Oscillations, Waves and Optics (1) - Pyq

fiziks
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT‐JAM, M.Sc. Entrance, JEST, TIFR and GRE in Physics
Oscillations, Waves and Optics

IIT-JAM 2005
Q1. Consider a beam of light of wavelength  incident on a system of a polarizer and an
analyzer. The analyzer is oriented at 450 to the polarizer. When an optical component is
introduced between them, the output intensity becomes zero. (Light is incident normally
on all components). The optical component is
(a) a full-wave plate (b) a half-wave plate
(c) a quarter-wave plate (d) an ordinary glass plate
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Half wave plate introduce phase difference of  , if incidence wave is plane polarized
than after passing through HWP the wave is also plane polarized. If electric field of the
incidence wave makes angle 450 with optic axis of HWP than plane polarized at output
will be at 450 , as a result it will incidence on polarizer at 900 . According to malus law
intensity at output will be
I  I 0 cos 2   I 0 cos 2 ( / 2)  0
Q2. A combination of two thin convex lenses of equal focal lengths, is kept separated along
the optic axes by a distance of 20 cm between them. The combination behaves as a lens
system of infinite focal length. If an object is kept at 10 cm from the first lens, its image
will be formed on the other side at a distance x from the second lens. The value of x is
(a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm (c) 6.67 cm (d) infinite
Ans.: (a)
Solution: As we see in the figure that the image is formed 10 cm apart from the second lens.
f  10 cm f  10 cm
f f
10 cm 20 cm 10 cm
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IIT-JAM 2006
Q3. At a given point in space the total light wave is composed of three phasors P1  a ,
a i a
P2  e and P3  e i . The intensity of light at this point is
2 2
   
(a) 4a 2 cos 2   (b) 4a 2 cos 4  
2 2
(c) a 2 cos 2   (d) 4a 2 cos 2 2 
Ans.: (b)
a i a  i a
Solution: P  P1  P2  P3  a  e  e   2  cos   i sin   cos   i sin  
2 2 2

 a 1  cos    2a cos 2
2
 
I  P 2  4a 2 cos 4  
2
Q4. A spring-mass system has undamped natural angular frequency 0  100 rad s 1 . The
solution x  t  at critical damping is given by xt   x0 1   0 t  exp  0 t  , where x0 is a
constant. The system experiences the maximum damping force at time

(a) 0.01s (b) 0.1s (c) 0.01 s (d) 0.1 s
Ans.: (a)
dx
Solution: Damping force, Fd  b
dt
dFd d 2x d 2x
For maximum damping force,  0  b 2  0  0
dt dt dt 2
 x0 1  0 t  e0t  0   x00 e0t   x00  x00 1  0 t   e0t

dx
dt
d2x
  x00  x00 1  0 t   e 0t  0   x000 e0t   x002 1  0 t  e0t  0
dt 2
1  0 t  0  t  1
0  t  0.01sec
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
Q5.  
E  x, y, z, t   A 3iˆ  4 ˆj expi t  kz  represents an electromagnetic wave. Possible
directions of the fast axis of a quarter wave plate which convert this wave into a
circularly polarized wave are
(a)
1
7iˆ  ˆj  and
1
 iˆ  7 ˆj  (b)
1
3iˆ  4 ˆj  and
1
4iˆ  3 ˆj 
2 2 2 2
(c)
1
3iˆ  4 ˆj  and
1
4iˆ  3 ˆj  (d)
1
7iˆ  ˆj  and
1 ˆ

i  7 ˆj 
2 2 2 2
Ans.: (a)
Solution: The fast axis of the quarter wave plate must make angle of 450 with the direction of
vibration of electric field so that amplitude of ordinary ray and extra-ordinary ray is equal
to produce circularly polarized light.
 
 
E  x, y, z , t   A 3iˆ  4 ˆj expi t  kz   E 0 A expi t  kz 


Where E 0  3iˆ  4 ˆj 
  
Let us calculate the angle between E0 and A 
1 ˆ ˆ
7i  j   and B
1

 iˆ  7 ˆj 
2 2
1 1
 
E0  A
 21  4   25
1
cos      2  2     450 and
E0 A 25  50 / 2 25 2
1 1
 
E0  B
 3  28   25
1
cos      2  2     450
E0 B 25  50 / 2 25 2
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IIT-JAM 2007
Q6. When two simple harmonic oscillations represented by y
x  A0 cos t    and y  B0 cos t    are superposed
2
at right angles, the resultant is an ellipse with its major axis 1
along the y -axis as shown in the figure. The conditions O x
1 2
which correspond to this are
 
(a)     ; A0  2 B0 (b)     ; A0  B0
2 4
 
(c)     ;2 A0  B0 (d)     ; A0  B0
2 4
Ans.: (c)
Q7. Three polarizers P , Q and R are placed parallel to each other with their planes
perpendicular to the z -axis. Q is placed between P and R . Initially the polarizing
directions of P and Q are parallel, but that of R is perpendicular to them. In this
arrangement when unpolaized light of intensity I 0 is incident on P , the intensity coming
out of R is zero. The polarizer Q is now rotated about the z -axis. As a function of angle
of rotation, the intensity of light coming out of R is best represented by
(a) Io (b)
I0
4 4
Io I0
8 8
  3 2   3 2
2 2 2 2
(c) I0 (d) I0
4 4
I0 I0
8 8
  3 2   3 2
2 2 2 2
Ans.: (b)
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I0
Solution: I1  1  0 2   3   90   
2
P Q R
I
I 2  0 cos 2 
2 I0 I1  I0 / 2
I0 I3
I3 
I0
cos 2  cos 2  90    I2  cos 2 
2 2
  0  I3  0
I0 I 1 1 I0
  45  I 3  cos 2 45cos 2 45  0 
2 2 22 8
  900  I 3  0
IIT-JAM 2008
Q8. The instantaneous position x  t  of a small block performing one-dimensional damped
oscillations x  t   Ae  rt cos t  a  . Here  is the angular frequency,  the damping
dx
coefficient, A the initial amplitude and  the initial phase. If x t 0  0 and  v,
dt t 0
the values of A and  (with n  0,1, 2,.... ) are
(a) A 
v
, 
2n  1  (b) A 
v
,   n
2 2 
(c) A 
v
, 
2n  1 (d) A 
2v
, 
2n  1
 2  2
Ans.: (c)
 2n  1
Solution: x t 0  A cos   0  cos   0   
2
dx
 Ae t    cos  t     Ae t sin t    
dt
 Ae  t   cos t     sin t     
A   cos     sin     v 
dx v
v  A  v  A
dt t 0 
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IIT-JAM 2009
Q9. Among the following displacement versus time plots, which ones may represent an over-
damped oscillator?
(P) (Q)
xt  xt 
t
t
(R) xt  (S)

xt  t
t
(a) only (P) and (Q) (b) only (P) and (R)
(c) only (P) and (S) (d) only (P), (R) and (S)
Ans.: (a)
IIT-JAM 2010
Q10. A quarter-wave plate is placed in between a polarizer and a photo-director. When the
optic axis of the quarter-wave plate is kept initially parallel to the pass axis of the
polarizer and perpendicular to the direction Direction of
of light propagation. The intensity of light rotation of
quarter wave
plate
passing through the quarter-wave plate is
measured to be I 0 (see figure). If the quarter
wave plate is now rotated by 45 0 about an

axis parallel to the light propagation, what
would be the intensity of the emergent light Polaroid Quarter wave plate Photo - detector
measured by the photo-director?
Io I0 I0
(a) (b) (c) (d) I 0
2 2 2 2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: After passing through QWP plane polarized light of intensity I 0 will convert into
circularly polarized with intensity I 0 .
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IIT-JAM 2011
Q11. Six simple harmonic oscillations each of same frequency and equal amplitude are
superposed. The phase difference between any two consecutive oscillations i.e.,
n  n 1   is constant, where n is the phase of the nth oscillation. If the resultant
amplitude of the superposition is zero, what is the phase difference  ?
  
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2π
6 3 2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Resultant amplitude of the superposition of n SHM is
a sin n / 2 
R , where,    n  
sin  / 2 n
a sin  n / 2 
R  0  sin  n / 2   0  n / 2  
sin  / 2 

     2
2
Q12. Intensity of three different light beams after passing through an analyzer is found to vary
as shown in the following graphs. Identify the option giving the correct states of
polarization of the incident beams from graphs.
1 1
Graph1 Graph 2
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Analyzer Orientation (Radians) Analyzer Orientation (Radians)
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Graph 3
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Analyzer Orientation (Radians)
(a) Graph1: Linear Polarization Graph2: Circular Polarization, Graph3: Elliptic

Polarization
(b) Graph 1: Circular Polarization, Graph 2: Linear Polarization, Graph 3: Elliptic
Polarization
(c) Graph 1: Unpolarized Graph 2: Circular Polarization, Graph 3: Linear Polarization
(d) Graph 1: Unpolarized Graph 2: Elliptic Polarization, Graph 3: Circular Polarization
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Graph I  UPL or CPL
Graph II  LPL
Graph III  EPL or UPL + LPL or CPL + LPL
Hence answer is (b)
IIT-JAM 2012
Q13. A lightly damped harmonic oscillator loses energy at the rate of 1% per minute. The
decrease in amplitude of the oscillator per minute will be closest to
(a) 0.5% (b) 1% (c) 1.5% (d) 2%
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Decay of energy is governed by equation, E  E 0 e 2t
Decay of amplitude is governed by equation, A  ae t
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Q14. Group I contains x- and y- components of the electric field and Group II contains the type
of polarization of light.
Group I Group II
cost  kz 
E0
Ex 
P. 2 1. Linearly Polarized
E y  E 0 sin t  kz 
Q. E x  E 0 sin t  kz  2. Circularly Polarized

E y  E 0 cost  kz 
R. E x  E1 sin t  kz  3. Unpolarized

E y  E 2 sin t  kz 
E x  E 0 sin t  kz 
S.   4. Elliptically Polarized
E y  E 0 sin  t  kz  
 4
The correct set of matches is
(a) P  4; Q  2; R  4; S  1 (b) P  1; Q  3; R  1; S  4
(c) P  4; Q  2; R  1; S  4 (d) P  3; Q  1; R  3; S  2
Ans.: (c)
E0
Solution: P. E x  cost  kz  and E y  E 0 sin t  kz 
2
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is /2 with different amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be elliptically polarized.
Q. E x  E 0 sin t  kz  and E y  E 0 cost  kz 
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is /2 with same amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be circularly polarized.
R. E x  E1 sin t  kz  and E y  E 2 sin t  kz 
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is 0 with different amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be linarly polarized.
 
S. E x  E 0 sin t  kz  and E y  E 0 sin  t  kz  
 4
The phase difference between Ex and Ey is /4 with same amplitude. Therefore the
resultant will be elliptically polarized.
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IIT-JAM 2013
 2abxt  a 2 x 2  b 2 t 2 
Q15. A traveling pulse is given by f  x, t   A exp  where A, a, b and c
 c2 
are positive constants of appropriate dimensions. The speed of the pulse is
b 2b cb b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a a a 2a
Ans.: (a)
 2abxt  a 2 x 2  b 2 t 2    ax  bt 2 
Solution: f  x, t   A exp   A exp  
 c2   c2 
Phase factor is constant
 ax  bt 
2
 const   ax  bt   const  c 2
2
2
c
Taking differentiation, we get
ax  bt adx  bdt   0  adx  bdt  0  dx / dt  b / a
Velocity of the pulse is b/a
IIT-JAM 2014
Q16. A collimated beam of light of diameter 1 mm is propagating along the x-axis. The beam
is to be expanded to a collimated beam of diameter 10 mm using a combination of two
convex lenses. A lens of focal length of 50 mm and another lens with focal length F are
to be kept at a distance d between them. The values of F and d respectively, are
(a) 450 mm and 10 mm (b) 400 mm and 500 mm
(c) 550 mm and 600 mm (d) 500 mm and 550 mm
Ans.: (d)
Solution:  AO* P and  AOP (Refer to the figure)
AO* OP 0.5 mm 50 mm
    f 2  500 mm
AO OP 5 mm f2
d  OO  50  500  550 mm
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f2
f1  50 mm
A
1 mm
P O 10 mm
*
O
A
50
f2
Q17. The electric fields of two light sources with nearby frequencies 1 and  2 , and wave
 
vectors k1 and k 2 , are expressed as E1  E10 iˆ e  i k1z 1t  and E 2  E 20 iˆ e  i k2 z 2t  ,
respectively. The interference pattern on the screen is photographed at t  t 0 ; denote
k1  k 2 z  1   2 t 0 by  . For this pattern
(a) a bright fringe will be obtained for cos   1

(b) a bright fringe intensity is given by E10   E 20 
2 2
(c) a dark fringe will be obtained for cos   1

(d) a drak fringe intensity is given by E10  E 20 
2
Ans.: (d)
Solution: A bright fringe will be obtained for cos   1
A bright fringe intensity is given by  E10  E20 

2
A dark fringe will be obtained for cos   1

Q18. White light is incident on a grating G1 with groove density 600 lines/mm and width
50 mm. A small portion of the diffracted light is incident on another grating G2 with
groove density 1800 lines/mm and width 15 mm. The resolving power of the combined
system is
(a) 3  10 3 (b) 57  10 3 (c) 81  10 7 (d) 108  10 5
Ans.: (c)
Solution: R1  n1 N1  1 N1  N1  600  50
R2  n2 N 2  1  N 2  N 2  1800  15
R  R1 R2  81107
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Q19. A stationary source (see figure) emits sound waves of

frequency f towards a wall. If an observer moving Source
Wall
with speed u in a direction perpendicular to the wall,
30
9 30
measures a frequency f   f at the instant shown,
8
Observer u
then u is related to the speed of sound Vs as
(a) Vs (b) Vs / 2 (c) Vs / 4 (d) Vs / 8

Ans.: (c)
Solution: Velocity component along sound wave
u
u cos 600 
2
 u  u
 Vs  2  9  Vs  
2
 f f   f  f 
 Vs  8  Vs 
   
9Vs  8Vs  4u
Vs
Vs  4u  u 
4
IIT-JAM 2015
Q20. At room temperature, the speed of sound in air is 340 m/sec. An organ pipe with both
ends open has a length L  29 cm . An extra hole is created at the position L / 2 . The
lowest frequency of sound produced is
(a) 293 Hz (b) 586 Hz (c) 1172 Hz (d) 2344 Hz
Ans.: (c)
v
Solution: The fundamental frequency in organ pipe with both end open is f 
2L
L/2
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L
with additional rate at , the fundamental frequency becomes
2
v v v 340 m / sec
f     1172 Hz
2 L  2 L L 29  102 m
2
Q21. Vibrations of diatomic molecules can be represented as those of harmonic oscillators.
Two halogen molecules X 2 and Y2 have fundamental vibrational frequencies
v X  16.7 1012 Hz and vY  26.8  1012 Hz , respectively. The respective force constants
are K X  325 N / m and K Y  446 N / m . The atomic masses of F, Cl and Br are

19.0, 35.5 and 79.9 atomic mass unit respectively. The halogen molecules X 2 and Y2 are
(a) X 2  F2 and Y2  Cl2 (b) X 2  Cl 2 and Y2  F2
(c) X 2  Br2 and Y2  F2 (d) X 2  F2 and Y2  Br2
Ans.: (b)
Solution: The oscillation frequency of diatomic molecule with reduce mass ‘  ’ is
1 k 1 k
f   where k is force constant.
2  4 2
f2
mx mx m
For X 2 molecule:    x
m x  mx 2
1 kx 1 325 N / m
 mx    
2 f x 2   3.14   
2 2 2 2
16.7 1012 Hz
 mx  59.07 1027 kg  35.5 1.67 1027 kg  35.5 a.m.u.
This is the atomic mass of chlorine  Cl  .
my my my
For Y2 molecule:   
my  my 2
1 ky 1 446 N / m
 my    
2 f  2   3.14   26.8 10 
2 2 2 2
12
y Hz
 my  31.73 1027 kg  19 1.67  1027 kg  19 a.m.u.
This is the atomic mass of F . Thus, correct answer is option (b)
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Q22. Doppler effect can be used to measure the speed of blood through vessels. Sound of
frequency 1.0522 MHz is sent through the vessels along the direction of blood flow. The
reflected sound generates a beat signal of frequency 100 Hz . The speed of sound in blood
is 1545 m / sec . The speed of blood through the vessel, in m / sec , is
(a) 14.68 (b) 1.468 (c) 0.1468 (d) 0.01468
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Consider Vb , Vsound are velocities of blood cell and sound in blood. The sound of
frequency  f0  is traveling towards blood cell where blood cell is moving away with
velocity Vb
f0
Vsound Vb
Frequency of sound observed on blood cell is
V  Vb 
f   f 0  sound (i)
 Vsound 
Sound from blood cell of frequency f  reflect back.
f
observer Vb
 Vsound 
The frequency observed by observer is f  f   (ii)
 Vsound  Vb 
V  Vb   Vsound 
From equation (i) and (ii), we get f  f 0  sound
 Vsound   Vsound  Vb 
V  Vb 
 f  f 0   sound  (iii)
 Vsound  Vb 
V  Vb   2Vb 
Now, f  f 0  f  f 0  f 0  sound   f0  
 Vsound  Vb   Vsound  Vb 
2Vb f V  Vb 2 f 0 Vsound
   sound   Vb 
Vsound  Vb f0 Vb f  2 f0 
 f  1
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Given Vsound  1545 m / sec, f 0  1.0522  106 Hz , f  100 Hz
1545 1545
Vb    0.073  Vb  0.073 m / sec
 2  1.0522  106
 21043
  1
100
Thus the best suitable answer is option (d).

Q23. The following figure shows a double slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern produced by two
slits, each of width a separated by a distance b, a  b .
Secondary maxima
Primary maxima
Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) Reducing a increases the separation between consecutive primary maxima
(b) Reducing a increases the separation between consecutive secondary maxima
(c) Reducing b increases the separation between consecutive primary maxima
(d) Reducing b increases the separation between consecutive secondary maxima
Ans.: (a) and (d)
Solution: The minima condition for double slit Fraunhofer diffraction is
n
a sin   n  sin   where a is the width of slit.
a
Reducing ‘ a ’ increases the separation between diffraction minima i.e. increases the
separation between consecutive primary maxima.
The condition of interference maxima is
m
b sin   m  sin   where b is the separation between slits.
b
The position of interference maxima gives the separation between secondary maxima.
Reducing ‘ b ’ increases the separation between consecutive secondary maxima.
The correct answer is option (a) and (d).
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Q24. Unpolarized light is incident on a calcite plate at an angle of incidence 50 o as shown in

the figure. Take n0  1.6584 and ne  1.4864 for calcite. The angular separation
( in degrees) between the two emerging rays within the plate is
Air
50 0
Optic axis Calcite
Ans.: 3.51
Solution: Inside the crystal incident light split into two components, ordinary ray and extra-
ordinary ray
i  500
sin i
According to Snell’s law n
sin r
For ordinary ray i  500 , no  1.6584 ro
sin i  sin i  re
 sin ro   ro  sin 1 
no  no  e- ray
o- ray
 sin 500  1  0.766 
 ro  sin 1    sin    sin 1  0.462  r0  27.510
 no   1.6584 
For extra-ordinary ray i  500 , ne  1.4864
sin i  sin i 
 sin re   re  sin 1 
ne  ne 
 sin 500  1  0.766 

 re  sin 1    sin    sin 1  0.515  re  31.020
 ne  1.4864 
Thus, the angular separation between the o - ray and e - ray is   re  ro  3.510
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Q25. For the arrangement given in the following figure, the coherent light sources A, B and C
have individual intensities of 2 mW / m 2, 2 mW / m 2 and 5 mW / m 2 respectively at point P .

The wavelength of each of the sources is 600 nm . The resultant intensity at point P
P
(in mW / m 2 ) is ___________.
15 mm
A
3.22 mm
B 1m
2.04 mm
C
Ans.: 9.23
p
Solution: The electric field on the screen is the sum of the fields
produced by the slits individually. y
2d A
E  E1  E2  E3  A  Aei  Beia , where   sin  d O
 D
B
The total intensity at  is ad
C
I  EE *  2 A2  B 2  2 A2 cos   2 AB cos  a   cos 1  a   
where
2 d 2 d 2 d y 3.22 103 15 103
 sin      2    505.7
   D 6 107 1
  145.80
given, A2  2 mw / m , B 2  5 mw / m 2 , d  3.22 mm, ad  2.04 mm, a  0.6335 mm
 I  2  2  103  5  103  2  2  103 cos    2 2 5  103 cos a  cos 1  a   
 9.23  103 w / m 2
I  9.23 mw / m 2
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IIT-JAM 2016
Q26. Consider a particle of mass m following a trajectory given by x  x0 cos 1t and
y  y0 sin 2t , where x0 , y0 , 1 and 2 are constants of appropriate dimensions. The force on
the particle is
(a) central only if 1  2 (b) central only if x0  y0 and 1  2
(c) always central (d) central only if x0  y0 and 1  2

Ans.: (c)
x   x012 cos 1t 
Solution:  y   y022 cos 2t
 
r  xiˆ  yiˆ   
r   y022 cos 2tiˆ  x012 cos 1tjˆ 

If 1  2 then   
r   y022 cos 2tiˆ  x012 cos 1tjˆ   2 r
Q27. Two sinusoidal signals of frequency  x and  y having same y

1
amplitude are applied to x - and y - channels of a cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO), respectively. The following stationary figure
x
will be observed when 1 1
(a)  y   x (b) phase difference is 0

1
(c)  y  2 x (d) phase difference is  / 2
Ans.: (b)
x number of cuts on y -axis 4
Solution:     x  2 y
 y number of cuts on x-axis 2
and this lissajous figure appears when phase difference is 0 . Thus correct option is (b)
Q28. Light traveling between two points takes a path for which
(a) time of flight is always minimum (b) distance is always minimum
(c) time of flight is extremum (d) distance is extremum
Ans.: (c)
Solution: According to Fermat’s principle, the ray will correspond to that path for which the time
taken is an extremum in comparison to nearby paths i.e. it is either a minimum or a
maximum or stationary. Thus correction option is (c).
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Q29. A train passes through a station with a constant speed. A stationary observer at the station
platform measures the tone of the train whistle as 484 Hz when it approaches the station
and 442 Hz when it leaves the station. If the sound velocity in air is 330 m / s , then the
tone of the whistle and the speed of the train are
(a) 462 Hz , 54 km / h (b) 463 Hz , 52 km / h
(c) 463 Hz , 56 km / h (d) 464 Hz , 52 km / h
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Let f o = original frequency of the whistle
f a = observed frequency when train approaches platform
f r = observed frequency when train recedes platform
vt = velocity of train
v = velocity of sound in air
 v   v 
 fa  fo   and f r  f o  
 v  vt   v  vt 
f a v  vt  f  fr  484  442
Now,   vt   a  v  vt   330  15 m / sec  54 km / hr
f r v  vt  fa  fr  484  442
f  v  vt  330  15
and f o  a   484  462 Hz
v 330
Q30. The minimum length of a plane mirror to see the entire full-length image of an object is
half of the object’s height. Suppose  is the distance between eye and top of the head of
a person of height h . The person will be able to see his entire full-length image with a
mirror of height h / 2 fixed on the wall
(a) when the bottom edge of mirror is kept h / 2 above the floor
(b) when the bottom edge of mirror is kept  h    / 2 above the floor
(c) when the bottom edge of mirror is kept  h    / 2 above the floor
(d) when the centre of the mirror is at the same height as centre of the person
Ans.: (c)
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Solution: Let BH  h is the height of person H

H
HE   , where H represents top of head and E represents eye.

 /2

In the mirror, distance between eye and top of head will be .
E E
2
h/2
h h
Since total height of mirror is ,
2
h  B
therefore, for diagram BE    and BE  h  
2 2
   h  h  B
 BH   h    and BB  BH   BH   h     
2 2 2 2 2 2
Q31. A particle travels in a medium along a horizontal linear path. The initial velocity of the
particle is v0 and the viscous force acting on it is proportional to its instantaneous
velocity. In the absence of any other forces, which one of the following figures correctly
represents the velocity of the particle as a function of time?
v t  v t 
(a) (b)
t t
v t  v t 
(c) (d)
t t
Ans.: (d)
Solution: Viscous force  instantaneous velocity
mdv  t  dv  t  b
F  bv  t    bv  t     dt
dt v t  m
Integrating on both sides

dv  t  b b
 v t    dt  ln v  t    t  c
m m
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where t  0, v  t   v0  c  ln v0
b  v t   b v t  b
 t
 ln v  t    t  ln v0  ln     t   e m
m  v0  m v0
Thus graph (d) correctly represent the variation of v  t  w.r.t. time.
Q32. A lightly damped harmonic oscillator with natural frequency 0 is driven by a periodic
force of frequency  . The amplitude of oscillation is maximum when

(a)  is slightly lower than 0
(b)   0
(c)  is slightly higher than 0

(d) The force is in phase with the displacement
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Amplitude in driven oscillator is
F0 / m
A
   2   4b 2 2
2 2
0
To find the condition for maximum amplitude, differentiate above equation w.r.t.  and
dA
put 0
d
dA  F0  1  2 0     2   8b 
2 2 2
i.e.    0
d   m   2   2 1/ 2
0     4b  
2 2 2 2
 2b 2  02   2  0    02  2b2
Thus  is slightly lower than 0 . Correct option is (a).
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Q33. A block of mass 0.38 kg is kept at rest on a frictionless surface and attached to a wall
with a spring of negligible mass. A bullet weighing 0.02 kg moving with a speed of
200 m / s hits the block at time t  0 and gets stuck to it. The displacement of the block
(in metre) with respect to the equilibrium position is given by
(Spring constant  640 N / m )

(a) 2sin 5t (b) cos10t (c) 0.4 cos 25t (d) 0.25sin 40t
Ans.: (d)
k k 640
Solution:      1600
m m  m 0.38  0.02
  40 rad/sec
Let v be the velocity acquired by the block m where bullet m strikes it and comes to
rest in it.
By conservation of momentum
m 0.02 0.02
 m  m  v  mv  v  v  200   200  10 m / sec
m  m 0.38  0.02 0.4
The block is set in oscillation about it mean position with maximum amplitude A
dx
 x  A sin t   A cos t
dt
In the mean position, the velocity is maximum
10 10
 A  10  A    0.25
 40
 x  0.25sin 40t
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Q34. In the optical arrangement as shown below, the axes

of two polarizing sheets P and Q are oriented such detector
unpolarized
that no light is detected. Now when a third polarizing light
P Q
sheet  R  is placed in between P and Q , then light is
detected. Which of the following statement  s  is (are) true?
(a) Polarization axes of P and Q are perpendicular to each other.

(b) Polarization axis of R is not parallel to P
(c) Polarization axis of R is not parallel to Q
(d) Polarization axes of P and Q are parallel to each other.
Ans.: (a), (b) and (c)
Solution: According to Malu’s law
I0
I cos 2  where  is angle between pass axis of P and Q I0 I
2
unpolarized
where I  0 ,    900 light
P Q
i.e. P and Q are perpendicular to each other. Thus option (a) is correct.
If third polarizer R is introduced between P and Q making angle 1 w.r.t. pass axis of
P and 900  1 w.r.t.  .
I0
I  cos 2 1 cos 2  90  1 
2
If 1  0 , then I  0 thus R can’t be parallel to P . Now, If 1  900 , then again I  0 .
Thus R can’t be parallel to  also.

Thus options (a), (b) and (c) are correct.
Q35. When sunlight is focused on a paper using a bi-convex lens, it starts to burn in the
shortest time if the lens is kept 0.5 m above it. If the radius of curvature of the lens is
0.75 m then, the refractive index of the material is…………….
Ans.: 1.75 R1
Solution: For bi-convex lens R2
0.5m  f
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1 1  1
   1   
 R1 R2  f
1 1 1 1
   1     0.75    1.75
f  1 1  0.5  1  1 
    
 0.75 0.75 
 R1 R2 
IIT-JAM 2017
Q36. The dispersion relation for electromagnetic waves travelling in a plasma is given as
 2  c 2 k 2   p2 , where c and  p are constants. In this plasma, the group velocity is:
(a) proportional to but not equal to the phase velocity
(b) inversely proportional to the phase velocity
(c) equal to the phase velocity
(d) a constant
Ans. : (b)
d c2k  c 2 k 2   p2
Solution:   c k      c k    vg 
2 2 2 2
p
2
 2 2
p and v p  
dk c 2 k 2   p2 k k
c2
 vg 
vp
Q37. Which of the following is due to inhomogeneous refractive index of earth’s atmosphere?
(a) Red colour of the evening Sun
(b) Blue colour of the sky
(c) Oval shape of the evening Sun
(d) Large apparent size of the evening Sun
Ans. : (c)
Solution: At sunrise and sunset, the Sun is near the horizon. Due to inhomogenous refractive
index of atmosphere, the rays from the upper and lower part of the periphery of the Sun
bend unequally on traveling through earth’s atmosphere. That is why the Sun appears
oval at the time of sunrise and sunset.
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Q38. A pendulum is made of a massless string of length L and a small bob

of negligible size and mass m . It is released making an angle
L 0 1 L  
 0   1rad  from the vertical. When passing through the vertical, the
m
string slips a bit from the pivot so that its length increases by a small m
amount    L  in negligible time. If it swings up to angle 1 on the other side before
starting to swing back, then to a good approximation which of the following expressions
is correct?
  
(a) 1   0 (b) 1   0 1  
 2L 
   3 
(c) 1   0 1   (d) 1   0 1  
 L  2L 
Ans. : (b)

Solution: mgl 1  cos i   mg  l    1  cos  f 
   f 
l 2sin 2  i    l    2sin 2  
2  2 
1/ 2 1/ 2
   
i   f  1     f  i 1  
 l  l
     
 f  i  1   , i   0   f   0  1  
 2l   2l 
Q39. Consider two coherent point sources ( S1 and S2 ) separated by a small distance along a
vertical line and two screens P1 and P2 as shown in Figure. Which one of the choices
represents the shapes of the interference fringes at the central regions on the screens?
(a) Circular on P1 and straight line on P2
P2
(b) Circular on P1 and circular on P2 S1
S2
(c) Straight lines on P1 and straight lines on P2 P1
(d) Straight lines on P1 and circular on P2
Ans. : (a)
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Solution: The locus of constant path difference on plate P2 is straight line. Therefore on plate P2
interference fringes are straight line in nature. Whereas on plate P1 the locus of constant
path difference is circular, therefore fringes are circular
  
Q40. Unpolarized light is incident on a combination of polarizer, a plate and a and a
2 2 4
plate kept one after the other. What will be the output polarization for the following
configurations?
 
Configuration 1: Axes of the polarizer, the plate and the plate are all parallel to
2 4
each other

Configuration 2: The plate is rotated by 450 with respect to configuration 1.
2

Configuration 3: The plate is rotated by 450 with respect to configuration 1.
4
(a) Linear for configuration 1 linear for configuration 2, circular for configuration 3.
(b) Linear for configuration 1 circular for configuration 2, circular for configuration 3.
(c) Circular for configuration 1 circular for configuration 2, circular for configuration 3.
(d) Circular for configuration 1 linear for configuration 2, circular for configuration 3.
Ans. : (b) X
2 2
x y 2 xy
Solution: The output of polarization is 2
 2 cos   sin 2  E0
a b ab 
where a  E0 cos  , b  E0 sin  and  is phase
y
Difference between o and e -rays at the exit of plate
Configuration 1: /2 /4
P
LP (Circularly Polarized)
LP LP
  00   00
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Configuration 2:
       / 2 
/2 /4
P
CP (Circularly Polarized)
LP LP
  450   450
Configuration 3:        / 2 
/2 /4
P
CP (Circularly Polarized)
LP
  00   450
Thus correct option is (b)
Q41. Unpolarized light of intensity I 0 passes through a polarizer P1 . The light coming out of
the polarizer falls on a quarter-wave plate with its optical axis at 450 with respect to the
polarization axis of P1 and then passes through another polarizer P2 with its polarization
axis perpendicular to that of P1 . The intensity of the light coming out of P2 is I . The
ratio I 0 / I is………….
(Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 4.00
Solution The intensity at the emerged beam at the exit of second polaroid P2 is
I0
I sin 2  2 
4
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when   450 P1 P2
I0
I
I0
4
  I
sin 2 900  0
4 /4
I0
 4
I
Q42. An anti-reflection film coating of thickness 0.1  m is to be deposited on a glass plate for
normal incidence of light of wavelength 0.5  m . What should be the refractive index of
the film?
(Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)
Ans. : 1.25
 1
Solution The condition for constructive interference is 2 t   m    , where m  0,1, 2
 2
 for m  0
/2  0.5  106 m 5
   6
  1.25
2t 4t 4  0.1  10 m 4
Q43. Intensity versus distance curve for a double slit diffraction experiment is shown in the
figure below. If the width of each of the slits is 0.7  m , what is the separation between
the two slits in micrometers? (Specify your answer to two digits after the decimal point)
Intensity
Distance
Ans. : 3.50
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d n
Solution: The condition for the absent order is 
b m
where, for m  1, 5th interference
b
maxima is absent (from figure)
 m  1, n  5 e d
d
  5  d  5b  5  0.7  m  3.5 m
b
IIT-JAM 2018
Q44. Two vehicles A and B are approaching an observer O at rest with equal speed as shown
in the figure. Both vehicles have identical sirens blowing at a frequency f s . The observer
hears these sirens at frequency f A and f B , respectively from the two vehicles. Which
one of the following is correct? A

O
B
(a) f A  f B  f s (b) f A  f B  f s
(c) f A  f B  f s (d) f A  f B  f s
Ans.: (b)
Solution: Doppler shift
 vs   vs  A
f A  fs  , fB  fs  
 vs  v A   vs  v B  
O
VA  VB  Vs B
 f A  fB  fs
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Q45. Which of the following arrangements of optical components can be used to distinguish
between an unpolarised light and a circularly polarised light?
/2 /2
(a) plate analyser (b) polariser plate analyser
Light Light
/4 /4
(c) plate analyser (d) polariser plate analyser
Light Light
Ans.: (c)
Solution: (i) In configuration (A), output will be linearly polarized for both
(ii) In configuration (B), output will be linearly polarized for both
(iii) In configuration (C), output will be linearly polarized of constant intensity if input is
unpolarised whereas it is linearly polarized with intensity varying from zero to maximum
if input is circularly polarized.
(iv) In configuration (D) output will be linearly polarized for both.
Q46. The plane of polarisation of a plane polarized light rotates by 600 after passing through a
wave plate. The pass-axis of the wave plate is at an angle  with respect to the plane of
polarization of the incident light. The wave plate and  are
   
(a) , 600 (b) ,300 (c) ,1200 (d) ,300
4 2 2 4
Ans.: (b)
Solution: When plane polarized light is incident on the  / 4 plate, it converts it into circularly
polarized light, whereas  / 2 plate rotates is by angle 2 , where  is angle between
fast axis and polarization direction.
Given, 2  600    300 .
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Q47. Consider two waves y1  a cos t  kz  and y2  a cos     t   k  k  z  . The
group velocity of the superposed wave will be (    and k  k )
(a)
    (b)
 2    (c)

(d)
   
 k  k   2k  k  k  k  k 
Ans. : (c)
Solution: y1  a cos t  kz  , y2  a cos     t   k  k  z 
 t  kz   2   2k  k 
 y  y1  y2  2a cos    cos  t z
 2   2 2 
 / 2 
vg  
k / 2 k
Q48. Consider a convex lens of focal length f . A point object moves towards the lens along
its axis between 2 f and f . If the speed of the object is V0 , then its image would move
with speed VI . Which of the following is correct?
(a) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.
(b) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.
(c) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.
(d) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.

Ans. : (c)
2
 f  1 1 1
Solution: VI    V0 and  
 f u  v u f
For, u  f , vi  V0 and u decreases than v increases.
 VI  V0 and image moves away from the lens.
Q49. Two beams of light in the visible range  400 nm  700 nm  interfere with each other at a
point. The optical path difference between them is 5000 nm . Which of the following
wavelengths will interfere constructively at the given point?
(a) 416.67 nm (b) 555.55 nm (c) 625 nm (d) 666.66 nm
Ans.: (a),(b) and (c)
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2
Solution:    p.d 

For constructive interference   2n where n is integer
2 p.d 5000nm
 2n   p.d     
 n n
for, n  8,   625 nm
n  9,   555  55 nm
n  10,   500 nm
n  11,   454  5 nm
n  12,   416  67 nm
Thus, correct options are (a),(b) and (c)
Q50. Consider a convex lens of focal length f . The lens is cut along a diameter in two parts.
The two lens parts and an object are kept as shown in the figure. The images are formed
at following distances from the object:
2f
x
0 f
(a) 2 f (b) 3 f (c) 4 f (d) 

Ans.: (b), (c) and (d)
1 1 1
Solution: For first lens  
v u f
1 1 1
For second lens  
v u f
(i) if u   , v  f , v   (ii) if u  2 f , v  2 f , v  2 f
(iii) if u  2 f , v  2 f No image (iv) if u  2 f , v  2 f , v  2 f
(v) if u  f , v  , v   (vi) u  f , v  ve , No image
Thus, V cannot be 2 f . The correct options are (b),(c) and (d)
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Q51. In a grating with grating constant d  a  b , where a is the slit width and b is the
separation between the slits, the diffraction pattern has the fourth order missing. The
b
value of is______. (Specific your answer as an integer.)
a
Ans. : 3
d  ab   b
Solution: n  m  m   m 1  
a  a   a
b b
For, m  1, n  4  4  1  3
a a
Q52. Consider a slit of width 18  m which is being illuminated simultaneously with light of
orange color (wavelength 600 nm ) and of blue color (wavelength 450 nm ) . The
diffraction pattern is observed on a screen kept at a distance in front of the slit. The
smallest angle at which only the orange color is observed is 1 and the smallest angle at
which only the blue color is observed is  2 . The angular difference  2  1 (in degrees)
is___________
(Specify your answer upto two digits after the decimal point)
Ans.: 0.48
Solution: d sin   
 1  1  600  10 
9
1  sin 1    sin  6 
 1.910
d  18 10 
 2  1  450  10 
9
 2  sin    sin 
1
6   1.430
d   18 10 
  2  1  0.480 .
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Q53. A thin lens of refractive index is kept inside a liquid of refractive index . If the focal
2 3
length of the lens in air is 10 cm , then the focal length inside the liquid is
(a) 10 cm (b) 30 cm (c) 40 cm (d) 50 cm
Ans. : (c)
1  3  1 1 
Solution:    1   
f a  2   R1 R2 
3 
1
1  3/ 2  1 1  fl  2 
  1     4
fl  4 / 3   R1 R2  fa  9 
  1
8 
fl  4 f a  4 10  40 cm
Q54. Light of wavelength  (in free space) propagates through a dispersive medium with
refractive index n     1.5  0.6 . The group velocity of a wave travelling inside this
medium in units of 108 m/s is

(a) 1.5 (b) 2.0 (c) 3.0 (d) 4.0
Ans. : (b)
d d d  2
Solution: vg   k 
dk d  dk 
 2 d dk 2
  2
2 d  d 
 2 d  c 2  c ck
    n 
2 d   n  vp 
d  1 
 c 2  
d   n 
d  d 
 n   0  1   n   1  n   n
d  
 c 2 d  c 2 
n2  2 n2 2
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n    0.6  1.5  1.2  c

c c     107 m
n 2
1.5  2.6  2
1.5
2
 c  2 108
3
Q55. The maximum number of intensity minima that can be observed I the Fraunhofer
diffraction pattern of a single slit (width 10  m ) illuminated by a laser bean
(wavelength 0.630  m ) will be
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 12 (d) 15
Ans. : (d)
Solution: e sin   n
e 10  m
nmax    15.87  15
 0.63  m
Q56. For an under damped harmonic oscillator with velocity v  t 
(a) Rate of energy dissipation varies linearly with v  t 
(b) Rate of energy dissipation varies as square of v  t 
(c) The reduction in the oscillator frequency, compared to the undamped case, is
independent of v  t 
(d) For weak damping, the amplitude decays exponentially to zero
Ans. : (b), (c), (d)
Solution: Displacement x  Ae  rt sin t   
dx
Velocity v  Ae  rt cos t   
dt
1 2 1 1
Energy E mv  m 2 x 2  ,  2 A2 e 2 rt
2 2 2
dE 1
Power dissipation, P   m 2 A2 e2 rt  2r 
dt 2
P  v2
Power dissipation is proportional to v 2 , thus option (a) is wrong and option (b) is correct.
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Also, displacement x  Ae  rt sin t    decays exponentially to zero, thus option (d) is
also correct.
The damped oscillation frequency is
  02  r 2
It is independent of v  t  . Thus option (c) is also correct.
Q57. An object of 2 cm height is placed at a distance of 30 cm in front of a concave mirror

with radius of curvature 40 cm . The height of the image is ________cm.
Ans. : 4
Solution: u  30 cm O
f  20 cm 2 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R O F
       20 cm
v u f v f u 20 30
1 1 30 cm
  v  60 cm
v 60
I v
m 
O u
 60 
I   2 cm  4 cm
 30 
Q58. The 7th bright fringe in the Young’s double slit experiment using a light of wavelength
550 nm shifts to the central maxima after covering the two slits with two sheets of
different refractive indices n1 and n2 but having same thickness 6  m . The value of
n1  n2 is _______.
(Round off to 2 decimal places)

Ans. : 0.64
Solution:  n1  1 t   n2  1 t  7
7 7  550  109
 n1  n2     0.64
t 6  106
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Q59. Light of wavelength 680 nm is incident normally on a diffraction grating having

4000 lines/cm . The diffraction angle (in degrees) corresponding to the third-order
maximum is ______
(Round off to 2 decimal places)
Ans. : 550
Solution:  e  d  sin   n
102
 sin   3  680  109
4000
  sin 1  0.82   550
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Oscillations, Waves and Optics (1) - Pyq

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fiziks

Oscillations, Waves and Optics

solution x  t  at critical damping is given by xt   x0 1   0 t  exp  0 t  , where x0 is a

constant. The system experiences the maximum damping force at time

 x0 1  0 t  e0t  0   x00 e0t   x00  x00 1  0 t   e0t

oscillations x  t   Ae  rt cos t  a  . Here  is the angular frequency,  the damping

the values of A and  (with n  0,1, 2,.... ) are

(R) xt  (S)

wave plate is now rotated by 45 0 about an

circularly polarized with intensity I 0 .

Analyzer Orientation (Radians) Analyzer Orientation (Radians)

(a) Graph1: Linear Polarization Graph2: Circular Polarization, Graph3: Elliptic

Decay of amplitude is governed by equation, A  ae t

Q. E x  E 0 sin t  kz  2. Circularly Polarized

R. E x  E1 sin t  kz  3. Unpolarized

respectively. The interference pattern on the screen is photographed at t  t 0 ; denote

k1  k 2 z  1   2 t 0 by  . For this pattern

(a) a bright fringe will be obtained for cos   1

(c) a dark fringe will be obtained for cos   1

A bright fringe intensity is given by  E10  E20 

A dark fringe will be obtained for cos   1

Q19. A stationary source (see figure) emits sound waves of

(a) Vs (b) Vs / 2 (c) Vs / 4 (d) Vs / 8

are K X  325 N / m and K Y  446 N / m . The atomic masses of F, Cl and Br are

 mx  59.07 1027 kg  35.5 1.67 1027 kg  35.5 a.m.u.

This is the atomic mass of chlorine  Cl  .

 my  31.73 1027 kg  19 1.67  1027 kg  19 a.m.u.

This is the atomic mass of F . Thus, correct answer is option (b)

Sound from blood cell of frequency f  reflect back.

Given Vsound  1545 m / sec, f 0  1.0522  106 Hz , f  100 Hz

Thus the best suitable answer is option (d).

Q24. Unpolarized light is incident on a calcite plate at an angle of incidence 50 o as shown in

Optic axis Calcite

For extra-ordinary ray i  500 , ne  1.4864

 sin 500  1  0.766 

have individual intensities of 2 mW / m 2, 2 mW / m 2 and 5 mW / m 2 respectively at point P .

 I  2  2  103  5  103  2  2  103 cos    2 2 5  103 cos a  cos 1  a   

(c) always central (d) central only if x0  y0 and 1  2

Q27. Two sinusoidal signals of frequency  x and  y having same y

(a)  y   x (b) phase difference is 0

Solution: Let BH  h is the height of person H

Integrating on both sides

Thus graph (d) correctly represent the variation of v  t  w.r.t. time.

force of frequency  . The amplitude of oscillation is maximum when

(c)  is slightly higher than 0

 2b 2  02   2  0    02  2b2

Thus  is slightly lower than 0 . Correct option is (a).

(Spring constant  640 N / m )

Q34. In the optical arrangement as shown below, the axes

detected. Which of the following statement  s  is (are) true?

(a) Polarization axes of P and Q are perpendicular to each other.

P and 900  1 w.r.t.  .

Thus R can’t be parallel to  also.

Q38. A pendulum is made of a massless string of length L and a small bob

amount    L  in negligible time. If it swings up to angle 1 on the other side before

group velocity of the superposed wave will be (    and k  k )

with speed VI . Which of the following is correct?

(a) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.

(b) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.

(c) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.

(d) VI  Vo ; the image moves away from the lens.

For, u  f , vi  V0 and u decreases than v increases.

 VI  V0 and image moves away from the lens.