Contemporary approach to MIS

The contemporary approach to Management Information Systems (MIS) involves the use of modern
technologies and tools to manage and analyze data. This approach emphasizes the importance of real-
time data, analytics, and cloud-based solutions to support decision-making and improve business
performance. The contemporary approach to MIS focuses on the following key areas:

1. Big data analytics: The use of advanced analytics tools to analyze large volumes of data in real-
time and identify trends, patterns, and insights.
2. Cloud computing: The use of cloud-based solutions to store and manage data, which provides
greater flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness.
3. Mobile computing: The use of mobile devices to access data and applications, which enables
employees to work from anywhere and at any time.
4. Social media: The use of social media platforms to engage with customers, gather feedback,
and promote products and services.
5. Cybersecurity: The protection of data and information systems from cyber threats and attacks.

Overall, the contemporary approach to MIS is focused on leveraging modern technologies and tools
to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness of businesses.

Information as a strategic resources & use of information for competitive advantage

Information is a strategic resource because it provides organizations with valuable insights into their
business operations, customers, and competitors. In today’s digital age, data is being generated at an
unprecedented rate, and organizations that can effectively manage and leverage this data can gain a
significant competitive advantage. Here are some ways that organizations can use information for
competitive advantage:

1. Market research: Collecting and analyzing data on customer preferences, behavior, and trends
can help organizations develop products and services that meet customer needs and
preferences.

2. Business intelligence: Analyzing internal data on sales, inventory, and production can help
organizations identify areas for improvement and optimize their operations.

3. Predictive analytics: Using advanced analytics tools to forecast future trends and outcomes
can help organizations make more informed decisions and stay ahead of the competition.
 4. Customer relationship management: Collecting and analyzing data on customer interactions
and feedback can help organizations improve their customer service and develop stronger
relationships with customers.

5. Supply chain management: Collecting and analyzing data on suppliers, inventory, and logistics
can help organizations optimize their supply chain and reduce costs.

Overall, the effective use of information can help organizations gain a competitive advantage by
enabling them to make better decisions, optimize their operations, and develop products and services
that meet customer needs and preferences.

Types of data & types of information

Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures that are collected through various sources.
Information, on the other hand, is data that has been processed and analyzed to provide meaning and
context. Here are some types of data and information:

Types of Data:

1. Structured Data: Data that is organized in a specific format such as a database or spreadsheet.
This data is easy to search and analyze.

2. Unstructured Data: Data that is not organized in a specific format. This data is often found in
emails, social media, and other sources. It is difficult to search and analyze.

3. Semi-Structured Data: Data that is partially organized. It may have some structure, but not
enough to fit into a specific format.

Types of Information:

1. Descriptive Information: Information that describes a particular event, situation, or object.

This type of information answers the question “what happened?”

2. Diagnostic Information: Information that explains why a particular event, situation, or object
occurred. This type of information answers the question “why did it happen?”
 3. Predictive Information: Information that predicts what will happen in the future. This type of
information is based on historical data and statistical analysis.

4. Prescriptive Information: Information that provides recommendations on what actions to take

to achieve a particular goal. This type of information is based on predictive analytics and other
data analysis techniques.

Overall, the type of data and information that an organization collects and analyzes depends on its
goals and objectives. By effectively leveraging data and information, organizations can gain valuable
insights into their operations, customers, and competitors, and make more informed decisions.

Classical, administrative, Herbert Simon model

Classical management theory is based on the idea that there is a single “best way” to manage and
organize work. It emphasizes the importance of clear roles and responsibilities, standardized
procedures, and hierarchical structures.

Administrative management theory focuses on the management of an organization as a whole, rather

than on individual workers. It emphasizes the importance of planning, organizing, coordinating, and
controlling organizational activities.

Herbert Simon’s model of decision-making emphasizes the importance of bounded rationality, or the
idea that individuals have limited information, cognitive abilities, and time when making decisions.
According to Simon, decision-making is a process that involves identifying problems, generating
alternatives, evaluating alternatives, and selecting the best option based on the available information
and resources.

Overall, each of these management theories provides a different perspective on how organizations
should be managed and how decisions should be made. By understanding these different approaches,
managers can develop a more nuanced and effective approach to managing their organizations.
Data independence

Data independence refers to the ability to modify the schema or structure of a database without
affecting the applications that access the data. There are two types of data independence: physical
data independence and logical data independence.

Physical data independence allows changes to be made to the physical storage structures of the
database without affecting the way that data is accessed or manipulated by applications. This means
that the physical storage structures, such as disk storage or file formats, can be changed without
affecting the logical schema of the database.

Logical data independence allows changes to be made to the logical schema of the database without
affecting the way that data is accessed or manipulated by applications. This means that the logical
schema, such as table structures or relationships between tables, can be changed without affecting
the physical storage structures of the database.

Overall, data independence is important because it allows organizations to modify their databases to
meet changing business needs without disrupting the applications that rely on that data. This can help
to improve the flexibility, scalability, and maintainability of the database over time.

Data redundancy

Data redundancy refers to the practice of storing the same data in multiple places within a database.
This can occur when data is duplicated across multiple tables or when multiple applications store the
same data in different locations.

While some degree of redundancy may be necessary for certain applications, excessive data
redundancy can lead to a number of problems. These include:

1. Increased storage requirements: Storing the same data in multiple places can require more
storage space than necessary, which can increase costs and reduce performance.

2. Inconsistencies in data: When the same data is stored in multiple places, it can become difficult
to keep that data consistent across all locations. This can lead to data quality issues and errors.
 3. Difficulty in updating data: When the same data is stored in multiple places, updating that data
can become more difficult and time-consuming. This can lead to delays in data updates and
increased risk of errors.

Overall, minimizing data redundancy is an important goal for database design. By reducing redundancy,
organizations can improve data quality, reduce storage requirements, and improve the efficiency of
data updates. This can help to improve the overall performance and effectiveness of the database over
time.

MIS : need purpose objectives

MIS stands for Management Information System. The purpose of an MIS is to provide managers with
timely and accurate information that can be used to make better decisions. The objectives of an MIS
include:

1. Providing timely and accurate information: An MIS should provide managers with information
that is up-to-date and accurate, so that they can make informed decisions.

2. Supporting decision-making: An MIS should provide managers with the information they need
to make better decisions. This includes information about the organization’s performance,
trends, and opportunities.

3. Improving operational efficiency: An MIS should help managers to identify areas where
operational efficiency can be improved. This includes identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies,
and areas where resources can be better allocated.

4. Enhancing communication: An MIS should help to improve communication between different

parts of the organization. This includes providing a platform for sharing information and
collaborating on projects.

5. Supporting strategic planning: An MIS should provide managers with the information they
need to develop and implement strategic plans. This includes information about the
organization’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
Overall, the objectives of an MIS are to help managers make better decisions, improve operational
efficiency, and support strategic planning. By achieving these objectives, an MIS can help an
organization to be more effective, efficient, and competitive.

Data consistency

Data consistency refers to the accuracy and reliability of data across different systems or applications.
Data consistency is important because it ensures that data is accurate and up-to-date, and that it can
be relied upon for decision-making and other critical business processes.

There are several factors that can impact data consistency, including:

1. Data duplication: When the same data is stored in multiple locations, it can become difficult
to ensure that all copies of the data are consistent.

2. Data integrity: When data is entered into a system, it is important to ensure that it is accurate
and complete. This requires proper data validation and verification processes.

3. Data synchronization: When data is updated in one system, it is important to ensure that those
changes are reflected in all other systems that use that data.

4. Data access controls: When multiple users have access to the same data, it is important to
ensure that they are not making conflicting changes to the data.

To ensure data consistency, organizations should establish clear data governance policies and
procedures. This includes defining data standards, implementing data validation and verification
processes, and establishing data access controls. By doing so, organizations can ensure that their data
is accurate and reliable, and that it can be used effectively for decision-making and other critical
business processes.

DBMS & types of DBMS

DBMS stands for Database Management System. It is a software system that is used to manage and
organize data in a database. DBMS provides a set of tools and features that allow users to store,
retrieve, update, and manage data efficiently.
There are several types of DBMS, including:

1. Relational DBMS: This is the most common type of DBMS. It stores data in tables, with each
table consisting of rows and columns. Relational DBMS uses SQL (Structured Query Language)
to manage data.

2. Object-oriented DBMS: This type of DBMS stores data as objects, which can be manipulated
using programming languages such as Java or C++. Object-oriented DBMS is useful for
managing complex data structures.

3. Network DBMS: This type of DBMS stores data in a network structure, with each record having
multiple parent and child records. Network DBMS is useful for managing complex relationships
between data.

4. Hierarchical DBMS: This type of DBMS stores data in a tree-like structure, with each record
having a single parent record and multiple child records. Hierarchical DBMS is useful for
managing data with a clear hierarchy.

5. NoSQL DBMS: This type of DBMS is designed for managing unstructured data, such as text,
images, and videos. NoSQL DBMS uses non-relational data models, and is useful for managing
large volumes of data.

Overall, the type of DBMS used will depend on the specific needs of the organization, and the type of
data that needs to be managed. Each type of DBMS has its own strengths and weaknesses, and it is
important to choose the right one for the job.

Role of mis in organisational change

The role of Management Information Systems (MIS) in organizational change is to provide the
necessary information and tools to support the change process. MIS can help organizations manage
change by providing real-time data and analysis that can help managers make informed decisions.

MIS can help organizations in the following ways:

1. Identifying areas for improvement: MIS can help organizations identify areas that need
improvement by providing data on performance, productivity, and other key metrics.
 2. Tracking progress: MIS can help organizations track progress during the change process by
providing real-time data on key performance indicators.

3. Facilitating communication: MIS can help facilitate communication between different

departments and stakeholders during the change process by providing a centralized platform
for sharing information.

4. Supporting decision-making: MIS can provide managers with the data and analysis needed to
make informed decisions during the change process.

5. Enhancing collaboration: MIS can help enhance collaboration between different departments
and stakeholders during the change process by providing a platform for sharing information
and ideas.

Overall, MIS can play a critical role in managing organizational change by providing the necessary
information and tools to support the change process. By using MIS effectively, organizations can ensure
that change is managed effectively and that the desired outcomes are achieved.

Use and characteristics of data warehouses

A data warehouse is a large, centralized repository of data that is used to support business decision-
making. The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to provide a single, reliable source of data that
can be used to support analysis and reporting.

Some of the key characteristics of data warehouses include:

1. Subject-oriented: Data warehouses are organized around specific subject areas, such as sales,
inventory, or customer data. This helps to ensure that the data is relevant to the specific needs
of the organization.

2. Integrated: Data warehouses integrate data from multiple sources, including internal systems
and external sources. This helps to ensure that the data is complete and accurate.
 3. Time-variant: Data warehouses store historical data, allowing organizations to analyze trends
and patterns over time.

4. Non-volatile: Data warehouses are designed to be non-volatile, meaning that data is never
deleted or updated. This ensures that historical data is preserved and can be used for analysis
and reporting.

Some of the key uses of data warehouses include:

1. Business intelligence: Data warehouses are used to support business intelligence activities,
such as reporting, analysis, and data mining.

2. Decision-making: Data warehouses provide the data and analysis needed to support decision-
making at all levels of the organization.

3. Performance monitoring: Data warehouses can be used to monitor key performance indicators
(KPIs) and track progress towards business goals.

4. Customer analysis: Data warehouses can be used to analyze customer behavior, preferences,
and trends, allowing organizations to better understand their customers and improve
customer satisfaction.

Overall, data warehouses are a critical tool for organizations that need to manage and analyze large
volumes of data. By providing a single, reliable source of data, data warehouses can help organizations
make better decisions, improve performance, and gain a competitive advantage.

Techniques of Data mining

DBMS and its types

Techniques of Data Mining:

1. Association

2. Classification

3. Clustering

4. Regression

5. Summarization
DBMS (Database Management System) is a software that is used to manage and organize data in a
database. There are four types of DBMS:

1. Hierarchical DBMS: In this DBMS, data is organized in a tree-like structure. Each record is linked
to a parent record and can have multiple child records.

2. Network DBMS: This DBMS is similar to hierarchical DBMS but allows each record to have
multiple parent and child records.

3. Relational DBMS: This DBMS organizes data into tables, with each table consisting of rows and
columns. The tables are related to each other through common data elements.

4. Object-Oriented DBMS: This DBMS stores data as objects, which can be manipulated using
object-oriented programming techniques. It is particularly useful for storing complex data
types, such as images and multimedia files.

Use and characteristics of data warehousing

A data warehouse is a large, centralized repository of data that is used to support business decision-
making. The primary purpose of a data warehouse is to provide a single, reliable source of data that
can be used to support analysis and reporting.

Some of the key characteristics of data warehouses include:

1. Subject-oriented: Data warehouses are organized around specific subject areas, such as sales,
inventory, or customer data. This helps to ensure that the data is relevant to the specific needs
of the organization.

2. Integrated: Data warehouses integrate data from multiple sources, including internal systems
and external sources. This helps to ensure that the data is complete and accurate.

3. Time-variant: Data warehouses store historical data, allowing organizations to analyze trends
and patterns over time.
 4. Non-volatile: Data warehouses are designed to be non-volatile, meaning that data is never
deleted or updated. This ensures that historical data is preserved and can be used for analysis
and reporting.

Some of the key uses of data warehouses include:

1. Business intelligence: Data warehouses are used to support business intelligence activities,
such as reporting, analysis, and data mining.

2. Decision-making: Data warehouses provide the data and analysis needed to support decision-
making at all levels of the organization.

3. Performance monitoring: Data warehouses can be used to monitor key performance indicators
(KPIs) and track progress towards business goals.

4. Customer analysis: Data warehouses can be used to analyze customer behavior, preferences,
and trends, allowing organizations to better understand their customers and improve
customer satisfaction.

Overall, data warehouses are a critical tool for organizations that need to manage and analyze large
volumes of data. By providing a single, reliable source of data, data warehouses can help organizations
make better decisions, improve performance, and gain a competitive advantage.