Unit Outline

27 September 2022 06:58

Op#on F FSI - high in west, lower in asia (except middle asia), bad in africa Same as FSI, but south america also bad
Food &…

Too high in europe, little high in asia + south america, too low in Africa

Food security Index - affordability, availability, quality, safety, sustainability, adaptation to risks

Global hunger index - proportion of energy deficient people, prevalence of underweight children <5,
mortality rate <5, 100 point scale - lower is better

Caloric supply per capita - average number of calories available per person

Stunted growth - number of children <5 with stunted growth, impaired growth and development
experienced from poor nutrition, repeated infection, inadequate psychosocial stimulation
Pattern: typically countries with higher gdp per capita have low stunting. Poor countries + those affected
by bad climate have high stunting
Diseases of poverty - infectious diseases that can spread
Diseases of affluence - cannot spread, usually old age or lifelong, genetic
Nutrition transition:
Stage 1 - hunter-gathering
Stage 2 - labour intensive agriculture, famine is common
Problems with managing lifelong diseases, especially in poorer countries:
Stage 3 - famine reduces as agriculture becomes industrialised
Prevention requires lifestyle changes - difficult for people to do
Stage 4 - diets with high calories, sugar, fats, processed foods, sedentary lifestyle
Need MDT’s - highly trained medical staff, expensive
Stage 5 - healthier diets and more active lifestyles
Need patient self-management, lots of people working on it
It is an ongoing process - must be consistent
Causes of nutrition transition:
Urbanisation - greater choice of food at lower prices, processed food becomes easily available in
supermarkets, refigeration + microwaves
Per capita incomes - more choice and quantity of food available, e.g. diets shifting from bread, potatoes
to more meat, dairy, sugar, oils.
FDI - processed food became more available as they are more profitable and have longer shelf life
Food marketing - cheaper, processed foods and junk food is advertised much more than healthier food.
Sales are usually given to these foods as well

HALE: Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy: Pro: measures quality and quantity of life
Average number of years a person can expect to live in full health by removing years lived less than full Con: hard to obtain data by survey, possibly unreliable
health due to disease/injury
Pro: reflects sanitation, Links to life expectancy
Con: some children not registered, May be affected by Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Infant mortality - Average number of deaths <1 per 1000 births
Pro: Most birth complications are preventable/treatable, give insight into female emancipation
Maternal mortality - Average number of deaths per 100,000 births while being pregnant/after childbirth
Con: Variations in country possible, difficult to collect in LEDC
associated with the pregnancy
Pro: Sanitation reduces water-borne disease, reduces transmission of diseases
Access to sanitation - percentage of population which has access and is using improved sanitation
Con: only access and not use, proxy data - doesn't measure health but a factor affecting it
facilities - includes piped water, clean drinking water sources,
Pro: shows if people can access healthcare, shows strain on healthcare professionals
Ratio between physicians/patients - ratio of physicians per 10000 people
Con: unlicensed physicians in LEDC's, varies in local regions
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Epidemiological transition:
1) Epidemic Diseases + famines
2) Reduced famines
3) Degenerative and ’man made diseases’ like lactose intolerance, OCD
4) Delayed degenerative diseases (old age illnesses) and emerging infections (new types of
diseases/new strains with increased resistance
Water footprint of food production:
1/3 in meat - best in industrial setting compared to open field grazing, best to use
concentrates (like pellet feeding), depends on which animal

Energy efficiency of food production:

Crops easier to grow than meat, larger animals take longer to harvest, and so take
Role of government in combating food insecurity and diseases: more energy (cows worst)
Subsidising farmers WFP: world food programme Fishing is not efficient if going on commercial boats
Encouraging private sector participation Give food to areas in conflict/natural disasters
Research and development into improving technology for farming
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation
Role of NGO’s improve food security of countries by providing fertilisers, teaching sustainable seeding practice, log Food Entitlement Deficiency (FED) - Food available but people can't afford for political
Oxfam - supporting Yemeni refugees, teaching sustaiable farming in South Sudan data on expected rainfall or social reasons
MSF France - Gather volunteer doctors and medical professionals to provide free medical treatment in Funded by UN Food Availability Deficiency (FAD) - Food unavailable due to environmental (drought,
conflict zones of low income countries, receive funding from governments and donations from the flood)
publiuc WHO - world health organisation
Prepare countries for health emergencies, pandemics Food Security - Exists when all people always have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious
Role of TNC’s food meeting dietary req
Agribusiness - produce food in large scale quantities using high level tech and chemicals
Food manufactureres - turn raw materials into processed foods e.g. Nestle FED causes:
Fast food - sell meals and food in restauratns e.g. McDonalds Poverty
Retail - Supermarkets like walmart providing ingredients for food Gender inequality
Conflict
TNC BAD - can kick out small farmers from the game, as they are much more competitive in the market, Trade regimes
thus putting local farmers in poverty. Causes domestic economy to become worse
FAD causes:
Gender roles relating to food and health Climate
Agricultural gender gaps, women can’t own farming land, can’t have access to their own finances
Obesity in HIC's:
Somalia Famine Advertising on bad foods
Caused by big drought in 2011, increase in food cost, soil degradation, government was being very Sales on processed foods
corrupt Processed foods easier to eat
Civil War - al shabab controlling the land, intercepting the aid by other countries. Government basically Lots of fast food outlets
Barriers to diffusion
got overtaken, they can’t do anything. Political: borders, migration control
Disease diffusion processes: Physical: distance decay, remote locations
Climate change effect: locusts migrating north to Somalia, feeding on crops Expansion - source and expands
Relocation - moves to new areas
International aid: al shabab taking it, famines still going on, US put sanctions on amount of international Contagious - spread through direct contact
aid due to 'terrorist groups'. The world is more focused on the Ukraine war right now, so Somalia is Hierarchal - from cities, towns, villages
being neglected GMO advantages disadvantages: Network - through transport networks
Resistant to herbicides
More nutrient rich Diffusion of agricultural innovation:
Resist extreme temperatures Face to face
Media
Solutions to food insecurity: • Taste weird Written (papers)
GMO's - genetically modified crops that produce higher yield and have resistance to pesticides and • Can be exterminated by a newly mutated bacteria, as they have same
genome Geographic factors relating to water and vector borne diseases Demographic impacts:
diseases
• Can damage biodiversity of natural plants Leading cause of deaths
Malaria: Pregnant woman 4x more likely to suffer
Vertical farming - growing crops vertically in urban centres. Takes up less space, less environmental
impact, less transportation needed as already grown in the urban centres Vertical farming advantages disadvantages: Along the equator, warm + moderate rain
Reduces transport cost Where disease control not available Socioeconomic impacts:
Higher yield per sq km Impairs 60% of children's school learning ability
Lab grown meat - grown from animal stem cells, no need to feed animals and grow them for years.
Machinery not needed Cholera: lesson 9 Impact GDP of nations by 5%
Takes up less space
11 million dollars spent on treatment in Uganda
Reducing waste - inequalities of food in America, restaurants waste millions of tonnes of food each year, • Land cost a lot in urban areas
which could be given out to people in need • Critics say it is not energy efficient compared to normal farming
In vitro meat advantages disadvantages:
Future health: Environmentally friendly
Preventative medicine - prevent diseases by encouraging healthy diets and lifestyles Farmland saved, reduce ecological footprint
Curative healthcare - treat symptoms of diseases to make it easier for the patients Allows additives, so more nutritious
Government should prioritise on improving quality of life in the country
Unethical for some cultures + religions
Weird taste/texture sometimes
Prevention and treatment: Sophisticated tech for labs to use, initial high investment
Preventative healthcare: good long term - as you prevent the bad stuff from happening, and
therefore save lots of resources on treating the disease and its symptoms
Cheaper
Prevents pain + discomfort of diseases
Encourages healthy habits
Good for economy as people don't take as much time off work for medical reasons
Disease contained

Curative healthcare: treating symptoms of disease, lots of investment need for medicines, machinery,
training of medical staff
Expensive
Need to employ lots of labour
Lowers productivity of nation
Diseases can spread

Ebola:
Check lesson 17a and 17b