be guided by rules on standardization, construction of
tracks and classification of railway lines, with this information, to be able to consider certain scenarios where
the Armon to design can travel on those lines without any problem. At the same time, the ISO standards will
be taken for the design of the elements, taking as a point of reference the existing standards and cases where
they need to consider some specific point.
However, the AAR standards will be consulted for making decisions regarding a standard, because it is
necessary that these standards are met in the same way, and in the case of the AAR, this is the body focused
on North American railroads, so this awareness towards these standards must be taken seriously.
The rules to be used are as follows:
Figure 3a.1: Standardized railway standards, brief description, and existing limitations

Standard Description of the standard Limits

ISO 23054 (ISO 23054-1:2022, 2022) This standard This standard is an ideal, so it is
specifies the basic definitions and standard limited to lines with roads in
measures of the placement of railways, in perfect condition, and it is
addition to basic concepts and how these must be expected to design a product that
constituted. It is expected to obtain basic can run on lines in poor
concepts and standard measures in addition to conditions.
complying with this standard and the basic
aspects.
ISO 22074 (ISO 22074-1:2020, 2020) This standard is very This regulation would allow us to
similar to the ISO, although in this case it consider important points for the
establishes basic terms and issues for railways market in high-speed trains, in
operating at high speeds, determining certain addition to limiting the product to
specific measures and concepts that are different certain specific points.
from the standard of a normal railway.

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Spring 2023
 ISO 22480 (ISO 22480-1:2022, 2022) This standard dictates With this it is possible to consider
the fundamentals on sleepers used in roads that the scenarios of use for the
are made of concrete. vehicle to be developed, in
addition to being a reference
point for the use that is given,
unfortunately it has not
standardized for wooden sleepers
where you want to consider this
area for the vehicle to be
developed
ISO 12856 (ISO 12856-1:2022, 2022) This standard dictates This being new technology does
the fundamentals on sleepers used in roads that not have much information
are made of polymer. This attracts a lot of available, so this type of
attention because they are modern standards is really very limited
implementations that are just being implemented, because its results in the field
so preparing the vehicle for these conditions is of have not been fully proven,
the utmost importance to be able to have it at the however they are a great
forefront of the industry and innovation. innovation currently.

ISO 23300 (ISO 23300-1:2021, 2021) This standard is the
one used for welding in rail joints, this
determines how the process should be done and
the conditions in which this type of work should
be carried out, allowing a better overview of the
situations faced by the vehicle that is planned to
be developed.
In this case the standard used
allows us to determine scenarios
to which the vehicle can be
subjected, however this type of
standard does not include roads in
poor condition, so it must be
submitted to certain types of
specific criteria

UNE 14587 (UNE-EN 14587-2:2010, 2010) This is a Spanish
standard on rail welding, this is taken as a
reference in the ISO standard and considers some
interesting scenarios that must be considered
ISO 5003 (ISO 5003: 2016, 2016) This standard governs
the measures, tolerances, and other
characteristics that railway rails must have for
the buyers of these, becoming an important part
of this work since it can be taken as a basis for
decision-making on wheels and scenarios to
which the vehicle will be subjected.
ASTM A729 (ASTM A729/A729M-17(2022), 2022) This
standard is the one that governs the rails, their
characteristics, and components and as it is that
these must be conformed, this is an information
of great importance, because it allows us to take
it into account for a future decision making in
terms of rails and technical data respects.
This standard serves to compare
information and have the vehicle
adapted to the environment of the
European Union and its railway
services; Spain is a reference of
the industry worldwide
This is important for making
decisions with respect to rails that
are commercially found, and as it
would be possible to plan to make
for more appropriate axles and
wheels.
It is necessary to determine the
differences between ISO and
ASTM standards to offer a
specific sector where the vehicle
can comply with both standards,
increasing its capacity for use in
different areas.

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Spring 2023
 ISO 24478 (ISO 24478:2023, 2023) This standard is
responsible for the standard of brakes in
railways, defining concepts and
recommendations to be considered for this means
of transport.
ISO 22749 (ISO 22749-1:2021, 2021) This standard
introduces the subject of suspension in the
railway, where the basic principles, reference
points and other issues related to this component
are handled.
ISO 20138 (ISO 20138-1:2018, 2018) This standard has the
objective of calculating the performance of a
railway braking, so this is very important ne the
technical question, and can be used for the
development of the railway vehicle
NOM-002- (NOM-002-ARTF-2019 Sistema Ferroviario-
ARTF-2019 Seguridad-Inspección del Equipo Tractivo.,
2019) This standard dictates the characteristics
that have the railroads in Mexico currently and
their operating requirements, so it is planned to
use the information of this standard to be able to
carry out the project defining the basic principles
of the railway lines in Mexico.
This document can help and
introduced to the subject of
braking, although for the most
part it is focused on wagons
This standard is only an
introduction, so the information is
limited and for more professional
issues the AAR is used based on
this standard
This standard is quite limited so it
will be used as a basis to
professionally address those of
the AAR
This standard is Mexican, so it is
different from the ISO standard
and the data can vary greatly from
the international standard

AAR A-1 (A-1 Standar, 2023) Here are complicated the This compilation is very limited,
sections and classification of the standards of the because there are standards that
AAr, in addition to considerations that must be are sold separately, and it is
taken according to certain established rules. necessary to look for which are
expected to be used in this case.
AAR Rule 1 (AAR, 2018) This specific rule is the very Some components of the machine
context of the railroad with its standards and cannot be measured with this
precautionary measures to ensure or correct standard given to the dimensions.
operation of the railroad.

AAR Rule 5 (AAR, 2020) This standard is the main one for Some components of the machine
the design of wheels and axles, this can help us a cannot be measured with this
lot in the conception of concepts and especially standard given to the dimensions.
in the suspension because it adds interesting
sections that look useful

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4.- Constrains
The limitations in this project are several, these are defined by the selected standards and
regarding what can be taken as a reference, because there are standards that are essential components in the
artifact, but these components are not entirely the central objective of the creation of this concept. Also, the
limitations are taken from the manufacturers of similar alternatives, as is the case of the hy-rail, or
manufacturers of quite similar concepts, as is the case of the prototype of the Chinese industry, defining
which aspects of these are similar and which will not be had with respect to other vehicles that have this
capacity. To understand the limitations of the project will be organized in the following table:

Constraint Description Comment

The vehicle has As mentioned above, there are standards that describe It is possible to solve this
limited scenarios how railroads should be constituted, but this is an ideal, problem with
since the vehicles to be developed will be created thinking simulations, but these
about scenarios where the roads are in poor condition, will be limited to certain
these prototypes will be subjected to simulations, extreme cases, even if it
however there will be no exact reference of certain lines is designed considering
that are in a very bad condition. cases of roads in
deplorable states.

The vehicle will In the case of hy-rail, these units can leave the railway These units are planned
be designed for lines without oak since they are modified vehicles, but in to be manufactured with
railways only the case of this project it will be limited to platforms that considerations in space
are located on the rails, which makes it impossible for and weight, so that they
these to be used off the track. can be easily stored and
These platforms are limited to use within the railway transported, and even
lines, having several capacities of use, because in the loaded by personnel.
railway lines and performing tasks in railway lines it is
expected to have the prototype prepared for all kinds of
possible scenarios

Smaller spaces for It is necessary to emphasize that there are hy-rail units The price compensates
equipment that are used for various uses, mostly they are trucks or for the size and price of
modified trucks of enormous length, so in certain the long units, in the
operations these armones will not be indicated for certain future variants of the
operations, such as holding certain types of cranes or harmonic designed with
having sufficient space for many sleepers. different capacities can
be proposed

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Spring 2023
 Limiting The general regulations of railways do not have very There are limited
standards standardized this type of vehicles because they have regulations which can be
stopped being used for a few years, so applying referenced and standards
innovations in this type of devices, leads to resort to for larger units can be
outdated standards or that simply some regulations do not considered.
have the necessary information

The Armon is not This unit is designed for maintenance equipment and its The armon will be
a freight wagon variants in the railway industry, which indicates that we designing with large
have the capabilities of the large railway car builders, this capacities, limiting to
is important to consider so that these units are not load tons of goods for
misused, or their useful weight is exceeded damaging the long periods of time
unit.

The Armon is not Although this unit is planned to be designed as a It is planned to provide
a locomotive. motorized vehicle with the ability to push similar joints or the armon with some
be pulled by another motorized unit, it is necessary to thrust capacity to be able
clarify that this is not a locomotive, since it will be to carry behind it and
designed with limitations and will not have the ability to drive a specific number
move heavy units for long times, so that it is not used for of units of this type or
the handling of goods by lines or as maneuvering units in similar.
logistics operations

The Armon is not These units are designed for line exploration, These units are designed
for hospital train. reconnaissance, maintenance, as well as relief in certain with personnel support
cases, but are not designed with the aim of serving as an capabilities and
aid or major operations in case of railway accidents, emergency situations,
where this unit must load railway units by its own force, but not as the solution to
or in given railing units developments.

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Spring 2023
 The unit will have The limitations at present of electric vehicles are mainly These are growing
an electric in the autonomy, because a more expensive battery technologies so there is
generator that can ensures an ability to travel greater distances, which makes potential for
be used to drive this point a key piece of this type of issues. On this improvement, even so
the vehicle or occasion it is planned to use a system driven by this is the best option to
operations on the petroleum-derived fuel that generates electric light and, in meet expectations.
railway lines. this way, the armon is driven by this energy or is also
made available to workers who need electric current. This
is an important point because you will have this option
and connect the harmonic to the current so that in a
workshop it charges and has greater autonomy and
capabilities

The unit will be In case of modifying the units so that they exceed their
limited to the design considerations (according to the owner of the unit
modifications and the requirements of the modifications) it is not
made to this possible to ensure that this unit has the capacity to
overcome this type of event, so it is recommended to
consider the design qualities of the armon

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Spring 2023
5.- Synthesis
Once the problems have been defined, the possible characteristics of the product to be
developed, in addition to an analysis of the existing competition and the solutions that the market has at the
present time, it is time to process all this information, with the aim of creating efficient solutions that
guarantee compliance with the proposal, while being an innovative option to develop.

a) Generation of multiple solutions (functional phase)

At this point it is necessary to point out that they plan to have two types of proposals, these
are different and accounts with different capabilities, taking into account the same principles, so that potential
buyers can point out what type of concept or idea is more attractive, added to that this provides us with a
generation of multiple proposals to guarantee a specific product, without limiting to a proposal other than
that required by the client.
In this case there are two proposals, which have been placed a specific name as in the practice of automobiles,
these are presented below mentioning their capabilities and expected performance, in addition mentions are
made to their particularities in particular, so that in this way a direct focus is put on the area of opportunity
that this project has and in turn, Propose a solution to the buyers and obtain a concept on which the project
should be developed.

Concept 1: Bota

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Spring 2023
 Figure 5.1: Diagram and technical details of proposal one

This armon “Bota” Figure 5.1; is designed under the concept of a suspension in a truck, having an axle with
wheels in the same piece, with trunnions where the bearings are placed, on this in one piece, the integration
of springs and shock absorbers, so that the truck has the wheels, the suspension and a chassis can be mounted
on these wheels.

Figure 5.2: Concept of the truck for the suspension in the concept one.

The concept of truck, Howin in the Figure 5.2, includes three principal pieces, the wheel, the contact between
the wheel and the frame to the chassis, thus connecting the frame and chassis with the suspension, this design
makes a repair in this area much easier, it is also a practice that has been followed in the railway industry for
a long time.

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Spring 2023
 Figure 5.3: Details on the chassis and between the suspension and principal frame

The frame of the wheels connects with a bolt with the main chassis, which is where all the armon is located,
on this there is a platform which is designed for loads or use of personnel, it is necessary to emphasize (figure
3.1) that this will be placed under a storage area for tool, in addition to electrical components, having
positioned the main engine and the power plant in the rear.

Concept 2: Cima

Figure 5.4: Diagram and technical details of proposal two

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Spring 2023
The second armon "Summit" shown in Figure 5.4; It is a different concept, because it involves several
components in the same system, so that it is possible to have an Armon with different construction techniques.
On the one hand it is expected that this has a metal chassis, based on I-shaped profiles which will be used as
a base, on which an concrete base will be mounted, this technique is very similar to those currently used in
the world of construction, ensuring to have a better construction, also highlights in addition could be quite
past, so a suspension similar to that used by the automotive industry is integrated into the chassis.

Figure 5.5 Details of the suspension for the second concept of armon

In the second concept, Figure 5.5; the suspension is different, this has similarities with the hi-rail, having
automotive components inside, thus having guaranteed a greater load capacity, although at a slightly higher
price, this suspension integrates an independent system of rotation, with which it is expected that the armon
has the capacity of greater load in addition to guaranteed safety on the road.
In resume, these two concepts are similar in some points, and are expected to have certain qualities
without differentiating which of the two, having as a difference the conception of construction, design, and
suspension to be used. This is why reference is made to table 5.1, which contains the expected
characteristics of each concept with its unique particularities.

Table 5.1: Expected characteristics of each of the concepts shown.

Especificación Bota Cima

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 Materials Steel Steel and
concrete
Power Electric
Travel distance (electric) 80km
Max. Speed 90 km/h
Load Of Weight 800 kg
Suspension concept Automotive Own design with
components motorcycle
components

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 b) Advantage/disadvantage
To guarantee a critical analysis, it is time to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each of the models,
based on the important points in the analysis of the surveys, the competence and other limitations that may
be presented. These statements allow to compare the capabilities of both projects according to their design
and particularities, thus allowing an analysis of which option is best to take.

Table 5.2: Advantages and disadvantages of the two different proyects.

Concept Advantage disadvantage

Bota Fewer components in the Logistics and infrastructure
suspension are needed for the
manufacture of suspension
components

Easier maintenance and easy parts For wheel maintenance it is

replacement required to lift the entire unit
and remove the tuck

Simple construction and clear The construction is limited by

instructions without many details standards and must be proven
to be efficient

It is possible to create variants Limited to wheel capabilities

easily or modify easily and arrangements

It has a braking system on the truck The brakes have more details
in their operation and are on
the truck
Operation is guaranteed on any
line if you import sharp turns

It has storage space and possible The weight ratio is not

modifications for certain tasks distributed equitably

Cima Modern construction techniques Various points of the main

are used construction must be secured

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Spring 2023
 It has regulated components and Height and space are
with easily guaranteed results different, being impractical
for certain tasks

Suspension guarantees to work in Turns are limited to some

unfavorable scenarios degree of curvature

Main chassis promises greater The concrete is more delicate

safety in certain scenarios and does
not guarantee total safety
against collisions

It has greater load capacities The armon exceeds the

weights of the other proposal

Power delivery is more

complex when integrating
automotive suspension

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 c) Decision-making process.
1.- Project Estimates:
For the development of the two projects has the following figures, these are an approximate of what is needed
to finish producing it, so that it is possible to have an estimated cost of production to evaluate in an economic
process.

Figure 5.6: Estimate prices of construction for the first project “Bota”

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 Figure 5.7: Estimate prices of construction for the first project “Cima”

Taking as a reference these very estimated cost prices of each of the projects, it is possible to make the
following table, increasing the cost of each unit according to the price that you want to give for its sale which
is 50% higher than the cost of production per piece. rounding up at the end the number obtained in a
multiplied amount of $ 10,000, this only to have a commercial price number.

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 Table 5.3: Estimation of prices of construction of product and for sale

Project Price of construction Price for purchase

Project 1 Bota $ 139,530.00
$ 97,800.00
(140,000.00 commercial price)
Project 2 Cima $ 134,172.00
$ 111,810.00
(170,000.00 commercial price)

2.- Net present value analysis

Analyzing the economic aspect is quite important because it assures us that a product yields enough, it also
allows us to assure investors that we are taking care of their money and guaranteeing that they will receive
their money safely after having supported the project we are developing. Ensuring an economic aspect also
allows us to have profits and that the investment made in equipment and development of a product can have
the objective of creating inputs and products that guarantee a favorable economic gain, this delimits in the
industry what is a convenient project, because the better the profit, a project will have greater sense to be
developed.
To start we need to estimate what is the value of the investment that we are going to make, and how many
units are expected to be sold in a certain period, for this we will express it in the following table 5.6.
Table 5.4: estimate of sales per year.

Project Price on sold sales per sales per Money total per
month year year
Bota $140,000.00 3 36 $5,040,000.00
Cima $170,000.00 3 36 $6,120,000.00

In this case this calculation shown in Table 5.6 comes from an estimate of purchases by a hy-rail railway
company, which buys 30 new trucks each year, assuming that these are only one third of this order. This
assuming certain values and that it is a railway company for each year. Based on this, the following numbers
are presented, according to the calculation of the net present value, assuming a bad outlook for the company.

Figure 5.8: Net Present Value evaluating the two projects with an estimation of sales at 5 years, taking in a count an initial
inversion.

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Spring 2023
It should be noted how is shown in the Figure 5.8, the investment required for the second project is greater
since the components of this machine are much larger, and in the case of the first machine the investment is
lower since there are manufacturing methods that makes the cost of production lower.
Once the calculation of profits per year that occur in a bad sales scenario of this type of artifacts has been
made, it is necessary to emphasize that the amount that the investor invested in the company must be returned
to the investor, which makes it necessary to calculate the amount of money that is planned to be saved to pay
off the debt of the initial investment. For this, a calculation of return of investment will be made, considering
the annual profits that are being made, saving a specific amount of money to be able to calculate this amount.

Figure 5.9: Calculations for return on investment and rate of return

As it is possible to see in figure 5.9, although the investment amounts are different both give quite similar
amounts of production, having these values quite approximate, in addition to ensuring to settle the account
in a little more than 3 years.

2.- Multi weighed process and decision-making

For the decision-making, everything that could be seen previously will be considered. For the evaluation of
both projects must be without any criterion of preference, giving the reason to the people consulted and other
data presented previously. In this project based on the surveys carried out previously it is important to make
a decision that considers the criteria of the potential clients, because they after analyzing and verifying the
concepts, make known the preferences of the possible client and ensure that the project to be carried out has
a good future, having a potential client when going on sale.
After a detailed analysis, it is possible to determine numerically that project 1 is the most attractive for buyers
(Figure 2.1), despite being a project that is surpassed in some points by project two, this is more attractive
for the possible client, having a higher score than even the competition.

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Spring 2023
 Figure 5.10 Detail at the end of the QFD method, with detail to the projects, the highest value is the first project including the
competition.

Checking the information of the figure 5.10, at this point we can determine that the advantage has overall
project number one, although in the relationship of percentages of consistency, project two has the highest
percentages, these are just a little of the percentages of project one, so the difference is unrepresentative,
demonstrating that project one is better. It is also necessary to mention that in Figure 2.2 this is the project
with which it covers in a most important way several sectors evaluated in the survey.
To determine this in a better way, the quantitative evaluation method of multi weighed will be used, where
topics on construction and other sectors that were not previously considered will be evaluated, thus giving a
real vision of the construction of these concepts. This method will numerically evaluate important points
taking as reference the superior value to be able to have a figure that indicates the importance of each point,
evaluating in a different way each of the values that it has and verifying that it has a certain characteristic
discriminating its importance at the same time as its performance.

Capacity of Manufacturing Simple Construction

Criteria Inves
production infrastructure construction reliability
Weight 5 5 3 4 3
Bota 3 3 3 3 1
Cima 2 1 2 2 3

nstruction
Invest Price Eficient Inovation Space inside Simplicity Total
eliability
4 3 2 4 1 3 4 X
3 1 2 2 3 2 3 87
2 3 3 2 1 3 1 66

Table 5.5: Multi weighed process of decision performance.

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This analysis allowed us not only to see the point of view of a client, but also to see the point of view from
the side of production and engineering of this type of product. Since we were also allowed to give a focus to
the production capacity that could be had and the aspects of infrastructure in manufacturing, I have an
important point here, because if it is easy to manufacture, it ensures that we can even produce spare parts or
variants for a long time.

It also allows us to evaluate issues of construction of each of these cars, an important point in saving time,
personnel and other type of process that involves investment time or trained personnel, in addition to ensuring
that it works correctly. This analysis allowed us to realize that in the case of product number one we have
better ratings in the aspect of production and other issues that had not been evaluated, thus giving a better
performance to this product to develop.

After all the analysis carried out it is necessary to recapitulate that in the economic analysis carried out in
this chapter the values of each of the investments were quite similar, being in this case more feasible the
option number one, this since the investment is lower and ensures a similar return.

After analyzing all the previous processes carried out, it is possible to conclude that proposal number 1 is the
most convenient, since it has the majority approval of the people surveyed previously, in addition to having
quite positive values and superior to those proposed by the competition. In addition to having better
advantages and a considerable number of these, in addition to having quite positive numbers in the case of
the economic, so the option one is the most indicated.

Finally, to carry out the conception of this project it is expected to be able to carry out a timing, so that this
project is fully registered, and the process is documented by the time this prototype is finished. For this, a
Gannt diagram will be used that will store dates and progress corresponding to the advances realized in the
conception of this project.

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Spring 2023
 Figure 5.11 Gant diagram with the timing of development

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Spring 2023
 How is possibly to see in the Figure 5.11; On this occasion, the Gant's chart is applied to the
processes of identification of elements, where the process on which elements are planned to be used, having
devised a way to carry out the machine, in a simple way, this process is crucial and occurs a lot when in
future processes problems are had. The other points were crucial and hand in hand, as these are focused on
the design of the machine and the analytic analysis.

39
Spring 2023
 A) 6.- Bill of Material
In this area are the tables with the components used in this artifact, as well as their specifications and
enumeration, so that it is possible to locate and identify them, given a specific part number.
Table 6.1 Information of the components with references of the Material and sources

Bill Of Materials

Product: Bota Date September 2023

Armon Motor
Railcar

Assembly
Item # Part # Qty Name Material Source
1 TW1 2 Wheel Axis Steel 1020 (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment
Co., Ltd., 2023)
2 TW2 4 Bearing of Wheel Steel 100Cr6 (Bearings SKF Catalogue, 2023)
3 TW3 4 Wheel Steel 1020 (Maanshan Kingrail Technology Co.,
Ltd., 2023)
4 TW4 1 Electric Motor Various (Yiyi Bike, 2023)

5 TW5 1 Pulley of Power Alloy Steel (SYM Elevador y grúa torre

and copper QUIPMENT CO., LTD, 2023)
(don´t
specify)
6 TW6 4 Spring For Stainless (Alibaba, 2023)
Suspension steel A401
7 TW7 4 Shock Absorber Various (La Estrella, 2023)
8 TW8 4 Shock absorber, Industrial (Pas Pro Auto Part Store, 2023)
spring separation Rubber
rubber
9 TW9 4 Bearing base Zinc Alloy (WuhuShiyu Store, 2023)
10 TW10 4 Truck Support Carbon Steel (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023)
beam
C 100 X 8
11 TW11 2 Truck Frame Carbon Steel (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023)
C 200 X 20.5
12 TW12 7 Main Frame Carbon Steel (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023)
C 130 X 13
13 TW13 2 Metal Foil for Base Galvanized (Jiangsu Xinjinlai Metal Products Co.,
3m X 1.9m Steel Ltd., 2023)
14 BS14 4 Shoe brake Composed (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment
and Cast Co., Ltd., 2023)
Steel
15 BS15 4 Lock for brake shoe Carbon Steel (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment
Co., Ltd., 2023)

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Spring 2023
 16 BS16 4 Electric piston Various (ZHENGZHOU REMORE INDUSTRIAL,
2023)
17 P17 6 Handrails Steel 1010 (Yantai Hualian Steel Structure Co.,
Ltd., 20233)
18 P18 2 Seats Leather and (Foshan Youjiang Auto Parts
plastic Manufacturing Co., Ltd, 2023)
19 P19 1 Power Generator Various (Poweren, 2023)
Plant
20 P20 2 Engine Support Carbon Steel (Jiangsu Xinjinlai Metal Products Co.,
Beam Ltd., 2023)
C 75 X 6.1
21 P21 1 Belt of Power Ruber (Wuxi Mingcheng Transmission
2in Technology Co., Ltd., 2023)
22 P22 1 Battery 48V Various (JREPower, 2023)
23 P23 1 Control Panel Various (Dongguan Duomi Cnc Technology Co.,
Ltd., 2023)
24 P24 6 LED Light for Various (Guangzhou Chiming Electronic
night use Technology Co., Ltd., 2023)
Designer: Carlos Gonzalez Torres Development: Carlos Gonzalez Torres
Evaluator: Melvin Alvarez Vera

Page 1/1 Alta Luz Industries

41
Spring 2023
Table 6.2: Information of the components with references of the prices and total of price.

Bill Of Materials

Product: Bota Date September 2023

Armon Motor
Railcar

Assembly
Item # Part # Qty Name Cost Total Source
1 TW1 2 Wheel Axis 18,248.30 $ 18,248.30 $ (Chongqing Hengtairail
MXN MXN Equipment Co., Ltd.,
2023)
2 TW2 4 Bearing of Wheel 580.00 $ 2,320.00$ (SKF Balero 6308, s. f.)
MXN MXN
3 TW3 4 Wheel 5,491.00 21,964.00 $ (Maanshan Kingrail
MXN MXN Technology Co., Ltd.,
2023)
4 TW4 4 Electric motor 2,329.67 $ 2,329.67$ (Yiyi Bike, 2023)
MXN MXN
5 TW5 1 Pulley of Power 110.00$ 110$ (SYM Elevador y grúa
MXN MXN torre QUIPMENT CO,
LTD, 2023)
6 TW6 4 Spring For 590.00 $ 2,360.00 $ (Alibaba, 2023)
suspension MXN MXN
7 TW7 4 Shock Absorber 1,500.00 6,000 $ (La Estrella, 2023)
for suspension MXN MXN
8 TW8 4 Shock absorber, 301.00 $ 301.00$ (PasPro Autopart Store,
spring separation MXN MXN 2023)
rubber
9 TW9 4 Bearing base 189.19 $ 756.76 $ (WuhuShiyu Store, 2023)
MXN MXN
10 TW10 4 Truck Support 18.43 $ 70.21 $ (Jinan Hengming Steel
Beam MXN MXN Co., Ltd., 2023)

11 TW11 2 Truck Frame 18.43$ 35.10 $ (Jinan Hengming Steel

MXN MXN Co., Ltd., 2023)
12 TW12 7 Main Frame 18.43$ 112.32 $ (Jinan Hengming Steel
C 130 X 13 MXN MXN Co., Ltd., 2023)
13 TW13 2 Metal Foil for 965.00 $ 1930.00 $ (Jiangsu Xinjinlai Metal
Base 3m X 1.9m MXN MXN Products Co., Ltd., 2023)
14 BS 4 Shoe brake 438.00 $ 1,752.00 $ (Chongqing Hengtairail
MXN MXN Equipment Co., Ltd, 2023)

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 15 BS4 4 Lock for brake 60.00 $ 240.00 $ (Chongqing Hengtairail
shoe MXN MXN Equipment Co., Ltd.,
2023)
16 BS16 4 Electric piston 334.00$ 1336.00$ (ZHENGZHOU REMORE
MXN MXN INDUSTRIAL, 2023)

17 P17 6 Handrails 22.00$ 132.00$ (Yantai Hualian Steel

MXN MXN Structure Co., Ltd.,
20233)
18 P18 2 Seats 1581.00$ 3,163.00$ (Foshan Youjiang Auto
MXN MXN Parts Manufacturing Co.,
Ltd, 2023)
19 P19 1 Power Plant 11,977.00 $ 11,977.00$ (Poweren, 2023)
Generator MXN MXN
20 P20 2 Engine Support 18.43.00$ 36.86.00$ (Jiangsu Xinjinlai Metal
Beam MXN MXN Products Co., Ltd., 2023)
C 75 X 6.1
21 P21 1 Belt of Power 150.00$ 150.00$ (Wuxi Mingcheng
2in MXN MXN Transmission Technology
Co., Ltd., 2023)
22 P22 1 Batery 48V 17,550.00$ 17,550.00$ (JREPower, 2023)
MXN MXN
23 P3 1 Control Panel 3,330.00$ 3,330.00$ (Dongguan Duomi Cnc
MXN MXN Technology Co., Ltd.,
2023)
24 P24 6 LED Light for the 272.00$ 1,632.00$ (Guangzhou Chiming
Nigh use MXN MXN Electronic Technology
Co., Ltd., 2023)
Designer: Carlos Gonzalez Torres Development: Carlos Gonzalez Torres
Evaluator: Melvin Alvarez Vera
TOTAL 97,800 $
Page 1/1 Alta Luz Industries

43
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 7.- Design of Mechanical elements
PART 1: SHAFT OF THE WHEELS
In this part, the objective is the design of
the shaft of the wheels for this railcar, in
this case, the interesting part is in the
development of the perfect shaft with
optimal measures. This for ensure the
perfect performance in the movement of
this railcar. This is an important part
because this support al the weight of the
railcar and the thing what this has in the
superior part, transporting people, tool
and
1.- Determining the basic information
of the shaft
For the design of the shaft is necessary
take in a consideration the standards and
measures of the railroad wheels, in this
case we have two parts in the wheels for
this rail car. For one side the piece
number 1 (in this case this section) and
Figure 1.1 (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd., 2023): Part 1 Image of the part number 3; the wheel of the rail
the supplier and price
car. For this part, is necessary design the
distribution of loads on the shaft, and
how this will be taken in a consideration the bending and other pieces what are in contact with this piece. In
this case the proposed of shaft is the next:

Figure 1.2: In this case is proposed this shaft (Black color), this piece will be in contact with the railway wheel (part 8) and the
truck (part 5), in this part the load will be in the ends, in the part of contact with the truck.

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Spring 2023
 In the figure 1.3, is possibly determinate certain measures, first of all, the measure of the a) part, is the standard ISO 5003 (ISO
5003: 2016, 2016), this determinate the standard gauge of the rails and with this, is possibly determine this measure, taking in a
count, the supplier of the wheel ensure the measures of the wheel (more detail in the part number 8) and with this is possibly
determinate the measure b), c), and d). Next to this, we use the supposition of use the double longitudinal measure of the wheel for
the area of the truck, determining the measure e), obtaining a total of 2181 mm, measure f).

figure 1.4: In this case, after all the disposition of length, is determinate the point of charge and fastening, taking in a count what all
the charge will be in the ends, and the wheels have the oppositive force, holding all the shaft.

In this case, the Ford F550 of the competence have the capacity of load of 5,635 kg (Ford F-550 XL Test
Drive., 2023), and for this reason, is taking the position of build the armon with the same capacity of load,
taking in a count a load capacity of 5.5 ton, Using a security factor of 3, obtaining a capacity of 16.5 ton,
adding 0.5 ton more for take in a count the weight of the armon. After this is possibly obtain the total of 17
ton, dividing this weight in four, taking in consideration the 4-contact point with the shaft and the truck,
obtaining the capacity of 4.25 ton per bearing.

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 Table 1.1: Requirements between the armon and the Ford F550

Vehicle Capacity of load

Ford F550 5635 kg
Bota Motor Railcar 5500 kg

With the results of the table 1.1, is possibly determine the requirements of capacity of weight of our motor
car, fir this is given the next information:

5,500 𝑘𝑔 Proposition of capacity.

16,500 𝑘𝑔 This capacity is ensuring with the Safety Factor of 3.
500 𝑘𝑔 Adding the weight of the armon.
17,000 𝑘𝑔 Total of Weight.

With this is determined the total weight for use in the calculation, in this case is 17,000 kg of total capacity;
next to this is necessary determinate the capacity of use in the shaft, for this we use the next information. In
this case determinate the two loads of the figure 1.3, in this case, is necessary determinate each load, for the
armon is necessary take in a count what this has two shafts, and each shaft have two loads at each end. With
this information is determinate the next information:

4 Bearing used in the rail motorcar.

17,000 𝑘𝑔 Capacity of load of the rail motorcar.
17,000
= 4,259.81 𝑘𝑔
4

4,250 𝑘𝑔 Each load.

For determinate the distributed load is necessary take in a count the value of the gravity and the load
applied in each end, with this is possibly determine the next values:

4,250 𝑘𝑔 Capacity of load.

𝑚
9.81 𝑠2 Value of the Gravity.

(4,250)(9.81) = 4,259.81 𝑁

4,259.81 𝑁 Load supported by the bearing.

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With this is possibly determine the Value of the distributed load. Ath the end of the shaft.

4,259.81 𝑁 Load.
0.272 𝑚 Distance of the end where the bearing is placed.
4,259 𝑁
= 15,661.0662
0.272 𝑚

𝑁
14,661.0662 Value of the distributed load.
𝑚

With this information is possibly determine the load diagram, shear diagram and moment diagram, this is
determined using the MdSolid Software:

Figure 1.5: Load diagram of the shaft, with the distributed loads and considering like supports the wheels. (Unit used for distance
m: meters)

Figure 1.6: Shear diagram of the shaft (unit used for shear diagram N: Newton)

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 Figure 1.7: Moment diagram (unit used for moment is Nm: Newton meter)

Finally, now of the modeling of this part is possibly obtain the next information, taking in a count the properties of the material and
the part.

Part No. 1 Treated As Volumetric Properties

Shaft

Mass:21.6517 kg
Volume:0.00274073 m^3
Solid Body
Density:7900 kg/m^3
Steel 1020
Weight:212.187 N

2.- Determining the diameter of the shaft with bending

To obtain a diameter in which the wheels are going to be mounted, it is necessary to consider that they are
going to be mounted on a solid round profile, the dual must have a specific diameter, this measurement will
determine, among other things, the geometric properties of the axle, so determining it is very important.
Normally in this process it is determined by means of the selected motor, but in this case, it will be obtained
by means of buckling, since this will ensure that having the railcar at its maximum load capacity, the axle
will effectively resist the load, in addition to not presenting damage by the load or permanent deformation.
For this, the Solid Works software will be used, in which the arrow proposed in figure 1.3 will be drawn,
varying the diameter so that the commercial profiles that exist in the market are used, starting from 10mm,
increasing 10mm in each test.
Objective:
Perform bending tests by simulation to determine a correct diameter for the shaft, using commercial
measurements.
Meshing used: Fine, Minor Outcome Differences
10mm
Table 1.2: Results of stress evaluating in SolidWorks software for 10mm shaft

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Spring 2023
 Name Type Min Max
Stress 10mm shaft Upper bound axial and bending 1.472e+07 N/m^2 1.026e+10 N/m^2
Element: 80 Element: 40

Bending-Bending-Stress-Stress diameter 10 mm

Table 1.3: Results of displacement in the y evaluating in SolidWorks software for 10mm shaft
Displacement2 UY: Y Displacement -3.122e+03mm 2.641e+03 mm
Node: 122 Node: 92

Bending-Bending-Displacement-Displacement y

In this case the values are very bad, in the case of the stress test Table 1.2, values are obtained well above
the elastic point value, ensuring that after subjecting the shaft to the maximum load it is deformed or
permanently broken. On the other hand, figure 1.3 show the deformation, and this is so great that the program
gives physically impossible results, this measure is discarded.

20 mm

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Spring 2023
 Table 1.4: Results of stress evaluating in SolidWorks software for 20mm shaft.

Name Type Min Max

Stress 20mm Upper bound axial and bending 1.840e+06 N/m^2 1.282e+09 N/m^2
Element: 80 Element: 40

Bending-Bending-Stress-Stress1

Table 1.5: Results of displacement in the y evaluating in SolidWorks software for 20mm shaft

Name Type Min Max

Displacement 20mm UY: Y Displacement -1.951e+02mm 1.651e+02 mm
Node: 122 Node: 92

Bending-Bending-Displacement-Displacement2

In the table 1.4 the stress is a bigger than yield Strength, for this reason this is not a solution, adding to this,
the deformation is very big.

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Spring 2023
30 mm
Table 1.6: Results of stress evaluating in SolidWorks software for 30mm shaft.

Name Type Min Max

Stress 30 mm Upper bound axial and bending 5.451e+05 N/m^2 3.800e+08 N/m^2
Element: 80 Element: 40

Bending-Bending-Stress-Stress1

Table 1.7: Results of displacement in the y evaluating in SolidWorks software for 30mm shaft

Name Type Min Max

Displacement 30mm UY: Y Displacement -3.856e+01mm 3.260e+01 mm
Node: 122 Node: 92

Bending-Bending-Displacement-Displacement2

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In the information showed in the table 1.6, is possibly to see the values of stress and in the red area this stress
is for some units bigger than yield strength; for this reason, this is not a solution. But is necessary to
mentioned that the deformation is better than the other results.

40 mm
Table 1.8: Results of stress evaluating in SolidWorks software for 40mm shaft.

Name Type Min Max

Stress1 Upper bound axial and bending 1.877e+06 N/m^2 1.603e+08 N/m^2
Element: 43 Element: 14

Bending-Bending-Stress-Stress1

Table 1.9: Results of displacement in the y evaluating in SolidWorks software for 40mm shaft
Displacement2 UY: Y Displacement -1.221e+01mm 1.013e+01 mm
Node: 44 Node: 34

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 Bending-Bending-Displacement-Displacement2

In the case of the 40mm diameter of the shaft, the values of stress are very formidable, in this case, the
𝑁
maximum value is 160,300,000 2 (160.3 MPa), in this case this value are very far of the yield strength point
𝑚
(351,000,000 = 351 MPa) and this value is a good result; because this ensure that don’t exist permanent
deformations or potential fractures. Is necessary mentioned that this value is almost 3 times the value of the
yield point, this is littler than this, but is a good point, because this ensures the selection of this shaft.
For other side the deformation of the shaft at maximum loads is possibly to see is near of 10.13 mm, having
a very little deformation at maximum weight, this is a good result and ensure a good result for the diameter
of 40 mm.

Diameter of Shaft 40 mm

4.- Determining the torsion of the Shaft Applying and determinate torque.
For ensure the correct function of the shaft applying certain torque is necessary to determine how the power
of the motor affect at this part. With this is possibly determinate important points on the shaft ensuring the
perfect performance and avoiding the fracture for torsion in the shaft. For other side, with these equations is
possibly know if the shaft resists the power of the motor and the torsion for the torque applied in this part.

𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺

Equation 1.1 (Budynas et al., 2015): Equation of torsion, obtaining the torsion on grades, this using the Torque T (In Nm), the large L
(in meters), the moment of inertia J (in m^4) and shear Modulus G (in N/m^2)

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Using equation 1.1 it is possible to determine the deformation at angles when applying the maximum engine
power. In this chaos it is necessary to determine the important standard of the motor and shaft to determine
this important point.
First is important define the Moment of inertia of the shaft.

𝜋𝑑 4
𝐽=
32

Equation 1.2: Definition of moment of inertia in meters.

Using the equation 1.2 is possibly determine the result of J, this result is very important because in the
equation 1.1 is used this value for define the angle of deformation.
d= 0.04 m diameter of 40mm in meters
Using equation 1.2

𝜋(0.04)4
𝐽=
32

J = 2.51327E-07 𝑚4

For this, define the next values for the use of the equation 1.1:
T= 2.513105054 Nm Defined by the part motor
L= 2.181 m
J= 2.51327E-07 m^4 Defined by the geometrical properties of the shaft.
G= 80,000,000,000 N/m^2 = 80 GPa
Using the equation 1.1 and the values:

(2.513)(2.181)
𝜃=
(2.513 𝑥10−8 )(80,000,000,000)
Deformation for torsion:
𝜃 = 0.000272607rad

𝜃 = 0.015619211°

Simulation
Using the software of Solid Works is evaluated the torsion of the shaft applying the torque of the motor.

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 Table 1.10: Meshing information of the analysis by finite method

Total Nodes 86921

Total Elements 56360
Maximum Aspect Ratio 4.6235
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 99.9
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0
% of distorted elements (Jacobian) 0

With these values is evaluated the simulation, obtaining the next values.
Table 1.11: torsion analysis in the shaft

Name Type Min Max

Torsion Analysis UY: Y Displacement -5.522e-03mm 5.522e-03 mm
Node: 322 Node: 2203

Displacement-Displacement Torsion analisis.

With these results is possibly determinate the torsion of simulation, with the maximum and minimum with
the diameter.

(𝐷𝑒𝑓. 𝑀𝑎𝑥 + (𝐷𝑒𝑓 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎 )

𝜃=
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Equation 1.3 (Orosco, 2015): Determinate the deformation with finite method, with the maximum and minimum values, obtaining
the result in radians.

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Spring 2023
 Using the Equation 1.3, and the results of Solid Works, is possibly obtain the next results.

(0.005715 + 0.005715 )
𝜃=
40
𝜃 = 0.000286 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜃 = 0.016372269 °

Obtaining a difference of 0.753057885 degrees, A small variation in the case of any motor pressure on the
shaft.
0.00075306 Degrees of difference

3.- Natural Frequency.

Another important thing for take in a count in the design of the shaft is the critical speed, because at certain
velocity the shaft has the potential problem of present continuous vibrations, putting in a dangerous position
this shaft, causing a lot of vibrations and in the worst case the destruction of this part. For avoid this problem
is possibly use the equation 1.4:
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 𝑔𝐸𝐼 𝜋 2 𝑑 𝑔𝐸
𝜔1 = ( ) √ = ( ) √ = ( ) ( )√
𝑙 𝑚 𝑙 𝐴𝛾 𝑙 4 𝛾

a) b) c)

Equation 1.4 a), b), c). (Budynas et al., 2015): Equation used for determinate the critical speed of the shaft, in this case are three
different equations, using the equation depending on the information and values available.

In this case is possibly use any of the equations 1.4, the a), b) or c) depending on the variables available for
the results in this case is selected the c), and the process is the next.
𝜋 2 𝑑 𝑔𝐸
𝑤1 = ( 𝑙 ) ( 4 ) √ 𝛾 Equation of Natural frequency used.

Dates
2.181 = 𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2 = 𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
0.04 𝑚 = 𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1.2
1.84𝑥1011 𝑃𝑎 = 184𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 𝐸 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

A) Determining Specific weight

𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Density of Steel 1020: 7.89 𝑐𝑚3 = 7870 𝑚3

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 Using the gravity value for determine the specific weight of the steel.
𝛾 = 𝜌∗𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
Equation 1.1a: Equation of Specific Weight, where p is the density in and g is the value of the gravity in
𝑚3 𝑠2

𝑘𝑔 𝑚
(7870 3
) (9.81 2 ) =
𝑚 𝑠
77204.7 𝑁𝑚3 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑡

With this realize the calculation process

𝜋 2 0.04 (9.81)(1.84𝑥1011 )
( ) ( )√
2.181 4 77204.7

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑤1 = 100.3251828
𝑠𝑒𝑔
= 963.3919472474 𝑟𝑝𝑚

A) Natural Frequency simulation:

For ensure the analytic results; we can obtain with finite method the natural frequency of this part, taking in
a count the part Number 3 for this simulation, is important to take in a count this because the results of the
analytic process will be different; this is occasioned by two different reasons: In the simulation is take in a
count the parameter of the material based in the Sold Work Software information, and the second, the
simulation used is an assembly, for this reason in this case is possibly mount in the ais the wheels and take
in a count this geometries for obtain more precision in the process

Figure 1.8: Assembly with the fixtures, taking these points like the area between the contact of wheels and shaft.

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Defining this is possibly determine the next meshing values.
Table 1.11: Meshing values used for the analysis.

Total Nodes 17023

Total Elements 9226
Maximum Aspect Ratio 10.155
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 88.7
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0.0434

Table 1.12: Analysis of Frequency, First Modal Shape.

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude 1 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 4.634e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 1(Value = Node: 21 Node: 3365
127.214 Hz)

Amplitude-Amplitude 1

Table 1.13: Analysis of Frequency, Second Modal Shape.

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude2 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 4.636e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 2(Value = Node: 21 Node: 209
127.323 Hz)

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 Name Type Min Max

Amplitude-Amplitude 2

Table 1.14: Analysis of Frequency, Third Modal Shape.

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude 3 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 1.038e+00
Plot for Mode Shape: 3(Value = Node: 21 Node: 2212
200.584 Hz)

Amplitude-Amplitude 3

Table 1.15: Analysis of Frequency, Fourth Modal Shape.

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 Name Type Min Max
Amplitude 4 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 1.039e+00
Plot for Mode Shape: 4(Value = Node: 21 Node: 511
200.835 Hz)

with this simulation is possibly to see how the performance of the shaft is determinate by the program, its
interesting see in the table 1.12 and 1.13 the distortion of the central part of the central area, between the
wheels, and in the next two tables see the deformation but in this case; the deformation is in each end of the
shaft. Finally, is possibly obtain the table with the results of the simulation:
Table 1.16: Results of the different modal analysis for finite method in Sold Works.

Mode Number Frequency (Hertz) X direction Y direction Z direction

1 127.21 0.13853 0.00029754 4.1498e-10

2 127.32 0.00029741 0.13847 1.2426e-11

3 200.58 0.036669 0.0021622 3.2875e-11

4 200.84 0.0021603 0.036651 6.5388e-10

Sum X = 0.21447 Sum Y = 0.17759 Sum Z = 1.2585e-09

In this case is possibly to see the first important values around the 127 Hz, this is an interesting result because
the analytic simulation gives this range about the 127 Hz, with this is possibly determinate that the difference
between the analytic and the finite method are little, and the influence of the wheels in the shaft change the
value of the analytic process, obtaining an difference of 27 Hz.

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PART 2: BEARING OF WHEELS
For determinate the Bearing of use for this
shaft is necessary to determine the capacities
what this need to have, this are the next.
• 40mm diameter of the inner.
• 4.259 KN of capacity of load.
• An external diameter small.
• Long Bearing for the space and the support
of the truck.

In this case is necessary for the bearing search

the best option for this case, for this is used the
bearing of SKF, this company have a catalogue
of all their products, with this requirement is
searching in the catalogue the bearing of our
Figure 2.1 (SKF Balero 6308, s. f.): Selected bearing for the armon requirements. The SKF have the next options:
Table 7.10 (Bearings SKF Catalogue, 2023): Bearing offer by SKF for 40mm diameter.

Diameter Dimension Loads Designation

d Internal D External B longitude C C0
(mm) (mm) (mm) (kN) (kN)
40 90 23 42.3 24 6308-2Z
40 80 18 33.6 27 208
40 90 23 45.7 36 308-Z
40 90 23 42.3 24 6308-2rs1
40 90 23 42.3 24 6308
40 80 23 37.1 32.5 4208 ATN9

In this case is selected the bearing designated like 6308, this bearing, like is possibly to see in the table 7.10.,
because this is a largest bearing, and the capacity of load are a lot, and in this type of products the load is
very important to determine the capacity for freight service. In this case this bearing is a simple bearing of
balls, what ensure the capacity of load, and have the perfect dimension.

Table 7.11 (Bearings SKF Catalogue, 2023): Numerical values of the selected bearing
Diameter Dimension Loads Designation
d Internal D External B longitude C C0
(mm) (mm) (mm) (kN) (kN)
40 90 23 42.3 24 6308

Lubrication of the 6308: grease MT33 (SKF)

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 A) Life of the Bearing
Determinate the technical specifications are very important for ensure the perfect performance of this part,
for this, is necessary take in consideration the equation 7.3, with this is possibly determinate the life of the
bearing.
𝐶 𝑝
𝐿10 = ( )
𝑃
Equation 7.3 (Bearing size SKF, 2023): Equation of nominal life for the bearing, with C like capacity of basic dynamic load, P
equivalent load on the bearing and p like exponent of the life, in this case for a Bering with balls is used the number 3.

With the equation 7.3, is possibly determined the values of the equation, following the next criteria:
𝐶 = 41 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑃 = 4.259 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑝 = 3
Using the equation 7.3, is possibly obtain the next results.
𝐶 𝑝
𝐿10 = ( )
𝑃
41𝑘𝑁 3
𝐿10 = ( ) = 979.711446
4.259𝑘𝑁
𝐿10 = 979.71 millones de revoluciones con 90% de confiabilidad

Although this circumvention will not be subjected to constant speeds, the operating hours in this condition
will be calculated to get an idea of this amount:

106
𝐿10ℎ = ( ) (𝐿10 )
60𝑛
Equation 7.4: Equation for determine the hours of use in a bearing.
With the equation 7.4, is determinate the hours of use. Converting the angular velocity (calculated in the part
3) from 259.842 rad/s to rpm 2,483.1 rev/min. With this apply the equation

106
𝐿10ℎ = ( ) (𝐿10 )
60𝑛
106
𝐿10ℎ =( ) (979.711446)
60(2483.19

𝐿10ℎ = 6,575.86 hrs

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The results are satisfying, because the machine has many hours in continuous rolling, considering that it is
being subjected to a higher speed than what is planned to be used, also considering that it will not be rolling
continuously. In addition, these values are close to machines of its type that use bearings for a certain optimal
operating time.

B) CAD
In the tools of the supplier, it provides us with the CAD of this bearing with its parts that integrate it, these
parts are the inner guide, outer guide, and balls.

Figure 2.2: CAD of the Bearing by SKF.

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PART 3: WHEELS
In this part, the objective is the design of the
wheel for this railcar, determining the
optimal measures for this element and
ensuring the perfect performance of this part.

1.- Determining measures.

In the Wheels area, exist a normative what
ensure the perfect performance of the wheel
(ISO 5003), this standard ensure the profile
of the wheel, this are a very important
standard because this have the profile of the
wheel, and this is a fundamental part, in
addition to this the profile have a very
important role on the trains, because this are
a design that distributed the loads in only one
point and operate with good performance.
Figure 2.1 (Maanshan Kingrail Technology Co., Ltd., 2023). Selected
wheel for the armon

Figure 3.1 (Polach, 2011): detail in the section area of the wheel, centering the attention in the dynamic train-rail.

In this case, for the part 8, the supplier offer determine the section area following the standards of ISO and
Aar, but in this case the supplier need the specification of the diameters of the wheel, and the diameter of the
shaft where it is mounted.

A) Defining the diameters of the wheel

The next schematic figure is a representation of the diameter of the interest to determine:

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 Figure 3.2: Points to determinate by the designer and the measures determinate by the supplier.

In this point is important to mention that the supplier of the wheels is the Maanshan Kingrail Technology
Company, in this case this company determinate the measures of the wheel but this only require the diameter
in red of the figure 3.2. For this we are interested in determining the red diameters.
A) D Diameter of wheel
In this case for determinate the wheel diameter, the supplier has the capacity of manufacture a wheel of 30
mm to 6000 mm, but the supplier doesn’t have other standard smaller than the existents currently, having
like reference the narrow-gauge wheel, but this is bigger for the use what we are thinking. For this reason, is
taken the measures of the competence what exist in this moment.
The supplier (IPS Supplier Railway, 2023) has in their catalogue a dumbbell whit wheels of 10 inches of
diameter, this measure is the equivalent of 254 mm, and this is the diameter of interest for this week from
top to the floor of this wheel.
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐷 = 254 𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟 = 127 𝑚𝑚

B) Ds Diameter
This diameter is the diameter of contact between the shaft (part 1) and the wheel, his diameter is determinate
in the part 1 and this diameter is 40mm, this is defined in the part 1 and the wheel is mounted with welding
for this reason in this part the use of a wedge is not necessary.

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 𝐼𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐷𝑠 = 40𝑚𝑚

2.- Angular Velocity

Now what we have the diameter; is possible calculate the angular velocity of the wheel, for this is necessary
determinate other values with the next equations.
𝑣
= 𝜔
𝑅
Equation 8.1 (Rao, 2017). Equation for determinate the angular velocity, where v is the linear velocity at m/s, Radio is half of the
diameter (m), and w is the angular velocity at Rad/s.

For this we use this equation with the next values, taking in a count what the lineal velocity is 120 km/h, this
is a supposition, because this motorcar is designed for 80 km/h, and the restrictions on the railway lines in
some cases don’t allow velocity bigger than 120 km/h.
𝑘𝑚 𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 120 = 33
ℎ 𝑠
0.254𝑚
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 = = 0.127𝑚
2
With these results, and using the equation 8.1, is possibly determinate the next angular velocity:
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 259.842
𝑠

3.- Frequency of operation of the Wheel

For the analysis of the shaft and the operation of the wheel is necessary to determinate the frequency of
operation, this number is determinate by the angular velocity. This is possible with the next equation.
𝑤 = 2𝜋𝑓
Equation 8.2 (Rao, 2017): Equation to determinate the operation frequency, base in the angular velocity of an element.

Cleaning this equation is possibly determinate the next values.

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑤 = 259.842
𝑠
With this date, and using the equation 8.2, is possibly determinate the next values.
Operation Frequency: 41.355 Hz

3.- Evaluation with finite Method.

Once the analytical calculation has been carried out, we proceed to evaluate by finite method to obtain the
critical frequency and how it is deformed in the different nodal frequencies.
Table 3.1: Meshing specification for the

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 Total Nodes 137063
Total Elements 89974
Maximum Aspect Ratio 7.7998
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 98.6
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 0
% of distorted elements (Jacobian) 0

For evaluate the frequency in with finite method of the wheel is used the Table
Table 3.2: Evaluation at the First Vibration Node

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude 1 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 4.538e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 1(Value = Node: 3047 Node: 4738
1124.99 Hz)

Table 3.3: Evaluation at the Second Vibration Node

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude 2 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 4.538e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 2(Value = Node: 3047 Node: 90750
1125.05 Hz)

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 Name Type Min Max

Table 3.4: Evaluation at the Third Vibration Node

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude 3 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 3.154e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 3(Value = Node: 3047 Node: 4101
1492.58 Hz)

Table 3.5: Evaluation at the Fouth Vibration Node

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 Name Type Min Max
Amplitude4 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 2.899e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 4(Value = Node: 3047 Node: 6599
1790.51 Hz)

Table 3.6: Evaluation at the Fifth Vibration Node

Name Type Min Max

Amplitude5 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude 0.000e+00 6.028e-01
Plot for Mode Shape: 5(Value = Node: 3047 Node: 1144
2019.2 Hz)

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 Name Type Min Max

With these results obtained, it is possible to summarize them in the following table:
Table 3.7: Results of vibration evaluations in different nodal modes.

Mode Number Frequency (Hertz) X direction Y direction Z direction

1 1125 0.00034549 6.7528e-07 7.7949e-11

2 1125 6.7092e-07 0.0003446 6.5395e-10

3 1492.6 9.7742e-16 2.431e-12 7.7188e-11

4 1790.5 2.6792e-11 5.6845e-11 0.78898

5 2019.2 5.0819e-10 1.1214e-10 6.0998e-09

Sum X = Sum Y =
Sum Z = 0.78898
0.00034616 0.00034527

4.- Welding for mounted and support the Wheel

For mounted the wheel is necessary fix this part to the shaft, the diameter is defined in the first part, in this
case the interest part is in contact between the shaft and the wheel, for this is used a fusion welding, ensuring
the best results on the performance.

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 Figure 3.3: Schematic diagram of the wheel and the shaft and the location of the welding

In this case is necessary to define the 5mm welding like standard, checking the welding in the competence.
For this case is necessary to determine the properties of this geometry with the values what we have.

Table 3.8 (Budynas et al., 2015): Table with the properties of circle wielding.
Weld Throat area Location Of G Unit Second Polar;
Moment of Inertia

A= 1.414 π h r Center of circle Ju = 2 π r^3

Is important in addition to this the relation between J and the unit value.

𝐽 = 0.707 ℎ 𝐽𝑢
Equation 8.1a: Relation of width of a filled and J

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In this case the objective is calculate the stress in torsion because this welding is mounted on the shaft, taking
importance to the torsion, and in the case of the Primary shear (what take in a count the load force in the
wheel) don’t apply. For calculate these dates, the next equation is given.

𝑀𝑟
𝜏 ′′ =
𝐽
Equation 8.2 (Budynas et al., 2015): Equation of the second shear (torsion) in welding, defining M like Moment, r like radio and J
like the moment of area.

Takin in a count the equation 8.2 and the table 8.1, is possibly determinate the Second moment with the
following values:

𝐽𝑢 = 2𝜋𝑟 3
𝐽𝑢 = 2 (𝜋)(0.127)3 = 0.012870 𝑚3
𝐽𝑢 = 0.012870 𝑚3

Using the equation 8.1, is possible determinate J.

𝐽 = 0.707 ℎ 𝐽𝑢
𝐽 = (0.707) (0.005)(0.012870) = 4.549545 𝑥10−5 𝑚4

In this case, for determinate the Second moment; the equation 8.2 is modified because the welding is present
at the two sides of the wheel, like is possibly to see in figure 8.2. Next to this is possibly determinate the
Second moment.

𝑀𝑟
𝜏 ′′ =
2𝐽
[(0.127)(𝐹)](0.107)
𝜏 ′′ =
2(4.549545𝑥10^ − 5 )

In this case, the point of interest is to be able to determine a force applied to the wheel, so that it is possible
to obtain the force that applies the moment at the end of the wheel, this is possible to determine with the
following procedure, taking into account that the motor applies a force on the axle, This in turn affects the
wheel, so you can position this force on the edge of the wheel to determine the outside, the procedure is as
follows:

𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑟

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 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 2.51310505 𝑁𝑚 = 𝐹 (0,02𝑚)

Clearing the Values from the Above Equation

2.51310505 𝑁𝑚
= 𝐹
0.02𝑚
𝐹 = 125.65 𝑁

With this calculated force it is possible to determine the force that will be applied to the wheel and in this
way, we will obtain the force of the equation of the wheel.

[(0.127)(125.65)](0.02)
𝜏 ′′ =
2(4.549545𝑥10^ − 5 )
𝑁
𝜏 ′′ = 3,507. 55
𝑚2
𝜏 ′′ = 3.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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PART 4: MOTOR
In this case, a motor was determined based on
the required power and voltage, with the
objective of determining a motor of the
highest possible power but with a limitation of
48 volts, this guarantees us to obtain a battery
that is commercially easy to obtain. Once
these parameters were two, a search was
carried out finding the portion that is shown
on the sheet, this is a 48-volt motor and has a
total power of 1000 watts, which meets what
is specified in the requirements that are
needed to be able to build this armon.

1.- Determining the torque

Figure 4. (Yiyi Bike, 2023). Selected motor for the armon
Once the motor is selected, it is necessary to
be able to determine with what force it will
exert at the time of giving impulse to the axle
of the wheels, this is possible to determine by means of a torque calculation, where based on the power of
the engine and the capacity of revolutions, it is possible to determine how it moves and what force it applies
on the shaft. For this the equation 4.1 is defined:
𝜌
𝑇=
2𝜋𝑓

Equation 4.1 (Budynas et al., 2015): Equation of torque, where T is in Nm, the powers P is in Watts, and the frequency f is in Hz.

Once the equation has been defined, the analytical process is carried out, based on the following data:
Numbers of the motor
Volt = 48 V
Power = 1000 W
Revolutions = 3800 rpm = 63.333 Hz Converting to frequency for the Equation 4.1

With these values it is possible to replace them in equation 4.1 to finally obtain the torque value:
1000 𝑊
𝑇=
2𝜋(63.33 𝐻𝑍)

T= 2.513105054 Nm Torque of Motor

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PART 5: PULLEY OF POWER
To transmit power from the motor to the shaft
it is necessary to have a way that it is possible
to transmit the movement, for this the method
of power transmission is selected by means of
a belt, this belt transmits the movement from
the engine trunnion to the shaft by means of a
belt pulley. To determine how this pulley is
going to transmit power, it is necessary to
determine the following parameters.

1.- Defining the measures of the pulley of

power.
In order to buy this part, it is necessary to
define the measurements of it, the
Figure 5.1 (Yiyi Bike, 2023). Selected pulley of power for the armon manufacturer by default uses a pulley of a
line, this has a thickness of 2 inches by default
defined by the manufacturer, this part has an
inner diameter of 40mm, which is defined by the need and the manufacturer specifies that this is possible as
long as the outer diameter through which the belt passes is 79 mm or 80mm, defining in this case the
measurements based on part 1 and the capacity of the supplier.

Figure 5.2: Measures of this part following the supplier capacity and the part 1 specify.

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2.- Fixing to the shaft of the power pulley.
To fix this piece to the shaft and to be able to transmit the power, it is necessary that it is correctly designed,
this is planned to be done by welding, for which the following operations will be used.

Figure 5.3: Schematic diagram of the wheel and the shaft and the location of the welding

Define the geometrical properties for the values of the welding:

Table 5.1 (Budynas et al., 2015): Table with the properties of circle wielding.
Weld Throat area Location Of G Unit Second Polar;
Moment of Inertia

A= 1.414 π h r Center of circle Ju = 2 π r^3

Is important in addition to this the relation between J and the unit value.

𝐽 = 0.707 ℎ 𝐽𝑢
Equation 5.1: Relation of width of a filled and J

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And define the equation to use, in this case to be torsion is used the next equation, this evaluates the welding
in torsion.

𝑀𝑟
𝜏 ′′ =
𝐽
Equation 5.2 (Budynas et al., 2015): Equation of the second shear (torsion) in welding, defining M like Moment, r like radio and J
like the moment of area.

Evaluating Ju:
𝐽𝑢 = 2𝜋𝑟 3
𝐽𝑢 = 2 (𝜋)(00.08)3 = 0.00321 𝑚3
𝐽𝑢 = 0.00321 𝑚3

Next to this evaluate J:

𝐽 = 0.707 ℎ 𝐽𝑢
𝐽 = (0.707) (0.005)(0.00321) = 1.1372 𝑥10−5 𝑚4

Evaluating the second moment of inertia:

𝑀𝑟
𝜏 ′′ =
2𝐽
[(0.127)(𝐹)](0.107)
𝜏 ′′ =
2 (1.11069 𝑥10−5 )

In this case obtaining M

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑟
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 2.513 𝑁𝑚 = 𝐹 (0,02𝑚)
2.513 𝑁𝑚
= 𝐹
0.02𝑚
𝐹 = 125.655253 𝑁

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With this calculated force it is possible to determine the force that will be applied to the wheel and in this
way, we will obtain the force of the equation of the wheel.

[(0.08)(125.6552)](0.02)
𝜏 ′′ =
2(1.13721𝑥10^ − 5 )
𝑁
𝜏 ′′ = 8, 839.57505
𝑚2
𝜏 ′′ = 8.83 𝑘𝑃𝑎

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SECTION A.- SUSPENSION DESIGN. THEORY FOR THE PART 6 AND 7
To ensure a great performance at the time that the gun moves on the rails, a suspension is used, this can
decipher the vibrations and in turn make the road better on railway lines that is in poor condition. For this it
is necessary to determine three parts that are of high importance in the case of suspension, these are made up
of a spring and a shock absorber, these will ensure on the one hand that the blows on the road are not so
violent and on the other hand that the vibrations present are diffused.
In this case, in order to determine these parts, it is necessary to use a model that allows us to carry out a
correct analysis, from this it is taken as a reference that this system is made up of a mass, which is defined in
the first part 1.1, since the weight that each bearing must support will be taken as mass, having the maximum
face harmonic, it also has a spring and a shock absorber which it is intended to be able to determine.

Figure A.1: Diagram of the Armon Damping System, in this case following m is the mass in kg, k is the stiffness constant in N/m
and c is the damping in Ns/m.

In this case following the part 1, is possibly determine the next information:
The mass m = 4,250 Kg
For this system is defined the next equation:

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 ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑦

−𝐹 + 𝐹𝐾 + 𝐹𝑏 = −𝑚 𝑎𝑦
−𝑚 𝑎𝑦 = −𝐹𝑚

Figure A.2 (Budynas et al., 2015): Adjustments determined according to the conditions of the suspension system model.

Continuing with this model and the equation is possibly to define the next equations:

𝐹𝑚 + 𝐹𝑏 + 𝐹𝑘 = 𝐹

𝐹𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑦̈
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑦̇
𝐹𝐾 = 𝑘 𝑦

𝑚𝑦̈ + 𝑏𝑦̇ + 𝑘𝑦 = 𝐹
𝑚𝑦̈ + 𝑏𝑦̇ + 𝑘𝑦 = 0 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Equation A.1: definition the equation of the system

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PART 6: SPRING OF SUSPENSION
To be able to select a spring it is necessary to
define certain parameters that are of interest
to the author, these design parameters must
be specific according to the measurements of
the harmonic and the needs of its
performance that are planned to be
developed.
A) Requirements
It is necessary to select a spring which
ensures the ability to carry the loads that are
contemplated, in that case the following
requirements are used: fit wire width
between 12mm and 70mm, free length from
180mm to 10000mm, tuning A401 stainless
steel, plus a minimum parts order of 100
pieces is required.
Figure 6.1 (Alibaba, 2023). Selected spring for the armon
1.- For this, it is necessary to adjust to the
capacity of the manufacturer who establishes specific stockings.
2.- Solid height > 127mm: The solid height of the spring must be greater than 130 mm, this because if it is
less the upper part of the barrel would be hitting the wheel, being greater than 127 mm the spring rides the
wheel without problems.
3.- free height < 226 mm: The clearance height should be less than 226 mm, because if we consider the
average height of a chair being 480mm and remove the diameter of the wheel, it results in 226mm. It is
important that this car is lower than an average chair to be able to easily climb into it.
4.-Big rates: The load capacity must be as high as possible, so it is necessary to analyze which are the ones
with the highest load, since in case of making a set of springs, let these be the least number of units.

B) Selected
An A403 stainless steel spring was selected, with the following qualities according to the manufacturer.
Table 6.1: Properties of the selected spring for railway application

Description Outside Free Length Solid Height Wire Active Coils Total Coils
diameter (mm) (mm) diameter
(mm)
Specification 75 220 160 20 9.75 11

With this information is possibly determine the next information:

With the equation of Hooke’s law is possibly define the k, the constant of the spring.

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 𝐹 =𝑘∗𝑥
Equation 6.1 (Rao, 2017): Equation of Hooke for determinate the displacement (x in meters) and the force (F in Newtons) with the
Hooke constant (In N/m)

For this is necessary define the value of F, in this case this have a relation with the mas, taking the 4,250 kg
𝑚
of freight per bearing supported, is possibly multiply for the gravity value, in this case 9.18 𝑠2 obtaining at
the total the force of 41,692.5 N.
F= 41,692.5 N
Once determined, we can see that we do not have values of y, which is the displacement in meters, and neither
of the hoke constant, so we will proceed to calculate k according to the following equation:
𝑑4 𝐺
𝑘=
8 𝐷 3 𝑁𝑎
Equation 6.2 (Rao, 2017): Equation for obtain the k constant, with d (diameter of the wirer in meters), G (Yield strength in Pa), D
(Diameter of the spring) and Na (number of active coils in the spring)

With this, is possibly obtain the result of the equation 6.2 as showing:
d= 0.02 m Wire diameter
G= 2.05E+11 Pa Yield strength (205 GPa)
D= 0.0750 m Diameter of the Spring
Na = 9.75 turns Active turns

With this information, it is possible to obtain the value of the constant k.

𝑑4 𝐺
𝑘=
8 𝐷 3 𝑁𝑎
(0.02 𝑚)4 (205,000,000,000 𝑃𝑎)
𝑘=
8 (0.075 𝑚 )3 (9.75)

𝑘 = 996,771.13 𝑁/𝑚 Hooke constant of the spring

With this equation is possibly obtain the next results in the equation 6.1:
𝐹=𝑘∗ 𝑥
41, 692.5 𝑁
= 0.041828 𝑚
996,771.13 𝑁
Obtaining a displacement of 0.041828 m in this model, having 41.83 mm of displacement with the force of
the maximum load and this spring.
C) Besting the performance

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Spring 2023
In this case the stroke obtained is quite a lot, so a process is carried out to determine a spring armed that
allows us to reduce the stroke of this spring to its maximum capacity using the definition of springs in series
and parallel, defining a new 𝑘𝑒 for check the constant what is necessary to obtain, so using equation 6.1 the
following is determined.

Figure 6.2: Definition and equation for the spring in series

𝑘𝑒 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2

And the definition of Force for the Hooke’s law with and 𝑘𝑒 :
𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒 ∗ 𝑥
Is the displacement being 41.83 mm, the half is 20.91 mm, for this reason this the new value for the x value
(in meters 20.91mm is 0.020913 m)

F= 41,692.50 N
x= 0.020913778 m

𝐹
= 𝑘𝑒
𝑥

41,692.5
=𝑘
0.02091

𝑘𝑒 = 1,993,542.26 N/m

The value of 1,993,542.26 N/m is the new value what is necessary to development, in this case for this are
applied the definition of spring in series and in parallel.

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Spring 2023
In this case if we divide the k with the 𝑘𝑒 and obtain the next

𝑘
= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑒

996,771.13
=2
1,993,542.26
With this result is possibly to Conclude that two of the selected springs are needed to be able to reduce the
spring stroke and in a better way have a more efficient performance.

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PART 7: SHOCK ABSORBER

To be able to withstand the obstacles

when driving on the railway lines, a
shock absorber is used, this will allow
us to reduce vibrations and firmly
contain the route on the lines. The
operation of this is based on forcing an
incompressible liquid to pass through
sections where the movement subjects it
to pressure and given its properties this
liquid does not compress and dampens
shocks, reducing the loads of high
vibrations.

A) Defining the shock absorber

Like springs, it is possible to define the
force and its speed in a shock absorber
Figure 7.1 (La Estrella, 2023). Selected shock absorber for the armon with a coefficient, in this case
considering the following equation.

𝐹 = − 𝑐 𝑥̇
Equation 7.1 (Rao, 2017): Relation with the velocity, viscous damping force and the constant

Going back to the introductory definitions of section 6a, it is possible to define that in this case we have a
mass, damping spring system, in which it is possible to define the following equation as the equation that
defines this system.
𝑚𝑦̈ + 𝑏𝑦̇ + 𝑘𝑦 = 0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

With this is possibly take the definitions of the damping and the important components to define the
propagation of the vibrations, in this case is important define take in a count the critical damping, is the
minimum viscous damping possible where there is a valid disciplining effect, this is defined by the following
equation:

𝑘
𝑐𝑐 = 2𝑚 √ = 2√𝑘 𝑚 = 2 𝑚 𝑤𝑛
𝑚
a) b) c)

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Spring 2023
 Equation 7.2 a), b), c) (Rao, 2017): critical damping equation, where k I the spring constant, m is the mass of the system. In this
case are two different equations, depend on the user the equation to use depending on the available variables.

𝑘
𝑤𝑛 = √
𝑚

Equation 7.2a (Rao, 2017): Natural frequency equation

With this definition it is also important to consider the definition of damping radius, which establishes a
relationship between the damping coefficient and the critical damping, thus having an effective way to value
the damping given a frequency and its disciplining response.
𝑐
𝜁=
𝑐𝑐
Equation 7.3 (Rao, 2017): Damping ratio equation, where c is the damping coefficient and 𝑐𝑐 is the critical damping.

Following this case, it is also possible to define the vibration responses of the system according to the
properties seen above and those of the system, in this case this response is possible to observe with the
following equation, where it is possible to define how the system is going to respond:

2 −1) 𝑤 𝑡 2 −1(𝑤 𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐶1 𝑒 (−𝜁+√𝜁 𝑛 + 𝐶2 𝑒 (−𝜁+√𝜁 𝑛

Equation 7.4 (Rao, 2017): Equation of the response of the system spring, mas damping.

In this case exist three different types of viscous damping system, in this case this depend on the value of 𝜁,
𝑐
C or 2𝑚 . in this case for this armon is interesting have the next values:

𝜁<1
C < 𝑐𝑐

𝑐 𝑘
2𝑚
< √𝑚

These criteria allow us to determine that the system is dampened, and that the vibration response will be
pleasing to users, ensuring that vibrations are effectively disciplined and that the harmonic is maintained in
smooth operation. According to what is required and (Rao, 2017), it is possible to conclude that in this case
it is the first case, with which it is possible to make considerations to obtain the answers.

In this solution is possibly take Concessions with reply to the exponents obtaining as a result a variation of
the equation of answers, which in this case allows us to apply it in our case, for this the following is obtained:

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Spring 2023
 𝑥0̇ + 𝜁 𝜔𝑛 𝑥0
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜁 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (𝑋0 cos √1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + sin √1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑡
√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛
Equation 7.5 (Rao, 2017): Response Equation for Viscous Damping Case.

𝐶1′ = 𝑥0
̇ 𝑛 𝑥0
𝑥0 + 𝜁𝜔
𝐶2′ =
√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛
Equation 7.6 (Rao, 2017): Constants Equation for Viscous Damping Case.

𝑤𝑑 = 𝑤𝑛 √1 − 𝜁 2
Equation 7.7 (Rao, 2017): Frequency of damping equation for Viscous Damping Case.

̇ 𝑛 𝑥0
𝑥0 + 𝜁𝜔
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + sin √1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑡)
√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛
Equation 7.8 (Rao, 2017): Response frequency equation for Viscous Damping Case.

With these surveys it is possible to determine what needs to be satisfied in terms of shock absorber required, since it must have a
necessary response speed and must also match the load capacity that is required. In this case we have the necessary data used to
calculate all the essential values obtained, as shown below.

m= 4250 Kg Mass supported for the suspension in each wheel

k= 1,993,542.26 N/m spring constant determined in the part 6

In this case, we will use this information to be able to obtain the basic vibration response values in this system:

Using equation 7.2

𝑘
𝑐𝑐 = 2𝑚 √ = 2√𝑘 𝑚 = 2 𝑚 𝑤𝑛
𝑚
𝑐𝑐 = 2√𝑘 𝑚

𝑁
𝑐𝑐 = 2√(1,993,542.26 )(4,250 𝐾𝑔)
𝑚

𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑐𝑐 = 180,092.96
𝑠
Using equation 7.3:

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 𝑘
𝑤𝑛 = √
𝑚

𝑁
(1,993,542.26 𝑚
𝑤𝑛 = √
4,250 𝐾𝑔
𝑤𝑛 = 21. 658

We are then asked to use equation 7.3 to obtain the value of Z, but this is not possible since we do not have the value of c, and this is
the one we are interested in obtaining. In this case, to determine the value of c, a program will be used in which values of c will be
proposed, with which it is possible to see a graph suitable for comparing the answers that can be obtained with various values of c,
highlighting that these values are and must comply with the following established conditions:

𝜁<1
C < 𝑐𝑐

𝑐 𝑘
2𝑚
< √𝑚

Therefore, using the data analysis tool, values of 𝜁 will be taken that give us multiples of 0.05, starting from 0 and approaching 1, to
check the results obtained. By proposing variable 𝜁-values from 0 to, and with the data analysis tool we obtain the following:

𝑘
𝑤𝑛 = √
𝑚

Using 7.2a:
Table 7.1 a: c values obtained with goal seek (Microsoft Excel tool) and z- values obtained (where c is in N.s/m and 𝜉 don´t have
units because is a relation between Cc and c)

# Case A B C D E F G H I
1 c= 18409.29614 27613.94 36818.59227 46023.24 55227.89 64432.5365 73637.18 82841.83 92046.48
2
𝜁= 0.10 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Table 7.1b Continuation 7.1a: c values obtained with goal seek (Microsoft Excel tool) and z- values obtained. (where c is in N.s/m
and 𝜉 don´t have units because is a relation between Cc and c)

#
J K L M N O P Q R S
3
101251.1 110455.8 119660.4 128865.1 138069.7 147274.4 156479 165683.7 174888.3 184091
4
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.999989

Once these values have been obtained, it is possible to determine the 𝑤𝑑 values.

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Spring 2023
 𝑤𝑑 = 𝑤𝑛 √1 − 𝜁 2

Using 7.7 equation:

Table 7.2a: 𝑤𝑑 values obtained according to the proposed c- values (Units for 𝑤𝑑 rad/s).

# Case A B C D E F G H I
5
𝑊𝑑 = 21.55 21.41296 21.22041508 20.97026 20.66041 20.2881207 19.84988 19.34121 18.75637

Table 7.2b Continuation 7.2a: 𝑤𝑑 values obtained according to the proposed c- values (Units for 𝑤𝑑 rad/s).

# J K L M N O P Q R S
6 18.08799 17.3264 16.45865 15.4669 14.32542 12.9948 11.40906 9.440501 6.762707 0.100955

For this it is also necessary to propose certain conditions where the system is subjected to an initial position
and a velocity, so two different cases will be proposed.

Case BEGIN FINAL

Description In this case, a vibration response In this case, the vibration
at the start of a journey is response in a situation at high
evaluated speeds or the maximum
calculated for this armon is
evaluated
(In meters) 𝑥0 = 0.1 0.1
(In Meters per second) 𝑥0̇ 5 22.22 (Aprox 80 km/h )

With these values it is possible to program the values of the following equations such as equations 7.6 and the most important,
equation 7.7, where it is possible to propose response values in a certain time, for this programming will be used, where all the
answers will be graphed according to the cases analyzed, below is part of the process of programming this:

𝐶1′ = 𝑥0
The same value of 𝐶’1 is the same value of the 𝑥0 proposed.
̇ 𝑛 𝑥0
𝑥0 + 𝜁𝜔
𝐶2′ =
√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛
In this case, the only constant values are the values of 𝑥0 , since 𝜁 and 𝑤𝑛 depend on the c proposed by the program and therefore the
answer obtained. With this it is already possible to program the 7.8 equation, where a time value will be proposed and the program
will calculate the answer of 7.8 according to the proposed time and its values obtained from the proposed c, with this it is possible to
obtain the database that will be in the annex, table A1.1

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 ̇ 𝑛 𝑥0
𝑥0 + 𝜁𝜔
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑡 (𝑥0 𝑐𝑜𝑠√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + sin √1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛 𝑡)
√1 − 𝜁 2 𝜔𝑛
With this result table it is possible to determine the following graphs according to the cases to be analyzed:

Case Begin (appendix A1a):

Damping response of the system. Beging Case

0.35

0.3

0.25
Displacement

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
11

56

151
1
6

16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51

61
66
71
76
81
86
91
96
101
106
111
116
121
126
131
136
141
146

156
161
166
171
176

Time

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S

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Figure 7.2: Damping response with different C values, Reminder: the c values used like A to S is in the tale 7.1a y b. in the case of
the time is evaluated in 3.5 second.

Damping response of the system. Beging Case

0.15

0.13

0.11

0.09
Displacement

0.07

0.05

0.03

0.01
1

34

67

100
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31

37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64

70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97

-0.01
Time
A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S

Figure 7.3: Expansion of diagram of damping response with different C values, Reminder: the c values used like A to S is in the
tale 7.1a y b. in the case of the time is evaluated in 2 seconds.

Case Final (Appendix A1b)

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 Damping response of the system. finaly Case
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Displacement

0.4
0.2
0
11

96

151
1
6

16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91

101
106
111
116
121
126
131
136
141
146

156
161
166
171
176
-0.2
-0.4
Time
-0.6

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S

Figure 7.4: Damping response with different C values, Reminder: the c values used like A to S is in the tale 7.1a y b. in the case of
the time is evaluated in 3.5 second.

Damping response of the system. Finally Case

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05
Displacement

0
43

94
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40

46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91

97
100

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2
Time

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S

Figure 7.5: Expansion of diagram of damping response with different C values, Reminder: the c values used like A to S is in the
tale 7.1a y b. in the case of the time is evaluated in 2 seconds.

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Analyzing the data we have, it is possible to conclude that there are C values that are convenient for us to
reduce the number of vibrations as a function of time, so it is important to detect a C value that guarantees
that the vibrations will last little, and that the artifact does not have a blow that damages the mechanical
components. For this, a data analysis is carried out, in which it is determined that the vibrations are required
not to last more than 2 seconds, so in the results of both cases values that are close to 0 in the case of the data
tables (Appendix A1a and A1b) must be sought. With this analysis it is possible to realize that a Z with a
value of 0.25 is the most recommended, as it meets the requirements that are requested, so we begin to
analyze the movement of this in both cases to be able to draw conclusions. In this case, placing the answer
on the graph where different values of 𝜁 coexist:

Damping response of the system. Beging Case

0.25

0.2
Displacement

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1

34

67

100
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31

37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64

70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97

Time

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S

Figure 7.6: Comparation of the value of D and E

With this it is possible to determine that the values of 0.25 are not optimal, but on the other hand, the values
of 0.3 are better, because there are not so many bounces in addition to having a much softer response in the
case of Begin. In this case it is also possible to see that in the case of values close to 0.3 it has a better
performance, so a value of 0.3 is chosen.

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 Damping response of the system. Final Case
0.2
0.15
0.1
Displacement

0.05
0
1
4
7

16

61
10
13

19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
52
55
58

64
67
70
73
76
79
82
85
88
91
94
97
100
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
Time

A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R S

Figure 7.7: Comparation of the final case

In this case, to make a better comparison, we are going to graph only the answers that we obtain from close
values of 0.25 and 0.3, these results are shown below:

Responce with 0.25

1

0.8

0.6
DISPLACEMENT

0.4

0.2

0
0

0.9
1

1.5

2
2.1

2.7

3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

2.8
2.9

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

-0.2

-0.4
TIME

Beging Case Final Case

Figure 7.8: graph of the response with 0.25 value

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 Expanded Responce with 0.3
0.78

0.58

0.38
DISPLACEMENT

0.18

-0.02
1.14
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24

0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54

0.66
0.72
0.78
0.84

0.96
1.02
1.08

1.26
1.32
1.38
1.44

1.56
1.62
1.68
1.74

1.86
1.92
1.98
0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8
0

-0.22
TIME

Beging Case Final Case

Figure 7.9: Graph of the response with 0.3 value

Taking the 𝜁 value of 0.3, it is necessary to verify what is the value of C that is proposed to verify the value
of interest that the shock absorber can give us:
𝑁𝑠
𝑐= 55,227.88841 𝑚

𝜁= 0.3
It is difficult to determine the c-value of a shock absorber because the suppliers in most cases do not have
that information, but in this case they are looking for a shock absorber of the capacities that are needed,
reaching the shock absorber used by the Mercede Benz Sprinter truck, this utility vehicle has a shock absorber

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suitable for the amount of weight that is proposed, In addition, the provider offers response speed
configuration services, so based on this, this supplier is selected.

Figure 7.10: Shock absorber selected following the requirements above.

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PART 8: Shock Absorber, Spring Separation Rubber
To place the shock absorber between the
armor and this component it is necessary to
mount on some object so that it is fixed to it,
for this task a fastening rubber is used which
according to the measurements of the shock
absorber it is possible to mount on the surface
of interest according to the need you have.
This part is used for this, which will be the
contact between the shock absorber and the
chassis of the wheels and the equipment that
is planned to be used.

Figure 8.1(Pas Pro Auto Part Store, 2023). Selected separation

rubber

Rubber for Spring

For the spring is used a rubber of 85mm of outer diameter and 50 mm of inner diameter, this determinate
by the 75 mm of the outer diameter of the spring.

Rubber for the Shock absorber:

The supplier informs that they deliver the shock absorbers with upper and lower use rubbers if required, so
in this case it is taken as part of the shock absorber, but it has these, in this case it can be named as part 7a

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PART 9: BEARING BASE
In In this case, in order to support the bearing, a
base made of aluminum alloy will be used, this
will go directly on the base of the truck that in
turn connects with the chassis, so that having
this configuration it is possible to attach the
bearing to the base of the truck, putting the axle
in position so that it is possible to have it
positioned correctly. The measurements are
determined by the manufacturer according to its
measurement diagram for the selected bearing.
This uses type metrical screws that are special
for machinery to be able to fasten to a surface
and according to these measurements it is
possible to fasten it to where it is required. It is
possible to determine the size of this part as
determined by the supplier. The supplier
Figure 9.1(WuhuShiyu Store, 2023). Selected base of earing for specifies to use an M10 type screw for the
the armon attachment of this part, the supplier has these
parts at the time of purchase.

Figure 9.2: Definition of measure following the supplier

Table 9.1 (WuhuShiyu Store, 2023): Measures of the screw for the Base, given by the supplier.

Part Bearing H L J H1 H2 Zs Screw

No. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
KP008 40 mm 50 162 134 13 105 27 M12

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SECTION B: UNDERSTANDING THE SUSPENSION
The pantheid suspension in this case is a suspension that is integrated of two important parts, on the one
hand the piece 11 which is the base of the platform of the artifact, on this is where the suspension is placed
at the top and the one that loads all the weight on the wheels, this is very important because everything that
is thought to be used in this artifact is based on it and the most important top piece.
On the other hand, the components of the suspension consist of the spring and the shock absorber in which
all the weight is distributed and this system will allow us to be able to discipline the vibrations that are had
during the trip, for this it is necessary to be able to secure them, so for this the universal clamping rubber
will be used which will keep them in position according to the measurements of this allow us to
encapsulate in a weld. This part const of the part 6, 7 and 8.
Finally, the base of the truck is the contact part in the wheels and as it is that this connects to the
suspension, this type of suspension has elements that allow us to be much more emphatic with various
models in addition to allowing improved maintenance. This parts const of the parts 2, 3, 9 and 10

Figure b.1: Diagram for understand the suspension and important parts of this.

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PART 10: TRUCK SUPPORT BEAM
This support is determined by part 9, because
this part needs to be fastened to a piece which
allows it to be fixed, in addition this part is of
great importance because it is the one that has
on it the middle components of the section
that in this case consists of the rubbers and the
shock absorbers and spring,
With this it is possible to determine that this
piece needs to be of great resistance in
addition to being of a considerable valor,
according to this it is proposed to use an
extruded profile in the shape of a C with
which it can be ensured that the forces can be
contained effectively, in addition to having
two supports, each one on each side, In this
way, having an easy-to-visualize diagram, the
Figure 10.1 (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023). Selected c measurements in Table 9.1 will be used,
shape for the truck of armon which will help us to propose the following
diagram:

Figure 10.2: Diagram of measurements proposed by Table 9.1 in which it is understood how the suspension will be placed.

To determine what measurements, we need for this beam, a geometry analysis will be used, using the
resulting forces, moments, and geometric properties of these profiles to determine the specific measurements
that are required, for this the following equation is proposed:

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 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
Equation 10.1: Equation for determine the geometry to select, in this case the 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 is in 𝑚3 , the 𝑀𝑚 is in , and the Sheat
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Stress 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 is in Pa.

In this case, an assumption will be used that the force that is being applied is a distributed force, this since
this part must support the load of the entire system, this is possible by defining the distributed load with the
data of part number 1:

m= 4,250.00 Kg Mass of the load

L= 0.16 m Large of the beam to determine

With this is possibly obtain the next information:

w= 41,692.16050 N
Dis. Load = 257,361.11 N/m

With this is possibly determinate the shear and moment diagram of this case, in this opportunity of result is
the next:

Figure 10.3 Free body diagram for determine the beam.

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 Figure 10.4: diagram of shear strength in Newtons.

Figure 10.5 Diagram of moment in N/m

With this data it is possible to determine the data of equation 10.1 to obtain the minimum value of 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 , in
this case the process for this is as follows:

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

Using the values, we calculate the next, using a value for 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 of 160 MPa (160,000,000 Pa) determinate by
(Beer, 2011):

𝑁
(565.66 )
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚
(160,000,000 𝑃𝑎)
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.10413 𝑥10−6 𝑚3

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4,104.13 𝑚𝑚3

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 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.104𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3

With these values we search the Provider tables to be able to verify the profiles that have the properties that
are required, Analyzing the table of measurements it is possible to realize that all the profiles in C are highly
more than enough for our requirements, so we will proceed to use another criterion to be able to determine
which one is the one that suits us, in this case the requirement is that it follows:
The spring has a diameter of 75mm so it would be well positioned inside the C-profile, so it is recommended
that in the C profile you look for one that can house the spring or a little more, in this case this measurement
is also determined by the rubber used in the shock absorber, with the rubber we have the diameter of 85 mm
for this we select a shape what have this free length.

Table 10.1 (Beer, 2011): Selected C shapes following the criteria.

Designation Area A (𝑚𝑚2 ) Depth d (mm) Thickness 𝑡𝑓𝑟 𝑆𝑥 103 (𝑚𝑚3 ) Space for
mm spring (mm)
C 100 X 10.8 1370 102 7.52 37.5 86.96
C 100 X 8 1020 102 7.52 31.5 86.96

In this case, being able to choose a profile, taking into account that S minimum is far exceeded, the geometric
properties are taken into account, so these two profiles stand out that allow us to place the spring with its
rubber inside, so it is possible to choose any of these two, so the profile called C 100 X 10 is chosen, This
profile is chosen because it covers the needs and is much cheaper than the others.

CHOSED: C 100 X 10
A) Simulation
In this case, the simulation will be carried out using the profile selected above, drawing a line, and placing
the profile on it directly from the software package, for this we will use the solid Works software with
which we will obtain the following data. For this, the measurements and forces were defined according to
the previous figures, with very interesting results, with this it is possible to determine some important
points, so the program gives us the basic information of this geometry.
Table 10.2: Geometric values of the part

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 Document Name and
Formulation Properties
Reference

Section Standard-ISO2/C Channel/CH 100 x 10

Section Area: 0.00131024m^2
Length:160mm
Beam – Volume:0.000209639m^3
Uniform C/S Mass Density:7700kg/m^3
Mass:1.61422kg
Weight:15.8194N

With this is possibly take the values of the meshing:

Table 10.3: Meshing values for the analysis of this part.

Mesh type Beam Mesh

Total Nodes 29

Total Elements 27

With this information is possibly realize the analysis, with this is determinate the simulation and the values.

Table 10.4: Stress analysis for the part 10

Name Type Min Max

Stress 10 Upper bound axial and 6.689e+06 N/m^2 7.067e+07 N/m^2
bending Element: 6 (6.204e+08 Max)

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 Name Type Min Max

Part2-Static 100-Stress-Stress1

Table 10.5: Displacement analysis of the part 10

Name Type Min Max

Displacement 10 URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 2.718e-02 mm
Node: 1 Node: 14

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With this it is possible to determine that the calculated profile guarantees a fairly good solution, so we have
quite distant Yield Streng values, so this beam has the necessary qualities and characteristics to be able to
comply with what is stipulated.

B) Clamping the rubber to the spring

In order to be able to fasten the spring to the rubber that will be in the span of the c-shaped profile, an inner
of welds must be placed that close a circle of 89.96 mm x 89.96 mm just below where the base of the
bearing is located, this will be done so that it has a closed rectangle inside the span with the same weld that
is placed in pieces 1, This weld will not be subjected to stress, so it will not perform the calculation.

Figure 10.6: Schematic diagram of the welding to be made on the base of the truck.

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PART 11: TRUCK FRAME
Figure 11.1 (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023). Selected
C shape for the truck frame for armon
device, so the force that it must be able to withstand will be determined, so that it is possible to carry the
total capacity on this frame.
In this case, you have the main part of the
entire suspension system, so we will
proceed to define first the measurements
based on the wheels, also related to the
suspension system and the components that
must be found in it.
To determine the measurement of the length
of the frame, it is necessary to consider the
measurement of the axis, this was proposed
in a way that had a good space in the upper
part, so that this frame can have the same
measurement as the axis, therefore it is
determined that the measurement of this is
2,181mm.
On the other hand, in this case this beam
will be designed to be able to carry on it half
of the total weight that was initially
proposed as the maximum capacity for this

Figure 11.2: Free body diagram of the Wheel and relation if measures with part 1,3, 7 and 8.

Therefore, the force that this part can withstand is determined below:
Capacity 17,000 kg
Frames 2

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Capacity per frame:
17,000 𝑘𝑔
= 8,500 𝑘𝑔
2
With this calculate the weight
Mass = 8,500 kg
𝑚
Const. gravity = 9.81 𝑠2

Calculating:

𝑚
𝑤 = (8,500 𝑘𝑔) (9.81 )
𝑠2
𝑤 = 83,385 𝑁

In this case, having already calculated a force, it is necessary to determine what value a load distributed on
this beam would have, in this way to have the value of the moment and determine the value of minimum S
to determine which is the best option in terms of the size and capacity of the beam.

83,385 𝑁 𝑁
= 38,232.46
2.181 𝑚 𝑚

With this data defined, it is possible to make the shear and moment diagrams to be able to calculate exactly
what is the minimum value of S that the profile should have, so that the diagrams will be solved by means of
MdSolid.

Figure 11.3: Free body diagram

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 Figure 11.4: Shear diagram in Newtons

Figure 11.5: Moment diagram in N/m

Once the diagrams have been made, it is possible to take the maximum value of the moment to perform the
calculation with this value in the same way as in part number 10:

𝑁
M = 22,732.83 𝑚

Considering these data and the metal shear value defined by (Beer, 2011) the following is obtained:

𝑁
(22, 732.82 𝑚)
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
(160,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00014208 𝑚3

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 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 142.08 𝑚3

With this data it is possible to determine that the extruded profile of our interest is as follows:

Table 11.2 (Beer, 2011): Beam C selected following the S minim analysis.

Designation Area A (𝑚𝑚2 ) Depth d (mm) Thickness 𝑡𝑓𝑟 𝑆𝑥 103 (𝑚𝑚3 )

mm
C 200 X 20.5 2610 203 7.7 148

Finally, after obtaining the minimum value, I we have only one option since the following ones are far
away, this option has a relatively small closeness, so the results are quite satisfactory.

A) Simulation:
In this case, to carry out the simulation that formed the results obtained, it is possible to use the SolidWorks
software, where the package that it has was used to be able to design the profile that was selected in this
operation to be able to simulate it. Using the fundamentals of Figure 11.2 and 11.3, this profile was supported
on its lateral faces to fix them at its ends, applying a force along the upper part where it was possible to
simulate it. The software gave us this basic information about our selected profile.

Table 11.3: information of the profile

Document Name and

Treated As Volumetric Properties
Reference

Mass:53.9506 kg
Part 11
Volume:0.00700657 m^3

Solid Body Density:7700 kg/m^3

Weight:528.716 N

With this information is possibly determinate the meshing used in this case.

Table 11.4: Meshing information for part 11

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 Mesh type Solid Mesh
Mesher Used: Standard mesh
Jacobian points 4 Points
Element Size 1.18194 in
Tolerance 0.0590972 in
Mesh Quality Plot High
Mesh information - Detailsotal Nodes 11240
Total Elements 5431
Maximum Aspect Ratio 41.914
% of elements with Aspect Ratio < 3 30.6
% of elements with Aspect Ratio > 10 8.45

With this defined is possibly obtain the simulation of this part, the results are he next:

Table 1!.5: Stress analysis in part 11

Name Type Min Max

Stress 11 VON: von Mises Stress 2.264e+06 N/m^2 6.072e+08 N/m^2
Node: 6744 Node: 1949
(Max 6.204e+8)

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 Table 11.6: Displacement analysis in part 11

Name Type Min Max

Displacement 10 URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 7.792e+00 mm
Node: 1 Node: 3564

Table 11.7: strain results

Name Type Min Max

Strain 10 ESTRN: Equivalent Strain 1.400e-05 2.210e-03
Element: 3231 Element: 2964

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 Name Type Min Max

In conclusion, the results are quite optimal and are within the limit of what is required, the accounts used
on this occasion are accurate because this profile guarantees us to resist a certain applied force, it is
necessary to highlight that in the case of table 11.5, it is possible to see that the values that are held are very
close to the Yield point, But it is necessary to take into account that these values are already calculated
with a safety factor of 3, so these values are correct and satisfy the needs.

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PART 12 MAIN FRAME
In order to be able to support the entire surface
of the gun more uniformly, more c-profiles will
be used so that they distribute the loads in a
better way and on this there is also a metal
plate, for this it is proposed to use in this case
5 c-profiles of the same size, so that these are
equal and serve to join the truck.
In this case the process will be repeated having
in ditch that it is being planned to have in this
case five different profiles, on the one hand the
two sides will have a length of 3.5m, they will
be placed from the tail and will protrude 0.5 m
at the front, it is planned to have the capacity to
load 50 kilograms in the front in addition to the
3 meters of the plate,

Figure 12.1 (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023). Selected On the other hand, the next two profiles inside
C shape for the main frame for armon the structure will be 3.5 meters, from the
beginning of the flat plate exceeding the tail of
it, having 0.5m protruding from the back, this area will be destined to load the weight of the engine. Finally,
the last inner profile will only be to join the center part and the plate, having a length of 3m long, which is
the total of the upper plate.

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Figure 12.2: Diagram of the placement of each of the c-profiles and their position, as well as the relationship with the motor and the
front for loading objects

A) Defining measures
To carry out this analysis, only the long beams will be taken into account, this since they have an extra load
at one end, on the one hand that of the loads and on the other the weight of the engine, therefore an analysis
of these parts is taken since for the parts that are not long, This number will satisfy your need, as well as
being an important part of meeting the need of those that are longer in your case. In this case, from the side,
as there are six different profiles, it is divided to obtain equivalence distances, so that each of them must be
0.3635 m from the center of the next profile, having two in each corner.

Figure 12.3: Measures of distance between the c shapes in the artifact.

B) Mathematical Process for Determining the Beam

Once it has been defined what must be done, the total capacity of the artifact 17,000 kg will be used here and
divided by 6, to calculate that each of the beams must load that amount of load according to its position, also
evaluating that this load an extra 40 kilos at one end, thus having a c-beam of 3.5 m with distributed load of
0.5m to 3.5m of the total of the load and at 0 a load equivalent to 5 kilograms, the values are as follows:

Capacity 17,000 kg
Frames 6
Frame cap. 2,833.33 kg Capacity per frame

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W= 27,795.00 N Weigh
L= 3.5000 m Large of the C shape
W1= 7,941.43 N/m Distributed load

With this obtained, it is possible to obtain the shear and moment diagrams:

Figure 12.4: Free body diagram for this part.

Figure 12.5: Shearing diagram.

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 Figure 12.6: moment diagram.

With these results it is possible to use the equations s to determine the minimum value of S and thus know
which is the peril c that we are best used to use:
𝑁
(8,811.90 )
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚
(160,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00055074 𝑚3
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 55.07 𝑚3
With this result we obtain the measurements given to us by the provider of this profile:
Table 12.2: Beam C selected following the S minim analysis.

Designation Area A (𝑚𝑚2 ) Depth d (mm) Thickness 𝑡𝑓𝑟 𝑆𝑥 103 (𝑚𝑚3 )

mm
C 130 X 13 1,700 127 8.13 58.3

Finally, after obtaining the minimum value, I we have only one option since the following ones are far
away, this option has a relatively small closeness, so the results are quite satisfactory.

C) Supported the truck.

In this case, since the beams will be on the truck, it is necessary to fix them to it, so we will proceed to
weld them so that they are always at the correct diameter, both at each end, and from the wheels, these will
be delimited as shown below. It is necessary to note that they will be welded, but this welding is only so
that these beams are there fastened, but they do not present forces so no calculations will be made on this
element, but it will be shown in the diagram how they are subject to the part of the truck frame.

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 Figure 12.7: Diagram of the weld placed between the beam and the truck frame.
D) Simulation
In this case, a more complete analysis will be carried out on this part, since it will be done by giving in the
same piece different formulas according to its extension in the chassis that is planned to be designed, for this
the SolidWorks software will be used, with which it is possible to draw with a line and different extensions
the distances of the profile to proceed placing this profile on these extensions and that it takes the shape of
these extensions. At the time of making the symbols, the program will recognize what are two different
profiles despite being the same piece, thus having a result equal to the previous viewer in figure 12.4, in
which a force will be applied along the frame and another force will be applied at the longer end.
In this case this is the reason why we have two analyses obtaining in a more efficient way Von misses’ values
and displacement, we begin with the following analysis of the properties of each of the profiles that are
expected to be used.

Table 12.3: Information of the shape with two different sections depending on the location of the force

Document Name and

Formulation Properties
Reference
Section Standard-ISO2/C
Channel/CH 130 x 15
Section Area: 0.00191773m^2
Length:500mm
Beam – Uniform C/S Volume:0.000958867m^3
Mass Density:7700kg/m^3
Mass:7.38328kg
Weight:72.3561N

Section Standard-ISO2/C
Channel/CH 130 x 15
Section Area: 0.00191773m^2
Length:3000mm
Beam – Uniform C/S Volume:0.0057532m^3
Mass Density:7700kg/m^3
Mass:44.2997kg
Weight:434.137N

In this case is used the next meshing for this shape:

Table 12.4: Meshing information

Mesh type Beam Mesh

Total Nodes 137
Total Elements 134

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In this case, a mesh for beams is used, with which it is possible to obtain considerable results for this case
that is planned to be evaluated, so it is possible to have a more specific meshing, in this case the software
converts the profile that is planned into a tube in order to better observe each node that is being evaluated, It
should be noted that in this case the information is less since the program takes this into account. It is possible
to obtain the following results:

Table 14.5: Results of the stress analysis for part 12

Name Type Min Max

Stress 12 Upper bound axial and 9.866e+05 N/m^2 5.306e+08 N/m^2
bending Element: 1 Element: 20

Table 12.5: Results of the displacement of the part 12

Name Type Min Max

Displacement 12 URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 1.667e+01 mm
Node: 20 Node: 77

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 Name Type Min Max

Considering these results obtained, it is possible to determine that the amount of stress is good, as it does not
approach critical levels, in addition to the fact that these results contemplate that a value is considered by
already taking into account a safety factor, guaranteeing that this profile is resistant to the forces to which it
is subjected.

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PART 13: METAL FOIL OF BASE
To be able to walk, sit, transport material or
personnel on the device it is necessary to
have a platform that supports all the weight
of the people or what is planned to be
transported, for this it is necessary to be able
to determine a steel plate that can support the
weight that is subjected at the time of work,
in addition to ensuring that it will not deform.
Fortunately, in the previous piece it was
ensured that the plough could support the
weight that is requested from the beginning
at the time of posing the problem that is
planned to be solved, so in this case
important calculations will not be made, but
nevertheless it will be necessary to determine
what valve the sheet should be and how it is
that it is going to cover the work area that in
this case is our area of interest.
Figure 13.1 (Jiangsu Xinjinlai Metal Products Co., Ltd., 2023)
In this case, the supplier has a variety of sizes
Selected metal foil for armon
to choose from, so it is recommended to use
a long sheet that covers the entire length of
the armon and at the same time, since the entire length cannot be done, make it one half along the length:

Figure 13.2: Steel Plate Joining Diagram for the Armon Floor

In this case you have a pair of plates which will be requested according to the measurements specified in
figure 13.2, so these will be the measurements, it is necessary to determine that these will be joined with
weld at the ends and between the sheets.

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 A) Determining the thickness.
In this case you want to define a thickness for the metal plate, so you need a plate that is not thin enough so
that it does not buckle when you load the armor, but you also do not want it not to be so thick so that the
price can be lower, In this case, it will be defined according to the manufacturer's offer, since it handles
different prices according to the caliber, taking into account in this case the lowest price, with a sufficient
thickness.
In this case you want to define a thickness for the metal plate, so you need a plate that is not thin enough so
that it does not buckle when you load the armor, but you also do not want it not to be so thick so that the
price can be lower, In this case, it will be defined according to the manufacturer's offer, since it handles
different prices according to the caliber, taking into account in this case the lowest price, with a sufficient
thickness. In this case, a thickness of 5 mm is proposed, since it is thick enough to be able to comply with
the capacities that are required and proposed.

Thickness 5 mm

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SECTION C: BRAKE SYSTEM
To reduce the speed during the operation of the device, brakes are used, these help to reduce the speed
depending on the speed you have and the terrain you are crossing. For this, conventional brakes tested by the
AAR and certified will be used, so they will be selected according to the manufacturers, for this the following
diagram of the parts that are important in this system will be used.

Figure B.1: Diagram of the Brake system used in the AAR Railcars and locomotives.

In this case the brake works in a conventional way by putting the shoe in contact with the wheel, this is a
metal function plate that has a surface that wears as it is used, this contact material in the shoe is
determined according to the AAR and is high friction having the ability to withstand several continuous
kilometers of braking.
This shoe is fixed to the cylinder by means of a padlock that acts as a union, this padlock consists of a
metal sheet which comes into contact between the two, preventing the shoe from flying off on the path and
in turn joining with the piston. On the other hand, the electric piston is the one that generates the movement
based on what is required in case of applying force, this in conventional trains is usually by means of air,
previously devices of this type used a manual brake, so in this case an electric piston will be used which
will be attached to a base so that it can withstand the applied force in a good way On the Wheel.

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PART 14: SHOE BRAKE

To reduce the speed of the device, a system

will be used where a surface is subjected to
contact with the wheel with a force, in this
case the shoes are designed to be able to
come into contact and reduce the speed,
these shoes are standardized by the AAR
and must be adapted according to the
diameter of the wheel we are using.
To determine the measurements of this
component, the manufacturer's standards
can be used to obtain this part in an efficient
way that adapts to our needs.

Figure 14.1 (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd., 2023))

Selected metal shoe brake for armon

Figure 14.2 (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd., 2023): Supplier's specifications for this part

Material Composed and cast steel

Operation optimal area <1.5 MPa
Uses 80 – 120 km/h
Trickness (Is possibly determinate with supplier) 30 mm

Figure 14.3 (Hebei Yixin Fastener Co., Ltd., 2023) Measures of this part

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PART 15: LOCK FOR BRAKE SHOE
In this case, it is important to be able to ensure that the piston will always be in contact with the brake shoe,
thus allowing the part to perform its
function correctly. This is possible by
placing this piece that consists of a screed
with a fold at the end which many
manufacturing companies for railway
machinery are dedicated to producing.
This screed allows the piston part and the
shoe to always be always joined, also
allowing the pieces to remain united and
fulfill their function. It is necessary to note
that this part is also contemplated according
to the supplier, so they will determine in
what type of variation it will be so that the
Figure 15.1 (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd.,
piston is joined with the brake shoe.
2023) Selected metal lock for armon

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PART 16: ELECTRIC PISTON:
It is necessary to be able to ensure that as you
need to increase the braking power, you need
a good component which allows you to obtain
enough force to be able to push the shoe with
enough force to ensure that now the force is
applied, effective braking can be obtained.
For this, the following piston was selected,
with which it is proposed to be able to push
the shoe with the necessary force to be able to
brake adequately, this was determined
according to the existing standard of the AAR
and in addition to the fact that in the
characteristics of the piston it was sought to
satisfy what is required to be able to be used
as specified previously in piece number 14.
Figure 16.1 (Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd., This piston assures us that with its stroke it is
2023) Selected brake piston for armon possible to push just a few centimeters the
brake shoe and that it will apply enough force
to be able to be used effectively in any situation that merits using brakes, in addition that this part
guarantees us to have an effective braking and that applied the force of the piston it is possible to use it as a
handbrake avoiding the slippage of the device and in this way ensuring the Security of this component. The
supplier specifies to use an M10 type screw for the attachment of this part, the supplier has these parts at
the time of purchase.

Requirements.
1.- The position of the piston will be at what is equivalent to 3/4 of the diameter of the wheel.
2.- This must be attached to the upper structure of the armon, so it will be in play with the main truck.

Selected piston:

Table 16.1: Information about this part according to the manufacturer

Model Load to apply Speed Output Power Volt

𝑚
SMC 3.5 MPa 4 – 30 𝑠 55 W 24 V

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 Figure 16.2: Manufacturer-Defined Performance Diagram

A) Defining measures
To define the measurements, it is necessary to consider the diameter of the wheel and other measurements
that have not yet been considered.

Figure 16.3: Definition of the approximate height of the armon to the frame of the truck

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Once the measurements have been defined, it is possible to determine at what height the piston should be
placed, obtaining the following ratio:

Figure 16.4: Single unit of the brake to operate the brake.

With this it is possible to interpret that there is a great possibility of placing it in such a way that it is easy
to use as well as being quite discreet to place, inside the C profile that is part of the lower frame of the
plate. This allows us to solve the braking problem effectively.

B) Limits

• In this case it is recommended to verify how this braking system is used, previously manual
systems were always used, in large machines pneumatic systems are used, in this case the solution
of an electric braking is considerable for review in a possible optimization.
• It is necessary to program the piston to avoid accidents according to the availability of occasions.

C) SUPPORTED
To be able to fix it in the profile c this will be fixed at its top to be able to fix it correctly, it will be shown
how it will be fixed in front.

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PART 17: Handrails
Handrails are used in the device to delimit the
sides, so that they are placed along the
platform, it should be noted that this device
can be presented with a fiberglass body or if
required without any modification or
superior delimitation, only to be used as a
loading or transport platform. In this case, it
would be advisable to buy about 8 units that
can cover the entire perimeter of this device.
In this case, the supplier will provide the
elements to be able to hold the handrail, so
this must be considered as the measurements
may vary. It is also necessary to note that for
the fasteners you can choose to drill the plate
because it has a lower structure that allows
Figure 17.1 (Yantai Hualian Steel Structure Co., Ltd., 2023) Selected you to support the weight, so there are
metal tube hand for armon possibilities to manipulate the plate to drill in
a better way.

Figure 17.2: Colocation of the handrails in the armon, taking in a count the large measure of 1m for each
one

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PART 18: SEATS
For the personnel who operate the machine
on their long journeys to travel comfortably,
or the crews to carry their complete
equipment in a well-accommodated manner,
seats are available. In this case, they are
determined which can be screwed and
secured in the lower part of these, in this
case the presence of 6 people will be taken.

Material: Leather

Figure 18.1 (Foshan Youjiang Auto Parts Manufacturing

Co., Ltd, 2023) Selected seats hand for armon

Figure 18.2: Definition of position and measures of the seats

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PART 19: POWER GENERATION PLANT
One of the most interesting propositions of this
appliance is the portability, because in addition
to being electric, it has a gasoline power plant
which gives power to the appliance in case it is
in another remote position or it is required to
connect electrical equipment in the distance of
the localities, since sometimes all kinds of
electrical energy are required. For this, this
electric power generation equipment will be
used, which has the following characteristics:
Builder: I-Power
Model: SUA5000
Start UP: Manual
Winding: Copper

Figure 19.1 (Poweren, 2023) Selected generator plant for armon Max. Capacity: 5,000 W
Nom. Capacity: 4,500W
Voltage: 120 V at 60 Hz
Amperes: 30 Amps
Machine: 223 CC 3600 RPM
Noise: 60 Db to 7 m
Fuel Tank: 25 L
Weight: 53 Kg
Function at 50% of charge: 13 hrs.
Information of the supplier, available in (Poweren, 2023)

Figure 19.2: free bod diagram of the colocation of the power plant

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PART 20: ENGINE SUPPORT BEAM.
Figure 20.1 (Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd., 2023). Selected
C shape for the main frame for armon
To determine what measurements, we need for this beam, a geometry analysis will be used, using the
resulting forces, moments, and geometric properties of these profiles to determine the specific measurements
that are required, for this the following equation is proposed:
In this case, in order to provide a base where
to place the power plant and the engine, it is
proposed to use a beam where it is possible
to fix these components, so it is necessary to
use the calculation to obtain the minimum S
that the profiles in C require to be able to
place the load on them, it was already seen
above that the largest moment of the
profiles in C is where they have the greatest
weight, Therefore, a face of 50 kg or a little
larger does not affect the performance of
these profiles at all, so the value of the
weight of the energy silver will be taken as
a reference.
It should also be noted that between the C
profiles there is 1.0905m which is defined
by the separation of the c profiles from the
base shown above.

A) Defining measures
With the measurements of other feet defined above, it is possible to determine the following measurements:

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 Figure20.2: Defining the measures of the beam for determine and the relation with other parts.

B) Determining the profile.

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
Equation 20.1: Equation for determine the geometry to select, in this case the 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 is in 𝑚3 , the 𝑀𝑚 is in , and the Sheat
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Stress 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 is in Pa.

In this case, an assumption will be used that the force that is being applied is a distributed force, this since
this part must support the load of the entire system, this is possible by defining the distributed load with the
data of part number 1:

m= 54 Kg Mass of the load

L= 1.0905 m Large of the beam to determine

With this is possibly obtain the next information:

w= 519.93 N
Dis. Load = 476.78 N/m

With this is possibly determinate the shear and moment diagram of this case, in this opportunity of result is
the next:

Figure 20.3 Free body diagram for determine the beam.

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 Figure 20.4: diagram of shear strength in Newtons.

Figure 20.5 Diagram of moment in N/m

With this data it is possible to determine the data of equation 10.1 to obtain the minimum value of 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 , in
this case the process for this is as follows:

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

Using the values, we calculate the next, using a value for 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 of 160 MPa (160,000,000 Pa) determinate by
(Beer, 2011):

𝑁
(70.80)
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚
(160,000,000 𝑃𝑎)

𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.425𝑥10−7 𝑚3
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.44𝑥103 𝑚𝑚3

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This result assures us that the capacity of any C-beam is far more than enough, so we choose to use the
smallest beam to be able to secure these important pieces and thus be able to mount these highly important
components on it.

Figure 20.1: Table of the C Profile for the beam used in for the load of the motor and the power plant.

Shape Area A (𝑚𝑚2 ) Depth d (mm) Thickness 𝑡𝑓𝑟 mm 𝑆𝑥 103 (𝑚𝑚3 )

C 75 X 6.1 774 76.2 6.93 18.0

With this it is possible to determine that the profiles are far too much, so it is possible to place two profiles
along each component so that they are suitable for the position of placement of the engine or the power
plant, so this is an effective and economical solution.

C) Supported
To ensure that the profile is in place and does not have problems, a saddle will be used that will be 90°
from the profile below that lengthens most of the weight, the distance will be adapted according to the
measurements of the power plant and the engine.

Figure 20.6: Welding union for this case.

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 Figure 20.7: Diagram of measurements and positions for power plant and beam placement

In this case it is possible to realize that there is a mixture of profiles and measurements that coincide with the
previous parts, these measurements as seen in the previous figure are already given previously and the parts
and components are given according to the supplier, it should be noted that the screws used in this case are
determined according to the supplier for their fastening.
D) Simulation
On this occasion, the simulation will be carried out on the profile, to obtain the calculated values so that it
is possible to verify if it complies with the requirements that need to be satisfied in order to be able to use
this base to secure the loads that are determined with these profiles. For this, the profile to be used to
perform the simulation was determined with solid works software, using in this case a c-channel according
to the approximate measurements available and the selected profile, after this a strut was made based on a
pair of lines that comply with the dimensions established previously.
Once this solid figure has been modeled, it is possible to obtain the following results depending on what
could be obtained defining the measures and the material:
Figure 20.8: Defining the basic properties for the part 20.

Document Name and Formulatio Properties

Reference n
Beam – Section Standard-ISO2/C Channel/CH 75 x 6.1
Uniform Section Area: 0.00104857m^2
C/S Length:1080mm
Volume:0.00113245m^3
Mass Density:7700kg/m^3
Mass:8.71988kg
Weight:85.4549N

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 Section Standard-ISO2/C Channel/CH 75 x 6.1
Section Area: 0.00104857m^2
Beam – Length:71.8056mm
Uniform Volume:1.04857e-05m^3
C/S Mass Density:7700kg/m^3
Mass:0.0807397kg
Weight:0.791249N
Section Standard-ISO2/C Channel/CH 75 x 6.1
Section Area: 0.00104857m^2
Beam – Length:71.8056mm
Uniform Volume:1.04857e-05m^3
C/S Mass Density:7700kg/m^3
Mass:0.0807397kg
Weight:0.791249N

With the model defined, it is possible to determine the size to be used:

Table 20.9: Meshing information of the part 20 analysis

Mesh type Beam Mesh

Notal Nodes 109
Total Elements 105

With this meshing is possible obtain the next results:

Table 20.10 Analysis of stress in the part 20

Name Type Min Max

Stress1 Upper bound axial and 0.000e+00 N/m^2 7.295e+06 N/m^2
bending Element: 92 Element: 1
(6.204e+08 Max)

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 Table 20.11: Displacement of the part 20 in the simulation of the part 20

Name Type Min Max

Displacement1 URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+00 mm 4.291e-02
Node: 93 mm
Node: 46

In this case it is necessary to note that solid works in the analysis carried out has exaggerated animations
according to the data that is given to give a visual scale to where the interesting and important points are in
the simulations, in addition to these are represented as a tube to be much more interactive with the user,
that’s why they present themselves this way.
Analyzing the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that there is necessary data to determine that the
beam will only undergo minimal changes, having an excellent performance with its task defined in this
case in this problem, supporting the quantities that were programmed for a lot. Fortunately, the critical
points in this simulation are in the heaviest part, which helps us understand how to efficiently distribute
loads.

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PART 21: BELT OF POWER
To transport the movement from the motor to
the traction wheel it is necessary to transport it
in some way, the most effective way to
transport movement is by means of belts, so in
this case is used. It should be noted that
previously it was defined that this band would
be 2 inches thick, so in this case it will be
determined how the power is transmitted, the
velocity and above all what length it must be
to be able to perfectly perform the task that is
proposed to be carried out with it.

A) Defining the large

In order to obtain the length of the belt it is
necessary to use an equation, this is directly
related to the diameters that are planned to be
used, so that the distance at which these belts
are also influenced, so using the geometry
previously seen and the measurements defined
Figure 21.1 (Wuxi Mingcheng Transmission Technology
above, a spatial position of each of the pulleys
Co., Ltd., 2023). Selected C shape for the main frame for armon
is paused and in this way it is expected to be
able to obtain the length of the belt expected to
be used.

(𝑅 + 𝑟)2
𝐿𝑐 = 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟) + + 2 𝐷𝑐
𝐷𝑐
Equation 21.1 (Budynas et al., 2015): Definition of the large for the belt, in this case D is the diameter of the bigger shaft, and d is
the smaller diameter, finally Dc is the measure between the centers of these two circles, all this measures in millimeters.

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 Figure 21.2: Diagram for understand the equation 21.1.

With this is possibly detect the important values on this case, with the information of other parts is possibly
obtain the next:

Figure 21.3: Diagram of the distance between the wheel, and motor output

In figure 22.3 it is possible to define the measurements of different parts and the relationship they have with
respect to other components, in this case defining as Dc the distance of 853.32 mm, the largest diameter as
80 mm, obtaining R = 40 mm, this since the 127 are the diameter of the wheel and it does not have the belt,
If the pulley is not on the shaft, finally the output of the motor will be requested to the supplier to be 80 mm
so that it can function the output function having the smaller diameter is 40 mm, with this 20 mm is the r
value. With this in mind, let's solve the corresponding equations.

(𝑅 + 𝑟)2
𝐿𝑐 = 𝜋 (𝑅 + 𝑟) + + 2 𝐷𝑐
𝐷𝑐

(40 + 20)2
𝐿𝑐 = 𝜋 (40 + 20) + + 2 853.32
853.32

𝐿𝑐 = 1900.00𝑚𝑚

B) Obtaining the relation of the belt.

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To obtain the relationship, the values previously calculated in the engine part will be considered to establish
how the results of pence and velocity will be obtained, in this case the following equations are defined:
𝐷
𝑖=
𝑑
Equation 21.2: Relation with diameter in the pulleys

𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑖
Equation 21.3: Torque final, this is the torque after all the process of transmission power with the belt.

𝜔
𝜔𝑓 =
𝑖
Equation 21.4: Final angular velocity obtained with the power transmission of belt.

It is necessary to emphasize that in this case these equations must be used together in cases where the small
pulley is the one that transmits the power to the large pulley, so if it is the opposite, different equations will
be used than those established above. With these equations is possibly obtain the next:
Obtaining the relation of pulley with the equation 21.2:
𝐷
𝑖=
𝑑

80 𝑚𝑚
𝑖=
40 𝑚𝑚
𝑖=2
With this is possibly obtain the final torque, using I in the equation 21.3:
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑖

𝑁
𝑇𝑓 = (2.5131 ) ∗ 2
𝑚
𝑁
𝑇𝑓 = 5.0262
𝑚

And finally obtain the angular velocity with the equation 21.4:
𝜔
𝜔𝑓 =
𝑖

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 3800 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜔𝑓 =
2
𝜔𝑓 = 1900 𝑟𝑝𝑚

In this way, interesting results are obtained, as it is possible to reach a higher speed with this harmonic with
a higher torque, these results are very satisfying. With this it is possible by means of the calculator to obtain
a maximum transport speed of 90 km/h, which must be limited to 80 for safety, even so it is interesting that
these figures were achieved. In the simulation obtaining this part is possibly know a minimal differences of
distance.

Figure 21.4: Result of the belt simulated in SolidWorks.

In conclusion the difference of the 72mm, this difference is minimal because is important take in a count
the poor information of the plans, with this is possibly verify the distance calculated of the belt.

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PART 22: BATERY
One of the main attractions of this armor is
the possibility of being able to have
movement in this artifact generated with
clean energies such as electricity, in this
chaos this type of artifacts symbolizes the
new industry, in addition to a more
ecological transition to improved
consumption methods.
To determine the necessary values of the
battery, it is necessary to highlight that this
type of attachment is important, as it will
define the capacity of the arm, since having
greater autonomy by charge and capacity
this work tool will be much more useful for
workers and companies that wish to acquire
it.
In this case, the criterion that was used is the
criterion of the engine, since this part
Figure 22.1 (JREPower, 2023) Selected battery for armon defines exactly what is needed to be able to
meet the energy consumption, in addition to
being more optimal for the power unit.

Table 22.1: Requirements following the motor and specification of this part.

Volt Capacity Detail

48 V 150 Amps Capacity of load with

the power plant

It is possible to determine how important this piece is for the harmonic, so that the selected one adjusts to
the needs as well as being used to what is required. In this case the solution to this problem was found,
where it is possible to use a golf cart battery, these batteries are made to order according to capacity and the
supplier gave an approximate quote of this battery, which has the following characteristics.

Table 22.2 Characteristics of the battery

Article 48 Volts battery

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 Price 998.61

Weigh of reference 54.2 Kg

measures Can determinate by the use

and the armon

Volt of function 40V – 58.4V

Life Cycle 5,000 cycles (80%)

A) Colocation and fixing

It is necessary to emphasize that in this case, given the facilities of the supplier, it is possible to place the
battery on the same motor support so that it is there, and, in this way, it only must stay still with a channel
which does not necessarily require a calculation since it is only subject to fixing the battery and preventing
its movement.

B) Control of battery and charge

The supplier delivers all electrical control of the battery as well as regulators and other components.

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PART 23: CONTROL PANEL
In this case, to integrate all the electronics
and control components, a control panel is
needed, which integrates all the operations
of the Armon in the same place.
Unfortunately, it is difficult to specify a
control panel so some are quoted in a
general way, so the final price may be lower
because this control panel is of a more
complex machine and the suppliers already
provide the solutions that are required to
integrate in a single point.

Figure 23.1 (JREPower, 2023) Selected control panel for armon

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PART 24: LED LIGHT FOR THE NIGHT
Heavy-duty lights for use cases at night,
corresponding to the requested features.

Figure 24.1. (Guangzhou Chiming Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.,

2023) Selected Led Lights for armon.

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8.- Functionality Analysis (Cinematics)
Once the assembly of the machine was completed, the assembly was carried out, obtaining as a result the
finished vehicle presented below. It is necessary to remember that there are two parts, so we will proceed to
show first the chassis and suspension components, then the platform and finally the assembly of these two,
having the final plan at the end of this document attached to the index.
Total 129 Components
Suspension Part.

Figure 8.1: Suspension part of the vehicle, in this case each unit uses two of this type of parts.

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Platform Part (Operations part)

Figure 8.2: Platform area, for the operation.

Figure 8.3: Form to assembly the vehicle, this uses a welding.

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 Figure 8.4: Vehicle final assembly
Available a video around the final assembly of the vehicle.
https://youtu.be/gbZG2yXNBcI

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 Figure 8.5: Capture of the video of the motion

Motion
In this case there is a unique movement in the motor, where the movement is transmitted by means of a
band, this is possible to see working with an animation made in the sold Work software, below is this.

https://youtu.be/11tYSmJl7QY

Figure 8.5: Capture of the video of the motion

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9.- Buyer Documents & Utility Model

Defining the name of the company.

For this step, the name for the company that will take this artifact to production was selected, so the name
of ALTA LUZ INDUSTRIES was selected as the definitive name for this company in reference to the Alta
Luz station of the Mexican railroad, for this process and to be able to comply with the standards, this name
was searched in the Marcia platform of the IMPI (Instituto Mexicano Para La Porpiedad Intelectual) the
organism what ensure the patents and ,names for companies, obtaining the following results:

Figure MA1: Figure of the search “Alta Luz Industries” in Marcia

Figure MA2: Figure of the search “Alta Luz Industries” in Marcia

After this it is possible to conclude that there are no registrations of this trademark, highlighting the brand
of Brandi Torres that has a line of name Alta Luz (Figure MA2), and since it is in another sector of use it is
possible to use this name, preferring to avoid misunderstandings (Figure MA1) the word ALTA LUZ
INDUSTRIES

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Manual of user

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 153
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Utility Model

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 163
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 165
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 168
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10.- Executive Summary
The railroad is an industry that is in a huge and exponential growth, having this industry a huge
niche of products that companies such as Kansas City Southern de Mexico report only in their lists of
suppliers because today the hy-rail units are insufficient for the needs of huge companies such as the
CPKC, this is why it is necessary to develop a light vehicle that can fulfill the functions of a hy-rail. There
is a huge market for companies that would be interested in acquiring a vehicle with the benefits of a hy-rail
but at a lower cost, this is where the concept of armon comes from. A railway vehicle powered by its own
engine, which in turn carries personnel and is small.
The armones were previously occupied by the railway companies because they had an enormous number of
benefits due to their design, weight, and characteristics, but these became obsolete due to the amount of age
of these units and the interests that the manufacturing company had. Nowadays it is known as an unsafe
and low-quality vehicle that was quite expensive and was not capable of making long trips or going at a
reasonable speed. That is why, taking up this concept, it is planned to build a new armon, a vehicle with the
capabilities of a hy-rail, with the benefits of a vehicle that in turn is a light, resistant and quality vehicle that
can meet the needs of buyers with a minimal price.
In this case we are proposing the creation of a high-performance railway vehicle, with a load capacity of
five tons, light weight, which can easily circulate at 80 km/h and as an important point that it is electrically
driven by means of an electric motor and that in turn has an electric generator which can extend the useful
range of this vehicle in addition to making available to the crew has access to this electricity. This is an
alternative that is a fraction of the price of conventional vehicles.

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 Figure E1: QDF method for comparing and obtaining important information of the railway vehicle.

For this, studies and surveys were carried out to evaluate the market and what niches exist, even evaluating
the competition under the same parameters, with this it was possible to generate two proposals, where after
a rigorous examination it was ended up selecting a single model based on what was obtained in these
evaluations.
Table E1: Advantages and disadvantages of the projects for selecting the best option.

Concept Advantage disadvantage

Bota Fewer components in the suspension Logistics and infrastructure are needed for
the manufacture of suspension components
Easier maintenance and easy parts For wheel maintenance it is required to lift
replacement the entire unit and remove the tuck

Simple construction and clear The construction is limited by standards and

instructions without many details must be proven to be efficient

It is possible to create variants easily or Limited to wheel capabilities and

modify easily arrangements

It has a braking system on the truck The brakes have more details in their
operation and are on the truck

Operation is guaranteed on any line if

you import sharp turns

It has storage space and possible The weight ratio is not distributed equitably
modifications for certain tasks

Cima Modern construction techniques are used Various points of the main construction must
be secured

It has regulated components and with Height and space are different, being
easily guaranteed results impractical for certain tasks

Suspension guarantees to work in Turns are limited to some degree of

unfavorable scenarios curvature
Main chassis promises greater safety The concrete is more delicate in certain
scenarios and does not guarantee total safety
against collisions

It has greater load capacities The armon exceeds the weights of the other
proposal

Power delivery is more complex when

integrating automotive suspension

Table E2: Multi-Weight process of evaluation for the decision process

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 Capacity of Manufacturing Simple Construction
Criteria Invest Price Eficient Inovation Space inside Simplicity Total
production infrastructure construction reliability
Weight 5 5 3 4 3 2 4 1 3 4 X
Bota 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 3 2 3 87
Cima 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 3 1 66

With these tools, a development plan was made with which a sequence of steps was carried out that will
result in the creation of this vehicle. Therefore, following international standards such as ISO, AAR and
ASTM, the design of this vehicle began based on the initial concept and comparing with the competition.
We made sure that the design of this vehicle will have the standards and that it is capable of complying with
all the design parameters, to ensure this, a number valuation was carried out with equations in an analytical
way, taking each of the elements and explaining which are the elements that are expected to be used to
proceed to calculate them analytically obtaining a result and then proceed to make this part through a program
and submit it to the required tests to verify that the results are adequate. Once completed, to secure this
project, a registration process was carried out as a model of use, since the proposal that is had with this armor
is of importance and a product that despite being patented a few years ago still has a very large potential for
exploitation because this is an innovation in the current industry.
The result is a vehicle that costs 98,000 MXN in production, which has a huge sales potential according to
the numbers, with profits that exceed five million pesos with its commercialization, having as an initial capital
the amount of eleven million which will be recovered in approximately three years.
Table E3: Values of VNP for this project

Table E4: Protection of the profit and the Time to return on investment.

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References.
1573.18MXN$ 30% OFF|My1020z 600w 48v Electric Bike Motor Kit Bicycle | Controller E-bike
Conversion Kit—Electric Bicycle Motor—Aliexpress. (s. f.). Aliexpress.Com. Recuperado 22 de octubre de
2023, de
//www.aliexpress.com/item/1005003625343366.html?src=ibdm_d03p0558e02r02&sk=&aff_platform=&af
f_trace_key=&af=&cv=&cn=&dp=
AAR. (2018). Rule 1 Gage (Rule Standar 1; Versión 2016). https://amf.org.mx/wp-
content/uploads/2018/02/SeminarioMecanico/DaveCackovic-AAR.pdf
AAR. (2020). Section G - Wheels and Axle Manual (2020). https://aarpublications.com/section-g-wheels-
and-axle-manual-2016g.html
About NARCOA. (2019). narcoa.org. https://www.narcoa.org/newsite/aboutnarcoa.htm
AISI 1020 Steel, cold rolled. (s. f.). Recuperado 10 de octubre de 2023, de
https://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=10b74ebc27344380ab16b1b69f1cffbb&ckck
=1
Aisi-barra Redonda De Acero 4140/4130/1020/1045 Para Construcción Naval,Superventas—Buy Aisi
4140/4130/1020/1045 Steel Round Bar,Steel Rod For Electric Power,Carbon Steel Bar Product on
Alibaba.com. (s. f.). Recuperado 18 de octubre de 2023, de https://spanish.alibaba.com/p-detail/Good-
1600483806391.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.p_offer.d_title.5f5836e5S7dj6D&s=p
Alibaba. (2023). Piezas De Tren Personalizadas,Resorte De Acero De Torsión Para Locomotora
Ferroviaria—Buy Train Steel Spring,Train Parts,Spring For Railway Product on Alibaba.com.
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Spring_1600932772960.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.p_offer.d_title.1e65639cAhWU5N&s=p
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American Industries. (2018, marzo 1). 4 railway companies to invest US$485 million in Mexico.
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mexico-during-2018-news/
ASTM A729/A729M-17(2022) Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat-Treated, for
Mass Transit and Electric Railway Service (A729/A729M; Versión 17). (2022).
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Balero Doble Jetta Ii 1989 1990 1991 1992. (2023). https://www.jira.mx/MLM-692998979-balero-doble-
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Barra Brillante De Acero Al Carbono,Eje Lineal Cromado,Ck45—Buy Chrome Plated Rod,Linear Shaft
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Bearings SKF Catalogue. (2023). https://www.skf.com/mx/products/rolling-bearings
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CC870 Set of 2 Coil Springs Front New for Pickup Ford Ranger Explorer Pair 80066196039 | eBay. (s. f.).
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lSn%2B7CUE1y5hl3bGdb6WJS7LeLY9HkDzED5GWY0%3D%7Ctkp%3ABk9SR_zXztLSYg
Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd. (2023a). Ejes De Tren Ejes De Ruedas De Ferrocarril.
https://spanish.alibaba.com/p-detail/Train-
1600946377692.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.p_offer.d_title.33ea72ecZ0qpRy&s=p
Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd. (2023b). Pasador De Bloque De Freno De Tren De Llave De
Zapata De Freno De Coche De Ferrocarril Al Por Mayor—Buy Railroad Car Brake Shoe Key,Train Brake
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Chongqing Hengtairail Equipment Co., Ltd. (2023c). Venta Al Por Mayor De Zapatas De Freno Y Bloques
De Freno Compuestos Ferroviarios—Buy Railway Brake Shoes,Composite Brake Blocks,Wholesale
Railway Composite Brake Shoes Product on Alibaba.com. https://spanish.alibaba.com/p-detail/Wholesale-
10000013732001.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_image.6f785de0FPOClw
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Technology. https://www.railway-technology.com/features/next-stop-2023-rail-trends-and-predictions-for-
the-coming-year/
Componentes y materiales | SKF | SKF. (s. f.). Recuperado 18 de octubre de 2023, de
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knowledge/bearing-basics/components-and-materials

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DNA Motoring COIL-HC88-T22-BK Kit. (s. f.). Recuperado 14 de septiembre de 2023, de
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Dongguan Duomi Cnc Technology Co., Ltd. (2023). Original Panel De Control Mcp 483 6fc5303-0af22-
1aa1 Para Sinumerik De La Máquina—Buy Control Panel 6fc5303-0af22-1aa1module,Mcp 483 6fc5303-
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1600505417535.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.p_offer.d_image.2e4bc2f26fRxa8&s=p
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Analysis & Prevention, 29(4), 533-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00033-X
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age=1
Factory Price Metal Casting Ductile Iron Sand Casting Molding Machine Cnc Lathe Bed Casting. (s. f.).
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Iron_1600914195917.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.p_offer.d_title.6b3cafdafYnwZe&s=p
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segunda vía férrea de Cancún a Mérida entre las obras. gob.mx. http://www.gob.mx/fonatur/prensa/avanza-
tren-maya-con-pasos-de-fauna-elevados-y-segunda-via-ferrea-de-cancun-a-merida-entre-las-
obras?idiom=es
Ford F-550 XL Test Drive. (2023). https://www.autocosmos.com.mx/catalogo/2022/ford/f-550/xl-
diesel/168191
Foshan Youjiang Auto Parts Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (2023). Asiento De Cuero Para
Tren,Triple,Reclinable,Para Entrenador De Tren—Buy Train Coach Seat,Seat For Train Coach,Railway
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62323550704.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_image.61b32684I8zRo9
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Railroads. https://www.aar.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/AAR-Climate-Change-Fact-Sheet.pdf

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Go Kart Karting Atv Utv Quad Dune Buggy Body Frame Chassis. (2023). https://www.alibaba.com/product-
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Quad_62183870991.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.normal_offer.d_title.44196664d7oWk9
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Guangzhou Chiming Electronic Technology Co., Ltd. (2023). Mini Luz Led De Conducción Para
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1600402164809.html?spm=a2700.galleryofferlist.p_offer.d_title.49f93ec7rcnC3D&s=p
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Next Generation Railway Dedicated Communications. IEEE Communications Magazine, 60(12), 130-136.
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Hebei Yixin Fastener Co., Ltd. (2023). Suministros De Ferrocarril,Piezas De Vagón De Ferrocarril,Zapata
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Heidarysafa, M., Kowsari, K., Barnes, L., & Brown, D. (2018). Analysis of Railway Accidents’ Narratives
Using Deep Learning. 2018 17th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications
(ICMLA), 1446-1453. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMLA.2018.00235
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1353-1358. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSMC.2005.1571335
Hot Rolled Steel Coil Q235 Black Iron Mild Steel Metal Sheet Iron Plate—Buy Black Iron Steel Plate,Mild
Steel Sheet,Q235b Iron Plate Product on Alibaba.com. (s. f.). Recuperado 14 de septiembre de 2023, de
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OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264312821-en
IPS Supplier Railway. (2023). https://www.railwayparts.com/products/48/Wheel+&+Axle+Assemblies
ISO 5003:2016 Flat bottom (vignole) railway rails 43 kg/m and above (5003). (2016).
https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/en/#iso:std:iso:5003:ed-2:v1:en
ISO 12856-1:2022 Polymeric composite sleepers, bearers and transoms (12856; Versión 2022). (2022).
https://www.iso.org/standard/78852.html?browse=tc

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ISO 20138-1:2018 Calculation of braking performance (stopping, slowing and stationary braking) (20138).
(2018). https://www.iso.org/standard/67120.html?browse=tc
ISO 22074-1:2020 Rail fastening systems (Rail fastening systems; Versión 2020). (2020).
https://www.iso.org/standard/72498.html?browse=tc
ISO 22480-1:2022 Concrete sleepers and bearers for track (ISO 22480; Versión 2022). (2022).
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ISO 22749-1:2021 Suspension components (22749; Versión 1). (2021).
https://www.iso.org/standard/73805.html?browse=tc
ISO 23054-1:2022 Track geometry quality (Versión 2022). (2022).
https://www.iso.org/standard/74457.html?browse=tc
ISO 23300-1:2021 Rail welding (23300; Versión 2021). (2021).
https://www.iso.org/standard/75188.html?browse=tc
ISO 24478:2023 Braking (24478). (2023). https://www.iso.org/standard/77384.html?browse=tc
Jiangsu Xinjinlai Metal Products Co., Ltd. (2023). Hoja De Acero De Metal Recubierto De Zinc Galvanizado
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Jinan Hengming Steel Co., Ltd. (2023). Piezas De Procesamiento De Acero,Hilo U De Acero
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Jinzhou Tiegong Railway Maintenance Machinery Co., Ltd. (2023). Smart High Speed Railway Equipment
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Kasper, W. F. (1927). Wheel (United States Patent US1615709A).
https://patents.google.com/patent/US1615709A/en?assignee=FAIRMONT+RAILWAY+MOTORS+Inc&p
age=4
Kastler, E. L. (1926). Car frame (United States Patent US1611918A).
https://patents.google.com/patent/US1611918A/en?assignee=FAIRMONT+RAILWAY+MOTORS+Inc&p
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La Estrella. https://tienda.repuestoslaestrella.com.ar/producto.php?id=8323
Lin, S., Jia, Y., & Xia, S. (2019). Research and Analysis on the Top Design of Smart Railway. Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 1187(5), 052053. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1187/5/052053
Lu, C., Liu, J., Liu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2019). Intelligent construction technology of railway engineering in China.
Frontiers of Engineering Management, 6(4), 503-516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0073-9
Maanshan Kingrail Technology Co., Ltd. (s. f.). Rueda De Tren De Ferrocarril Forjado De Diámetro
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Maanshan Kingrail Technology Co., Ltd. (2023). Rueda De Tren De Ferrocarril Forjado De Diámetro
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Mercado Libre. (2023). https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-1383570497-rodamiento-balero-6308-
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Orosco, F. (2015, marzo 20). Dibujo Mecánico—Ingenieria Asistida—Simulaciones—CAD y CAM.
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Par Amort Traseros Gas-magnum F-350. (2013). https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-1447020522-
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195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2010.10.055
Poweren. (2023). Generador Eléctrico Planta De Luz 5000 Watts Maximo 120v—$ 11,977.
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Rail Accessories Railway Freight Wagon Y25 Bogie Axle Factory Directly Sale -. (2023).
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Diario de la Región. Pulso Del Sur. https://pulsodelsur.com/2023/09/09/nuevamente-accidente-ferroviario-
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RMC Fundicion. (2023). Estimated Cost of Iron Sand Castings. https://www.steel-foundry.com/.
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Saez, F., & Leon, N. (2021). XQUADRA - SERVICIOS DE ADMINISTRACION DE OBRA XQUADRA
SA DE CV.
Santos-Reyes, J., Beard, A. N., & Smith, R. A. (2005). A systemic analysis of railway accidents. Proceedings
of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 219(2), 47-65.
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SKF Balero 6308. (s. f.). Recuperado 17 de octubre de 2023, de https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-
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https://www.aar.org/
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08/2008_Track_Safety_Standards%20%281%29.pdf
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technology.com/projects/tren-maya-railway-project/
Tsai, N. T. (1998). Recent developments in railroad safety standards at FRA. Proceedings of the 1998
ASME/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference, 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1109/RRCON.1998.668090
UNE-EN 14587-2:2010 Railway applications—Track—Flash butt welding of rails—Part 2: New R220,
R260, R260Mn and R350HT grade rails by mobile welding machines at sites other than a fixed plant (14587;
Versión 2). (2010). https://www.une.org/encuentra-tu-norma/busca-tu-norma/norma?c=N0045472
VEVOR Motor eléctrico. (s. f.). Vevor. Recuperado 2 de octubre de 2023, de https://www.vevor.mx/motor-
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scooter-electrico-motor-de-bicicleta-motocicleta-kit-de-conversion-de-piezas-de-bricolaje-
p_010307620598
Vida nominal del rodamiento | SKF | SKF. (s. f.). Recuperado 17 de octubre de 2023, de
https://www.skf.com/mx/products/rolling-bearings/principles-of-rolling-bearing-selection/bearing-
selection-process/bearing-size/size-selection-based-on-rating-life/bearing-rating-life
WuhuShiyu Store. (2023). 51.4MXN$ 8% de DESCUENTO|Rodamiento de bolas de aleación de Zinc,
soporte montado en bloque, 2 unidades por lote, KP08, KP000, KP001, KP002, KP003, KP004, KP005,
KP006|bearing 15mm|bearing bearingbearing block—AliExpress. aliexpress.com.
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f&aff_trace_key=966c9cb90d914563a13d9f9527d94f42-1698761428604-00743-
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Total Of References: 107

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Index.

NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers

Studying engineering is not only to obtain pure and direct knowledge in a fast way, but
also to learn to solve problems, develop skills and be open to many mysteries that this world has.
Being an engineer is a way of living, solving problems, learning and above all devising ways to solve
the complex problems of the future. But it is also a very big responsibility, because having certain
developed skills and knowledge on various topics, it is possible to assume responsibilities that go
far beyond the common.

Being an engineer requires courage, decisiveness, honor, ethics, and many developed
values to be able to work correctly. So, it is necessary to follow a code of ethics that supports the
applicant, guides the engineers, and teaches the teachers. This code of ethics should encompass all
kinds of issues, situations or circumstances that require a critical decision and that affect others. In
this case, the code of ethics NSPE encompasses many issues and important points to consider when
exercising engineering.

This ethics manual refers to all kinds of situations, in such a way that others are
respected, the appropriate and correct treatment is given to customers and in the same way, avoid
situations that could in the future cost even lives oh situations very out of the ordinary. In addition
to this code of ethics is strict at the time of the application of knowledge because it even considers
the own security, of others and leaves under social slogan to exercise and work the engineering in a
way that is exact and this at the service of others for a common good.

An important part of this manual is where it is specified about the security measures
that must be considered to make personal recommendations in various situations. In addition, this
document leaves in personal consignment to allow certain practices that are not correct, added to
this; It is necessary that others take care of themselves in the best way. The ethics manual refers to
how to treat a client, give priority to what he requests, do it correctly, in addition to avoiding
situations that cause a problem and above all that the client is respected, his information and all
kinds of data that is requested by strangers to keep the client safe, in addition to complying with
the law. It is interesting to see how it is indicated that the traverse must be done correctly, safely,
and accurately, in such a correct way.

But, on the other hand, it is necessary to emphasize that as engineers we acquire

certain obligations, such as working for the common good, putting our grain of sand in society and
fulfilling a social work with the world and the environment in which we live. In addition, it should be
noted that we must work for the common good and avoid situations that result in tragedies and
other types of events.

It is necessary to be governed by a code of ethics, to dictate on the working conditions

and as engineers what type of work and ideas we must work, always being responsible and fulfilling
as engineers. Be generous, so that a community of colleagues is created where every skill is
recognized.

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Table A1a
c= 18409.2961 27613.9442 36818.5923 46023.2403 55227.8884 64432.5365 73637.1845 82841.8326 92046.4807 101251.129 110455.777 119660.425 128865.073 138069.721 147274.369 156479.017 165683.665 174888.313 184090.961
Z= 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.99998914
Time A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.02 0.11943071 0.11909159 0.11881359 0.11859378 0.11842949 0.11831835 0.11825823 0.11824724 0.11828372 0.11836622 0.11849345 0.11866432 0.11887792 0.11913346 0.11943032 0.11976799 0.12014611 0.12056442 0.12102267
0.04 0.2117744 0.20681961 0.20217655 0.19782407 0.19374259 0.18991399 0.18632151 0.18294961 0.17978389 0.17681101 0.1740186 0.17139517 0.16893006 0.16661338 0.16443593 0.16238915 0.1604651 0.15865637 0.15695644
0.06 0.26656022 0.25511219 0.2445939 0.23492084 0.22601637 0.21781099 0.21024164 0.20325116 0.1967877 0.19080425 0.18525814 0.18011071 0.17532687 0.1708748 0.16672562 0.16285313 0.15923356 0.15584533 0.15266952
0.08 0.2805176 0.26328151 0.24786578 0.23405595 0.2216634 0.2105223 0.20048687 0.19142894 0.18323585 0.17580855 0.16905996 0.16291353 0.15730192 0.15216589 0.14745335 0.14311842 0.13912071 0.13542465 0.13199959
0.1 0.25757752 0.23728417 0.2196878 0.20439195 0.19105998 0.17940613 0.16918776 0.16019884 0.15226441 0.14523583 0.13898679 0.13340989 0.1284138 0.12392074 0.11986448 0.11618853 0.11284468 0.10979174 0.10699504
0.12 0.20759836 0.18791741 0.17146678 0.15766905 0.14605257 0.13623204 0.12789265 0.12077712 0.11467504 0.10941429 0.10485395 0.10087856 0.09739339 0.09432066 0.09159638 0.08916784 0.0869915 0.08503136 0.08325791
0.14 0.14414755 0.12839339 0.11584798 0.10582267 0.09777878 0.09129496 0.08604157 0.08176064 0.07825025 0.07535222 0.07294257 0.07092401 0.06922011 0.06777072 0.06652842 0.06545572 0.06452291 0.06370632 0.06298722
0.16 0.0818101 0.07178784 0.06441973 0.05902263 0.05508819 0.05223836 0.05019221 0.04874108 0.04773011 0.04704445 0.04659896 0.04633057 0.04619257 0.04615038 0.0461784 0.04625765 0.04637407 0.04651721 0.04667927
0.18 0.03353937 0.02882059 0.02595723 0.02437903 0.02368464 0.0235921 0.02390381 0.02448163 0.02522935 0.02608028 0.0269884 0.02792224 0.02886046 0.02978878 0.03069786 0.03158173 0.03243675 0.03326089 0.03405303
0.2 0.0085156 0.0063121 0.00541803 0.00540078 0.0059664 0.00691449 0.00810796 0.00945268 0.01088381 0.01235658 0.01384003 0.01531276 0.01676006 0.01817192 0.01954163 0.02086488 0.02213906 0.02336278 0.02453534
0.22 0.01084874 0.0065012 0.00374058 0.00215133 0.00143205 0.00136029 0.00176931 0.00253261 0.00355326 0.00475656 0.0060847 0.0074929 0.00894653 0.01041893 0.01188969 0.01334334 0.01476838 0.01615635 0.01750101
0.24 0.03928537 0.02723754 0.0183527 0.0119407 0.00745796 0.00447467 0.00265053 0.00171625 0.00145906 0.00171133 0.00234136 0.0032461 0.00434523 0.00557648 0.00689184 0.00825452 0.0096366 0.01101713 0.01238025
0.26 0.08788804 0.06290885 0.04419112 0.03033528 0.02023703 0.01302913 0.00803358 0.0047225 0.00268644 0.00160889 0.00124595 0.00141023 0.00195817 0.00278017 0.0037928 0.00493283 0.00615256 0.00741624 0.00869699
0.28 0.14748633 0.10585314 0.07497836 0.05225637 0.03569005 0.0237565 0.01529919 0.00944267 0.00552584 0.0030504 0.00164131 0.00101657 0.00096438 0.00132581 0.00198173 0.00284298 0.00384296 0.00493211 0.00607338
0.3 0.20757884 0.14795214 0.10449967 0.0729684 0.05020857 0.03389542 0.02231689 0.0142137 0.00866006 0.00497522 0.00265828 0.00134034 0.00074941 0.00068471 0.00099786 0.00157911 0.00234728 0.00324231 0.00421959
0.32 0.25831217 0.18210819 0.1276639 0.08881459 0.06114766 0.0415083 0.02764109 0.01793211 0.01122452 0.0066872 0.00372141 0.00189449 0.00089275 0.00048799 0.00051369 0.00084794 0.00140122 0.00210768 0.0029186
0.34 0.29218037 0.20336295 0.14120278 0.0976276 0.06704628 0.04558194 0.03054042 0.02004353 0.01277688 0.00781648 0.00450955 0.00239249 0.00113425 0.00049709 0.00030934 0.00044636 0.00081719 0.00135512 0.00201085
0.36 0.30516747 0.20950795 0.14394809 0.09881048 0.06760229 0.04595241 0.03090493 0.02045013 0.0132132 0.0082473 0.00489559 0.00269896 0.00133401 0.00057106 0.00024572 0.00023939 0.00046582 0.00086182 0.00138063
0.38 0.29717713 0.20114327 0.13670671 0.0931392 0.06346266 0.04311241 0.02908224 0.0193772 0.01266218 0.00803563 0.00488286 0.00278056 0.00143422 0.00063674 0.00024091 0.00014099 0.00026018 0.00054214 0.00094501
0.4 0.27173249 0.18124155 0.12181926 0.08237382 0.05590573 0.03796307 0.02568909 0.01723263 0.01138149 0.00733287 0.00454872 0.00266392 0.00142744 0.00066434 0.00025099 9.8809E-05 0.00014341 0.00033733 0.00064504
0.42 0.23506017 0.15435315 0.10252745 0.06878068 0.04649214 0.03156457 0.02143541 0.01448361 0.00967112 0.00632449 0.00400063 0.00240364 0.0013327 0.00064921 0.00025578 8.2722E-05 7.9229E-05 0.00020758 0.00043919
0.44 0.19477131 0.12563405 0.08228807 0.05466215 0.03674875 0.02492579 0.01698492 0.01156369 0.00781087 0.00518726 0.00334607 0.00206045 0.00117915 0.00059917 0.00024873 7.6575E-05 4.5161E-05 0.00012632 0.00029835
0.46 0.15840673 0.09988644 0.06415864 0.04197115 0.02792944 0.01885661 0.0128634 0.00881513 0.00602305 0.00406415 0.0026749 0.00168825 0.00099608 0.00052652 0.00023032 7.2589E-05 2.7663E-05 7.6016E-05 0.00020226
0.48 0.13211488 0.08077674 0.05034763 0.03205773 0.02087447 0.0138901 0.00941523 0.00646368 0.00445702 0.00305402 0.00205175 0.00132799 0.00080768 0.00044339 0.00020392 6.7679E-05 1.8865E-05 4.5247E-05 0.00013685
0.5 0.11968534 0.07034509 0.04197935 0.02556451 0.01596874 0.01026888 0.00680085 0.00461956 0.00319031 0.00221191 0.00151543 0.00100625 0.00063114 0.00035962 0.0001735 6.1164E-05 1.4371E-05 2.6655E-05 9.244E-05
0.52 0.12207969 0.06885551 0.03907954 0.0224593 0.01318321 0.00798115 0.00502372 0.00329584 0.0022404 0.00155598 0.00108246 0.0007367 0.00047673 0.00028197 0.00014251 5.3425E-05 1.1849E-05 1.556E-05 6.234E-05
0.54 0.13750118 0.07497151 0.04074879 0.022173 0.01217394 0.00682764 0.0039739 0.00243591 0.00158147 0.00107739 0.00075267 0.00052293 0.00034898 0.00021435 0.00011341 4.5164E-05 1.0146E-05 9.0212E-06 4.1978E-05
0.56 0.16194647 0.08618704 0.04546489 0.02379931 0.01240937 0.00650097 0.00347667 0.00194296 0.00116206 0.00075066 0.00051509 0.00036166 0.00024822 0.00015835 8.7713E-05 3.705E-05 8.7484E-06 5.2158E-06 2.8229E-05
0.58 0.19010162 0.09940691 0.05144213 0.02631126 0.01329887 0.00666133 0.00333709 0.00170618 0.00092043 0.0005427 0.00035316 0.00024559 0.0001721 0.00011392 6.6079E-05 2.9574E-05 7.466E-06 3.0265E-06 1.8958E-05
0.6 0.21639535 0.11155825 0.05697776 0.02875535 0.01430132 0.0069977 0.00337479 0.00162086 0.00079637 0.00041971 0.00024876 0.00016579 0.00011686 7.9972E-05 4.8582E-05 2.3026E-05 6.2574E-06 1.7791E-06 1.2717E-05
0.62 0.23601015 0.12012307 0.06072894 0.03039541 0.01500071 0.00726838 0.00344646 0.00160118 0.00073866 0.00035168 0.00018496 0.00011332 7.8259E-05 5.4915E-05 3.4916E-05 1.7523E-05 5.1366E-06 1.0725E-06 8.5213E-06
0.64 0.24567585 0.12350955 0.0618842 0.0307922 0.01514407 0.00732001 0.00345602 0.00158614 0.00070876 0.00031476 0.00014755 8.0205E-05 5.2259E-05 3.7011E-05 2.4566E-05 1.3057E-05 4.129E-06 6.7178E-07 5.7038E-06
0.66 0.2441233 0.12121729 0.06021731 0.02981803 0.01464415 0.00708758 0.0033546 0.00153993 0.00068142 0.00029197 0.0001257 5.9971E-05 3.5329E-05 2.4603E-05 1.6948E-05 9.5392E-06 3.2528E-06 4.4175E-07 3.8141E-06
0.68 0.23214611 0.11379306 0.05603306 0.0276167 0.01355454 0.00658047 0.00313324 0.00144841 0.00064317 0.0002726 0.0001118 4.7722E-05 2.4621E-05 1.6248E-05 1.1485E-05 6.8421E-06 2.5144E-06 3.0596E-07 2.5482E-06
0.7 0.2122921 0.10261037 0.05003145 0.02452607 0.01202763 0.00586032 0.00281166 0.00131352 0.00058968 0.00025111 0.0001011 4.0026E-05 1.7972E-05 1.0771E-05 7.6641E-06 4.8231E-06 1.9096E-06 2.2205E-07 1.7009E-06
0.72 0.18826968 0.08953233 0.04312621 0.02098342 0.01026608 0.0050165 0.00242586 0.00114717 0.00052274 0.00022569 9.1026E-05 3.4667E-05 1.3833E-05 7.2605E-06 5.0532E-06 3.3448E-06 1.4265E-06 1.6695E-07 1.1344E-06
0.74 0.16419807 0.07653072 0.03625591 0.01743265 0.00847734 0.0041436 0.002017 0.00096562 0.00044746 0.00019685 8.0531E-05 3.0348E-05 1.1161E-05 5.045E-06 3.3078E-06 2.2843E-06 1.0493E-06 1.2836E-07 7.5605E-07
0.76 0.14384675 0.06533234 0.03022069 0.0142485 0.00683776 0.00332414 0.00162271 0.00078512 0.00037006 0.00016632 6.9511E-05 2.6418E-05 9.2971E-06 3.6514E-06 2.1639E-06 1.5381E-06 7.6071E-07 9.9756E-08 5.035E-07
0.78 0.1299998 0.05715075 0.02556838 0.01168693 0.00547014 0.0026177 0.0012717 0.00061897 0.00029622 0.0001361 5.8347E-05 2.263E-05 7.8571E-06 2.7606E-06 1.4269E-06 1.0225E-06 5.4403E-07 7.7703E-08 3.3508E-07
0.8 0.12404718 0.05253949 0.02254149 0.00986496 0.00443506 0.00205671 0.00098127 0.00047612 0.00023024 0.00010801 4.758E-05 1.8966E-05 6.6383E-06 2.1673E-06 9.5764E-07 6.7234E-07 3.8407E-07 6.0323E-08 2.2285E-07
0.82 0.12585639 0.05137727 0.02108423 0.00876742 0.00373445 0.00164771 0.00075752 0.00036085 0.00017466 8.3306E-05 3.7704E-05 1.5509E-05 5.5502E-06 1.7461E-06 6.6027E-07 4.3834E-07 2.6784E-07 4.6513E-08 1.4811E-07
0.84 0.13392414 0.05297183 0.0208991 0.0082745 0.0033239 0.00137641 0.00059725 0.0002734 0.00013037 6.269E-05 2.9074E-05 1.2361E-05 4.5634E-06 1.4245E-06 4.7062E-07 2.8429E-07 1.8461E-07 3.5556E-08 9.8384E-08
0.86 0.1457577 0.05624984 0.02153528 0.00820118 0.00312976 0.00121493 0.00049078 0.00021098 9.6901E-05 4.6296E-05 2.1865E-05 9.6046E-06 3.6772E-06 1.1634E-06 3.4714E-07 1.8421E-07 1.2584E-07 2.6922E-08 6.5314E-08
0.88 0.15839962 0.05998964 0.02248906 0.00833995 0.00306714 0.00112923 0.00042506 0.00016896 7.2867E-05 3.3846E-05 1.6095E-05 7.2824E-06 2.8993E-06 9.4323E-07 2.638E-07 1.1989E-07 8.4873E-08 2.0184E-08 4.3336E-08
0.9 0.16899105 0.06305116 0.02329713 0.00849892 0.00305565 0.00108574 0.00038638 0.00014205 5.6408E-05 2.4799E-05 1.1661E-05 5.3979E-06 2.2357E-06 7.5503E-07 2.0482E-07 7.8861E-08 5.6678E-08 1.4985E-08 2.8739E-08
0.92 0.17527065 0.06456364 0.02360822 0.00852997 0.00303087 0.00105614 0.00036249 0.00012515 4.5555E-05 1.8482E-05 8.3823E-06 3.9224E-06 1.6867E-06 5.9474E-07 1.6094E-07 5.2756E-08 3.7501E-08 1.1019E-08 1.905E-08
0.94 0.17592639 0.06404372 0.02322434 0.00834414 0.00295063 0.00102019 0.00034383 0.00011396 3.8501E-05 1.4218E-05 6.0426E-06 2.8058E-06 1.2462E-06 4.6022E-07 1.2688E-07 3.6084E-08 2.4604E-08 8.0281E-09 1.2621E-08
0.96 0.17074997 0.06143204 0.02210939 0.0079143 0.00279629 0.00096646 0.00032406 0.00010525 3.3761E-05 1.1392E-05 4.4252E-06 1.9878E-06 9.0311E-07 3.4958E-07 9.9683E-08 2.531E-08 1.6024E-08 5.7975E-09 8.3578E-09
0.98 0.16058316 0.05705181 0.02036905 0.00726699 0.00256994 0.0008916 0.00029995 9.695E-05 3.0236E-05 9.5006E-06 3.3333E-06 1.4062E-06 6.4357E-07 2.6064E-07 7.7668E-08 1.8203E-08 1.0372E-08 4.1514E-09 5.5323E-09
1 0.14708262 0.05150613 0.0182097 0.00646702 0.00228888 0.00079847 0.00027079 8.8012E-05 2.7207E-05 8.1674E-06 2.6033E-06 1.0035E-06 4.5256E-07 1.9083E-07 5.9823E-08 1.3383E-08 6.6844E-09 2.9486E-09 3.6605E-09
1.02 0.13236001 0.04553934 0.01588692 0.00559871 0.00197898 0.00069386 0.0002377 7.8162E-05 2.4278E-05 7.1342E-06 2.1085E-06 7.3036E-07 3.1561E-07 1.3734E-07 4.5464E-08 1.0004E-08 4.2976E-09 2.0782E-09 2.421E-09
1.04 0.11857138 0.0398907 0.01365377 0.0047476 0.00166813 0.00058616 0.00020275 6.7647E-05 2.1297E-05 6.2438E-06 1.7577E-06 5.4698E-07 2.1973E-07 9.7296E-08 3.4054E-08 7.5573E-09 2.7635E-09 1.4538E-09 1.6006E-09
1.06 0.1075327 0.0351668 0.01171778 0.00398554 0.00138095 0.00048341 0.0001683 5.6986E-05 1.8271E-05 5.4159E-06 1.4903E-06 4.2325E-07 1.5396E-07 6.7991E-08 2.5129E-08 5.736E-09 1.7828E-09 1.0098E-09 1.0579E-09
1.08 0.10042742 0.03175242 0.01021248 0.00336098 0.00113524 0.00039198 0.00013645 4.6758E-05 1.5294E-05 4.622E-06 1.2694E-06 3.376E-07 1.0952E-07 4.7004E-08 1.8268E-08 4.3526E-09 1.1576E-09 6.9667E-10 6.9888E-10
1.1 0.09765014 0.02977073 0.00918606 0.00289508 0.00094037 0.00031583 0.00010871 3.7466E-05 1.2484E-05 3.8641E-06 1.0752E-06 2.7541E-07 7.9724E-08 3.2275E-08 1.3088E-08 3.2893E-09 7.5913E-10 4.7746E-10 4.6156E-10
1.12 0.09880278 0.02909354 0.00860629 0.00258312 0.00079748 0.00025638 8.5913E-05 2.9454E-05 9.9508E-06 3.1581E-06 8.9908E-07 2.2745E-07 5.9649E-08 2.2125E-08 9.2464E-09 2.4686E-09 5.0438E-10 3.2515E-10 3.0473E-10
1.14 0.10283123 0.02939388 0.00837834 0.00239998 0.00070094 0.00021284 6.8179E-05 2.2884E-05 7.7672E-06 2.5225E-06 7.3886E-07 1.8825E-07 4.5868E-08 1.5235E-08 6.4485E-09 1.8364E-09 3.4034E-10 2.2008E-10 2.0112E-10
1.16 0.10826678 0.03022658 0.00837039 0.00230794 0.00064061 0.00018283 5.5095E-05 1.775E-05 5.9663E-06 1.9711E-06 5.9525E-07 1.5488E-07 3.608E-08 1.0609E-08 4.4456E-09 1.3524E-09 2.335E-10 1.4808E-10 1.327E-10
1.18 0.11352072 0.03111952 0.00844143 0.00226509 0.00060439 0.00016305 4.5886E-05 1.3916E-05 4.5427E-06 1.5106E-06 4.6969E-07 1.2594E-07 2.881E-08 7.5186E-09 3.0356E-09 9.8528E-10 1.6285E-10 9.9068E-11 8.7528E-11
1.2 0.11717574 0.03165834 0.00846628 0.00223283 0.00058043 0.00015003 3.9603E-05 1.1164E-05 3.4618E-06 1.1403E-06 3.6313E-07 1.0084E-07 2.3158E-08 5.4464E-09 2.0583E-09 7.0982E-10 1.1528E-10 6.5915E-11 5.7717E-11
1.22 0.11822278 0.03155092 0.00835386 0.00218138 0.00055887 0.00014058 3.53E-05 9.2441E-06 2.6704E-06 8.5293E-07 2.7549E-07 7.9332E-08 1.8598E-08 4.0383E-09 1.3905E-09 5.0563E-10 8.2615E-11 4.3624E-11 3.8049E-11
1.24 0.11620592 0.03066274 0.0080569 0.00209274 0.00053289 0.00013224 3.2152E-05 7.9115E-06 2.1076E-06 6.3749E-07 2.0568E-07 6.1275E-08 1.4833E-08 3.0583E-09 9.3961E-10 3.5618E-10 5.9748E-11 2.8726E-11 2.5076E-11
1.26 0.11125738 0.0290207 0.00757259 0.00196117 0.00049895 0.00012339 2.9527E-05 6.9544E-06 1.7138E-06 4.8075E-07 1.5176E-07 4.6476E-08 1.17E-08 2.3544E-09 6.3811E-10 2.4821E-10 4.3462E-11 1.8824E-11 1.6522E-11
1.28 0.10402551 0.02678844 0.00693569 0.00179155 0.00045657 0.00011324 2.7008E-05 6.2087E-06 1.4364E-06 3.6941E-07 1.1134E-07 3.4656E-08 9.102E-09 1.831E-09 4.3763E-10 1.7119E-10 3.1703E-11 1.2279E-11 1.0883E-11
1.3 0.09551735 0.02422106 0.00620633 0.00159629 0.00040755 0.0001017 2.4383E-05 5.5617E-06 1.2334E-06 2.9132E-07 8.1847E-08 2.5463E-08 6.9731E-09 1.4293E-09 3.0444E-10 1.1695E-10 2.3126E-11 7.9757E-12 7.167E-12
1.32 0.08689085 0.02160944 0.00545545 0.00139166 0.00035513 8.9201E-05 2.1601E-05 4.9479E-06 1.074E-06 2.3631E-07 6.0799E-08 1.8496E-08 5.2577E-09 1.1136E-09 2.1549E-10 7.9214E-11 1.6834E-11 5.1603E-12 4.7187E-12
1.34 0.07923753 0.01922522 0.0047508 0.00119411 0.00030301 7.6423E-05 1.872E-05 4.3394E-06 9.3816E-07 1.9645E-07 4.6011E-08 1.3344E-08 3.9024E-09 8.6236E-10 1.5538E-10 5.3266E-11 1.2206E-11 3.3271E-12 3.106E-12
1.36 0.07339495 0.01727576 0.00414567 0.00101743 0.0002546 6.4115E-05 1.586E-05 3.7347E-06 8.1448E-07 1.6606E-07 3.5667E-08 9.6196E-09 2.8541E-09 6.6153E-10 1.1401E-10 3.5618E-11 8.8054E-12 2.1388E-12 2.0441E-12
1.38 0.06981964 0.0158758 0.00367189 0.00087076 0.00021246 5.2925E-05 1.3153E-05 3.1475E-06 6.9803E-07 1.4136E-07 2.8351E-08 6.9781E-09 2.0604E-09 5.0166E-10 8.4873E-11 2.3733E-11 6.3136E-12 1.3715E-12 1.3449E-12
1.4 0.06853797 0.01503854 0.00333761 0.0007579 0.00017802 4.3305E-05 1.0715E-05 2.597E-06 5.8803E-07 1.201E-07 2.3026E-08 5.1299E-09 1.472E-09 3.756E-10 6.3829E-11 1.5798E-11 4.4965E-12 8.7802E-13 8.8468E-13
1.42 0.0691772 0.01468544 0.00312946 0.00067757 0.00015157 3.5469E-05 8.6219E-06 2.1012E-06 4.8586E-07 1.0112E-07 1.8975E-08 3.8441E-09 1.0445E-09 2.7749E-10 4.827E-11 1.0535E-11 3.1796E-12 5.6155E-13 5.8183E-13
1.44 0.07106454 0.01467074 0.00301802 0.00062454 0.00013239 2.9408E-05 6.9084E-06 1.6731E-06 3.9358E-07 8.397E-08 1.5736E-08 2.9449E-09 7.3963E-10 2.023E-10 3.6547E-11 7.061E-12 2.2317E-12 3.5914E-13 3.8258E-13
1.46 0.07337109 0.01481462 0.00296516 0.00059111 0.00011911 2.4931E-05 5.5669E-06 1.3183E-06 3.1297E-07 6.8562E-08 1.303E-08 2.3046E-09 5.2546E-10 1.4562E-10 2.7599E-11 4.771E-12 1.5547E-12 2.2992E-13 2.5152E-13
1.48 0.07527139 0.01493823 0.0029317 0.00056883 0.00011002 2.1735E-05 4.558E-06 1.0358E-06 2.4498E-07 5.4979E-08 1.0707E-08 1.8345E-09 3.7674E-10 1.0361E-10 2.0726E-11 3.259E-12 1.075E-12 1.475E-13 1.6532E-13
1.5 0.07608919 0.01489428 0.00288404 0.00054995 0.00010338 1.9468E-05 3.8224E-06 8.1902E-07 1.8965E-07 4.3305E-08 8.693E-09 1.4762E-09 2.7403E-10 7.3008E-11 1.5445E-11 2.255E-12 7.3776E-13 9.4944E-14 1.0864E-13
1.52 0.07540462 0.01458844 0.00279879 0.00052846 9.7696E-05 1.7789E-05 3.2932E-06 6.5785E-07 1.4613E-07 3.3558E-08 6.9536E-09 1.1923E-09 2.0295E-10 5.1064E-11 1.1403E-11 1.5819E-12 5.027E-13 6.1388E-14 7.1384E-14
1.54 0.07310716 0.01398902 0.00266499 0.00050075 9.189E-05 1.6411E-05 2.9055E-06 5.4057E-07 1.1297E-07 2.566E-08 5.4728E-09 9.6079E-10 1.532E-10 3.5566E-11 8.3338E-12 1.1246E-12 3.4016E-13 3.9916E-14 4.6895E-14
1.56 0.06938943 0.01312454 0.00248379 0.00046558 8.5335E-05 1.5127E-05 2.6044E-06 4.5556E-07 8.8375E-08 1.945E-08 4.2378E-09 7.6851E-10 1.1767E-10 2.4763E-11 6.0258E-12 8.0898E-13 2.2868E-13 2.6128E-14 3.0802E-14
1.58 0.06468788 0.01207127 0.00226622 0.00042387 7.7849E-05 1.3812E-05 2.3483E-06 3.9258E-07 7.047E-08 1.4703E-08 3.2318E-09 6.0801E-10 9.1572E-11 1.7311E-11 4.3104E-12 5.8739E-13 1.5281E-13 1.7231E-14 2.0228E-14
1.6 0.05958522 0.01093391 0.0020296 0.00037798 6.9595E-05 1.2419E-05 2.1101E-06 3.4345E-07 5.7504E-08 1.1164E-08 2.4327E-09 4.7473E-10 7.1826E-11 1.2204E-11 3.0514E-12 4.2923E-13 1.0156E-13 1.1455E-14 1.3282E-14
1.62 0.05469508 0.00982383 0.0017935 0.00033105 6.0965E-05 1.096E-05 1.8758E-06 3.0228E-07 4.7986E-08 8.5793E-09 1.8138E-09 3.6538E-10 5.647E-11 8.711E-12 2.1392E-12 3.1472E-13 6.7192E-14 7.6781E-15 8.7199E-15
1.64 0.05055077 0.00883873 0.0015759 0.00028625 5.2444E-05 9.4825E-06 1.6417E-06 2.6535E-07 4.0743E-08 6.713E-09 1.3459E-09 2.7719E-10 4.4281E-11 6.3122E-12 1.4867E-12 2.3089E-13 4.429E-14 5.1879E-15 5.7238E-15
1.66 0.04751745 0.00804718 0.00139033 0.00024621 4.4499E-05 8.0524E-06 1.4109E-06 2.3074E-07 3.4931E-08 5.3651E-09 9.9971E-10 2.0743E-10 3.4497E-11 4.6472E-12 1.0259E-12 1.6908E-13 2.912E-14 3.5319E-15 3.7566E-15
1.68 0.04574137 0.00748011 0.00124418 0.00021266 3.7496E-05 6.7325E-06 1.19E-06 1.9782E-07 2.9994E-08 4.3757E-09 7.4819E-10 1.534E-10 2.6622E-11 3.472E-12 7.0426E-13 1.2333E-13 1.9123E-14 2.4208E-15 2.4651E-15
1.7 0.04514201 0.00712982 0.00113827 0.00018627 3.165E-05 5.5713E-06 9.8643E-07 1.6675E-07 2.5612E-08 3.6257E-09 5.6758E-10 1.124E-10 2.0314E-11 2.6248E-12 4.8212E-13 8.948E-14 1.2562E-14 1.6689E-15 1.6174E-15
1.72 0.04544505 0.00695588 0.00106774 0.00016673 2.7018E-05 4.5968E-06 8.0623E-07 1.381E-07 2.1633E-08 3.0316E-09 4.3831E-10 8.1921E-11 1.5311E-11 1.9999E-12 3.3008E-13 6.4494E-14 8.2685E-15 1.156E-15 1.0611E-15
1.74 0.04624684 0.00689592 0.00102364 0.00015294 2.3514E-05 3.8148E-06 6.5313E-07 1.1248E-07 1.8011E-08 2.5397E-09 3.4502E-10 5.9664E-11 1.1396E-11 1.5292E-12 2.2674E-13 4.6145E-14 5.4624E-15 8.0354E-16 6.9601E-16
1.76 0.04709643 0.00687893 0.00099506 0.00014334 2.0953E-05 3.212E-06 5.2813E-07 9.0327E-08 1.4755E-08 2.1181E-09 2.7628E-10 4.3655E-11 8.3806E-12 1.1687E-12 1.5677E-13 3.2758E-14 3.6281E-15 5.5989E-16 4.5648E-16
1.78 0.04757911 0.0068385 0.00097117 0.00013622 1.9091E-05 2.7614E-06 4.2978E-07 7.1833E-08 1.1893E-08 1.75E-09 2.2404E-10 3.226E-11 6.0967E-12 8.8975E-13 1.0941E-13 2.3068E-14 2.4265E-15 3.9065E-16 2.9935E-16
1.8 0.0473867 0.00672354 0.00094303 0.00013003 1.7678E-05 2.4287E-06 3.5479E-07 5.6914E-08 9.4438E-09 1.4276E-09 1.8287E-10 2.4182E-11 4.3962E-12 6.7291E-13 7.7254E-14 1.6114E-14 1.636E-15 2.7267E-16 1.9628E-16
1.82 0.04636307 0.00650517 0.0009047 0.00012356 1.6491E-05 2.1784E-06 2.988E-07 4.5256E-08 7.4085E-09 1.1477E-09 1.4934E-10 1.843E-11 3.1507E-12 5.0458E-13 5.5239E-14 1.1168E-14 1.1129E-15 1.9023E-16 1.2868E-16
1.84 0.04451899 0.00617884 0.00085373 0.00011608 1.5359E-05 1.9787E-06 2.5714E-07 3.6388E-08 5.7668E-09 9.0896E-10 1.2136E-10 1.4278E-11 2.2521E-12 3.7468E-13 3.9987E-14 7.6837E-15 7.6394E-16 1.3256E-16 8.4352E-17
1.86 0.04201626 0.00576203 0.00079095 0.00010733 1.4177E-05 1.8046E-06 2.2544E-07 2.9766E-08 4.4799E-09 7.0974E-10 9.7754E-11 1.1216E-11 1.6122E-12 2.7533E-13 2.9261E-14 5.2509E-15 5.2898E-16 9.2203E-17 5.5288E-17
1.88 0.0391264 0.0052884 0.00071976 9.7482E-05 1.2904E-05 1.6392E-06 2.0004E-07 2.4846E-08 3.4965E-09 5.4754E-10 7.7825E-11 8.8925E-12 1.1609E-12 2.0022E-13 2.1592E-14 3.5677E-15 3.6917E-16 6.3987E-17 3.6234E-17
1.9 0.03617336 0.00479988 0.00064513 8.698E-05 1.1547E-05 1.4737E-06 1.7823E-07 2.1138E-08 2.7601E-09 4.1878E-10 6.1149E-11 7.0803E-12 8.4434E-13 1.4414E-13 1.6018E-14 2.4129E-15 2.5933E-16 4.4285E-17 2.3744E-17
1.92 0.03347169 0.00433824 0.00057238 7.6431E-05 1.0154E-05 1.3058E-06 1.5825E-07 1.8242E-08 2.2151E-09 3.1902E-10 4.7399E-11 5.6331E-12 6.2212E-13 1.0283E-13 1.1911E-14 1.6267E-15 1.8309E-16 3.0557E-17 1.5558E-17
1.94 0.03127155 0.0039378 0.00050628 6.6445E-05 8.7871E-06 1.1379E-06 1.392E-07 1.5859E-08 1.8113E-09 2.4343E-10 3.6273E-11 4.4591E-12 4.6505E-13 7.2805E-14 8.851E-15 1.0951E-15 1.297E-16 2.1016E-17 1.0193E-17
1.96 0.02971963 0.00362027 0.00045021 5.7525E-05 7.5089E-06 9.7531E-07 1.2079E-07 1.3788E-08 1.5072E-09 1.8719E-10 2.7453E-11 3.5008E-12 3.5249E-13 5.1265E-14 6.5572E-15 7.3757E-16 9.2046E-17 1.4404E-17 6.6769E-18
1.98 0.02884167 0.00339242 0.00040579 4.9998E-05 6.3712E-06 8.2361E-07 1.032E-07 1.1914E-08 1.2706E-09 1.4582E-10 2.0607E-11 2.7198E-12 2.7028E-13 3.5993E-14 4.8332E-15 4.9806E-16 6.5338E-17 9.8368E-18 4.3734E-18
2 0.02854776 0.0032466 0.0003729 4.3981E-05 5.4063E-06 6.8784E-07 8.6768E-08 1.0183E-08 1.0784E-09 1.1548E-10 1.5401E-11 2.0885E-12 2.0889E-13 2.5276E-14 3.5392E-15 3.3792E-16 4.633E-17 6.693E-18 2.8643E-18
2.02 0.02865775 0.00316377 0.00034987 3.9399E-05 4.6244E-06 5.7126E-07 7.1906E-08 8.5847E-09 9.1552E-10 9.3024E-11 1.1515E-11 1.5846E-12 1.6205E-13 1.7813E-14 2.572E-15 2.308E-16 3.2778E-17 4.537E-18 1.8758E-18
2.04 0.02894045 0.00311808 0.00033403 3.6023E-05 4.0156E-06 4.7513E-07 5.8919E-08 7.1294E-09 7.7303E-10 7.6034E-11 8.6582E-12 1.1886E-12 1.2568E-13 1.2639E-14 1.8538E-15 1.5893E-16 2.3117E-17 3.0639E-18 1.2283E-18
2.06 0.02915864 0.00308208 0.00032227 3.3538E-05 3.5549E-06 3.987E-07 4.7966E-08 5.8346E-09 6.4637E-10 6.2766E-11 6.5782E-12 8.8274E-13 9.7102E-14 9.0555E-15 1.3249E-15 1.1045E-16 1.624E-17 2.0613E-18 8.0422E-19
2.08 0.02911143 0.00303158 0.00031164 3.1598E-05 3.2083E-06 3.397E-07 3.9042E-08 4.7146E-09 5.3372E-10 5.2033E-11 5.0683E-12 6.5052E-13 7.4526E-14 6.5629E-15 9.3901E-16 7.7482E-17 1.1357E-17 1.3817E-18 5.2651E-19
2.1 0.02866665 0.00294939 0.00029976 2.9892E-05 2.9396E-06 2.9492E-07 3.1993E-08 3.7745E-09 4.3463E-10 4.3076E-11 3.9656E-12 4.7719E-13 5.6708E-14 4.8141E-15 6.6033E-16 5.4843E-17 7.9038E-18 9.2274E-19 3.4467E-19
2.12 0.02777838 0.00282735 0.00028514 2.8177E-05 2.7157E-06 2.6076E-07 2.6561E-08 3.0087E-09 3.491E-10 3.5444E-11 3.1476E-12 3.4979E-13 4.2728E-14 3.5711E-15 4.6111E-16 3.9122E-17 5.472E-18 6.1404E-19 2.2561E-19
2.14 0.02648782 0.00266655 0.00026727 2.6305E-05 2.5103E-06 2.338E-07 2.2434E-08 2.4022E-09 2.7697E-10 2.8885E-11 2.526E-12 2.573E-13 3.1863E-14 2.6734E-15 3.2012E-16 2.8078E-17 3.7681E-18 4.0719E-19 1.4766E-19
2.16 0.02490862 0.00247601 0.00024652 2.4222E-05 2.3062E-06 2.1118E-07 1.9291E-08 1.9333E-09 2.1767E-10 2.3263E-11 2.0403E-12 1.9075E-13 2.352E-14 2.014E-15 2.2129E-16 2.0236E-17 2.5808E-18 2.6913E-19 9.6635E-20
2.18 0.02320067 0.00227 0.00022391 2.1959E-05 2.095E-06 1.9079E-07 1.6838E-08 1.577E-09 1.7016E-10 1.8497E-11 1.6505E-12 1.4301E-13 1.7199E-14 1.5219E-15 1.5261E-16 1.4615E-17 1.7582E-18 1.7731E-19 6.3237E-20
2.2 0.0215378 0.00206494 0.00020085 1.9602E-05 1.8762E-06 1.7131E-07 1.4836E-08 1.3078E-09 1.3299E-10 1.4525E-11 1.331E-12 1.0865E-13 1.2479E-14 1.1499E-15 1.0523E-16 1.0558E-17 1.1917E-18 1.1647E-19 4.1378E-20
2.22 0.0200758 0.00187618 0.00017879 1.7267E-05 1.6547E-06 1.5217E-07 1.3107E-08 1.1027E-09 1.0452E-10 1.128E-11 1.0661E-12 8.3659E-14 9.0023E-15 8.6639E-16 7.2727E-17 7.615E-18 8.0368E-19 7.6294E-20 2.7073E-20
2.24 0.01892619 0.00171546 0.00015896 1.5071E-05 1.4384E-06 1.3332E-07 1.1538E-08 9.4218E-10 8.3035E-11 8.6852E-12 8.4588E-13 6.5163E-14 6.475E-15 6.4944E-16 5.0499E-17 5.4761E-18 5.3957E-19 4.9853E-20 1.7712E-20
2.26 0.01814006 0.00158922 0.00014221 1.3111E-05 1.2359E-06 1.151E-07 1.007E-08 8.1155E-10 6.6933E-11 6.6552E-12 6.6381E-13 5.1177E-14 4.6585E-15 4.8351E-16 3.5307E-17 3.9214E-18 3.6078E-19 3.2504E-20 1.1587E-20
2.28 0.01770395 0.00149811 0.00012888 1.1447E-05 1.0542E-06 9.7998E-08 8.6837E-09 7.0037E-10 5.4808E-11 5.0983E-12 5.1494E-13 4.0363E-14 3.3644E-15 3.5711E-16 2.4898E-17 2.7938E-18 2.4039E-19 2.1154E-20 7.579E-21
2.3 0.01754746 0.00143752 0.00011881 1.01E-05 8.9819E-07 8.2486E-08 7.3858E-09 6.0215E-10 4.5512E-11 3.9242E-12 3.9505E-13 3.1837E-14 2.4472E-15 2.6151E-16 1.7725E-17 1.979E-18 1.5974E-19 1.3748E-20 4.9572E-21
2.32 0.01756032 0.00139896 0.00011148 9.053E-06 7.6958E-07 6.8927E-08 6.1957E-09 5.1342E-10 3.8171E-11 3.0492E-12 3.0014E-13 2.5022E-14 1.7977E-15 1.8985E-16 1.2739E-17 1.3932E-18 1.0594E-19 8.9252E-21 3.2421E-21
2.34 0.01761512 0.001372 0.0001061 8.2582E-06 6.6728E-07 5.7499E-08 5.1339E-09 4.3282E-10 3.2165E-11 2.4002E-12 2.2637E-13 1.9539E-14 1.3357E-15 1.3669E-16 9.2356E-18 9.7464E-19 7.0193E-20 5.7916E-21 2.1202E-21
2.36 0.01759114 0.00134623 0.00010178 7.6515E-06 5.8796E-07 4.8192E-08 4.2153E-09 3.6018E-10 2.7083E-11 1.9166E-12 1.7004E-13 1.5126E-14 1.004E-15 9.7679E-17 6.7428E-18 6.7752E-19 4.6513E-20 3.7583E-21 1.3865E-21
2.38 0.01739509 0.00131303 9.7733E-05 7.1635E-06 5.269E-07 4.0827E-08 3.4449E-09 2.9586E-10 2.268E-11 1.5509E-12 1.2772E-13 1.1596E-14 7.6234E-16 6.9379E-17 4.9471E-18 4.6813E-19 3.086E-20 2.4403E-21 9.0658E-22
2.4 0.01697522 0.00126683 9.3326E-05 6.7313E-06 4.789E-07 3.5112E-08 2.8181E-09 2.4021E-10 1.8823E-11 1.2678E-12 9.6334E-14 8.7992E-15 5.8333E-16 4.9065E-17 3.6391E-18 3.2163E-19 2.0524E-20 1.5864E-21 5.9275E-22
2.42 0.01632693 0.00120563 8.8194E-05 6.3065E-06 4.3907E-07 3.0695E-08 2.3213E-09 1.9331E-10 1.5447E-11 1.0423E-12 7.327E-14 6.6115E-15 4.4835E-16 3.4627E-17 2.6778E-18 2.1989E-19 1.3698E-20 1.0332E-21 3.8753E-22
2.44 0.0154896 0.00113091 8.2236E-05 5.8592E-06 4.0341E-07 2.7219E-08 1.9353E-09 1.5481E-10 1.2523E-11 8.5763E-13 5.6368E-14 4.9249E-15 3.4499E-16 2.4449E-17 1.967E-18 1.4971E-19 9.1839E-21 6.7454E-22 2.5334E-22
2.46 0.01453583 0.00104689 7.5591E-05 5.3782E-06 3.6917E-07 2.4367E-08 1.638E-09 1.2401E-10 1.0033E-11 7.0315E-13 4.3924E-14 3.6439E-15 2.6492E-16 1.7317E-17 1.4397E-18 1.0162E-19 6.1907E-21 4.417E-22 1.6561E-22
2.48 0.0135558 0.00095946 6.8566E-05 4.8688E-06 3.3482E-07 2.1889E-08 1.4076E-09 9.9896E-11 7.9562E-12 5.7239E-13 3.4651E-14 2.6851E-15 2.025E-16 1.2337E-17 1.0486E-18 6.8854E-20 4.1979E-21 2.9024E-22 1.0825E-22
2.5 0.01263973 0.00087491 6.1553E-05 4.3477E-06 3.0001E-07 1.9613E-08 1.2246E-09 8.133E-11 6.2629E-12 4.615E-13 2.7607E-14 1.9769E-15 1.5376E-16 8.8589E-18 7.5924E-19 4.664E-20 2.8644E-21 1.9147E-22 7.0752E-23
2.52 0.01186186 0.00079877 5.4944E-05 3.837E-06 2.6521E-07 1.7441E-08 1.0733E-09 6.7134E-11 4.9127E-12 3.6806E-13 2.2132E-14 1.4595E-15 1.1582E-16 6.4211E-18 5.4608E-19 3.1632E-20 1.9665E-21 1.2685E-22 4.624E-23
2.54 0.01126852 0.00073489 4.906E-05 3.3594E-06 2.3138E-07 1.5341E-08 9.422E-10 5.6224E-11 3.8582E-12 2.9029E-13 1.778E-14 1.0844E-15 8.6481E-17 4.6995E-18 3.9005E-19 2.1515E-20 1.3579E-21 8.4407E-23 3.0219E-23
2.56 0.01087219 0.00068503 4.4102E-05 2.9332E-06 1.9966E-07 1.3322E-08 8.2402E-10 4.7678E-11 3.0484E-12 2.2661E-13 1.4257E-14 8.1312E-16 6.401E-17 3.4708E-18 2.7667E-19 1.4698E-20 9.4233E-22 5.6418E-23 1.9748E-23
2.58 0.01065199 0.00064868 4.0135E-05 2.5698E-06 1.7104E-07 1.142E-08 7.1488E-10 4.077E-11 2.4335E-12 1.7543E-13 1.1372E-14 6.1646E-16 4.6987E-17 2.5825E-18 1.9496E-19 1.0098E-20 6.5669E-22 3.7876E-23 1.2904E-23
2.6 0.01056014 0.00062349 3.7091E-05 2.2727E-06 1.4621E-07 9.6789E-09 6.1344E-10 3.4975E-11 1.968E-12 1.3507E-13 9E-15 4.7265E-16 3.4246E-17 1.9315E-18 1.3657E-19 6.9837E-21 4.5905E-22 2.5533E-23 8.4313E-24
2.62 0.01053246 0.00060584 3.4801E-05 2.038E-06 1.2546E-07 8.1347E-09 5.1997E-10 2.9946E-11 1.6129E-12 1.0382E-13 7.0562E-15 3.6603E-16 2.4823E-17 1.4483E-18 9.5186E-20 4.8646E-21 3.2154E-22 1.7278E-23 5.5087E-24
2.64 0.01050111 0.0005916 3.3035E-05 1.8558E-06 1.0868E-07 6.81E-09 4.3542E-10 2.548E-11 1.3371E-12 8.0011E-14 5.4769E-15 2.8556E-16 1.7935E-17 1.0861E-18 6.6098E-20 3.4126E-21 2.2543E-22 1.1732E-23 3.5989E-24
2.66 0.01040677 0.0005769 3.1549E-05 1.7132E-06 9.5425E-08 5.7093E-09 3.6081E-10 2.1476E-11 1.1171E-12 6.208E-14 4.2096E-15 2.237E-16 1.2951E-17 8.1264E-19 4.58E-20 2.4097E-21 1.5803E-22 7.988E-24 2.3511E-24
2.68 0.01020838 0.00055874 3.0124E-05 1.5962E-06 8.505E-08 4.8204E-09 2.9675E-10 1.79E-11 9.361E-13 4.8663E-14 3.2076E-15 1.7535E-16 9.3738E-18 6.0545E-19 3.1724E-20 1.7111E-21 1.1066E-22 5.4515E-24 1.5359E-24
2.7 0.00988882 0.00053541 2.8599E-05 1.4921E-06 7.6809E-08 4.1175E-09 2.4328E-10 1.4747E-11 7.8325E-13 3.861E-14 2.4279E-15 1.371E-16 6.8204E-18 4.4852E-19 2.2009E-20 1.2202E-21 7.7349E-23 3.7267E-24 1.0032E-24
2.72 0.00945587 0.00050658 2.6884E-05 1.3913E-06 6.9988E-08 3.5671E-09 1.9981E-10 1.202E-11 6.5175E-13 3.1004E-14 1.8305E-15 1.0663E-16 5.0006E-18 3.3004E-19 1.5323E-20 8.7258E-22 5.3925E-23 2.5505E-24 6.5528E-25
2.74 0.00893873 0.00047318 2.4963E-05 1.2877E-06 6.3983E-08 3.1332E-09 1.6526E-10 9.7129E-12 5.3776E-13 2.5147E-14 1.3795E-15 8.2331E-17 3.7005E-18 2.4109E-19 1.0725E-20 6.2479E-22 3.7477E-23 1.7465E-24 4.2799E-25
2.76 0.00838098 0.0004371 2.2884E-05 1.179E-06 5.8356E-08 2.7817E-09 1.3823E-10 7.8082E-12 4.3919E-13 2.0532E-14 1.043E-15 6.3038E-17 2.7653E-18 1.7482E-19 7.5576E-21 4.4727E-22 2.5953E-23 1.196E-24 2.7952E-25
2.78 0.00783165 0.0004007 2.0737E-05 1.0661E-06 5.2851E-08 2.4842E-09 1.1718E-10 6.2716E-12 3.5482E-13 1.6805E-14 7.9393E-16 4.7837E-17 2.0852E-18 1.2587E-19 5.366E-21 3.1969E-22 1.7903E-23 8.1869E-25 1.8254E-25
2.8 0.00733601 0.00036633 1.8631E-05 9.5229E-07 4.7372E-08 2.2194E-09 1.0064E-10 5.057E-12 2.8374E-13 1.3732E-14 6.1013E-16 3.599E-17 1.584E-18 9.006E-20 3.8395E-21 2.279E-22 1.2299E-23 5.5992E-25 1.1921E-25
2.82 0.00692781 0.00033594 1.6671E-05 8.4172E-07 4.1954E-08 1.9739E-09 8.7333E-11 4.1119E-12 2.2497E-13 1.1165E-14 4.7405E-16 2.6869E-17 1.209E-18 6.4111E-20 2.7671E-21 1.6187E-22 8.4136E-24 3.8247E-25 7.7841E-26
2.84 0.00662424 0.00031076 1.4939E-05 7.3876E-07 3.6713E-08 1.7408E-09 7.6224E-11 3.3824E-12 1.7735E-13 9.0082E-15 3.7229E-16 1.9939E-17 9.2473E-19 4.5479E-20 2.0065E-21 1.1448E-22 5.7314E-24 2.6084E-25 5.0827E-26
2.86 0.00642417 0.00029114 1.3483E-05 6.469E-07 3.1793E-08 1.5187E-09 6.6579E-11 2.8181E-12 1.3953E-13 7.2007E-15 2.9501E-16 1.4742E-17 7.0677E-19 3.2211E-20 1.4615E-21 8.0573E-23 3.8881E-24 1.7757E-25 3.3187E-26
2.88 0.00630983 0.00027665 1.2312E-05 5.683E-07 2.7332E-08 1.3095E-09 5.7926E-11 2.3754E-12 1.1001E-13 5.6991E-15 2.3518E-16 1.0889E-17 5.3847E-19 2.2828E-20 1.0674E-21 5.6418E-23 2.6272E-24 1.2063E-25 2.1667E-26
2.9 0.0062513 0.00026616 1.14E-05 5.0351E-07 2.343E-08 1.1166E-09 5.0013E-11 2.0193E-12 8.7297E-14 4.4679E-15 1.8795E-16 8.0608E-18 4.0814E-19 1.6225E-20 7.8024E-22 3.9297E-23 1.7687E-24 8.1761E-26 1.4146E-26
2.92 0.00621275 0.00025819 1.0694E-05 4.5165E-07 2.0132E-08 9.4361E-10 4.2749E-11 1.7236E-12 6.9952E-14 3.4744E-15 1.5004E-16 5.9983E-18 3.0734E-19 1.1591E-20 5.6977E-22 2.7232E-23 1.1868E-24 5.5283E-26 9.2349E-27
2.94 0.00615921 0.00025112 1.013E-05 4.1072E-07 1.7429E-08 7.93E-10 3.6136E-11 1.4705E-12 5.6709E-14 2.686E-15 1.1929E-16 4.4984E-18 2.2971E-19 8.3359E-21 4.1501E-22 1.8779E-23 7.9404E-25 3.7285E-26 6.0285E-27
2.96 0.00606267 0.00024356 9.638E-06 3.7807E-07 1.5263E-08 6.6574E-10 3.0219E-11 1.2488E-12 4.6505E-14 2.0709E-15 9.4218E-17 3.4052E-18 1.7038E-19 6.0424E-21 3.0114E-22 1.2892E-23 5.3006E-25 2.508E-26 3.9353E-27
2.98 0.00590637 0.00023449 9.1603E-06 3.509E-07 1.3545E-08 5.6111E-10 2.5043E-11 1.0524E-12 3.8498E-14 1.5982E-15 7.3815E-17 2.6029E-18 1.2544E-19 4.4158E-21 2.1746E-22 8.8177E-24 3.5326E-25 1.6826E-26 2.5687E-27
3 0.00568684 0.00022341 8.6548E-06 3.2668E-07 1.2169E-08 4.7701E-10 2.0628E-11 8.7824E-13 3.206E-14 1.2391E-15 5.732E-17 2.0072E-18 9.174E-20 3.2515E-21 1.5617E-22 6.0129E-24 2.3522E-25 1.1258E-26 1.6766E-27
3.02 0.00541332 0.00021037 8.1003E-06 3.0344E-07 1.1031E-08 4.1032E-10 1.6955E-11 7.2528E-13 2.6748E-14 9.6848E-16 4.4122E-17 1.5582E-18 6.6744E-20 2.4091E-21 1.115E-22 4.0922E-24 1.5661E-25 7.5119E-27 1.0943E-27
3.04 0.00510505 0.00019586 7.4958E-06 2.7998E-07 1.0041E-08 3.5748E-10 1.3972E-11 5.9301E-13 2.2267E-14 7.6469E-16 3.3696E-17 1.2145E-18 4.8392E-20 1.7928E-21 7.9136E-23 2.7827E-24 1.0436E-25 4.9992E-27 7.1419E-28
3.06 0.00478701 0.00018068 6.8566E-06 2.5582E-07 9.1318E-09 3.1495E-10 1.1595E-11 4.8087E-13 1.8433E-14 6.1034E-16 2.5576E-17 9.4756E-19 3.5045E-20 1.3372E-21 5.5846E-23 1.893E-24 6.9654E-26 3.3184E-27 4.661E-28
3.08 0.00448496 0.00016575 6.2091E-06 2.3112E-07 8.2592E-09 2.7959E-10 9.723E-12 3.8782E-13 1.5138E-14 4.9187E-16 1.9339E-17 7.3787E-19 2.5412E-20 9.9737E-22 3.9206E-23 1.2899E-24 4.6609E-26 2.1971E-27 3.0417E-28
3.1 0.00422077 0.00015194 5.5831E-06 2.0648E-07 7.4045E-09 2.4891E-10 8.2524E-12 3.1224E-13 1.2316E-14 3.9922E-16 1.4612E-17 5.721E-19 1.8497E-20 7.4249E-22 2.7404E-23 8.8154E-25 3.1291E-26 1.4513E-27 1.9849E-28
3.12 0.0040089 0.00013992 5.0068E-06 1.8273E-07 6.5676E-09 2.2118E-10 7.0845E-12 2.5201E-13 9.9228E-15 3.2522E-16 1.1068E-17 4.4084E-19 1.3545E-20 5.5075E-22 1.909E-23 6.0493E-25 2.109E-26 9.5644E-28 1.2952E-28
3.14 0.00385434 0.00013005 4.5006E-06 1.607E-07 5.7614E-09 1.9537E-10 6.1345E-12 2.0475E-13 7.9239E-15 2.6494E-16 8.4303E-18 3.3721E-19 9.9947E-21 4.0651E-22 1.3271E-23 4.1719E-25 1.4278E-26 6.2901E-28 8.4515E-29
3.16 0.00375252 0.00012235 4.0756E-06 1.4105E-07 5.0045E-09 1.7105E-10 5.3362E-12 1.6798E-13 6.2828E-15 2.1511E-16 6.4736E-18 2.5591E-19 7.437E-21 2.9829E-22 9.2216E-24 2.8933E-25 9.712E-27 4.1289E-28 5.5145E-29
3.18 0.00369089 0.00011656 3.732E-06 1.2418E-07 4.3155E-09 1.4821E-10 4.6419E-12 1.3938E-13 4.9601E-15 1.7361E-16 5.0186E-18 1.9272E-19 5.5789E-21 2.175E-22 6.4146E-24 2.0182E-25 6.6374E-27 2.7058E-28 3.5979E-29
3.2 0.00365174 0.00011219 3.4606E-06 1.1018E-07 3.7085E-09 1.2707E-10 4.0214E-12 1.1691E-13 3.9124E-15 1.3901E-16 3.9279E-18 1.4414E-19 4.2141E-21 1.5757E-22 4.4743E-24 1.4157E-25 4.5567E-27 1.7707E-28 2.3474E-29
3.22 0.00361575 0.00010863 3.2459E-06 9.8862E-08 3.1906E-09 1.0794E-10 3.4585E-12 9.8887E-14 3.0952E-15 1.1034E-16 3.0996E-18 1.0721E-19 3.1991E-21 1.1346E-22 3.1341E-24 9.9807E-26 3.1412E-27 1.1574E-28 1.5315E-29
3.24 0.00356551 0.00010526 3.0687E-06 8.9805E-08 2.7612E-09 9.1081E-11 2.9466E-12 8.4047E-14 2.4648E-15 8.6812E-17 2.4601E-18 7.9467E-20 2.4351E-21 8.1256E-23 2.2074E-24 7.0659E-26 2.173E-27 7.56E-29 9.9909E-30
3.26 0.0034884 0.0001016 2.9104E-06 8.2476E-08 2.4131E-09 7.6627E-11 2.4853E-12 7.1481E-14 1.9811E-15 6.7767E-17 1.9578E-18 5.8845E-20 1.854E-21 5.794E-23 1.5645E-24 5.0178E-26 1.5075E-27 4.9357E-29 6.5176E-30
3.28 0.00337841 9.731E-05 2.7553E-06 7.6312E-08 2.1339E-09 6.4557E-11 2.0761E-12 6.06E-14 1.6091E-15 5.2579E-17 1.5575E-18 4.3649E-20 1.4087E-21 4.1195E-23 1.116E-24 3.57E-26 1.0479E-27 3.2222E-29 4.2516E-30
3.3 0.00323663 9.2263E-05 2.5927E-06 7.0805E-08 1.9088E-09 5.4708E-11 1.7208E-12 5.1051E-14 1.3201E-15 4.0653E-17 1.235E-18 3.252E-20 1.0661E-21 2.9255E-23 8.0107E-25 2.5416E-26 7.292E-28 2.1042E-29 2.7733E-30
3.32 0.00307043 8.6536E-05 2.4177E-06 6.5562E-08 1.7228E-09 4.6802E-11 1.4193E-12 4.2644E-14 1.0914E-15 3.142E-17 9.7385E-19 2.439E-20 8.0251E-22 2.079E-23 5.7811E-25 1.8084E-26 5.0761E-28 1.3752E-29 1.809E-30
3.34 0.00289161 8.0364E-05 2.2309E-06 6.0339E-08 1.5624E-09 4.0495E-11 1.1693E-12 3.5286E-14 9.0642E-16 2.4357E-17 7.625E-19 1.8442E-20 6.0026E-22 1.4814E-23 4.1894E-25 1.2847E-26 3.532E-28 8.9976E-30 1.1799E-30
3.36 0.00271393 7.4078E-05 2.0371E-06 5.5037E-08 1.4171E-09 3.5427E-11 9.6626E-13 2.8929E-14 7.5342E-16 1.8999E-17 5.9232E-19 1.4065E-20 4.4594E-22 1.0603E-23 3.0441E-25 9.1032E-27 2.4548E-28 5.8961E-30 7.6957E-31
3.38 0.00255048 6.8032E-05 1.8438E-06 4.9685E-08 1.2801E-09 3.1263E-11 8.0406E-13 2.3529E-14 6.2456E-16 1.4946E-17 4.5648E-19 1.0811E-20 3.2908E-22 7.6344E-24 2.2144E-25 6.4296E-27 1.703E-28 3.8713E-30 5.0191E-31
3.4 0.00241141 6.2539E-05 1.6594E-06 4.4397E-08 1.1477E-09 2.7721E-11 6.7569E-13 1.9029E-14 5.1484E-16 1.1871E-17 3.4926E-19 8.3608E-21 2.4135E-22 5.5342E-24 1.6101E-25 4.5238E-27 1.1788E-28 2.5476E-30 3.2734E-31
3.42 0.00230232 5.7817E-05 1.4911E-06 3.9332E-08 1.0193E-09 2.4591E-11 5.7405E-13 1.5353E-14 4.2117E-16 9.5148E-18 2.6569E-19 6.491E-21 1.7612E-22 4.0399E-24 1.1685E-25 3.1695E-27 8.137E-29 1.6809E-30 2.1348E-31
3.44 0.00222367 5.3963E-05 1.344E-06 3.4647E-08 8.9604E-10 2.1736E-11 4.9258E-13 1.2403E-14 3.4157E-16 7.6829E-18 2.0137E-19 5.0455E-21 1.2806E-22 2.9683E-24 8.455E-26 2.2109E-27 5.5996E-29 1.1121E-30 1.3922E-31
3.46 0.00217107 5.0946E-05 1.2206E-06 3.0469E-08 7.8037E-10 1.9079E-11 4.2577E-13 1.0072E-14 2.746E-16 6.2321E-18 1.5247E-19 3.9164E-21 9.2961E-23 2.1926E-24 6.0935E-26 1.5353E-27 3.8408E-29 7.3806E-31 9.0784E-32
3.48 0.00213646 4.863E-05 1.1203E-06 2.6874E-08 6.7472E-10 1.6598E-11 3.6931E-13 8.2467E-15 2.1905E-16 5.0619E-18 1.1565E-19 3.0291E-21 6.7515E-23 1.6257E-24 4.3711E-26 1.0616E-27 2.6254E-29 4.913E-31 5.9199E-32
3.5 0.00210981 4.6803E-05 1.0401E-06 2.3873E-08 5.8108E-10 1.4299E-11 3.2016E-13 6.8199E-15 1.7372E-16 4.1038E-18 8.8141E-20 2.3303E-21 4.9167E-23 1.2077E-24 3.1198E-26 7.3113E-28 1.7883E-29 3.2805E-31 3.8602E-32
3.52 0.00208105 4.5225E-05 9.7528E-07 2.1424E-08 5.0054E-10 1.2206E-11 2.7637E-13 5.6968E-15 1.3733E-16 3.3119E-18 6.7644E-20 1.7811E-21 3.5975E-23 8.9718E-25 2.2152E-26 5.0174E-28 1.214E-29 2.197E-31 2.517E-32

182
Spring 2023
Table A1b
c= 18409.2961 27613.9442 36818.5923 46023.2403 55227.8884 64432.5365 73637.1845 82841.8326 92046.4807 101251.129 110455.777 119660.425 128865.073 138069.721 147274.369 156479.017 165683.665 174888.313 184090.961
Z= 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 0.99998914
Time A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.02 0.43911543 0.43205086 0.42523738 0.418666 0.41232822 0.40621602 0.40032182 0.39463848 0.38915924 0.38387772 0.3787879 0.37388409 0.36916093 0.36461335 0.36023658 0.35602612 0.35197771 0.34808735 0.34435209
0.04 0.7680504 0.7403921 0.71430833 0.68969864 0.6664695 0.64453375 0.62381019 0.60422313 0.58570198 0.56818092 0.55159856 0.53589758 0.52102451 0.5069294 0.49356561 0.48088958 0.46886057 0.45744053 0.44659617
0.06 0.94136771 0.88999158 0.84285274 0.79955681 0.75974817 0.72310602 0.68934088 0.6581914 0.62942157 0.60281816 0.57818842 0.55535808 0.53416945 0.51447984 0.49616003 0.47909294 0.46317245 0.44830232 0.43439816
0.08 0.94462136 0.87715213 0.81708732 0.76350915 0.71561955 0.67272408 0.63421812 0.59957489 0.56833513 0.54009815 0.51451407 0.4912772 0.47012016 0.45080894 0.43313852 0.4169291 0.40202289 0.3882812 0.37558471
0.1 0.79436088 0.72637466 0.66795316 0.61758157 0.57399544 0.53613848 0.5031275 0.47422343 0.44880713 0.42635945 0.40644456 0.38869615 0.37280595 0.35851417 0.34560159 0.33388286 0.32320108 0.31342314 0.30443779
0.12 0.5326499 0.48271562 0.44199375 0.40861245 0.38108698 0.3582393 0.33913442 0.32302996 0.30933625 0.29758467 0.28740263 0.27849365 0.27062167 0.26359855 0.25727418 0.25152862 0.24626589 0.24140905 0.23689719
0.14 0.2175241 0.20151214 0.1910314 0.18443746 0.18053056 0.1784407 0.17754173 0.17738726 0.17766294 0.17815085 0.17870322 0.17922284 0.17964868 0.17994528 0.180095 0.18009235 0.17993994 0.17964549 0.17921991
0.16 -0.08858606 -0.0624245 -0.03741516 -0.01418972 0.00694933 0.02591076 0.04273427 0.05753643 0.07047472 0.08172416 0.09146254 0.09986139 0.10708092 0.11326748 0.11855269 0.12305355 0.12687318 0.13010196 0.13281809
0.18 -0.33025039 -0.26421014 -0.20746424 -0.15893572 -0.11755774 -0.082334 -0.05236702 -0.02686734 -0.00515175 0.0133643 0.029177 0.04270513 0.05430087 0.06425971 0.07282927 0.08021702 0.08659684 0.09211463 0.09689207
0.2 -0.46825082 -0.37542634 -0.29906907 -0.23613086 -0.18409615 -0.1409122 -0.10491646 -0.07476892 -0.04939242 -0.02792204 -0.00966309 0.00594313 0.019347 0.03091267 0.04093564 0.04965672 0.05727306 0.06394684 0.06981097
0.22 -0.485161 -0.38701237 -0.30886662 -0.24614675 -0.19536113 -0.15385277 -0.11960071 -0.09106574 -0.06707231 -0.04671881 -0.02931008 -0.01430663 -0.0012868 0.01008172 0.020063 0.02886881 0.03667055 0.04360822 0.04979592
0.24 -0.386608 -0.30845389 -0.24806559 -0.20056862 -0.16251443 -0.13146105 -0.10567385 -0.08391397 -0.06528973 -0.0491528 -0.03502588 -0.02255238 -0.01146151 -0.00154398 0.00736499 0.01539753 0.02266145 0.02924615 0.03522566
0.26 -0.19835105 -0.16385984 -0.13820245 -0.11806078 -0.10140477 -0.0870113 -0.07415514 -0.06241315 -0.05154173 -0.04140142 -0.0319112 -0.02302145 -0.01469831 -0.00691506 0.00035247 0.00712801 0.01343571 0.01930026 0.02474558
0.28 0.0399587 0.01401366 -0.00582412 -0.01986558 -0.02889586 -0.03383681 -0.03557746 -0.03489942 -0.0324536 -0.02876277 -0.02423584 -0.01918593 -0.01384834 -0.00839679 -0.00295705 0.0023819 0.0075589 0.01253371 0.01728057
0.3 0.2829579 0.19050751 0.12283059 0.07424563 0.04012601 0.01682383 0.00152461 -0.00791045 -0.01308906 -0.01521009 -0.01516209 -0.01360038 -0.01100617 -0.00773135 -0.00403206 -9.3636E-05 0.00395074 0.00800636 0.01200595
0.32 0.48808192 0.33530999 0.22624877 0.14898572 0.09473443 0.05707987 0.03136854 0.01423745 0.00326059 -0.00331144 -0.00674089 -0.00793965 -0.00756749 -0.00610248 -0.00389148 -0.00118631 0.00183029 0.00502592 0.00830424
0.34 0.62287372 0.42719111 0.29055476 0.19523084 0.12884453 0.08277743 0.05102483 0.0293938 0.01494597 0.00561269 -7.0169E-05 -0.00314475 -0.0043572 -0.00424476 -0.0031964 -0.00149502 0.00065271 0.00309542 0.00572141
0.36 0.66989714 0.45658566 0.31066127 0.21034658 0.14110302 0.09318916 0.06004102 0.03720363 0.02162794 0.0112077 0.00447366 0.00039065 -0.00177793 -0.00256129 -0.00234306 -0.0014037 5.0258E-05 0.00186575 0.00392826
0.38 0.62858419 0.42583986 0.28974514 0.19737098 0.13403169 0.09023732 0.05978781 0.03858111 0.02386545 0.01376781 0.00699411 0.00263696 5.0859E-05 -0.00122962 -0.00154437 -0.00114444 -0.0002172 0.00109633 0.00268877
0.4 0.51394387 0.34736357 0.23740354 0.16341277 0.11273505 0.07749649 0.05271104 0.03515825 0.02271346 0.01394391 0.00786218 0.00377326 0.00117828 -0.00028739 -0.00089458 -0.00084729 -0.00030107 0.00062425 0.00183528
0.42 0.35262151 0.24026365 0.16701319 0.11768416 0.08348231 0.05919282 0.04163412 0.02880153 0.01938769 0.01250982 0.00755165 0.00406977 0.00173653 0.00030437 -0.00041725 -0.0005772 -0.00029314 0.00034102 0.00124958
0.44 0.17722573 0.12622655 0.09286767 0.06956604 0.05242338 0.03936045 0.02920542 0.02124841 0.01502327 0.01019933 0.0065268 0.0038083 0.00188312 0.0006181 -9.8311E-05 -0.00036002 -0.00024637 0.00017556 0.00084887
0.46 0.02007063 0.02545505 0.02761345 0.027021 0.02461729 0.02124854 0.01753445 0.01388095 0.01053035 0.00761116 0.00517724 0.00323576 0.00176621 0.00073282 9.2533E-05 -0.00019999 -0.0001894 8.2087E-05 0.00057546
0.48 -0.09251104 -0.04664358 -0.01962758 -0.00445 0.00345979 0.00700803 0.00801856 0.00762684 0.00653446 0.00517006 0.00379021 0.00254283 0.00150721 0.00071951 0.00018913 -9.0722E-05 -0.0001362 3.1597E-05 0.00038938
0.5 -0.14432481 -0.08153591 -0.04424009 -0.02223962 -0.00948814 -0.00236491 0.0013315 0.00296205 0.00338066 0.00312842 0.00254921 0.00186007 0.00119528 0.00063468 0.00022219 -2.1853E-05 -9.2374E-05 6.063E-06 0.00026301
0.52 -0.13133306 -0.07819738 -0.04617738 -0.0265021 -0.01433437 -0.00688688 -0.00247176 -1.8177E-05 0.0011785 0.00159294 0.00154829 0.00126434 0.0008889 0.00051911 0.00021645 1.736E-05 -5.9044E-05 -5.4876E-06 0.00017737
0.54 -0.06135534 -0.04236988 -0.02923941 -0.01958877 -0.01245661 -0.00732116 -0.00378421 -0.00149288 -0.00013325 0.00056275 0.00081367 0.00079031 0.00062119 0.00039948 0.00019013 3.6297E-05 -3.5211E-05 -9.576E-06 0.00011943
0.56 0.04830399 0.0152618 0.00018618 -0.00522901 -0.00598843 -0.00486226 -0.00325603 -0.00180115 -0.00071893 -3.0882E-05 0.00032657 0.00044307 0.00040641 0.00029117 0.00015559 4.2366E-05 -1.9081E-05 -9.9641E-06 8.0314E-05
0.58 0.17470929 0.08152691 0.03462114 0.01235784 0.0027 -0.00083427 -0.00161947 -0.00134013 -0.00078638 -0.00028973 4.3419E-05 0.0002096 0.0002462 0.00020138 0.00012049 4.0987E-05 -8.7554E-06 -8.7416E-06 5.3939E-05
0.6 0.29382331 0.14335653 0.06694012 0.02925866 0.01144048 0.00355247 0.00044799 -0.00048694 -0.00054162 -0.00032201 -8.8445E-05 6.8037E-05 0.00013484 0.00013186 8.9012E-05 3.5866E-05 -2.5602E-06 -7.0091E-06 3.6182E-05
0.62 0.38485574 0.19003796 0.09152424 0.04245668 0.01857227 0.00736307 0.00241189 0.00045134 -0.00015958 -0.00022472 -0.00012 -5.8024E-06 6.3152E-05 8.1183E-05 6.2965E-05 2.9367E-05 8.453E-07 -5.3007E-06 2.4244E-05
0.64 0.43367607 0.21478591 0.10497545 0.05015757 0.0230949 0.01001365 0.00392102 0.00126088 0.00023034 -7.4267E-05 -9.4297E-05 -3.4256E-05 2.1199E-05 4.6331E-05 4.2687E-05 2.2876E-05 2.4638E-06 -3.8386E-06 1.6227E-05
0.66 0.43476456 0.21544161 0.10634027 0.05184895 0.02467866 0.01127119 0.00480742 0.00182281 0.00054696 7.6447E-05 -4.3789E-05 -3.5669E-05 -1.2647E-07 2.3807E-05 2.7689E-05 1.7105E-05 3.0054E-06 -2.6827E-06 1.0851E-05
0.68 0.39147765 0.19428507 0.09688313 0.04813518 0.02356361 0.01119772 0.00505778 0.00209982 0.00075191 0.00019649 9.7602E-06 -2.3693E-05 -8.3207E-06 1.0278E-05 1.7104E-05 1.2339E-05 2.9489E-06 -1.8166E-06 7.2495E-06
0.7 0.31472042 0.15710106 0.0795194 0.04041892 0.02038897 0.01006207 0.00476933 0.00211484 0.00083982 0.00027276 5.3868E-05 -7.5064E-06 -9.0368E-06 2.9101E-06 9.9736E-06 8.6113E-06 2.6009E-06 -1.1933E-06 4.8391E-06
0.72 0.2203935 0.1117516 0.05805852 0.03051188 0.01599672 0.00824191 0.00410135 0.00192742 0.00082707 0.00030486 8.3189E-05 7.4476E-06 -6.1992E-06 -5.1997E-07 5.3999E-06 5.8193E-06 2.147E-06 -7.5963E-07 3.2275E-06
0.74 0.12616774 0.06656242 0.03641568 0.02025359 0.01124719 0.00613411 0.00323138 0.00161226 0.00074132 0.00030011 9.7248E-05 1.8541E-05 -2.2922E-06 -1.6364E-06 2.6267E-06 3.8062E-06 1.6907E-06 -4.6695E-07 2.1509E-06
0.76 0.04821304 0.02882547 0.0179309 0.01119958 0.00687392 0.00408557 0.00232146 0.00124236 0.00061306 0.00026936 9.8421E-05 2.5054E-05 1.295E-06 -1.5484E-06 1.0598E-06 2.4049E-06 1.2836E-06 -2.7514E-07 1.4324E-06
0.78 -0.00153585 0.0036628 0.00489387 0.00441757 0.00339237 0.0023502 0.00149673 0.00087801 0.00046982 0.00022387 9.0343E-05 2.7406E-05 3.9357E-06 -9.5914E-07 2.5825E-07 1.4622E-06 9.4546E-07 -1.532E-07 9.5326E-07
0.8 -0.01713747 -0.00659534 -0.00167753 0.0004043 0.00106515 0.00107204 0.00083619 0.00056132 0.0003328 0.00017339 7.6801E-05 2.6564E-05 5.4853E-06 -2.7421E-07 -8.7481E-08 8.501E-07 6.7831E-07 -7.8281E-08 6.3397E-07
0.82 0.00080435 -0.00247329 -0.00200794 -0.00088657 -8.3714E-05 0.00029033 0.00037337 0.00031531 0.00021579 0.00012518 6.1067E-05 2.364E-05 6.0665E-06 3.0372E-07 -1.8381E-07 4.6742E-07 4.7518E-07 -3.411E-08 4.2136E-07
0.84 0.04579234 0.01308932 0.00267087 6.8154E-05 -0.00021885 -3.9894E-05 0.00010402 0.00014629 0.0001255 8.3815E-05 4.5586E-05 1.9648E-05 5.9185E-06 6.998E-07 -1.6045E-07 2.3837E-07 3.255E-07 -9.4561E-09 2.7989E-07
0.86 0.10707613 0.03554149 0.01048867 0.0025235 0.00037566 -1.9221E-05 -2.5923E-06 4.8067E-05 6.2925E-05 5.1431E-05 3.1926E-05 1.5381E-05 5.3019E-06 9.119E-07 -9.3319E-08 1.0838E-07 2.1818E-07 3.2139E-09 1.8581E-07
0.88 0.17190885 0.0597059 0.01935506 0.00564147 0.00136919 0.00022624 8.6057E-06 6.732E-06 2.5113E-05 2.8299E-05 2.087E-05 1.1383E-05 4.446E-06 9.7301E-07 -2.2646E-08 3.965E-08 1.4311E-07 8.8162E-09 1.2328E-07
0.9 0.22796971 0.08075226 0.02734848 0.00864767 0.00244833 0.00057118 8.9337E-05 5.1022E-06 6.8788E-06 1.3432E-05 1.2605E-05 7.965E-06 3.5257E-06 9.2763E-07 3.3561E-08 7.0006E-09 9.1805E-08 1.0467E-08 8.1757E-08
0.92 0.2655099 0.09499187 0.03301475 0.01094679 0.00336335 0.00091041 0.00019626 2.627E-05 2.3002E-06 5.1728E-06 6.9119E-06 5.2536E-06 2.658E-06 8.1848E-07 7.0102E-08 -5.6958E-09 5.7524E-08 1.0078E-08 5.4191E-08
0.94 0.27886533 0.10037755 0.0355388 0.01218599 0.00395374 0.00117003 0.00029605 5.5977E-05 5.7996E-06 1.6576E-06 3.3486E-06 3.2453E-06 1.9091E-06 6.8026E-07 8.8363E-08 -8.3051E-09 3.5132E-08 8.776E-09 3.5902E-08
0.96 0.26712094 0.09665826 0.03478069 0.01226561 0.00415337 0.00131069 0.0003675 8.3834E-05 1.2805E-05 1.1421E-06 1.3915E-06 1.8575E-06 1.3061E-06 5.378E-07 9.2461E-08 -6.5417E-09 2.0847E-08 7.1929E-09 2.3775E-08
0.98 0.23387956 0.08520369 0.03119139 0.01130589 0.00397923 0.00132452 0.00040111 0.00010358 2.0038E-05 2.1922E-06 5.3477E-07 9.6979E-07 8.49E-07 4.0667E-07 8.7057E-08 -3.4801E-09 1.1961E-08 5.6554E-09 1.5738E-08
1 0.18625042 0.06856943 0.0256418 0.00958356 0.0035092 0.00122791 0.00039698 0.00011261 2.5514E-05 3.7593E-06 3.477E-07 4.5445E-07 5.2181E-07 2.95E-07 7.6267E-08 -5.9702E-10 6.5862E-09 4.311E-09 1.0413E-08
1.02 0.13330112 0.04990967 0.01920765 0.00745491 0.00285507 0.0010523 0.00036189 0.00011117 2.8354E-05 5.1748E-06 5.0068E-07 1.9468E-07 3.01E-07 2.0549E-07 6.3245E-08 1.5409E-09 3.4384E-09 3.2068E-09 6.8869E-09
1.04 0.08429155 0.03235782 0.012954 0.0052806 0.00213627 0.00083505 0.00030614 0.0001013 2.8503E-05 6.093E-06 7.6674E-07 9.4589E-08 1.6141E-07 1.3738E-07 5.0134E-08 2.8426E-09 1.6656E-09 2.3377E-09 4.5531E-09
1.06 0.04702014 0.01848601 0.00775579 0.00336449 0.00145836 0.00061175 0.00024084 8.5924E-05 2.6427E-05 6.4102E-06 1.0089E-06 8.2197E-08 7.9889E-08 8.7977E-08 3.8215E-08 3.4326E-09 7.1619E-10 1.675E-09 3.0091E-09
1.08 0.02656602 0.00992785 0.00417917 0.00191376 0.00089874 0.00041085 0.00017584 6.808E-05 2.2842E-05 6.1813E-06 1.1603E-06 1.0811E-07 3.7125E-08 5.3779E-08 2.8113E-08 3.5049E-09 2.4223E-10 1.182E-09 1.988E-09
1.1 0.02461652 0.00720953 0.00243418 0.00102293 0.00050029 0.00025086 0.00011853 5.0368E-05 1.8507E-05 5.5451E-06 1.2032E-06 1.4187E-07 1.8263E-08 3.1231E-08 2E-08 3.2495E-09 3.0568E-11 8.2274E-10 1.3129E-09
1.12 0.03945064 0.0097934 0.00239525 0.00067971 0.00027199 0.00013984 7.3274E-05 3.4681E-05 1.4082E-05 4.6677E-06 1.1497E-06 1.674E-07 1.2666E-08 1.7139E-08 1.3771E-08 2.8209E-09 -4.5062E-11 5.6546E-10 8.6678E-10
1.14 0.06652683 0.01630049 0.00367548 0.00078752 0.00019506 7.6799E-05 4.1636E-05 2.2115E-05 1.0052E-05 3.7038E-06 1.0263E-06 1.7853E-07 1.3288E-08 8.8688E-09 9.1766E-09 2.3304E-09 -5.6484E-11 3.8403E-10 5.7207E-10
1.16 0.09952111 0.02485156 0.00573337 0.00119757 0.00023215 5.4057E-05 2.2865E-05 1.3038E-05 6.7114E-06 2.775E-06 8.6311E-07 1.752E-07 1.5866E-08 4.3871E-09 5.9117E-09 1.8497E-09 -4.243E-11 2.5786E-10 3.7745E-10
1.18 0.13159423 0.03345335 0.00798884 0.00174344 0.00033749 6.0172E-05 1.4664E-05 7.2542E-06 4.1777E-06 1.962E-06 6.8735E-07 1.605E-07 1.8139E-08 2.2168E-09 3.6752E-09 1.4191E-09 -2.2241E-11 1.7124E-10 2.4896E-10
1.2 0.15664496 0.04035737 0.00992737 0.00227191 0.0004661 8.2655E-05 1.3969E-05 4.2013E-06 2.4317E-06 1.3064E-06 5.1958E-07 1.3862E-07 1.9169E-08 1.3455E-09 2.1993E-09 1.0565E-09 -4.413E-12 1.1249E-10 1.6416E-10
1.22 0.17032857 0.0443327 0.01117639 0.0026655 0.0005808 0.00011017 1.762E-05 3.1428E-06 1.3633E-06 8.1755E-07 3.7301E-07 1.1361E-07 1.8805E-08 1.1215E-09 1.2634E-09 7.6529E-10 8.2655E-12 7.3092E-11 1.0822E-10
1.24 0.17068017 0.04481575 0.0115456 0.00285483 0.00065632 0.00013397 2.2856E-05 3.3267E-06 8.1694E-07 4.8216E-07 2.541E-07 8.8717E-08 1.73E-08 1.1562E-09 6.9545E-10 5.4022E-10 1.5729E-11 4.6971E-11 7.1322E-11
1.26 0.158265 0.04192634 0.01102981 0.00282054 0.00068058 0.00014857 2.761E-05 4.098E-06 6.2727E-07 2.7377E-07 1.6402E-07 6.615E-08 1.5057E-08 1.2406E-09 3.6792E-10 3.7196E-10 1.9E-11 2.9845E-11 4.6991E-11
1.28 0.13586869 0.03636326 0.0097801 0.00258652 0.00065352 0.00015172 3.0609E-05 4.9596E-06 6.4515E-07 1.6076E-07 1.0033E-07 4.7128E-08 1.248E-08 1.28E-09 1.9044E-10 2.4991E-10 1.9345E-11 1.874E-11 3.0953E-11
1.3 0.10782028 0.02921245 0.00805302 0.00220738 0.00058429 0.00014388 3.1324E-05 5.5921E-06 7.5221E-07 1.123E-07 5.8578E-08 3.2072E-08 9.8941E-09 1.2471E-09 1.0169E-10 1.638E-10 1.7905E-11 1.1621E-11 2.0384E-11
1.32 0.07909822 0.02171135 0.00614995 0.00175318 0.00048753 0.00012739 2.982E-05 5.84E-06 8.6604E-07 1.0199E-07 3.3597E-08 2.0833E-08 7.5251E-09 1.1488E-09 6.1979E-11 1.0469E-10 1.5555E-11 7.1101E-12 1.342E-11
1.34 0.0543958 0.01501582 0.00435862 0.00129463 0.00037969 0.00010558 2.656E-05 5.6786E-06 9.3853E-07 1.0963E-07 2.0388E-08 1.2918E-08 5.4994E-09 1.0062E-09 4.695E-11 6.5169E-11 1.2899E-11 4.2869E-12 8.8337E-12
1.36 0.03731438 0.01000956 0.00290619 0.00089107 0.00027583 8.1955E-05 2.2208E-05 5.1718E-06 9.4989E-07 1.2149E-07 1.4674E-08 7.6808E-09 3.8642E-09 8.4261E-10 4.2572E-11 3.9467E-11 1.0314E-11 2.543E-12 5.8133E-12
1.38 0.0298169 0.00718391 0.00193012 0.00058269 0.00018748 5.9566E-05 1.7455E-05 4.4311E-06 9.0072E-07 1.2958E-07 1.3136E-08 4.4515E-09 2.6106E-09 6.7758E-10 4.1451E-11 2.3222E-11 8.0021E-12 1.4809E-12 3.8248E-12
1.4 0.03201653 0.00660025 0.00146885 0.00038745 0.00012147 4.0617E-05 1.2898E-05 3.5802E-06 8.0396E-07 1.3041E-07 1.3439E-08 2.6255E-09 1.6952E-09 5.2492E-10 4.0204E-11 1.3266E-11 6.0511E-12 8.4418E-13 2.516E-12
1.42 0.04231018 0.00793148 0.00147085 0.00030231 7.987E-05 2.6321E-05 8.9664E-06 2.7307E-06 6.78E-07 1.2363E-07 1.4115E-08 1.7061E-09 1.0586E-09 3.9264E-10 3.7693E-11 7.3669E-12 4.4733E-12 4.6907E-13 1.6547E-12
1.44 0.05780456 0.01056576 0.00181743 0.00030773 6.0676E-05 1.6947E-05 5.8988E-06 1.9667E-06 5.4149E-07 1.1075E-07 1.4387E-08 1.3175E-09 6.376E-10 2.8396E-10 3.3904E-11 4.002E-12 3.2399E-12 2.5256E-13 1.088E-12
1.46 0.07493514 0.01374686 0.00235334 0.00037398 5.9052E-05 1.201E-05 3.7574E-06 1.3396E-06 4.1002E-07 9.4059E-08 1.3963E-08 1.1978E-09 3.743E-10 1.987E-10 2.9275E-11 2.1644E-12 2.3026E-12 1.3056E-13 7.1526E-13
1.48 0.09015255 0.01672252 0.00291874 0.00046804 6.8713E-05 1.0532E-05 2.4653E-06 8.6939E-07 2.9451E-07 7.5931E-08 1.2863E-08 1.1806E-09 2.1971E-10 1.3456E-10 2.4339E-11 1.2097E-12 1.6075E-12 6.3827E-14 4.7013E-13
1.5 0.1005493 0.01887401 0.00337687 0.00055957 8.3252E-05 1.1319E-05 1.8562E-06 5.5099E-07 2.0093E-07 5.8357E-08 1.1266E-08 1.1724E-09 1.3556E-10 8.819E-11 1.9545E-11 7.4058E-13 1.1033E-12 2.8689E-14 3.0895E-13
1.52 0.10432085 0.01980673 0.00363338 0.00062541 9.7178E-05 1.3194E-05 1.7233E-06 3.62E-07 1.3092E-07 4.2734E-08 9.4032E-09 1.1309E-09 9.3781E-11 5.5953E-11 1.52E-11 5.2157E-13 7.4471E-13 1.1125E-14 2.0299E-13
1.54 0.10099335 0.01939105 0.00364541 0.0006519 0.00010658 1.5172E-05 1.861E-06 2.7113E-07 8.2865E-08 2.9839E-08 7.4965E-09 1.046E-09 7.513E-11 3.4416E-11 1.1473E-11 4.2037E-13 4.945E-13 3.0037E-15 1.3335E-13
1.56 0.09139694 0.01775222 0.00342057 0.00063529 0.00010936 1.6564E-05 2.0945E-06 2.4523E-07 5.3121E-08 1.9912E-08 5.7166E-09 9.2521E-10 6.7364E-11 2.0615E-11 8.4182E-12 3.6732E-13 3.2301E-13 -2.7416E-16 8.7588E-14
1.58 0.0774106 0.01521737 0.00300743 0.00058034 0.00010516 1.6996E-05 2.296E-06 2.5444E-07 3.7163E-08 1.2788E-08 4.1736E-09 7.8329E-10 6.3381E-11 1.2161E-11 6.0104E-12 3.2921E-13 2.0753E-13 -1.2318E-15 5.752E-14
1.6 0.06154253 0.01223402 0.00248065 0.0004978 9.5003E-05 1.6386E-05 2.3895E-06 2.7533E-07 3.0453E-08 8.0558E-09 2.9195E-09 6.3582E-10 5.9597E-11 7.2311E-12 4.1786E-12 2.9267E-13 1.3109E-13 -1.197E-15 3.7768E-14
1.62 0.04643403 0.00927771 0.00192404 0.00040145 8.0771E-05 1.4872E-05 2.3462E-06 2.92E-07 2.9047E-08 5.1861E-09 1.9599E-09 4.9565E-10 5.4639E-11 4.5059E-12 2.8297E-12 2.5425E-13 8.1384E-14 -8.2962E-16 2.4795E-14
1.64 0.03438102 0.00676595 0.00141478 0.00030517 6.4709E-05 1.2732E-05 2.1737E-06 2.9581E-07 2.9904E-08 3.6416E-09 1.2683E-09 3.715E-10 4.8373E-11 3.0792E-12 1.8669E-12 2.1477E-13 4.9628E-14 -4.287E-16 1.6275E-14
1.66 0.02695635 0.00499282 0.00101129 0.00022053 4.8954E-05 1.0294E-05 1.9034E-06 2.8412E-07 3.0969E-08 2.9448E-09 8.0036E-10 2.6795E-10 4.1252E-11 2.3611E-12 1.2002E-12 1.7629E-13 2.9714E-14 -1.0802E-16 1.0681E-14
1.68 0.02479136 0.00409284 0.00074615 0.00015533 3.5203E-05 7.8728E-06 1.5777E-06 2.5855E-07 3.1085E-08 2.7155E-09 5.0512E-10 1.8612E-10 3.3894E-11 1.9909E-12 7.5241E-13 1.4078E-13 1.7465E-14 1.072E-16 7.0091E-15
1.7 0.02754222 0.00403693 0.00062466 0.00011298 2.4527E-05 5.7167E-06 1.2395E-06 2.2318E-07 2.9816E-08 2.6813E-09 3.3353E-10 1.2468E-10 2.686E-11 1.7652E-12 4.6076E-13 1.0955E-13 1.0084E-14 2.2898E-16 4.5988E-15
1.72 0.03403152 0.00465724 0.00062813 9.2752E-05 1.7329E-05 3.9844E-06 9.2459E-07 1.8299E-07 2.7226E-08 2.6705E-09 2.4334E-10 8.0819E-11 2.0555E-11 1.5817E-12 2.7682E-13 8.3191E-14 5.7324E-15 2.8098E-16 3.0169E-15
1.74 0.04252569 0.00569289 0.00072082 9.0698E-05 1.3422E-05 2.7403E-06 6.5774E-07 1.4268E-07 2.3666E-08 2.5939E-09 2.0137E-10 5.11E-11 1.5203E-11 1.3983E-12 1.6461E-13 6.1741E-14 3.2251E-15 2.8676E-16 1.9789E-15
1.76 0.0510877 0.0068464 0.00085861 0.00010089 1.2192E-05 1.9675E-06 4.5159E-07 1.0596E-07 1.9603E-08 2.4223E-09 1.8385E-10 3.2052E-11 1.0877E-11 1.2056E-12 9.8491E-14 4.4831E-14 1.8149E-15 2.6549E-16 1.2978E-15
1.78 0.05793659 0.00783946 0.00099778 0.00011676 1.2782E-05 1.5897E-06 3.078E-07 7.5211E-08 1.549E-08 2.1646E-09 1.7538E-10 2.0565E-11 7.5329E-12 1.0092E-12 6.083E-14 3.1875E-14 1.0403E-15 2.3096E-16 8.5105E-16
1.8 0.06174945 0.00845867 0.00110225 0.00013231 1.4286E-05 1.4974E-06 2.1972E-07 5.1478E-08 1.1691E-08 1.8499E-09 1.6725E-10 1.4086E-11 5.0551E-12 8.1929E-13 3.999E-14 2.2206E-14 6.235E-16 1.9224E-16 5.5801E-16
1.82 0.0618574 0.00858445 0.00114842 0.00014297 1.5899E-05 1.573E-06 1.7557E-07 3.4682E-08 8.4431E-09 1.5127E-09 1.5561E-10 1.0671E-11 3.2945E-12 6.4513E-13 2.8601E-14 1.5164E-14 4.0161E-16 1.5473E-16 3.6583E-16
1.84 0.05830947 0.00820018 0.00112717 0.00014606 1.7024E-05 1.7105E-06 1.6151E-07 2.3953E-08 5.8601E-09 1.1848E-09 1.3975E-10 8.9463E-12 2.0951E-12 4.9309E-13 2.2213E-14 1.0153E-14 2.8204E-16 1.2126E-16 2.398E-16
1.86 0.05180423 0.00738236 0.00104301 0.00014085 1.7311E-05 1.8281E-06 1.6425E-07 1.7973E-08 3.9489E-09 8.8963E-10 1.207E-10 8.0183E-12 1.3129E-12 3.6609E-13 1.8288E-14 6.6661E-15 2.1409E-16 9.2951E-17 1.5718E-16
1.88 0.04351215 0.00627592 0.00091111 0.00012827 1.666E-05 1.8744E-06 1.7276E-07 1.5292E-08 2.6402E-09 6.4143E-10 1.0017E-10 7.3626E-12 8.2553E-13 2.6421E-13 1.5482E-14 4.2933E-15 1.7126E-16 6.9932E-17 1.0301E-16
1.9 0.03482919 0.00506065 0.00075295 0.00011047 1.5174E-05 1.8277E-06 1.7919E-07 1.4561E-08 1.8213E-09 4.4546E-10 7.9924E-11 6.7159E-12 5.3568E-13 1.8546E-13 1.3154E-14 2.7134E-15 1.4045E-16 5.1764E-17 6.7498E-17
1.92 0.02711093 0.00391565 0.00059169 9.0137E-05 1.309E-05 1.6911E-06 1.7904E-07 1.4687E-08 1.3634E-09 3.0005E-10 6.1345E-11 5.9838E-12 3.708E-13 1.267E-13 1.1051E-14 1.6844E-15 1.157E-16 3.7767E-17 4.4225E-17
1.94 0.02143597 0.00298833 0.00044788 6.9996E-05 1.0713E-05 1.485E-06 1.7075E-07 1.4894E-08 1.1439E-09 1.989E-10 4.5337E-11 5.1676E-12 2.7981E-13 8.4319E-14 9.1088E-15 1.0289E-15 9.4573E-17 2.7201E-17 2.8973E-17
1.96 0.01843787 0.00237259 0.00033636 5.2311E-05 8.3424E-06 1.2388E-06 1.5503E-07 1.4725E-08 1.0593E-09 1.3333E-10 3.2309E-11 4.3129E-12 2.2895E-13 5.4762E-14 7.3391E-15 6.2078E-16 7.6214E-17 1.9359E-17 1.8979E-17
1.98 0.01822991 0.00209897 0.00026463 3.859E-05 6.227E-06 9.8345E-07 1.3399E-07 1.3995E-08 1.0322E-09 9.4089E-11 2.2261E-11 3.4762E-12 1.9749E-13 3.483E-14 5.7731E-15 3.7229E-16 6.0386E-17 1.3629E-17 1.2431E-17
2 0.02042802 0.00213701 0.00023271 2.948E-05 4.5316E-06 7.4563E-07 1.1032E-07 1.2721E-08 1.0116E-09 7.2667E-11 1.4913E-11 2.7063E-12 1.7386E-13 2.1837E-14 4.4328E-15 2.2429E-16 4.7002E-17 9.4965E-18 8.1417E-18
2.02 0.02425991 0.00240784 0.00023427 2.4816E-05 3.3287E-06 5.445E-07 8.6662E-08 1.1044E-08 9.7E-10 6.2038E-11 9.8236E-12 2.0363E-12 1.5246E-13 1.3652E-14 3.3233E-15 1.3784E-16 3.5944E-17 6.5535E-18 5.3317E-18
2.04 0.02873379 0.00280365 0.00025871 2.3796E-05 2.6059E-06 3.9019E-07 6.5149E-08 9.1585E-09 8.9798E-10 5.6946E-11 6.4945E-12 1.4819E-12 1.3129E-13 8.6675E-15 2.4339E-15 8.8024E-17 2.702E-17 4.481E-18 3.4912E-18
2.06 0.03283193 0.0032098 0.00029361 2.5238E-05 2.2867E-06 2.8433E-07 4.7196E-08 7.2624E-09 7.9829E-10 5.3873E-11 4.4455E-12 1.0444E-12 1.1022E-13 5.7217E-15 1.742E-15 5.9373E-17 1.998E-17 3.0368E-18 2.2858E-18
2.08 0.03569274 0.00352546 0.00032706 2.784E-05 2.2555E-06 2.2183E-07 3.344E-08 5.5167E-09 6.8035E-10 5.0777E-11 3.2613E-12 7.1437E-13 8.9927E-14 4.0152E-15 1.2191E-15 4.2581E-17 1.4543E-17 2.0404E-18 1.4964E-18
2.1 0.03675018 0.00367926 0.00034964 3.0415E-05 2.385E-06 1.9324E-07 2.385E-08 4.0302E-09 5.5585E-10 4.6747E-11 2.6126E-12 4.7634E-13 7.1219E-14 3.023E-15 8.3457E-16 3.2249E-17 1.0426E-17 1.3594E-18 9.7958E-19
2.12 0.03580918 0.00363802 0.00035554 3.206E-05 2.5583E-06 1.8724E-07 1.7892E-08 2.8553E-09 4.3567E-10 4.1634E-11 2.2594E-12 3.1221E-13 5.4743E-14 2.4184E-15 5.5918E-16 2.5375E-17 7.3668E-18 8.9823E-19 6.4119E-19
2.14 0.03304931 0.00340777 0.00034299 3.2249E-05 2.6849E-06 1.9279E-07 1.4747E-08 1.9953E-09 3.2809E-10 3.573E-11 2.0422E-12 2.0413E-13 4.0853E-14 2.0107E-15 3.6704E-16 2.0365E-17 5.1321E-18 5.8865E-19 4.1965E-19
2.16 0.02896177 0.00302784 0.00031386 3.0839E-05 2.7083E-06 2.0071E-07 1.3497E-08 1.417E-09 2.3814E-10 2.9509E-11 1.8667E-12 1.362E-13 2.9615E-14 1.6971E-15 2.3638E-16 1.6421E-17 3.5264E-18 3.8263E-19 2.7463E-19
2.18 0.02423648 0.00255994 0.00027279 2.8019E-05 2.6072E-06 2.0454E-07 1.3288E-08 1.0655E-09 1.6768E-10 2.3454E-11 1.6863E-12 9.5385E-14 2.0872E-14 1.4287E-15 1.4977E-16 1.3165E-17 2.3906E-18 2.4668E-19 1.7971E-19
2.2 0.01962339 0.00207468 0.00022592 2.4206E-05 2.39E-06 2.0076E-07 1.3427E-08 8.7784E-10 1.1601E-10 1.7952E-11 1.4862E-12 7.1694E-14 1.4322E-14 1.1862E-15 9.3807E-17 1.043E-17 1.5993E-18 1.5773E-19 1.1759E-19
2.22 0.01579472 0.00163818 0.00017958 1.9934E-05 2.0862E-06 1.8851E-07 1.3432E-08 7.9367E-10 8.0675E-11 1.3254E-11 1.2699E-12 5.7996E-14 9.592E-15 9.6531E-16 5.8531E-17 8.1372E-18 1.056E-18 1.0001E-19 7.6935E-20
2.24 0.01323233 0.00130113 0.0001392 1.5736E-05 1.7362E-06 1.6897E-07 1.3038E-08 7.6239E-10 5.8317E-11 9.4667E-12 1.0493E-12 4.9557E-14 6.2997E-15 7.6765E-16 3.6809E-17 6.2411E-18 6.8827E-19 6.2883E-20 5.0331E-20
2.26 0.01215812 0.00109182 0.00010852 1.2053E-05 1.3821E-06 1.4455E-07 1.2167E-08 7.4675E-10 4.5353E-11 6.5813E-12 8.3764E-13 4.3502E-14 4.0904E-15 5.9573E-16 2.3695E-17 4.7027E-18 4.4289E-19 3.9201E-20 3.2925E-20
2.28 0.01251626 0.00101392 8.9189E-05 9.1772E-06 1.0598E-06 1.1818E-07 1.0876E-08 7.2335E-10 3.8498E-11 4.5041E-12 6.4615E-13 3.8288E-14 2.6607E-15 4.5096E-16 1.5872E-17 3.4808E-18 2.8144E-19 2.4226E-20 2.1536E-20
2.3 0.01400601 0.00104879 8.0811E-05 7.2316E-06 7.9441E-07 9.2611E-08 9.3025E-09 6.8105E-10 3.5064E-11 3.0943E-12 4.8201E-13 3.3244E-14 1.7671E-15 3.3302E-16 1.1195E-17 2.531E-18 1.7669E-19 1.4841E-20 1.4086E-20
2.32 0.01615512 0.0011614 8.1343E-05 6.1785E-06 5.9836E-07 7.001E-08 7.6186E-09 6.1812E-10 3.3092E-11 2.1948E-12 3.4827E-13 2.8214E-14 1.2246E-15 2.3997E-16 8.3278E-18 1.8084E-18 1.0966E-19 9.0127E-21 9.2122E-21
2.34 0.01841751 0.00130834 8.7681E-05 5.8564E-06 4.7191E-07 5.1733E-08 5.9855E-09 5.3897E-10 3.1327E-11 1.6562E-12 2.4447E-13 2.3295E-14 9.0041E-16 1.6884E-16 6.4712E-18 1.27E-18 6.7377E-20 5.4261E-21 6.0244E-21
2.36 0.02027596 0.0014463 9.6349E-05 6.0291E-06 4.0574E-07 3.8287E-08 4.5299E-09 4.5108E-10 2.9122E-11 1.3504E-12 1.6768E-13 1.8674E-14 7.0408E-16 1.1608E-16 5.1704E-18 8.769E-19 4.1058E-20 3.2399E-21 3.9394E-21
2.38 0.02133107 0.00153955 0.00010414 6.4383E-06 3.8446E-07 2.9444E-08 3.3307E-09 3.6253E-10 2.6279E-11 1.1784E-12 1.1352E-13 1.4524E-14 5.7783E-16 7.8094E-17 4.1804E-18 5.9548E-19 2.4895E-20 1.9201E-21 2.5758E-21
2.4 0.02136212 0.00156515 0.0001086 6.8491E-06 3.9031E-07 2.4452E-08 2.4185E-09 2.8027E-10 2.2893E-11 1.0703E-12 7.7154E-14 1.096E-14 4.8728E-16 5.1541E-17 3.3775E-18 3.9784E-19 1.509E-20 1.1309E-21 1.6841E-21
2.42 0.02035112 0.00151533 0.00010833 7.0835E-06 4.0641E-07 2.2266E-08 1.7823E-09 2.0922E-10 1.9213E-11 9.8248E-13 5.3886E-14 8.0309E-15 4.1385E-16 3.3508E-17 2.7036E-18 2.6164E-19 9.205E-21 6.6344E-22 1.101E-21
2.44 0.01846914 0.00139695 0.00010305 7.0379E-06 4.192E-07 2.1781E-08 1.3818E-09 1.5194E-10 1.5527E-11 8.9208E-13 3.9655E-14 5.7214E-15 3.4883E-16 2.1605E-17 2.133E-18 1.6951E-19 5.6988E-21 3.8898E-22 7.1974E-22
2.46 0.01603022 0.00122852 9.3448E-05 6.6847E-06 4.1974E-07 2.2005E-08 1.1607E-09 1.0885E-10 1.2093E-11 7.9109E-13 3.1208E-14 3.9732E-15 2.8914E-16 1.3959E-17 1.6538E-18 1.0832E-19 3.6148E-21 2.2907E-22 4.7048E-22
2.48 0.01342388 0.0010355 8.0904E-05 6.0613E-06 4.04E-07 2.2174E-08 1.0587E-09 7.8744E-11 9.0948E-12 6.8063E-13 2.6142E-14 2.7018E-15 2.3447E-16 9.1664E-18 1.2582E-18 6.8403E-20 2.3694E-21 1.3641E-22 3.0752E-22
2.5 0.0110398 0.00084506 6.7158E-05 5.2502E-06 3.7228E-07 2.1807E-08 1.021E-09 5.9351E-11 6.6334E-12 5.6644E-13 2.2826E-14 1.8133E-15 1.8553E-16 6.2171E-18 9.386E-19 4.2823E-20 1.6132E-21 8.2822E-23 2.0099E-22
2.52 0.00919883 0.00068109 5.3937E-05 4.3562E-06 3.281E-07 2.0696E-08 1.0041E-09 4.7958E-11 4.7296E-12 4.5552E-13 2.0257E-14 1.2164E-15 1.4308E-16 4.4142E-18 6.8645E-19 2.6703E-20 1.1406E-21 5.172E-23 1.3136E-22
2.54 0.0081018 0.00056049 4.2663E-05 3.4837E-06 2.7682E-07 1.886E-08 9.7897E-10 4.1879E-11 3.3435E-12 3.5405E-13 1.7903E-14 8.3023E-16 1.0751E-16 3.2969E-18 4.9221E-19 1.6698E-20 8.3287E-22 3.3459E-23 8.5841E-23
2.56 0.00780388 0.00049101 3.4258E-05 2.7188E-06 2.2424E-07 1.6476E-08 9.2994E-10 3.8799E-11 2.3959E-12 2.6628E-13 1.555E-14 5.8862E-16 7.8725E-17 2.5742E-18 3.4612E-19 1.0564E-20 6.227E-22 2.2503E-23 5.6094E-23
2.58 0.00821685 0.00047105 2.9061E-05 2.1183E-06 1.7554E-07 1.3802E-08 8.5316E-10 3.6951E-11 1.7894E-12 1.9432E-13 1.3175E-14 4.4055E-16 5.6222E-17 2.0719E-18 2.3879E-19 6.8318E-21 4.7223E-22 1.5709E-23 3.6653E-23
2.6 0.00913647 0.00049102 2.6861E-05 1.7053E-06 1.345E-07 1.111E-08 7.5303E-10 3.5166E-11 1.4259E-12 1.3828E-13 1.0846E-14 3.4927E-16 3.9213E-17 1.6919E-18 1.6175E-19 4.5603E-21 3.6024E-22 1.1317E-23 2.3948E-23
2.62 0.01028823 0.00053597 2.7016E-05 1.4714E-06 1.0315E-07 8.6367E-09 6.3868E-10 3.2823E-11 1.2183E-12 9.6818E-14 8.6622E-15 2.8997E-16 2.6775E-17 1.3828E-18 1.0768E-19 3.1614E-21 2.7468E-22 8.3426E-24 1.5646E-23
2.64 0.01138166 0.0005888 2.8627E-05 1.384E-06 8.182E-08 6.5456E-09 5.2084E-10 2.9736E-11 1.0973E-12 6.7695E-14 6.7087E-15 2.472E-16 1.7972E-17 1.1203E-18 7.059E-20 2.277E-21 2.084E-22 6.2397E-24 1.0222E-23
2.66 0.01216296 0.00063349 3.0727E-05 1.3961E-06 6.9433E-08 4.9211E-09 4.0935E-10 2.6015E-11 1.0135E-12 4.8276E-14 5.0415E-15 2.1223E-16 1.1939E-17 8.9431E-19 4.5689E-20 1.6944E-21 1.5687E-22 4.7E-24 6.6776E-24
2.68 0.0124568 0.00065768 3.2458E-05 1.4563E-06 6.3951E-08 3.771E-09 3.1164E-10 2.1937E-11 9.3647E-13 3.5963E-14 3.6818E-15 1.8081E-16 7.9301E-18 7.0081E-19 2.9327E-20 1.2905E-21 1.1692E-22 3.5451E-24 4.362E-24
2.7 0.0121908 0.0006544 3.3191E-05 1.5182E-06 6.2917E-08 3.0424E-09 2.3204E-10 1.7826E-11 8.5094E-13 2.8462E-14 2.6211E-15 1.5142E-16 5.341E-18 5.3807E-19 1.8788E-20 9.9576E-22 8.6211E-23 2.667E-24 2.8492E-24
2.72 0.01139965 0.00062256 3.2595E-05 1.5467E-06 6.3912E-08 2.6444E-09 1.7186E-10 1.3978E-11 7.5296E-13 2.3932E-14 1.8288E-15 1.2398E-16 3.7068E-18 4.0439E-19 1.2119E-20 7.7141E-22 6.2843E-23 1.9961E-24 1.861E-24
2.74 0.01021011 0.00056644 3.0647E-05 1.5214E-06 6.4923E-08 2.47E-09 1.2985E-10 1.0614E-11 6.4552E-13 2.1025E-14 1.2621E-15 9.8956E-17 2.6871E-18 2.974E-19 7.9569E-21 5.9586E-22 4.5276E-23 1.4837E-24 1.2154E-24
2.76 0.00881081 0.00049425 2.7582E-05 1.437E-06 6.4554E-08 2.4158E-09 1.0307E-10 7.8551E-12 5.3505E-13 1.8846E-14 8.7374E-16 7.69E-17 2.0451E-18 2.1406E-19 5.376E-21 4.5672E-22 3.2239E-23 1.0944E-24 7.9377E-25
2.78 0.00741371 0.00041623 2.3808E-05 1.3008E-06 6.2094E-08 2.3962E-09 8.7688E-11 5.7329E-12 4.2859E-13 1.688E-14 6.1822E-16 5.8169E-17 1.6247E-18 1.5087E-19 3.7685E-21 3.4629E-22 2.2688E-23 8.0062E-25 5.1837E-25
2.8 0.0062146 0.00034264 1.9814E-05 1.1292E-06 5.7461E-08 2.3506E-09 7.9763E-11 4.2043E-12 3.3213E-13 1.489E-14 4.5589E-16 4.2851E-17 1.3288E-18 1.0423E-19 2.747E-21 2.5923E-22 1.5782E-23 5.8082E-25 3.385E-25
2.82 0.00535973 0.0002819 1.6065E-05 9.4273E-07 5.1054E-08 2.246E-09 7.5803E-11 3.1769E-12 2.4964E-13 1.2825E-14 3.5479E-16 3.0786E-17 1.1012E-18 7.0694E-20 2.0727E-21 1.9137E-22 1.0853E-23 4.1785E-25 2.2103E-25
2.84 0.00492401 0.00023943 1.2932E-05 7.6189E-07 4.3569E-08 2.0737E-09 7.3106E-11 2.5348E-12 1.8295E-13 1.0736E-14 2.9103E-16 2.1626E-17 9.122E-19 4.7209E-20 1.6037E-21 1.3925E-22 7.3793E-24 2.9813E-25 1.4432E-25
2.86 0.00490358 0.00021699 1.0638E-05 6.0349E-07 3.5804E-08 1.8434E-09 6.9895E-11 2.1593E-12 1.3192E-13 8.7167E-15 2.4804E-16 1.492E-17 7.4793E-19 3.1171E-20 1.2582E-21 9.9833E-23 4.9616E-24 2.1099E-25 9.4229E-26
2.88 0.00522303 0.00021286 9.2443E-06 4.785E-07 2.8497E-08 1.5764E-09 6.5274E-11 1.9452E-12 9.4977E-14 6.8608E-15 2.1537E-16 1.0183E-17 6.0321E-19 2.0484E-20 9.9098E-22 7.0524E-23 3.2996E-24 1.4815E-25 6.152E-26
2.9 0.00575459 0.00022252 8.6656E-06 3.9127E-07 2.2211E-08 1.2983E-09 5.9066E-11 1.8097E-12 6.9699E-14 5.2389E-15 1.8714E-16 6.9514E-18 4.7677E-19 1.3518E-20 7.7741E-22 4.9092E-23 2.1708E-24 1.0323E-25 4.0163E-26
2.92 0.00634504 0.0002398 8.7044E-06 3.3998E-07 1.7273E-08 1.0334E-09 5.1594E-11 1.6955E-12 5.3332E-14 3.8894E-15 1.6065E-16 4.8157E-18 3.6857E-19 9.0614E-21 6.0412E-22 3.368E-23 1.4134E-24 7.1386E-26 2.6219E-26
2.94 0.0068449 0.00025809 9.1031E-06 3.1806E-07 1.377E-08 8.0068E-10 4.3453E-11 1.5696E-12 4.3215E-14 2.8191E-15 1.3516E-16 3.4411E-18 2.7844E-19 6.2434E-21 4.6339E-22 2.2782E-23 9.1115E-25 4.9006E-26 1.7115E-26
2.96 0.00713451 0.00027159 9.5955E-06 3.1611E-07 1.1582E-08 6.1153E-10 3.5313E-11 1.4189E-12 3.7061E-14 2.0093E-15 1.1093E-16 2.5687E-18 2.0554E-19 4.4623E-21 3.5008E-22 1.5202E-23 5.8191E-25 3.3401E-26 1.1172E-26
2.98 0.00714267 0.00027616 9.9525E-06 3.2395E-07 1.0446E-08 4.6984E-10 2.777E-11 1.2445E-12 3.3096E-14 1.4247E-15 8.8621E-17 2.0102E-18 1.4832E-19 3.3178E-21 2.6016E-22 1.0014E-23 3.6854E-25 2.2606E-26 7.2921E-27
3 0.0068552 0.00026985 1.0015E-05 3.3239E-07 1.0023E-08 3.7291E-10 2.1255E-11 1.0559E-12 3.0089E-14 1.0217E-15 6.8859E-17 1.6371E-18 1.0477E-19 2.5544E-21 1.9006E-22 6.5195E-24 2.3177E-25 1.5195E-26 4.7595E-27
3.02 0.00631265 0.00025294 9.7068E-06 3.3451E-07 9.9692E-09 3.1334E-10 1.6E-11 8.6595E-13 2.7297E-14 7.5574E-16 5.2056E-17 1.3671E-18 7.2589E-20 2.0162E-21 1.3647E-22 4.2024E-24 1.4501E-25 1.0144E-26 3.1063E-27
3.04 0.00559855 0.00022766 9.0373E-06 3.2631E-07 9.9882E-09 2.8121E-10 1.2047E-11 6.8714E-13 2.4368E-14 5.861E-16 3.8344E-17 1.1524E-18 4.9512E-20 1.612E-21 9.6314E-23 2.6887E-24 9.051E-26 6.7265E-27 2.0273E-27
3.06 0.00482104 0.00019752 8.0821E-06 3.0674E-07 9.8649E-09 2.6612E-10 9.2841E-12 5.2908E-13 2.1226E-14 4.7919E-16 2.76E-17 9.6759E-19 3.3433E-20 1.2917E-21 6.684E-23 1.7135E-24 5.6552E-26 4.4311E-27 1.323E-27
3.08 0.00409163 0.00016653 6.9608E-06 2.7728E-07 9.4795E-09 2.5881E-10 7.5005E-12 3.9756E-13 1.796E-14 4.0945E-16 1.9512E-17 8.0188E-19 2.2533E-20 1.0288E-21 4.5643E-23 1.0929E-24 3.553E-26 2.8998E-27 8.6336E-28
3.1 0.00350514 0.00013849 5.8091E-06 2.4115E-07 8.8019E-09 2.5215E-10 6.4392E-12 2.9444E-13 1.4734E-14 3.5918E-16 1.3658E-17 6.5211E-19 1.5326E-20 8.0976E-22 3.0704E-23 7.0196E-25 2.2561E-26 1.8855E-27 5.6338E-28
3.12 0.00312434 0.0001163 4.7523E-06 2.0238E-07 7.8744E-09 2.4164E-10 5.8437E-12 2.1829E-13 1.1717E-14 3.1738E-16 9.5819E-18 5.1866E-19 1.0654E-20 6.276E-22 2.0382E-23 4.5715E-25 1.4558E-26 1.2181E-27 3.6761E-28
3.14 0.00297137 0.00010158 3.8853E-06 1.6499E-07 6.7857E-09 2.2529E-10 5.4923E-12 1.654E-13 9.044E-15 2.7824E-16 6.842E-18 4.0279E-19 7.6572E-21 4.7793E-22 1.3387E-23 3.0397E-25 9.5911E-27 7.8191E-28 2.3986E-28
3.16 0.00302725 9.457E-05 3.2612E-06 1.3227E-07 5.6443E-09 2.0319E-10 5.2175E-12 1.3084E-13 6.7981E-15 2.3959E-16 5.0532E-18 3.0526E-19 5.7248E-21 3.5717E-22 8.7335E-24 2.0745E-25 6.4724E-27 4.9881E-28 1.565E-28
3.18 0.00323856 9.4192E-05 2.8882E-06 1.0632E-07 4.5547E-09 1.7686E-10 4.9119E-12 1.0942E-13 5.0058E-15 2.0143E-16 3.9027E-18 2.2586E-19 4.4449E-21 2.6184E-22 5.6897E-24 1.4566E-25 4.4772E-27 3.1626E-28 1.0211E-28
3.2 0.00352973 9.8445E-05 2.7353E-06 8.7985E-08 3.5999E-09 1.4858E-10 4.5241E-12 9.6387E-14 3.6468E-15 1.6482E-16 3.1538E-18 1.6336E-19 3.5524E-21 1.8829E-22 3.7276E-24 1.0506E-25 3.1687E-27 1.9933E-28 6.6616E-29
3.22 0.00381824 0.00010484 2.7432E-06 7.6855E-08 2.8315E-09 1.2076E-10 4.0473E-12 8.7901E-14 2.6676E-15 1.3111E-16 2.6402E-18 1.1579E-19 2.8867E-21 1.3289E-22 2.476E-24 7.7488E-26 2.2853E-27 1.2492E-28 4.3459E-29
3.24 0.00402974 0.00011087 2.8385E-06 7.1607E-08 2.2674E-09 9.543E-11 3.5044E-12 8.1198E-14 1.9962E-15 1.014E-16 2.2541E-18 8.0782E-20 2.3564E-21 9.2155E-23 1.6813E-24 5.805E-26 1.6709E-27 7.7874E-29 2.8351E-29
3.26 0.00411051 0.00011449 2.9483E-06 7.0369E-08 1.8956E-09 7.4031E-11 2.934E-12 7.4578E-14 1.5562E-15 7.6369E-17 1.9322E-18 5.5834E-20 1.9136E-21 6.2903E-23 1.1745E-24 4.3868E-26 1.232E-27 4.8315E-29 1.8494E-29
3.28 0.00403522 0.00011436 3.0123E-06 7.112E-08 1.6824E-09 5.7247E-11 2.3777E-12 6.7249E-14 1.2762E-15 5.6203E-17 1.6427E-18 3.8601E-20 1.5355E-21 4.2384E-23 8.4607E-25 3.3231E-26 9.1167E-28 2.9854E-29 1.2064E-29
3.3 0.00380905 0.00011002 2.9903E-06 7.2043E-08 1.5816E-09 4.5082E-11 1.8713E-12 5.9088E-14 1.0967E-15 4.0652E-17 1.3739E-18 2.7024E-20 1.212E-21 2.8311E-23 6.2712E-25 2.5109E-26 6.7435E-28 1.8391E-29 7.8689E-30
3.32 0.00346418 0.00010183 2.8662E-06 7.1773E-08 1.5447E-09 3.6999E-11 1.4394E-12 5.0392E-14 9.7261E-16 2.9169E-17 1.1247E-18 1.9416E-20 9.3857E-22 1.8862E-23 4.7534E-25 1.8852E-26 4.971E-28 1.1309E-29 5.1325E-30
3.34 0.00305185 9.0849E-05 2.646E-06 6.9522E-08 1.5282E-09 3.2123E-11 1.0941E-12 4.1653E-14 8.7324E-16 2.104E-17 8.987E-19 1.4467E-20 7.1213E-22 1.2633E-23 3.6546E-25 1.403E-26 3.6437E-28 6.9546E-30 3.3476E-30
3.36 0.00263168 7.8524E-05 2.3538E-06 6.509E-08 1.4995E-09 2.9446E-11 8.3538E-13 3.3387E-14 7.8072E-16 1.5506E-17 7.0019E-19 1.122E-20 5.2912E-22 8.5868E-24 2.8271E-25 1.033E-26 2.6515E-28 4.2858E-30 2.1833E-30
3.38 0.00226043 6.6404E-05 2.0241E-06 5.8768E-08 1.4389E-09 2.8001E-11 6.5425E-13 2.6012E-14 6.8698E-16 1.1858E-17 5.3196E-19 9.0119E-21 3.8509E-22 5.9777E-24 2.1851E-25 7.5169E-27 1.9135E-28 2.6536E-30 1.4239E-30
3.4 0.0019821 5.5859E-05 1.6943E-06 5.1191E-08 1.3397E-09 2.6986E-11 5.3588E-13 1.9795E-14 5.9068E-16 9.4877E-18 3.9461E-19 7.4116E-21 2.748E-22 4.2905E-24 1.6787E-25 5.4022E-27 1.3686E-28 1.6557E-30 9.2862E-31
3.42 0.00182129 4.7858E-05 1.3978E-06 4.3153E-08 1.2056E-09 2.584E-11 4.6314E-13 1.4839E-14 4.9434E-16 7.92E-18 2.8658E-19 6.1596E-21 1.9262E-22 3.1808E-24 1.2769E-25 3.8331E-27 9.6967E-29 1.0443E-30 6.0558E-31
3.44 0.00178031 4.285E-05 1.1589E-06 3.544E-08 1.0477E-09 2.425E-11 4.1942E-13 1.1101E-14 4.0204E-16 6.8117E-18 2.0472E-19 5.1126E-21 1.3304E-22 2.4267E-24 9.593E-26 2.6848E-27 6.804E-29 6.6786E-31 3.9491E-31
3.46 0.00184071 4.0745E-05 9.8956E-07 2.8693E-08 8.8058E-10 2.2128E-11 3.9073E-13 8.4357E-15 3.1777E-16 5.9383E-18 1.449E-19 4.2011E-21 9.0968E-23 1.8904E-24 7.107E-26 1.8565E-27 4.7278E-29 4.3413E-31 2.5751E-31
3.48 0.00196817 4.0995E-05 8.8985E-07 2.3323E-08 7.1899E-10 1.9555E-11 3.6669E-13 6.634E-15 2.4454E-16 5.1698E-18 1.0268E-19 3.3974E-21 6.1995E-23 1.4896E-24 5.1874E-26 1.2676E-27 3.253E-29 2.8728E-31 1.6792E-31
3.5 0.00211992 4.2745E-05 8.492E-07 1.9483E-08 5.7501E-10 1.6717E-11 3.4087E-13 5.4701E-15 1.8391E-16 4.4453E-18 7.3826E-20 2.6942E-21 4.2488E-23 1.1768E-24 3.7287E-26 8.5504E-28 2.2165E-29 1.9358E-31 1.0949E-31
3.52 0.00225297 4.5011E-05 8.5004E-07 1.7088E-08 4.5664E-10 1.3841E-11 3.1036E-13 4.7315E-15 1.3608E-16 3.7483E-18 5.4592E-20 2.0911E-21 2.959E-23 9.254E-25 2.6392E-26 5.7015E-28 1.4958E-29 1.3271E-31 7.1389E-32

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Spring 2023