科学复习资料

涵盖范围：期中后-Week 13
能，blood, circulatory system

Circulatory System
Functions:
Transportation Transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes of cells, nutrients, other materials
Protection Fight infections and heal wounds
Temperature Regulation Temperature too low: Blood vessels restrict; reduce thermal energy
loss. Temperature too high: Blood vessels widen; release more thermal energy

Parts of Blood:
1. Plasma: Transports blood cells; 90% water+dissolved material; has chemical messengers
2. Red blood cells: erythrocytes; contains hemoglobin (iron rich); carries oxygen; shape->
more surface area
3. White blood cells: leukocytes; protect your body from illness and infection; constantly
replaced
4. Platelets: plug wounds and stop bleeding; form fibrin nets with the clotting factor

Blood Types:

RH Factor: If a person with RH+ blood donated blood to a person with RH- blood, clots
might form in the recipient’s body.
Key point: It is unimportant whether the donor blood has antibodies in its plasma when
considering small amounts.
Diseases:
1. Leukemia
-white blood cells in an excessive number
-immature and crowd out area (eg.bone marrow)
-to cure: medicine, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants
2. Hemophilia
-plasma lacks one of the clotting factors that begins the clotting progress
3. Anemia
-too less red blood cells

Blood vessels:
1. Arteries
-take blood away from the heart
-blood pressure: high
-walls: thick (withstand blood pressure)
-aorta: largest artery
-arterioles: smaller arteries
2. Capillaries
-tiny blood vessels
-deliver supplies to individual cells and take away waste materials
-walls: thin (one cell thick; make it possible for molecules to pass through)
3.Veins
-brings blood toward a heart
-blood pressure: low
-less pressure-> greater chance for blood to flow backward-> the presence of valves (prevent
blood from moving backward)
-venules (formed by capillaries joining)
-inferior vena cava (largest vein; carry blood from the lower half of your body to your heart)
-superior vena cava (carry blood from the upper half of your body to your heart)
Coronary Circulation:
-independent circulation
-nutrients don’t come from the blood that travels through the heart; instead it comes from the
coronary circulation
-this supplies blood (and therefore, oxygen and nutrients) to all the cells of the heart
-blocked->heart attack

Pulmonary Circulation:
- the network of vessels that carries blood between the heart and the lungs
-! page 569 of the reference !
-pulmonary arteries: the only arteries that carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide and low
in arteries
-pulmonary veins: ......oxygen-high blood

Systemic Circulation:
-the network of vessels that carries blood to the body and from the body back to the heart

Blood pressure:
-the force of the blood on the walls of blood vessels
-systolic pressure is caused when the ventricles contract and blood is pushed out of the heart
-diastolic pressure occurs as the ventricles fill with blood before they contract again
-controlling blood pressure: messages sent to your brain; speed up or slow down heart rate
-regular: 120/80 mm Hg

Atherosclerosis:
-a cause of heart disease
-fatty deposits build upon arterial walls
-can cause heart attack

Hypertension:
-high blood pressure
-weakened and less flexible artery walls
Heart Failure:
-when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently

Preventing cardiovascular disease:

-healthy lifestyle
-no smoking, healthy eating, regular exercise, etc.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymph is tissue fluid that has diffused into lymphatic capillaries.

Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs found throughout the body that filter out
microorganisms and foreign materials.
When your body fights an infection, lymphocytes fill the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes
become warm, reddened, and tender to the touch.

The thymus is where T cells complete their development.

The spleen recycles worn-out red blood cells and produces and stores lymphocytes; largest
organ of the lymphatic system
Tonsils are clusters of lymph tissue on the sides of the throat; they protect the body from
infection.

Functions of the lymphatic system:

It absorbs some tissue fluid
It absorbs fats and transports them to the circulatory system.
It filters unneeded particles from tissue fluid and then returns it to the circulatory system.
It helps fight off illness and infections
When HIV enters a person’s body, it attacks and destroys lymphocytes called helper T cells
that help make antibodies to fight infections.

能与能源

Essential idea: 人类活动离不开能。能以不同形式存在。

1.0 能的形式
光能：太阳，电灯，手电筒等会释放光能。
热能：热能会使物体升温。i.e.,（工作的）电炉，电热器，燃气灶。
电能：we are getting more and more dependent on 电能。Includes 机器 etc.
声能：声音越大，放出的声能就越多。i.e.大声播放出的音乐 is a kind of 声
能。
动能：速度越大，具有的动能越大.
势能：可以被理解为储存的、积累的能量。势能可以转化为动能。
化学能：abundance of 化学能 in 树木、煤炭、石油等。燃烧时化学能可以
转换成其他类型的能量（i.e.光能热能）

2.0 能的转化
考点：比如说如果有一道题目考到能的转化，需要比较一下光能、热能、
电能、声能、动能、势能、化学能各自的特征然后去分析
一些例子有：
弹簧：势能->动能
电风扇：电能->动能

3.0 能的转化器
通过控制能的转化器，我们能更加有效率地使用能。
能的转化器有很多。热气球可以把燃料的化学能转化成热能。电池能把
化学能转化成电能。

4.0 热在气体中的传递
气体粒子受热，运动速度加快，粒子间距离增大，密度减小。
热空气向上，冷空气向下，形成对流。

5.0 热在液体中的传递
当水受热时，粒子间的距离增大，热水因而膨胀，同时密度变得比冷水
小。密度较小的热水向上升，而密度较大的冷水向下流回补充，形成对
流。在液体中，热是以对流的方式传递的。

6.0 热在固体中的传递
固体粒子受热，振动剧烈，通过碰撞使振动加剧，受影响范围扩大，发
生热传导。

7.0 热在真空中的传递
辐射，因为真空中不可能靠传导或对流传到地球。围着篝火取暖时，篝
火主要的热气通过辐射传递到我们的身体里。

8.0 不同物质的导热性
金属导热性好，称为热的良导体。非金属导热性差，称为热的不良导体。

9.0 空气和水的导热性
传导和对流可在水和空气中发生，但以对流为主。水和空气的导热性较
差。

10.0 保暖方式
隔热体所藏空气越多，保温能力越强。如皮草，羽绒，棉花等。

11.0 热传导与节能
保温瓶的真空夹层可以防止热传导和热对流，镀银的内壁可以减少热辐
射，软木塞和玻璃可以减少热传导。

12.0 能的来源
地球上几乎所有的能都来自于太阳释放的光能和热能。

13.0 能源及其种类
按照不同的分类准测，能源可以分为一次能源和二次能源，再生能源和
非再生能源，常规能源和新能源

14.0 化石能源的不足
煤炭、石油、天然气等属于非再生能源。而太阳能、风能、海洋能、水
能等几乎取之不尽用之不竭。 We need to preserve nonrenewable resources and limit
our use of them.
15.0 开发其他能源
Aside from limiting our use of nonrenewable resources, we also need to explore other energy
resources. Including:

太阳能 风能 潮汐能 核能 地热能