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INTRODUCTION TO AUDITING
RAYMUND FRANCIS A. ESCALA, CPA, MBA
AUDITING
Definition
As defined by the American Accounting Association, an audit is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and
evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence
between these assertions and established criteria and communicating the results thereof.
The following are key concepts obtained from the definition of an audit:
a. A systematic process
b. It involves objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence about assertions.
c. It ascertains the degree of correspondence between assertions and established criteria
d. It includes communication of the results to interested users
Types of audit
In compliance with the syllabus in Auditing of the Philippine CPA Licensure Examination, the following are the types of
audit.
1. Nature of assertion or data
a. Financial statement (FS) audit
b. Operational audit
c. Compliance audit
2. Types of auditor
a. External audit
b. Internal audit
c. Government audit
(074) 665 6774 0916 840 0661 admin@reo.com.ph MAY 2023 CPA REVIEW SEASON
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C. Suitable criteria
Criteria used in audit of financial statements generally include the PFRS, GAAP and other applicable financial
reporting framework
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VALUE OF FS AUDIT
Based from the discussions of the demand for FS audit, the following may be construed as the value of a FS audit
• Audit reduces information risk that may lead to lower cost of capital.
• Audit may be used to deter inefficiency and fraud.
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✓ Classification - transactions and events have been recorded in the proper accounts.
2. Assertions about Account balances at the period end ( ACERV):
✓ Completeness - all assets, liabilities and equity interests that should have been recorded have been recorded.
✓ Existence - assets, liabilities, and equity interests exist.
✓ Rights and obligations - the entity holds or controls the rights to assets, and liabilities are the obligations of the
entity.
✓ Valuation and allocation - assets, liabilities, and equity interests are included in the financial statements at
appropriate amounts and any resulting valuation or allocation adjustments are appropriately recorded.
3. Assertions about Presentation and disclosure ( POCAC):
✓ Occurrence and rights and obligations - disclosed events, transactions, and other matters have occurred and
pertain to the entity.
✓ Completeness - all disclosures that should have been included in the financial statements have been
included.
✓ Accuracy and valuation - financial and other information are disclosed fairly and at appropriate amounts.
✓ Classification and understandability - financial information is appropriately presented and described, and
disclosures are clearly expressed.
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6. Recalculation. It consists of checking the mathematical accuracy of documents or records. This procedure may
be performed manually or electronically.
7. Reperformance. It involves the auditor’s independent execution of procedures or controls that were originally
performed as part of the entity’s internal control.
8. Analytical Procedures. Procedures consist of evaluations of financial information made by a study of plausible
relationships among both financial and non-financial data. Analytical procedures also encompass the
investigation of identified fluctuations and relationships that are inconsistent with other relevant information or
deviate significantly from predicted amounts.
2. Planning an audit Audit planning involves the development of an overall audit strategy, audit plan and audit program.
of financial The auditor usually obtained more detailed knowledge about the client’s business and industry in
statements order to understand the transactions and events affecting the financial statements.
Preliminary assessment of risk and materiality is also made during this phase.
3. Study and Since entity’s internal control directly affects the reliability of the financial statements, it is
evaluation of appropriate to study and evaluate these controls.
internal control
4. Evidence- Using the information obtained in audit planning and consideration of internal controls, the auditor
gathering performs substantive test to determine whether entity’s financial statements are presented fairly in
(Substantive accordance with financial reporting standards. Substantive procedures could either be analytical
testing) procedures or test of details of transactions and balances
This phase will always be performed by the auditor.
5. Completing the Wrapping-up procedures are performed; conclusions reached are reviewed; and an overall opinion
audit is formed during this phase.
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6. Issuance of the In this stage, auditor prepares and issues audit report which describes the scope of the audit and
audit report states the auditor’s conclusion regarding the fairness of the financial statements.
7. Post-audit After completion of the audit engagement, auditor performs procedures that will enable him/her
responsibilities identify areas for improvement in the current and future engagements.
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9. The scope and objectives of internal auditing vary widely and depend on the size and structure of the entity and the
requirements of its management. Ordinarily, internal auditing activities include one or more of the following:
A. B. C. D.
Review of the accounting and internal control Yes Yes Yes Yes
systems
Examination of financial and operating Yes Yes Yes No
information
Review of the economy, efficiency and Yes Yes No No
effectiveness of operations
Review of compliance with laws, regulations and Yes No No No
other external requirements
10. Which statement is correct regarding the relationship between internal auditing and the external auditor?
A. Some judgments relating to the audit of the financial statements are those of the internal auditor.
B. The external audit function's objectives vary according to management's requirements.
C. Certain aspects of internal auditing may be useful in determining the nature, timing and extent of external audit
procedures.
D. The external auditor is responsible for the audit opinion expressed, however that responsibility may be reduced by
any use made of internal auditing.
11. This type of audit involves a review of an organization’s procedures and methods for the purpose of evaluating
efficiency and effectiveness of operations, identifying areas for improvement, and making recommendations to
improve performance.
A. Financial statement audit C. Compliance audit
B. Operational audit D. Internal audit
12. Operational auditing is primarily oriented toward
A. Future improvements to accomplish the goals of management.
B. The accuracy of data reflected in management’s fi nancial records.
C. The verification that a company’s financial statements are fairly presented.
D. Past protection provided by existing internal control.
13. An objective of operational audit is to assess whether
A. Specific units of the entity are functioning effectively and efficiently
B. Financial statements fairly reflect the results of operations
C. An organization’s procedures adheres to specific procedures, rules or regulations set by an authoritative body
D. Internal control structure is designed and implemented
14. AAA Corp. has engaged a public accounting firm to issue a report on the accuracy of product quality
specifications included in trade sales agreements. This is an example of a (an):
A. Financial statement audit C. Compliance audit
B. Attestation service D. Operational audit
15. Which of the following terms best describe the audit of a taxpayer’s return by a BIR auditor?
A. Operational audit C. Compliance audit
B. Internal audit D. Government audit
16. The overall objectives of the auditor in conducting an audit of financial statements are
I. To obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material
misstatement, whether caused by fraud or error.
II. To report on the financial statements.
III. To obtain conclusive rather than persuasive evidence.
IV. To detect all misstatements, whether due to fraud or error.
A. I and II only C. I, II and III only
B. II and IV only D. I, II, III and IV
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17. Which of the following best describes the objective of an audit of financial statements?
A. To express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared in accordance with prescribed criteria.
B. To express an assurance as to the future viability of the entity whose financial statements are being audited.
C. To express an assurance about the management's efficiency or effectiveness in conducting the operations of
entity.
D. To express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respect, in accordance with
an identified financial reporting framework.
18. The objective of the ordinary audit of financial statements is the expression of an opinion on:
A. the fairness of the financial statements. C. the accuracy of the annual report.
B. the accuracy of the financial statements. D. the balance sheet and income statement.
19. In "auditing" accounting data, the concern is with
A. Determining whether recorded information properly reflects the economic events that occurred during the
accounting period.
B. Determining if fraud has occurred.
C. Determining if taxable income has been calculated correctly.
D. Analyzing the financial information to be sure that it complies with government requirements.
20. Third-party users of the audit report expect the auditor to do all of the following except:
A. To evaluate measurements and disclosures made by management
B. To provide a biased evaluation of the FSs
C. To determine whether financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP
D. To gather sufficient evidence to support their opinion
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7. The need for an independent audit arises due to the following reasons. (Choose the expectation)
A. Expertise of auditors C. Remoteness of users
B. Competing inte rests D. Complexity of decision-making
8. Which of the following statements does not describe a condition that creates a demand for auditing?
A. Conflict between an information preparer and a user can result in biased information.
B. Information can have substantial economic consequences for a decision maker.
C. Expertise is often required for information preparation and verification.
D. Users can directly assess the quality of information.
9. Which of the following is incorrect regarding the general principles of an audit?
A. The auditor should comply with the "Code of Ethics for Professional Ethics for C ertified Public Accountants"
promulgated by the Philippine Professional Regulation Commission.
B. The auditor should conduct an audit in accordance with PSAs.
C. The auditor should plan and perform an audit with an attitude of professional skepticism recognizing that
circumstances may exist that cause the financial statements to be materially misstated.
D. The auditor would ordinarily expect to find evidence to support management representations and assume
they are necessarily correct.
10. Which is not a theoretical postulate framing an audit?
A. Financial data can be subjected to verification.
B. Long-term conflict between the auditor and client may exist.
C. An audit benefits the public.
D. The auditor is independent of the client.
11. Auditing is based on the assumption that the financial data are verifiable. Data are verifiable when two or more
qualified individuals,
A. Working together, can prove, beyond doubt, the accuracy of the data.
B. Working independently, each reach essentially similar conclusions.
C. Working independently, can prove, beyond reasonable doubt, the truthfulness of the data.
D. Working together, can agree upon the accuracy of the data.
12. Which of the following is not one of the three categories of assertions?
A. Assertions about classes of transactions and events for the period under audit
B. Assertions about financial statements and correspondence to GAAP
C. Assertions about account balances at period end
D. Assertions about presentation and disclosure
13. Which of the following is not a financial statement assertion relating to account balances?
A. Completeness. C. Rights and obligations.
B. Existence. D. Valuation and competence.
14. If a short-term note payable is included in the accounts payable balance on the financial statement, there is a violation
of the:
A. completeness assertion. C. cutoff assertion.
B. existence assertion. D. classification and understandability assertion.
15. Set the following phases in proper order:
i. Pre-Engagement
ii. Internal Controls
iii. Evidence-Gathering
iv. Planning
v. Post-Audit Responsibilities
vi. Reporting
A. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi C. i, iv, iii, ii, v, vi
B. i, iv, ii, iii, vi, v D. i, iv, ii, iii, v, vi
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"You may only succeed if you desire succeeding; you may only fail if you do not mind failing."
Philippos
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