A Guide Book of Q&a in Chemistry Laboratory

A GUIDE BOOK OF
Q&A IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Dr. Sumit Nandi

Head and Associate Professor
Department of Basic Science and Humanities
Narula Institute of Technology
Kolkata-700109
Dr. Sarbani Ganguly and Dr. Rupa Bhattacharyya

Assistant Professor
Department of Basic Science and Humanities
Narula Institute of Technology
Kolkata - 700109
(For B. Tech. first-year students)
May 2023
Ideal International E – PublicationPvt. Ltd.
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Title: A GUIDE BOOK OF Q&A IN

CHEMISTRYLABORATORY
Author(s): Dr. Sumit Nandi, Dr. Sarbani Ganguly and Dr. Rupa
Bhattacharyya
Edition: First
Volume: I
© Copyright Reserved
2023
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a
retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the publisher.
ISBN:978-93-89817-92-8
A Guide Book of Q&A in Chemistry Laboratory ISBN:978-93-89817-92-8 4
PREFACE
This book has been written for engineering students for strengthening their
fundamental knowledge to face viva-voce questions on laboratory examination
on chemistry.It aims to enhance the knowledge of laboratory fundamentals in
chemistry in an organized manner.
Students will get a flavour for the possible questions generally asked to them in
the viva-voce during laboratory examination. Viva-voce questions are arranged
experiment wise so that they can prepare themselves in a perfect manner along
with general questions on chemistry laboratory.
We express our heartfelt thanks to the publisher, Ideal International E-
Publication, for their support in publishing this book. We express our sincere
gratitude to the college authority for the stimulating encouragement and
unflinching support which are a source of great strength to us. We express our
deepest thanks to Ms. Sriparna Das, Ms. Lakshmi Pal andDr. Arpan Mukherjee
for their unconditional support in writing this book. We also convey our sense of
appreciation to our beloved students whose inquisitive questions provided
valuable inputs in this book. We expect this book will be helpful and give proper
guidance to the students and also be supportive to the teachers.
Any comments and suggestions of this book will be highly acknowledged.
Dr. Sumit Nandi

Dr. Sarbani Ganguly
Dr. Rupa Bhattacharyya
Ideal International E- Publication

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CONTENTS
Subjects Page No.

General questions on chemistry laboratory 6
Experiment 1: Determination of chloride ion in a given water
14
sample by Argentometric method
Experiment 2: Determination of calcium and magnesium
16
hardness of a given water sample separately
Experiment 3: Determination of partition coefficient of acetic
19
acid between n-butanol and water
Experiment 4: pH metric titration for determination of
strength of a given acid solution against a standard NaOH 22
solution
Experiment 5: Conductometric titration for determination of
strength of a given HCl solution by titration against a 25
standard NaOH solution
Experiment 6: To determine the rate constant of a 1st order
28
reaction
Experiment 7: To find out the saponification value of a given
31
oil
Experiment 8: Study of adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal 33
Experiment 9: Determination of viscosity coefficient of a given
35
liquid with Ostwald’s viscometer
Experiment 10: To determine the rate constant of
38
decomposition of H2O2 by acidified KI solution using a clock
Experiment 11: To determine the total alkalinity in ppm in
the given sample of water using standard sulphuric acid 40
solution
Experiment 12: Redox titration (Estimation of iron using
42
permanganometry)
Experiment 13: To determine the dissolved oxygen in the
44
given sample of water
Experiment 14: Preparation of silver nano particles 46
Experiment 15: To determine the amount of Cu in copper ore
47
by hypo solution

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GENERAL QUESTIONS ON CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
1. What is the concentration of a solution?

Ans.It is the amount of a substance per unit weight or per unit volume of the
solution.
2. What is the molarity (M) of a solution?

Ans. The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute dissolved in a
litre of the solution.
3. What is the molality (m) of a solution?

Ans. The molality of a solution is the number of moles of solute per kg of the
solvent.
4. What is the normality (N) of a solution?

Ans. The normality of a solution is the number of gram equivalents of solute
dissolved in one litre of solution.
5. How will you prepare 250 ml 0.1 (N) oxalic acid solution?
Ans. The basicity of oxalic acid is two.
The equivalent weight of oxalic acid = Molecular weight / Basicity = 126/2 = 63.
So, we know that
1000 ml 1 (N) oxalic acid solution contains 63 gm oxalic acid
1 ml 1 (N) oxalic acid solution contains 63 / 1000 gm oxalic acid
250 ml 0.1 (N) oxalic acid solution contains (63 / 1000) X 250 X 0.1 gm oxalic
acid
= 1.575 gm oxalic acid.
So 1.575 gm of oxalic acid is dissolved in 250 ml water in a volumetric flask.
6. What is standard solution?

Ans. A standard solution is a solution whose strength is known.
7. What is primary standard solution?

Ans.These are prepared by direct weighing method. Accurate amount of the
substance are weighed and dissolved in required volume of water.
8. What is secondary standard solution?

Ans. They are prepared by indirect method. The solution is prepared by
dissolving the substance (approximate weight) in required volume of water.

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Exact strength of the solution is determined by titrating it against a primary

standard solution
9. What are Acid–base indicators?

Ans.These are compounds that change color when they become protonated or
deprotonated. This color change occurs over a specific pH range. Example:
Phenolphthalein is colourless in acid medium and pink in basic medium and its
pH range is 8.3 to 10.
10. What are natural indicators?

Ans.Thereare a few naturally occurring substances which show different colours
in acidic and basic medium. Some examples of natural indicators are litmus,
red cabbage juice, turmeric etc. Red cabbage juice is purple in colour and turns
brown in acid medium and green in basic medium.
11. What are Oxidation/reduction or Redox indicators?

Ans.These arecolorimetric reagents which show a distinct colour change at a
specific electrode potential. These are all organic compounds exhibiting
reversible redox reactions. Examples include anilinic acid, diphenylamine,
methylene blue etc.
12. What are Complexometric indicators?

Ans.These aredyes that undergo a definite colour change in presence of specific
metal ions. They form a weak complex with the ions present in the solution
which have a significantly different colour outside the complex.
Common indicators are organic dyes like Eriochrome Black T, Eriochrome Red
B, Patton Reeder etc.
13. What is volumetric analysis?

Ans. Volumetry involves the estimation of chemical species indirectly by
measuring the volume of the solution of that particular species in a suitable
solvent.
14. Which reactions can be used in volumetric analysis?

Ans. Specific, fast and quantitative reactions, free from side reactions can be
used in volumetric analysis.
15. What is a titrant?

Ans. The solution of known strength or concentration which is used to find the
strength of titrand is known as titrant.

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16. What is titrand?

Ans. The solution whose strength or concentration is to be determined is known
as titrand.
17. Burette and pipette should be rinsed with the solution for which they
are to be used- Why?
Ans. Without rinsing, the concentration of the solution would be affected.
18.Why is upper meniscus observed in highly coloured solution during

titration?
Ans. Because lower meniscus is not clearly visible in coloured solution.
19. Write down the structures of indicators like phenolphthalein, methyl

orange and methyl red.
Ans. The structure of phenolphthalein is as follows:
The structure of methyl orange is as follows:
The structure of methyl red is as follows:

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20. What is the unit of water hardness?

Ans. ppm or parts per million.
21. Why hardness is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate?

Ans. Calcium carbonate is most insoluble salt and its molecular weight and
equivalent weights are 100 and 50 respectively.
22. What is hard water?

Ans. The water which will not give lather with soap immediately is called hard
water.
23. What is soft water?

Ans. The water which will give lather with soap immediately is called soft water.
24. Why disodium salt of EDTA is much preferred than EDTA?

Ans. EDTA di sodium salt is more soluble in water when compared to pure
EDTA.
25. How permanent hardness in water is removed?

Ans. Permanent hardness in water is removed by Washing soda process, Zeolite
method or Ionexchange method.
26. How temporary hardness in water is removed?

Ans. By simple boiling, bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium are precipitated
out as carbonates of calcium and magnesium.
27. What do you mean by iodometric and iodimetric titrations?

Ans. In a quantitative redox reaction, the titration of liberated iodine by a
standard solution of a reducing agent like sodium thiosulphate is called
iodometric titration. Iodimetric titration refers to the titration of the reducing
agent with a standard solution of iodine.

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28. What is the biological importance of hydrochloric acid?

Ans. Hydrochloric acid is present in the gastric juice of the stomach. There it
helps in the breakdown of food, including the change of starch to sugar. So it is
necessary in the digestion process.
29. What are the major uses of sodium hydroxide?

Ans. The major uses of sodium hydroxide are
a) Preparation of many chemicals
b) Petroleum refining
c) Purification of aluminium ore
d) Preparation of soaps and detergents.
30. What is the approximate normality of commercial hydrochloric acid?

Ans. 12 N
31.What is the approximate normality of commercial sulphuric acid?

Ans. 36 N
32. What is the approximate normality of commercial nitric acid?

Ans. 16 N
33. What is the approximate normality of commercial phosphoric acid?

Ans. 44.4 N
34. What is the approximate normality of commercial acetic acid?

Ans. 17.45 N
35. What are the formula and equivalent weight of sodium carbonate?
Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of sodium carbonate are Na2CO3 and
53.
36. What are the formula and equivalent weight of sodium bicarbonate?
Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of sodium bicarbonate are NaHCO3 and
84.
37. What are the formula and equivalent weight of sodium hydroxide?
Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of sodium hydroxide are NaOH and 40.
38. What are the formula and equivalent weight of hydrochloric acid?

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Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of hydrochloric are HCl and 36.5.
39. What are the formula and equivalent weight of sulphuric acid?
Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of sulphuric are H2SO4 and 49.
40. What are the formula and equivalent weight of potassium hydroxide?
Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of potassium hydroxide are KOH and
56.
41. What are the formula and equivalent weight of oxalic acid?
Ans. The formula and equivalent weight of hydrochloric are (COOH)2. 2H2O and
63.
42. Give a brief idea of normality formula and normality equation.

Ans. According to the law of chemical equivalents, substances generally react in
the ratio of their equivalent weights.
Thus, equal volumes of equinormal solutions exactly neutralize each other.
Mathematically, N1V1 = N2V2
This is called normality formula.
The normality equation is an expression of the result of titration in the form of
an equation.
43. Calculate the volume of (N/15) Na2CO3 solution which will be required
to neutralize exactly 500 ml of N/8 H2SO4 solution.
Ans.From the normality equation,
N1V1 of Na2CO3 solution= N2V2 of H2SO4 solution
N/15 X V1 = N/8 X 500
So, V1 = 1/8 X 500 X 15 = 937.5 ml.
44. How can the strength of a solution be expressed?

Ans. The strength of a solution can generally be expressed in terms of normality,
molarity, molality, formality, weight percent, volume percent, ppm, mole fraction
etc.
45. What are the acid colour and base colour of methyl orange indicator?
Ans. Acid colour: red and base colour: yellow orange.
46. What are the acid colour and base colour of phenolphthalein indicator?
Ans. Acid colour: colourless and base colour: pink.
47. What are the acid colour and base colour of methyl red indicator?

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Ans. Acid colour: red and base colour: yellow.
48. What are the acid colour and base colour of methyl violet indicator?
Ans. Acid colour: yellow and base colour: violet.
49. What are the acid colour and base colour of phenol red indicator?
Ans. Acid colour: yellow and base colour: red.
50. What are the acid colour and base colour of congored indicator?
Ans. Acid colour: blue and base colour: red.
51. What is the name of the following balance?
Ans. Top loading balance.
52. What is the name of the following balance?
Ans. Analytical balance.
53. Name the following instrument.

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Ans. Hot air oven.
54. Name the followingused in the laboratory.
Ans. Magnetic stirrer cum hot plate.
55. Name the following flask.
Ans. Volumetric flask

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Experiment 1:Determination of chloride ion in a given water

sample by Argentometric method
1. Which indicator is used for chloride test experiment?

Ans. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
2.Which reagents are used for chloride test experiment?

Ans. Silver nitrate (AgNO3), K2CrO4 indicator.
3. What color will be produced after completion of the titration of chloride

test experiment?
Ans. Brick-red color
4.What is argentometric titration?

Ans.The determination of silver halides by the precipitation of the silver salts
is known as argentometric titrations.
5.Describe the procedure of determination of chloride content from water?

Ans. The following procedure is observed:
• Fill the washed and rinsed burette with AgNO3 solution.
• Wash the pipette with water. Pipette out 10ml of chloride solution in a
clean titration flask.
• Add 6 drops of K2CrO4 indicator.
• Add AgNO3 from burette, shaking the flask constantly.A white precipitate
of AgCl is obtained.After addition of a few ml of AgNO3,a red colour
appears in the flask but disappears quickly upon shaking.
• Continue the addition drop by drop till a permanent reddish brown
colour is obtained.Take three concordant readings.
6.What is the composition of brick red precipitate in this experiment?

Ans. Silver chromate (Ag2CrO4)
7. Define solubility product.

Ans. The solubility product (Ksp) of an ionic compound is defined as the product
of the concentration of the ions that exist in equilibrium with the solid
compound in a saturated solution.
8. What is the full form of ppm?

Ans. Parts per million.

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9. What is 1ppm equal to?

Ans. One ppm is equivalent to 1 milligram of solute per liter of water.
10. What is the formula of white precipitate in chloride experiment?

Ans. Silver chloride (AgCl).
11. What is the significance of estimation of chloride ions in water?

Ans. If the concentration of chloride ion is > 250 ppm, then it imparts bad taste
to water thus making it unsuitable for drinking purposes.
12. If the sample water is acidic, what should be done?

Ans. A little CaCO3 should be added to neutralize the acidity before titration.
13. How is potassium chromate indicator prepared?

Ans. 5 gm potassium chromate (A.R. quality) is added to 100 ml water.
14. How do you prepare N/50 AgNO3 solution?

Ans. 3.398 gm dry silver nitrate is added to 100 ml distilled water and made up
the volume to 1litre.
15. What is sample of the experiment?

Ans. Water

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Experiment 2: Determination of calcium and magnesium

hardness of a given water sample separately
1. Which indicator is used for total hardness?

Ans. Erichrome black T (EBT) indicator.
2. Which reagents are used for total hardness experiment?

Ans. EDTA, EBT indicator, buffer of pH 10
3.What is the structure of EDTA?

Ans.
4. Which indicator is used for calcium hardness?

Ans. Calconindicator.
5. What is the full form of EDTA?

Ans. Ethylenediamine tetracetic acid.
6.What is the full form of EBT indicator?

Ans. Eriochrome Black T
7.Which reagents are used for calcium hardness?

Ans. EDTA, Diethyl amine, calcon indicator
8. What color will be produced after completion of the titration of total

hardness?
Ans. Blue
9.What are the cations and anions responsible for hardness of water?
Ans. Cations are calcium and magnesium and anions arebicarbonate, chloride
and sulphate.
10. What is the unit of hardness?

Ans. ppm
11. What colour will be produced after completion of the titration of

calcium hardness?

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Ans. Blue
12. How many drops of calcon indicator is required for calcium hardness
experiment?
Ans. 4-6 drops
13. How many drops of EBT indicator is required for total hardness
experiment?
Ans. 2-3 drops
14. What is the colour change in total hardness experiment at the time of
titration?
Ans. Wine red to Blue
15. What is the colour change in calcium hardness experiment at the time
of titration?
Ans. Pink to blue.
16. What is complexometry?

Ans. Titrimetric estimation of metal ions through complex formation with multi
dentate chelating ligand is referred to as complexometry.
17. What is the main cause of water hardness?

Ans. Hardness is mainly caused by the presence of bicarbonates, chlorides and
sulphates ofcalcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). Othermultivalent cations also
cause water hardness such as Fe2+, Sr2+, Zn2+, Mn2+.
18. What is the best method for the hardness determination and why?
Ans. The best method of hardness determination is complete mineral analysis to
get accurate results. However it is very difficult task and rarely performed in the
laboratories. The complexometric titrations using EDTA is less cumbersome and
less time consuming process of all the other known methods.
19.What is the difference between hard water and soft water?

Ans. Hard water does not produce lather or very little lather with soap. However
soft water readily produces lather with soap.
20. If Mg2+ is not present in the water sample containing Ca2+, will it affect
the colour change of Eriochrome Black T indicator?

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Ans. Ca2+ reacts with EBT indicator to form a wine red complex. However, the
colour change from wine red to pure blue at the end point is not sharp in
absence of Mg2*.Therefore, a small amount of Mg2+ is added if not present in
hard water. In that case it is essential to add Mg2+ ions without introducing any
error. This is done by adding a small amount of complexometrically neutral
magnesium salt of EDTA into buffer solution.
21. Can we use EDTA as a primary standard?

Ans. EDTA is not a primary standard because the number of water of
crystallisation changes during weighing with temperature. The purification of
salt is quite difficult. Therefore, strength of EDTA is determined with reference
to a primary standard preferably zinc acetate.
22. Why and how pH is maintained in the EDTA complexometric titration

to determine total hardness?
Ans. At higher pH values, CaCO3 or Mg(OH)2 gets precipitated and the free
indicator may change colour. At lower pH value , Mg-indicator complex becomes
unstable and a sharp end point cannot be obtained. Therefore, pH value of 10 is
adjusted by using a buffer solution of NH4Cl/ NH4OH.

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Experiment 3: Determination of partition coefficient of acetic

acid between n-butanol and water
1. What do you mean by heterogeneous system?

Ans. When a system consists of parts which have different physical properties
and are separated by boundary surface, the system is said to be a
heterogeneous one.
2. What is Nernst Distribution law of partition coefficient?

Ans. The Nernst distribution law states that at constant temperature, when
different quantities of a solute are allowed to distribute between two immiscible
solvents in contact with each other, then at equilibrium the ratio of the
concentration of the solute in two solvent layers is constant.
3. What are the apparatus used in partition coefficient experiment?

Ans. Stoppered bottle,volumetric flask, conical flask, burette and pipette.
4.What are the chemicals used in partition coefficient experiment?

Ans. Pure n-butanol, Glacial acetic acid, Sodium hydroxide solution and
phenolphthalein indicator.
5. Write bottle 1 compositions in partition coefficient experiment?

Ans. Butanol – 50ml, Water---50ml and Acetic acid solution ---- 50ml
6. Write bottle 2 compositions in partition coefficient experiment?

Ans. Butanol – 75ml and Acetic acid solution ---- 75ml
7. Which indicator is used in partition coefficient experiment?

Ans. Phenolphthalein
8. Name any other two alcohol except butanol.

Ans. Methanol and ethanol.
9. How many layers can be observed after mixing of reagents?

Ans. Two layers can be observed.
10. Is butanol polar or non-polar?

Ans. Non polar

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11. Why is measurement of temperature needed during experiment?

Ans. Solubility of acetic acid in butanol and water is different in different
temperature. So it is needed.
12. Which reagent will be distributed in both butanol and water?

Ans. Acetic acid.
13. Write down the structure of acetic acid and butanol.

Ans.
Acetic acid n-butanol
14. Name another polar material used in this experiment except acetic
acid.
Ans. Water
15. Which part of n-butanol is polar?

Ans. –OHis the polar functional group.
16. Define partition coefficient.

Ans. The ratio of concentration of a solute between two immiscible phases is
called partition coefficient.
17. Name some common solvents used for extraction.

Ans. Benzene, chloroform, hexane, acetone, etc.
18. Name two solutes which undergo association.

Ans. (i) Benzoic acid undergoes dimerization in benzene layer when it is
distributed between water and benzene. (ii) Salicylic acid associates when it is
distributed between water and benzene.

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19. If you carry out extraction of an acidic organic species at low pH

conditions, which layer (organic or aqueous) will allow ready extraction and
why?
Ans. At low pH conditions, the acidic organic species will exist mainly as HA,
and it will be therefore extracted in the organic layer readily.
20. You carry out extraction of an acidic organic species at high pH

conditions (basic), which layer (organic or aqueous) will allow ready
extraction and why?
Ans. At high pH conditions, the acidic organic species will exist mainly as A, and
it will be therefore extracted in the aqueous layer readily.

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Experiment 4: pH metric titration for determination of strength

of a given acid solution against a standard NaOH solution
1. Define pH
Ans. pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, a measure of
the acidity or alkalinityof a solution. pH = -log[H+]where log is the base-10
logarithm and [H+] stands for the hydrogen ion concentration in units of moles
per liter solution. pH is an abbreviation for "power of hydrogen."
2. What is pH meter?
Ans. pH meter is an electric device used to measure hydrogen ion activity
(acidity or alkalinity) in solution.
3. What is magnetic stirrer?

Ans. A magnetic stirrer is a device widely used in laboratories and consists of a
rotating magnet or a stationary electromagnet that creates a rotating magnetic
field.
4. Can you explain the nature of graph for pH meter?

Ans. The graph of a titration is a sigmoidal curve, which means that it varies
slightly at first, later varies a lot to finally very slightly again.
5.Which one is acidic? pH-3 or pH-11

Ans. pH3
6. Name the apparatus used for pH metric titration.

Ans. pH meter,magnetic stirrer, beaker,burette, conical flask and pipette.
7.Mention the pH of the buffer solutions used for calibration of a pH meter.

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Ans. pH 4 and pH 7.
8. Name the electrode used in this experiment.

Ans. Glass electrode. It is the universally employed electrode for pH
measurement.
9. Explain the principle of glass electrode.

Ans. When the glass electrode is immersed in another solution, there develops a
potential between the two surfaces of the membrane. The potential difference
developed is proportional to the difference in pH value.
10. What are the advantages of glass electrode?

Ans. Advantages of glass electrode are as follows:
• Glass electrode is convenient and simple to use.
• It is not easily poisoned.
• It can be used in turbid, coloured and colloidal solution.
• It can be used in both alkaline and oxidizing solution.
• It has no salt or protein error.
11. Explain brieflythe application of pH measurement.

Ans. pH measurements find wide applications in agriculture since plants grow
best within a rather narrow pH range. pH measurements are vital for corrosion
prevention, dairyanddyeing industries. Fermentation process requires a specific
pH for the best results. pH recordings are required for flour milling, gelatin and
glue manufacturing, iron and steel industries, laundries, meat and fish
processing, metal finishing, printing, pharmaceuticals, fish breeding etc. pH
measurements also assist in determining the accidental pollution in domestic
and industrial supplies.
12. What do you mean by reference electrode?

Ans. The potential of unknown electrode can be measured by coupling it with
another electrode call reference electrode whose potential is already known or
arbitrarily zero.Example: Standard hydrogen electrode, calomel electrode,
quinhydrone electrode.
13. What are the two electrodes used in the determination of pH in a pH

meter?
Ans.pH is measured by determining the emf of the cell containing a glass
electrode and calomel electrode immersed in the test solution.

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14. What is the function of salt bridge in a cell?

Ans. Salt bridge eliminates the liquid junction potential and provides electrical
continuity between the two cells without mixing.

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Experiment 5: Conductometric titration for determination of

strength of a given HCl solution by titration against a standard
NaOH solution
1. What is conductance?
Ans. Conductance is reciprocal of resistance and is represented as
1/R.Conductance (also known as electrical conductance) can also be defined as
the potential for a substance to conduct electricity.
2. On what factor conductance depends?

Ans. Ionic concentration.
3. What are conductometric titrations?

Ans. The titrations in which conductivity measurements are used in determining
the end point are known as conductometric titrations.Types of reactions: Acid-
base, precipitation reaction, hydrolysis etc.
4. What are the advantages of conductometric titrations?

Ans. It can be used for coloured solutions where no indicator suitably works.It
can also be used for weak acid v/s weak base titration. Accuracy is high.
5. Name the instrument used in the conductometric titration.

Ans. Conductance is measured by conductivity meter which contains a
conductivity cell.
6. How end point is determined in conductometric titrations?

Ans. End point is determined by monitoring the change in conductance of the
solution.
7. What is the unit of molar conductance?

Ans. Ohm-1 cm2 mol-1.
8.What is the effect of dilution on the conductance?

Ans. Conductance increases with dilution because on dilution dissociation
increases and hence the number of ions increases.
9. Why conductance decreases on addition of NaOH to HCI?

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Ans. During the titration, the fast moving hydrogen ions are replaced by the
slow moving sodium ions, as a result, the conductance of the solution
decreases.
10. How conductance is related to the concentration of the ions?

Ans. The specific conductance is proportional to the concentration of ions in it.
11. What is the unit for conductance?

Ans. The unit for conductance is mho or Siemens.
12. What is molar conductivity?

Ans. The conductance of that volume of solution containing one mole of an
electrolyte is known as molar conductivity. It is denoted by Λm or μ.
13. Name the conductivity which is measured during conductometric

titrations?
Ans. Equivalent conductance.
14.The electrical conductivity of a solution depends upon_____________.

Ans. The number of ions present in the solution and their mobility.
15. What is the sample plot of conductometric titration?

Ans.
16. State ohm’s law.

Ans. According to ohm’s law, the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points.V

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= IR; where V, I and R are potential difference, current and resistance

respectively.
17. State the relation between specific conductance and equivalent

conductance.
Ans. Equivalent conductance = [Specific conductance (L) * 1000] / C
18. What do you mean by cell constant?

Ans. Cell constant is the ratio of the distance between the electrodes and the
area of cross section of the electrodes.
19. State Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions.

Ans. The equivalent conductance at infinite dilution of an electrolyte is equal to
the sum of the ion conductances of its constituent ions.
20. State the basic principle of conductometric titration.

Ans. The principle of conductometric titration is based on the fact that during
the titration, one of the ions are replaced by the other and invariably these two
ions differ in the ionic conductivity with the result that conductivity of the
solution varies during the course of the titration. The equivalence point may be
determined graphically by plotting the change in conductance as a function of
the volume of titrant added.
21. What are the advantages of conductometric titration over the normal
titration methods using acid- base indicators?
Ans. Coloured acidic or alkaline solutions can be titrated conductometrically
where the use of indicator is not possible. Conductometric titration of weak acid
versus weak base is possible. There is no suitable indicator easily available to
determine the endpoint of weak acids versus weak bases by normal titration
method. Mixture of acids can be determined by conductometric titration.

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Experiment 6: To determine the rate constant of a 1st order

reaction
1. What do you understand by the rate of reaction?
Ans. The rate of a reaction is defined as the change in the molar concentration
of any one of the reactant or the product per unit time.
2. What is the unit of the rate of reaction?

Ans. Mol L-1 s-1 (Moles per litre per second).
3. What are the factors on which the rate of reaction depends?

Ans. The rate of reaction depends upon:
(i) Nature of the reactants
(ii) Concentration of the reactants
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Presence of catalyst
(v) Presence of radiations.
4. What are the units of rate constant for zero order reactions?
Ans. Moles/litre/sec.
5. What are the units of rate constant for first order reactions?
Ans.Sec-1.
6. What is the effect of temperature on rate constant of a reaction?

Ans. It increases with increase in temperature.
7. Why certain reactions are very fast?

Ans. Because they have very low activation energy.
8. What is threshold energy?

Ans. It is the minimum energy which the colliding molecules must possess so as
to have effective collision.
9. Why reactions with molecularity more than three are rare?

Ans. Because simultaneous collision between more than three particles is rare
on the basis of probability considerations.

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10. What is rate determining step?

Ans. In complex reactions, the slowest step determines the overall rate of the
reaction. This step is known as rate determining step.
11. What is the effect of catalyst on the activation energy and heat of the
reaction?
Ans. A catalyst decreases the activation energy of the reaction. It has no effect
on the heat of the reaction.
12. On increasing the concentration of reactants the rate of the reaction

does not change. What can you say about the order of the reaction?
Ans. It is a zero order reaction.
13. Can order of a reaction be fractional?

Ans. Yes. For example, for the reactionCH3CHO ——> CH4 + CO, the order is
equal to 3/2.
14. What is activation energy?

Ans. Activation energy is the extra energy which must be supplied to reactants
for effective collisions to get maximum conversion.
15. Give some examples of first order reactions.

Ans. Some examples are
a) Thermal decomposition of nitrogen pentoxide in gaseous state.
b) Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ester in presence of large quantities of water.
c) Inversion of cane sugar in the presence of dilute HCl.
16. Why is the reaction mixture dropped into ice-cold water before
titration?
Ans. In order to determine the concentration of the reactant at a particular
instant, it is necessary to stop the reaction. Otherwise, the concentration of
reactant will change during the course of titration. Therefore, ice-cold water is
added to reduce the temperature and remarkably decrease the rate of the
reaction to a very low value.
17. What is rate law?

Ans. The relation between the rate of the reaction and the concentration of the
species present present in the reaction mixture is termed as the rate law.

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18. What is the difference between order and molecularity of a reaction?
Ans. Order is an experimentally measured quantity. The order of reaction with

respect to a given substance (such as reactant, catalyst, or product) is defined
as the exponent, to which its concentration term in the rate of equation is
raised. Molecularity is a theoretical concept and is defined as the number of
molecules involved in the step leading to the chemical reaction.
19. What do you mean by the temperature coefficient of a reaction?
Ans. The ratio of the rate constants of a reaction at two temperatures differing at
10°C is known as temperature coefficient of a reaction.

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Experiment 7: To find out the saponification value of a given oil
1. What is the saponification reaction?

Ans. General saponification equation is fat + chemical salt + water → glycerol +
fatty acid salt (soap). Fat and chemical salts are the reactants, while glycerol
and soap are the products.
2. Why do we determine saponification value?

Ans. The saponification number is the amount of potassium hydroxide required
to saponify one gram of fat. This data can be used to compute the number of
acids (esters and free acids) in a fat or oil. The more the saponification, the more
short- and medium-chain fatty acids present in the fat.
3. Does the saponification value of soap impacts its quality?

Ans. The saponification value is sometimes used to check for adulteration. The
higher the saponification number, the more capable the oil is in making soap.
Higher triglyceride saponification values suggest more medium chain fatty acids.
4. What is the saponification formula?

Ans. Saponification Value:
(V2-V1) ×0.5 × 56.1 / wt of oil (gm) mg KOH/gm
5. Write down the saponification reaction.

Ans.
6. What are the different types of oils?

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Ans. Oils can be broadly classified into three categories: Fatty oils, essential oils
and petroleum or mineral oils.
7. What is the indicator used in this experiment?

Ans. Phenolphthalein is used.
8. What type of oil is used for this experiment?

Ans. Fatty oils like coconut oil, mustard oil, rapeseed oil may be used.
9. What is the literal meaning of saponification?

Ans. Saponification literally means "soap making".
10. What is the chemical name of fatty oils?

Ans. The chemical name of fatty oils is triacylglycerols.

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Experiment 8: Study of adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal
1. What is adsorption?
Ans. Adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules of gas,liquid or dissolved solids to a
surface is called adsorption.
2. What are the examples of some gases adsorbed by activated charcoal?

Ans. CO2,SO2,Cl2 etc.
3. What is adsorbent?
Ans. The substance on whose surface the adsorption occursis known as
adsorbent.
4. What do you mean by adsorbate?

Ans. The substance whose molecules get adsorbed on the surface of the
adsorbent (i.e. Solid or liquid) is known as adsorbate.
5. Tell the key difference between adsorption and absorption.

Ans. Adsorption compounds cling to the surface of the molecule, whereas
absorption substances enter the bulk phase of a liquid or solid.
6. What is physical adsorption?

Ans. Physical absorption occurs when the adsorbate gas molecules are held by
physical forces like Van der Waals forces. Condensation of water molecules
sticking to a drinking glass is an example.
7. What is chemical adsorption?

Ans. Chemical adsorption occurs when the absorbate molecule is held on the
adsorbent surface by chemical forces as short covalent chemical bonding occurs
by the sharing of electrons.The Haber process and hydrogenation of vanaspati
ghee are the examples of chemisorptions.
8.What are the different types of adsorption isotherm?

Ans. The different types of adsorption isotherms are as follows:
(a) Freundlich adsorption isotherm.
(b) Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
(c) BET adsorption isotherm.
9.What do you understand by adsorption isobar?

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Ans. A graph between x/m and temperature at a constant pressure is called an

adsorption isobar.
10. What do you mean by positive adsorption and negative adsorption?

Ans. Positive adsorption means the increase in the concentration of adsorbate at
the surface as compared to its concentration in the bulk.
Negative adsorption means the decrease in the concentration of the adsorbate at
the surface as compared to its concentration in the bulk.
11. What is adsorption isotherm?

Ans. The variation of adsorption with pressure at a constant temperature is
expressed graphically and each curve is known as adsorption isotherm for the
particular temperature. The nature of curve is as follows:
12. What is chemisorption?

Ans. When a gas is held onto the surface of a solid by forces similar to those of a
chemical bond, the type of adsorption is called chemical adsorption or
chemisorption.

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Experiment 9: Determination of viscosity coefficient of a given

liquid with Ostwald’s viscometer
1. What do you mean by the coefficient of viscosity?

Ans. The coefficient of viscosity is the tangential force essential to keeping a unit
velocity gradient between two layers (of unit area).
2. What is fluid?
Ans. Fluid is a material that starts to flow when an external force is exerted on
it.
3. Give two examples for fluids.

Ans. Gases and liquids.
4. What is meant by viscosity?

Ans. Viscosity is a property of fluids through which an internal frictional force is
exerted while the fluid is in motion, and opposes the relative motion.
5. What is Stoke’s formula?

Ans.In laminar flow, if F is the frictional force acting on the interface between
the fluid and the particle, η is the fluid viscosity and a ball (particle) with radius
r is moving through the liquid, v is the particle velocity, then F = 6πηrv.
6. What is Reynold’s number?

Ans. Rn=(ρVL)/μ, where ρ is the density,V is the flow speed, L is the linear
dimension and μ is the dynamic velocity
7. What is Newton’s equation for viscous force?

Ans. F= -ηA(dvx/dz)
8. Explain the unit poise.

Ans. The poise is the dynamic viscosity unit in the C.G.S system. The unit is
named after Poiseuille, who did fundamental works on viscosity.
1 poise = 1 dynes second/cm2
9. Explain terminal velocity.

Ans. Terminal Velocity is the maximum constant velocity obtained by a body
when falling independently in a viscous medium.

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10. What happens to a liquid’s viscosity when the temperature rises?

Ans. Viscosity decreases when the temperature rises.
11. What happens to a liquid’s viscosity when pressure rises?

Ans. Viscosity increases when pressure rises (except in water).
12. What is the consequence of temperature on the viscosity of a liquid?

Ans. Viscosity drops with the rise in temperature.
13. What is the consequence of temperature on the viscosity of a gas?

Ans. The viscosity of a gas increases with the rise in temperature.
14. Which are the types of equipment needed for the viscosity
experiment?
Ans. A viscometer, transparent viscous liquid, a 5cm wide cylindrical glass jar
with millimetre graduations, one steel ball, a stopwatch, a screw gauge, a clamp
with stand and a thermometer.
15. What is the dimension of viscosity?

Ans. ML-1T-1 is the dimension of viscosity.
16. What is the difference between the viscosities of water and blood?
Ans. Water is less viscous than blood.
17. Which property is defined as the resistance offered by liquid against its
motion due to its internal friction?
Ans. Viscosity
18. Pascal-second is the unit of _____.

And. Viscosity
19. Distinguish between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids with

examples.
Ans. The force F required to move the plate (space between the plates filled with
the liquid of coefficient η) at speed v is, F= ηAv/L; where A is the area of either
plate, v/L is the velocity gradient. Viscous fluids that obey this equation are
called Newtonian fluids. η is a constant which is independent of the speed of the
flow of Newtonian fluids. When η depends upon the velocity of flow, the fluids
are non-Newtonian fluids.

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20. What is specific gravity?

Ans. Specific gravity is the weight of a given liquid divided by the weight of an
equal volume of water at the same temperature.
21. What is relation between specific gravity and density?

Ans. Density of a liquid=specific gravity of the liquid x density of water at that
temperature.
22. What is the common unit of viscosity and how it is related to its S.I
unit?
Ans. Poise is the common unit of viscosity. The S.I unit of viscosity is Pa.s. 1
Pa.s. = 10 poise.
23. You are instructed to take exactly the same volume of liquid in each
case of viscosity measurements. Why?
Ans. When exactly same volume of liquid is taken, the difference in heights of
the liquid levels in the two limbs is same in each case. Therefore, the driving
pressure is same and the ratios of Poiseuille’s equation cancel each other.
24. What is viscosity index?

Ans> The variation of viscosity with temperature is either indicated by viscosity-
temperature curves or measured on an arbitrary scale known as viscosity index
(V.I) for oils. Viscosity index represents the average decrease in viscosity of an oil
per degree rise in temperature between 100°F and 210°F.
25. Why do cars need different oils in hot and cold countries?
Ans. Oils have different viscosities in hot and cold countries.
26. What are the factors that influence the viscosity of a liquid?
Ans. Molecular weight, structure (branched chain compounds show higher
viscosities than straight chain compounds), polarity, suspended impurities,
temperature, pressure etc are the main factors that influence the viscosity of a
liquid.
27. Name three different types of viscometers.

Ans. Ostwald’s viscometer, Redwood viscometer and Saybolt viscometer.

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Experiment 10: To determine the rate constant of

decomposition of H2O2 by acidified KI solution using a clock
1. What is the concentration of KI solution used in this experiment?

Ans. 0.4% KI solution.
2. What is the concentration of Na2S2O3 solution used in this experiment?

Ans. N/10
3. What is the volume of hydrogen peroxide used in this experiment?

Ans. 10 ml
4. For a reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room

temperature, what will be the order of reaction concerning Iodide ion?
Ans. First order reaction.
5. What is the colour of the starch iodine complex formed?

Ans. Blue
6. What is the effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction?

Ans. The rate of reaction increases with concentration. A higher concentration of
a reactant leads to more collisions of reactant in a specific time, thereby
increasing the reaction rate.
7. Why are few reactions very fast?

Ans. Because it has very less activation energy.
8. What is the unit of first-order reaction?

Ans. Mol -1 L -1 sec -1
9. What is the effect of a catalyst on the activation energy and rate of

reaction?
Ans. A catalyst provides an alternate pathway by reducing the activation energy
of the reaction, thereby increasing the rate of reaction.
10. Can the order of reaction be fractional?

Ans. Yes, the reaction order can be fractional.For example, CH3CHO → CH4 +
CO.
The order of the above reaction is 3/2.

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11. What are the factors that affect the rate of a reaction?
Ans. Various factors can affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
• Temperature
• Concentration of the reactant
• Physical state
• Catalyst
12. What is a complex reaction?

Ans. A reaction involving more than one step is known as a complex reaction.
13. What is the temperature coefficient of a reaction?

Ans. The temperature coefficient of a reaction is the ratio of rate constants at
two temperatures differing by 10°. Its value is generally equal to 2.
14. What is the unit of rate constant for the first-order reaction?
Ans. sec -1
15. What is chemical kinetics?

Ans. Chemical kinetics is the branch of physical chemistry that deals with the
rate of a chemical reaction and its mechanism.
16. What is the rate of reaction?

Ans. The reaction rate is defined as a change in molar concentration of reactant
or product per unit time.
17. What is threshold energy?

Ans. Threshold energy is the minimum kinetic energy that all colliding
molecules must have to make effective collisions between two reactant
molecules.
18. “For an exothermic reaction, the activation energy for the forward
reaction should be less than that for the backward reaction.” Is this
statement true or false?
Ans. Yes, the above statement is true.
19. On increasing the concentration of reactants, the reaction rate does

not alter. What can you say about the order of the reaction?
Ans. It is a zero-order reaction.

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Experiment 11: To determine the total alkalinity in ppm in the

given sample of water using standard sulphuric acid solution
1. What is the alkalinity of water?

Ans. The alkalinity of water is defined as the total content of those substances
in it which causes an increased concentration of hydroxide ions upon
dissociation.
2. How alkalinity is estimated?

Ans. Alkalinity can be estimated separately by titration against standard acid
using phenolphthalein and methyl orange as indicators.
3. Which salts are mainly responsible for alkalinity of water?

Ans. NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, K2CO3, NaHCO3, KHCO3 etc.
4. Why OH- and HCO3- cannot exist together in water?

Ans. Because they combine together instantaneously to form CO32- ions.
5. What are the drawbacks of using highly alkaline water?

Ans. The drawbacks are
a) It may lead to the caustic embrittlement.
b) It may lead to the deposition of precipitates and sludges in boiler tubes
and pipes.
6. What is the other name of sodium bicarbonate?

Ans. Baking soda.
7.What is the other name of sodium carbonate?

Ans. Washing soda
8. How is phenolphthalein solution prepared?

Ans. 1 gm phenolphthalein is dissolved in 100 ml of 95% alcohol.
9. Which acid is used for identifying the alkalinity of water?

Ans. N/50 sulphuric acid is used.
10. Which chemical equivalent is used for calculating alkalinity?

Ans. CaCO3 equivalent is used.

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11. How many types of alkalinity are possible?

Ans. Alkalinity may be of three types: carbonate alkalinity, bicarbonate
alkalinity and hydroxide alkalinity.
12. Define equivalence point and end point of a titration.

Ans. The point at which the reaction between titrant and titrate is just complete
is called equivalence point. However, the point at which one can observe a clear
visual change after the completion of the reaction between titrant and titrate is
referred to as end point.
13. Who suggested the first theory of indicator action?

Ans. W. Ostwald first suggested the theory of indicator action based on the
concept that indicators are very weak organic acid or bases.
14. Name an indicator which can substitute methyl orange in acid base
titrations.
Ans. Bromocresol green with the pH range 3.6-5.2 can be used instead of
methyl orange.
15. What is the role of methyl orange in determining alkalinity?

Ans. Methyl orange is yellow in basic medium and red under acidic medium. It
is used as indicator to determine the total alkalinity.

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Experiment 12: Redox titration (Estimation of iron using

permanganometry)
1. What are the oxidizing and reducing agents during standardization of

KMnO4?
Ans. Potassium permanganate is the oxidizing agent and sodium oxalate is the
reducing agent.
2. What is the role of phosphoric acid in the permanganometric estimation

of iron?
Ans. Phosphoric acid complexes with Fe3+ ions to lower the concentration of free
Fe3+ ions and therefore helps to enhance the completion of the titration.
3. What is permanganometry?
Ans. Permanganometry is one of the techniques of redox titration used in
quantitative analysis in chemistry.
4. What are the chemicals required for redox titration?

Ans. Potassium permanganate, sulphuric acid, sodium oxalate and phosphoric
acid.
5. Why potassium permanganate is not considered as primary standard

solution?
Ans. Potassium permanganate is difficult to obtain in perfectly pure form and
completely free from manganese dioxide. The presence of manganese dioxide
catalyzes the auto decomposition of permanganate solution on standing.
6. Can Fe2+ ions be determined with KMnO4 in the presence of HCl?

Ans. No, because if HCl is present, some KMnO4 will be consumed in the
oxidation of chloride ions. In that case, the titration result will be erroneous.
7.Mention some industrial applications of redox reaction based on

permanganometry.
Ans. Permanganometry is used to estimate iron in magnetite, haematite;
manganese in pyrolusite; calcium in dolomite etc.
8. What are redox indicators?

Ans. There are some compounds that can change their colour on oxidation and
indicate the end point of several redox reactions. These compounds are termed

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as redox indicators exist in oxidized as well as reduced forms. For example,

barium diphenylamine sulphonate is used as redox indicator for the estimation
of Fe2+ with K2Cr2O7.
9. Mention some other uses of KMnO4 except the analysis of iron.

Ans. KMnO4 is a very strong disinfectant and oxidant which makes it essential
for water treatment. It is also used to inhibit the growth of water mollusks, such
as zebra mussels in canals and lakes. It improves water quality by reducing the
biological oxygen demand as a result of oxidation of dissolved organic matters. It
is also used in the treatment of skin diseases like eczema, psoriasis.
10. An iron ore is dissolved in HCl. How will you remove the interference
of HCl in the determination of total iron by KMnO4.
Ans. At first, the iron ore is solution is reduced with SnCl2/HCl. Excess SnCl2
can be removed from the solution by HgCl2. Then the solution can be titrated
with Zimmermann-Reinhardt reagent. The possibility of oxidation of Cl- with
KMnO4 is reduced in the presence of this reagent since Mn2+ reduces the
oxidizing power of KMnO4.
11. What precautions to be taken in this experiment?

Ans. The precautions to be taken as follows:
a) The surface of the permanganate solution should be used to measure
titrant volume.
b) Add potassium permanganate solution directly into the oxalate solution at
55-600C and swirl the flask constantly.
c) Titration of the given Fe2+ solution should be carried out at room
temperature and never heated.
d) Potassium permanganate should be used carefully and can damage eyes
and clothing.
e) If sulphuric or phosphoric acid is spilled on skin, wash immediately and
inform the teacher.

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Experiment 13: To determine the dissolved oxygen in the given

sample of water
1. Why sodium thiosulphate is not considered as a primary standard?

Ans. Sodium thiosulphate is efflorescent and the number of water molecules
changes during weighing. The aqueous solution of sodium thiosulphate is
unstable and slowly turns turbid due to the deposition of colloidal sulphur by
decomposition caused by carbon dioxide, sunlight etcetera. Therefore, sodium
thiosulphate is not considered a primary standard.
2. What do you mean by dissolved oxygen? Why is it important?

Ans. The dissolved oxygen (DO) is the oxygen that is dissolved in water.
Dissolved oxygen is absolutely essential for the survival of all aquatic organisms
(Not only fish but also invertebrate such as crabs, clams, zooplankton etc.).
Moreover, oxygen affects a vast number of other water indicators, not only
biochemical but esthetic ones like the odor, clarity and taste. Consequently,
oxygen is perhaps the most well - established indicator of water quality.
3. Can you use the starch indicator in strongly acid medium?

Ans. No, because in strongly as it medium, hydrolysis of starch occurs.
4. Give a brief account of the two major components of starch.

Ans. Amylose and amylopectin are the two major components of starch.
Amylose is a straight chain compound and gives a blue colour with iodine.
Amylopectin is a branched chain structure which forms a red- purple product
with iodine.
5. Why is starch added towards the end point of titration?

Ans. If starch solution is added initially to highly concentrated iodine solution,
iodine is absorbed by starch due to formation of water insoluble complex. It will
lead to erroneous results. Therefore, starch is added towards the end point of
the titration.
6. Can you suggest some disadvantages of starch indicator?

Ans. Insolubility in cold water, instability of suspensions in water formation of
water insoluble complex with iodine.
7. What is Winkler method?

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Ans. The Winkler method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in

fresh water systems. A sample bottle is filled completely with water (no air is
left). The dissolved oxygen in the sample is then “fixed” by adding a series of
reagents and then estimated by iodometric titration.
8. What is purpose of adding MnSO4 in Winkler method?
Ans. MnSO4 is added to convert the dissolved oxygen present in water into
MnO(OH)2.
9. State Henry’s law for the solubility of a gas in liquid.

Ans. Henry’s law states that at a particular temperature, the mass of a gas
dissolved by a given amount of solvent is proportional to the pressure of the gas
in equilibrium with the solution provided that the temperature is not too low;
the gas pressure is not very high and the gas doesn’t dissociate or chemically
react with the solvent.
10. Discuss the factors which affect the solubility of oxygen in water.
Ans. The solubility of oxygen in water depends on the following factors:
a) Temperature: The solubility of oxygen in water decreases with increase in
water. For example, the solubility of oxygen in water decreases from 14.5
ppm at 00C to 7.5 ppm at 300C.
b) Concentration of impurities: The solubility of oxygen in water decreases
with increase in the concentration of impurities.
11. How the dissolved oxygen test is helpful in determining the pollution
extent of sewage?
Ans. For aerobic biological activities in water, dissolved oxygen is necessary. In
the absence of sufficient amount of dissolved oxygen in water, the anaerobic
degradation of pollutants make the water foul smelling. Thus, in determining
the pollution extent, dissolved oxygen test is helpful.

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Experiment 14: Preparation of silver nano particles
1. What are silver nano particles?

Ans. Silver nano particles are nanoparticles of silver between 1 nm and 100 nm
in size.
2. Give some idea about of silver nano particles.

Ans. The extremely large surface area of silver nano particles permits the
coordination of a vast number of ligands. Introduction of silver into bacterial
cells induces a high degree of structural and morphological changes, which can
lead to cell death. As the silver nanoparticles come in contact with the bacteria,
they adhere to the cell wall and cell membrane. This property of silver
nanoparticles led to their increasing application in antimicrobial coatings, many
textile, keyboards, wound dressings and biomedical devices.
3. What are the most popular method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles?

Ans. Two most popular method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles are
a) Turkevich method (1951): Silver reduced by trisodium citrate
b) Brust method (1994) : Silver reduced by sodium borohydride
4. Show the reaction for the preparation of silver nano particles.

Ans. The reaction for the preparation of silver nano particles is

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Experiment 15: To determine the amount of Cu in copper ore by

hypo solution
1. What are the chemicals required for this experiment?

Ans. Copper ore solution (CuSO4) solution, hypo solution (0.1N), sodium
carbonate solution, dilute acetic acid, solid KI and starch solution.
2. Under which category, this experiment comes?

Ans. This experiment comes under the category of Iodometry.
3. What is the reason for the wider application of iodine method in

volumetric analysis?
Ans. The reason is accuracy with which a very small concentrationof iodine can
be detected by its own colour produced by starch indicator.
4. Give some examples of copper ores.

Ans. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), Chalcocite (Cu2S) etc.
5. Why is glacial acetic acid added while preparing the standard solution of
copper sulphate?
Ans. Copper sulphate (CuSO4. 5H2O) is a hydrated salt. Acid is added to avoid
the hydrolysis of the salt.
6. What is the need for the addition of sodium carbonate and dilute acetic
acid?
Ans. The titration fails when any mineral acid is present in the solution. So, it
must be neutralized before starting the titration. Neutralization is done by the
addition of sodium carbonate solution, Excess of soda is removed by the
addition of dilute acetic acid solution.
7. Why is it advisable to freshly prepare starch solution before use?

Ans. Starch is readily degradable. A hydrolysis product of starch is glucose
which is a reducing agent. A partially hydrolyzed starch is thus a source of error
in the experiment.
8. Is starch a redox indicator?

Ans. No, it is not a redox indicator. It responds specifically to the presence of
iodine, not to a change in redox potential.

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9. Discuss the conditions which must be observed for getting better results
in Iodometric titrations.
Ans. The conditions are as follows:
a) The solution should be allowed to stand for 2-3 minutes after the addition
of the oxidant.
b) Slight excess of KI should be added in iodometric titrations.
c) The titrations must be carried out in the cold conditions.
d) Titrations should not be carried out in strongly alkaline conditions.
10. Why a small amount of KCNS or NH4CNS may be added towards the end
of the titration?
Ans. A large amount of cuprous iodide is precipitated towards the end of the
titration. The estimation is completed by the absorption of iodine over cuprous
iodide precipitated and its very slow release rate. To overcome this difficulty, a
small amount of KCNS or NH4CNS may be added.

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A GUIDE BOOK OF

Q&A IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Dr. Sumit Nandi

Dr. Sarbani Ganguly and Dr. Rupa Bhattacharyya

(For B. Tech. first-year students)

Title: A GUIDE BOOK OF Q&A IN

Dr. Sumit Nandi

Ideal International E- Publication

Subjects Page No.

Ideal International E- Publication

GENERAL QUESTIONS ON CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

1. What is the concentration of a solution?

2. What is the molarity (M) of a solution?

3. What is the molality (m) of a solution?

4. What is the normality (N) of a solution?

6. What is standard solution?

7. What is primary standard solution?

8. What is secondary standard solution?

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Exact strength of the solution is determined by titrating it against a primary

9. What are Acid–base indicators?

10. What are natural indicators?

11. What are Oxidation/reduction or Redox indicators?

12. What are Complexometric indicators?

13. What is volumetric analysis?

14. Which reactions can be used in volumetric analysis?

15. What is a titrant?

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16. What is titrand?

18.Why is upper meniscus observed in highly coloured solution during

19. Write down the structures of indicators like phenolphthalein, methyl

The structure of methyl orange is as follows:

The structure of methyl red is as follows:

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20. What is the unit of water hardness?

21. Why hardness is expressed in equivalents of calcium carbonate?

22. What is hard water?

23. What is soft water?

24. Why disodium salt of EDTA is much preferred than EDTA?

25. How permanent hardness in water is removed?

26. How temporary hardness in water is removed?

27. What do you mean by iodometric and iodimetric titrations?

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28. What is the biological importance of hydrochloric acid?

29. What are the major uses of sodium hydroxide?

30. What is the approximate normality of commercial hydrochloric acid?

31.What is the approximate normality of commercial sulphuric acid?

32. What is the approximate normality of commercial nitric acid?

33. What is the approximate normality of commercial phosphoric acid?

34. What is the approximate normality of commercial acetic acid?

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42. Give a brief idea of normality formula and normality equation.

44. How can the strength of a solution be expressed?

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Ans. Acid colour: red and base colour: yellow.

51. What is the name of the following balance?

Ans. Top loading balance.

52. What is the name of the following balance?

Ans. Analytical balance.

53. Name the following instrument.

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Ans. Hot air oven.