SSH CN Report

Dr.
Ambedkar Institute of Technology

(Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru – 560056)
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
“COMPUTER NETWORKS”
(21CST502)
Laboratory Record
Department of CSE, Dr AIT Page | 1

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
(Near Jnana Bharathi Campus, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru – 560056)
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Certificate
This is to certify that SNEHA SATYAPPA MUCHANDI [1DA21CS137] has satisfactorily
completed the course of experiments in practical “Computer Networks (21CST502)”
prescribed by the Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, university VTU in the Laboratory
of this college in the year 2023-2024.
Signature of the Teacher in charge of Lab

Date:

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl No Experiment Page No
1 Topology (Bus, 4-9
Ring, Star)
2 Simulate a Simple Topology-TCP/UDP Traffic 10-13
3 Hamming Distance Program 14
4 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) Program 15-17
5 Stop and Wait Program 18-19
6 Client and Server Program 20-24
7 Simulation of Link State Routing Algorithm 25-27
8 Simulation of Distance Vector Routing 28-30
Algorithm
Program 1: Topology Program.

Bus Topology:
#Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
#Open the nam trace file set
nf [open out.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} { global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
#Close the trace file
close $nf
#Executenam on the trace file exec
nam out.nam &
exit 0
#Create five nodes
set n0 [$ns node] set
n1 [$ns node] set n2
[$ns node] set n3
[$ns node] set n4
[$ns node]
#Create Lan between the nodes
set lan0 [$ns newLan "$n0 $n1 $n2 $n3 $n4" 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/DropTail MAC/Csma/Cd Channel]
#set lan0 [$ns newLan “$node0 $node1$node2 $node3 $node4” 0.5Mb 40ms LL Queue/FQ MAC/Csma/Cd
Channel]
#Create a TCP agent and attach it to node n0
set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP] $tcp0 set class_ 1
$ns attach-agent $n1 $tcp0
#Create a TCP Sink agent (a traffic sink) for TCP and attach it to node n3
set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink0
#Connect the traffic sources with the traffic sink
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to tcp0 set
cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.01
$cbr0 attach-agent $tcp0
#Schedule events for the CBR agents
$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
Output:
Ring Topology:

#Open the nam trace file
set nf [open out.nam w] $ns
namtrace-all $nf #Define a
'finish' procedure proc
finish {} { global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
#Execute nam on the trace file
exec nam out.nam &
exit0
#Create five nodes
[$ns node] set n3
[$ns node] set n4
[$ns node] set n5
[$ns node]
#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP] $tcp0 set class_ 1
#Create a TCP Sink agent (a traffic sink) for TCP and attach it to node n3 set
sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
Output:
Star Topology:

#Open the nam trace file
set nf [open out.nam w]
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
#Execute nam on the trace file
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0 }
#Create six nodes
[$ns node] set n3
[$ns node] set n4
[$ns node] set n5
[$ns node]
#Change the shape of center node in a star topology
$n0 shape square
#Create links between the nodes

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$tcp0 set class_ 1
#Create a TCP Sink agent (a traffic sink) for TCP and attach it to node n3
#Connect the traffic sources with the traffic sink
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
$ns run
Output:

Program 2: Write and Execute a four node point-to-point network with the
links connected as follows: n0-n2,n1-n2 and n2-n3.Apply TCP agent between
n0-n3 and FTP between n1-n3.
Apply relevant applications over TCP and FTP agents changing the parameter
and determine the number of packets sent by TCP/FTP.
# Create a simulator object
# Define different colors
# for data flows (for NAM)
$ns color 1 Blue
$ns color 2 Red

# Open the NAM trace file

# Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
# Close the NAM trace file
close $nf
# Execute NAM on the trace file
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
# Create four nodes
set n0 [$ns node]
set n1 [$ns node]
set n2 [$ns node]
set n3 [$ns node]

# Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1.7Mb 20ms DropTail

# Set Queue Size of link (n2-n3) to 10
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 10

# Give node position (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right

# Monitor the queue for link (n2-n3). (for NAM)
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5

# Setup a TCP connection
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]
$tcp set class_ 2
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
set sink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $sink
$ns connect $tcp $sink
$tcp set fid_ 1

# Setup a FTP over TCP connection
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ftp set type_ FTP
# Setup a UDP connection
set udp [new Agent/UDP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp
set null [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $null
$ns connect $udp $null
$udp set fid_ 2

# Setup a CBR over UDP connection
set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr attach-agent $udp
$cbr set type_ CBR
$cbr set packet_size_ 1000
$cbr set rate_ 1mb
$cbr set random_ false

# Schedule events for the CBR and FTP agents
$ns at 0.1 "$cbr start"
$ns at 1.0 "$ftp start"
$ns at 4.0 "$ftp stop"
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr stop"

# Detach tcp and sink agents
# (not really necessary)
$ns at 4.5 "$ns detach-agent $n0 $tcp ; $ns detach-agent $n3 $sink"
# Call the finish procedure after
# 5 seconds of simulation time
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
# Print CBR packet size and interval puts
"CBR packet size = [$cbr set packet_size_]" puts
"CBR interval = [$cbr set interval_]"
# Run the simulation
$ns run

Output:

Program 3: Hamming Distance Program
#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
int main() {
int i, length, count = 0;
char v1[8], v2[8];
clrscr();
printf("\nWrite a Program to Find Hamming Distance\n");
printf("Enter 1st String : ");

scanf("%s", &v1);
printf("Enter 2nd String : ");
scanf("%s", &v2);
length = strlen(v2);
for(i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
if(v1[i] != v2[i])
count++;
}
printf("\nHamming Distance : %d", count);

getch();
}
Output:

Program 4: CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) Program.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
// length of the generator polynomial
#define N strlen(gen_poly)
// data to be transmitted and
received char data[28];
// CRC value char
check_value[28];
// generator polynomial char
gen_poly[10];
// variables
int data_length,i,j;
// function that performs XOR operation
void XOR(){
for(j = 1;j < N; j++)
check_value[j] = (( check_value[j] == gen_poly[j])?'0':'1');
// Function to check for errors on the receiver
void receiver(){
// get the received data
printf("Enter the received data: ");
scanf("%s", data);
printf("\n-----------------------------\n");
printf("Data received: %s", data);
// Cyclic Redundancy Check
crc();
// Check if the remainder is zero to find the error
for(i=0;(i<N-1) && (check_value[i]!='1');i++);

if(i<N-1) printf("\nError detected\n\n");
else printf("\nNo error detected\n\n");
void crc(){
// initializing check_value
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
check_value[i]=data[i];
do{
// check if the first bit is 1 and calls XOR function
if(check_value[0]=='1')
XOR();
// Move the bits by 1 position for the next computation
for(j=0;j<N-1;j++)
check_value[j]=check_value[j+1];
// appending a bit from data
check_value[j]=data[i++];
while(i<=data_length+N-1);
// loop until the data ends
}
int main()
{
// get the data to be transmitted
printf("\nEnter data to be transmitted: ");
scanf("%s",data);
printf("\n Enter the Generating polynomial: ");
// get the generator polynomial
scanf("%s",gen_poly);

// find the length of data
data_length=strlen(data);
// appending n-1 zeros to the data
for(i=data_length;i<data_length+N-1;i++)
data[i]='0'; printf("\n----------------------------------------");
// print the data with padded zeros
printf("\n Data padded with n-1 zeros : %s",data);
printf("\n----------------------------------------");
crc();
// print the computed check value
printf("\nCRC or Check value is : %s",check_value);
// Append data with check_value(CRC)
for(i=data_length;i<data_length+N-1;i++)
data[i]=check_value[i-data_length];
printf("\n----------------------------------------");
// printing the final data to be sent
printf("\n Final data to be sent : %s",data);
receiver();
return 0;
Output:

Program 5: Stop and Wait Program.
$ns color 1 Blue
# set nam output file
# destructor proc
finish {} {
global ns nf
$ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
#create two nodes and create labels for them
set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node]
$ns at 0.0 "$n0 label \" Sender \" "
$ns at 0.0 "$n1 label \"Receiver\" "
# set up a new duplex link
$ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n1 orient right
# create a new TCP agent
set tcp [new Agent/TCP]
# attach the agent to first node
$ns attach-agent $n0 $tcp
$tcp set fid_ 1
$tcp set window_ 1
$tcp set maxcwnd_ 1
$ns add-agent-trace $tcp tcp

$ns monitor-agent-trace $tcp set
tcpsink [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $tcpsink
$ns connect $tcp $tcpsink
set ftp [new Application/FTP]
$ftp attach-agent $tcp
$ns at 0.5 "$ftp start"
$ns at 3.0 "$ns detach-agent $n0 $tcp ; $ns detach-agent $n1 $tcpsink "
$ns at 1.0 "$ns trace-annotate \"send packet 1\""
$ns at 1.4 "$ns trace-annotate \"recieve ack 1\""
$ns at 2.5 "$ns trace-annotate \"receive ack 2\""
$ns at 3.5 "$ns trace-annotate \"receive ack 3\""
$ns at 4.0 "finish"
$ns run
Output:

Program 6: Client and Server Program.
Server-Side Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
int main(void)
int socket_desc, client_sock, client_size;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr;
char server_message[2000], client_message[2000];
// Clean buffers:
memset(server_message, '\0', sizeof(server_message));
memset(client_message, '\0', sizeof(client_message));
// Create socket:
socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

if(socket_desc < 0)
{
printf("Error while creating socket\n");
return -1;
printf("Socket created successfully\n");

// Set port and IP:
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(2000);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
// Bind to the set port and IP:
if(bind(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr))<0)
{
printf("Couldn't bind to the port\n");
return -1;
printf("Done with binding\n");

// Listen for clients:
if(listen(socket_desc, 1) < 0)
printf("Error while listening\n");
return -1;
printf("\nListening for incoming connections.....\n");
// Accept an incoming connection:

client_size = sizeof(client_addr);
client_sock = accept(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &client_size);
if (client_sock < 0)
{
printf("Can't accept\n");
return -1;
}
printf("Client connected at IP: %s and port: %i\n", inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr),ntohs(client_addr.sin_port));
// Receive client's message:

if (recv(client_sock, client_message, sizeof(client_message), 0) < 0)
{
printf("Couldn't receive\n");
return -1;
}
printf("Msg from client: %s\n", client_message);
// Respond to client:
strcpy(server_message, "This is the server's message.");
if (send(client_sock, server_message, strlen(server_message), 0) < 0){
printf("Can't send\n");
return -1;

}
// Closing the socket:
close(client_sock);
close(socket_desc);
return 0;
}
Client-Side Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
int main(void)
int socket_desc, client_sock, client_size;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr;
char server_message[2000], client_message[2000];
// Clean buffers:
memset(server_message, '\0', sizeof(server_message));
memset(client_message, '\0', sizeof(client_message));
// Create socket:
socket_desc = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

if(socket_desc < 0){
printf("Error while creating socket\n");
return -1;
printf("Socket created successfully\n");
// Set port and IP:
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(2000);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");

// Bind to the set port and IP:
if(bind(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr))<0)
printf("Couldn't bind to the port\n");
return -1;
printf("Done with binding\n");
// Listen for clients:
if(listen(socket_desc, 1) < 0)
{ printf("Error while listening\n");
return -1;
printf("\nListening for incoming connections.....\n");

// Accept an incoming connection:
client_size = sizeof(client_addr);
client_sock = accept(socket_desc, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &client_size);
if (client_sock < 0){
printf("Can't accept\n");
return -1;
}
printf("Client connected at IP: %s and port: %i\n", inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr),ntohs(client_addr.sin_port))
// Receive client's message:

if (recv(client_sock, client_message, sizeof(client_message), 0) < 0)
{
printf("Couldn't receive\n");
return -1;
}
printf("Msg from client: %s\n", client_message);
// Respond to client:
strcpy(server_message, "This is the server's message.");

if (send(client_sock, server_message, strlen(server_message), 0) < 0)
{
printf("Can't send\n");
return -1;
}

// Closing the socket:
close(client_sock);
close(socket_desc);
return 0;
Output:

Program 7: Simulation of Link State Routing Algorithm.
$ns rtproto LS
set node1 [$ns node]

set tf [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tf
$node1 label "node 1"

$node1 label-color blue

$node2 label-color red
$ns duplex-link $node1 $node2 1.5Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link-op $node1 $node2 orient left-down

$ns duplex-link-op $node3 $node4 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $node4 $node5 orient right

$ns duplex-link-op $node5 $node6 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $node6 $node7 orient left-up

$ns attach-agent $node1 $tcp2
$ns attach-agent $node4 $sink2
set traffic_ftp2 [new Application/FTP]

$traffic_ftp2 attach-agent $tcp2
proc finish {} {
global ns nf $ns
flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}
$ns at 0.5 "$traffic_ftp2 start"

$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $node2 $node3
$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $node2 $node3
$ns at 4.0 "$traffic_ftp2 stop"
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
$ns run
Output:

Program 8: Simulation of Distance Vector Program Routing Algorithm.
$ns rtproto DV

set tf [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tf




$ns duplex-link-op $node3 $node4 orient right-down
$ns duplex-link-op $node4 $node5 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $node5 $node6 orient right-up

$ns attach-agent $node1 $tcp2
$ns attach-agent $node4 $sink2
set traffic_ftp2 [new Application/FTP]

$traffic_ftp2 attach-agent $tcp2
proc finish {} {
global ns nf $ns flush-trace
close $nf
exec nam out.nam &
exit 0
}

$ns rtmodel-at 1.0 down $node2 $node3
$ns rtmodel-at 2.0 up $node2 $node3
$ns at 4.0 "$traffic_ftp2 stop"
$ns at 5.0 "finish"
$ns run
Output:


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Dr.

Ambedkar Institute of Technology

Department of CSE, Dr AIT Page | 1

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Signature of the Teacher in charge of Lab

Department of CSE, Dr AIT Page | 2

Program 1: Topology Program.

Department of CSE, Dr AIT Page | 3

set ns [new Simulator]

#Open the nam trace file set

$ns namtrace-all $nf

#Define a 'finish' procedure

proc finish {} { global ns nf

#Close the trace file

#Executenam on the trace file exec

nam out.nam &

#Create five nodes

set n0 [$ns node] set

n1 [$ns node] set n2

[$ns node] set n3

[$ns node] set n4

#Create Lan between the nodes

#Create a TCP agent and attach it to node n0

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP] $tcp0 set class_ 1

$ns attach-agent $n1 $tcp0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]

Department of CSE, Dr AIT Page | 4

#Connect the traffic sources with the traffic sink

$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0

# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to tcp0 set

cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr0 set packetSize_ 500

$cbr0 set interval_ 0.01

$cbr0 attach-agent $tcp0

#Schedule events for the CBR agents

$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start"

$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"

#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time

$ns at 5.0 "finish"

#Run the simulation

Department of CSE, Dr AIT Page | 5

set ns [new Simulator]

#Open the nam trace file

set nf [open out.nam w] $ns

namtrace-all $nf #Define a

'finish' procedure proc

#Close the trace file

#Execute nam on the trace file

exec nam out.nam &

#Create five nodes

set n0 [$ns node] set

n1 [$ns node] set n2

[$ns node] set n3

[$ns node] set n4

[$ns node] set n5

#Create links between the nodes

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n1 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n3 $n4 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n4 $n5 1Mb 10ms DropTail

$ns duplex-link $n5 $n0 1Mb 10ms DropTail

#Create a TCP agent and attach it to node n0