satmmice sine P= sea Problem 7.6 The breckel shown is made of cold drawn see! wits S400 pa snd Sun480 Mpa, and te fastened 12 beam ade, of the same materia! py tive vee that are medo of 8 soe! with Sy-300 Me and SusG65.Npa. The thickness ofthe bracket and the beam ero 12 mm and 16 mm eeepectivaly. Camere ofthe vets 376:20 mim. What eaje load F (eteady) can be supported by ‘he Fiveog Join ter a flor of selety of 2. Use distortion energy ‘hoor tt “ey —jp-6- O44 | kerwloneal ‘cHaPTER | DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Mechanica! slomerts may be joined by the welding processes, These Joins are permanant joints and the parte cen not be ‘seperatea mthout destuctng them Welded joints may bo clasited into two main groupe, They 79 namely; but wold and filet weide. Butt welda genarly fre ‘eplcatons in pressure vaseels, although for genera! mactine lements most walde are ot fel typos.‘but Joins, the pers must be arranged so thet thee ie suleent lesrance for the welding operation. This cleatanoe is epandent on the type of butt welds and on the thickness ofthe ars to be joined. Incoroct clearance may resuk @ poor design, therelow the designer must give earetul consideration on the vale | | 2 ypical butt wel os 1 typical tet wold In the design of welded joint, strese calculations ate bused on the wold oat ares. The height of riforement in but ents 8 usualy neglected in the calculations. Design of but jolts ie simple, therfore the simphasis wil be gia fo the file! welds 'N weldes joint Is generally made up of filet welds with iferonttengths st lferont places of the pats. ‘Thet is, two Pas ace oie with & gcup of wads [oxen wee be ape eat ws me ve letisns wo soar nn bong tet conan oe [shown in the folowing Figure | lta sas toad i acing on one'cf the pats, primary hose Ir2sses ate developed in tha wee. The area in the shear sos pression wll be tla throat areas of all welds, hence hae the He value at evry pon wel, sesso! nao.cim 188 1) SHEAR LOADING Primary shear ses en Primary + Secondary sheer stess a C)BENDING AND SHEAR LOADING Bending + primary shear siees Primary + Secondary shear + Bonding sacs4 mous ov SEHSNOF MOE ELOINTS ning to the moment of heat load wih raspact to the itoid ofthe weld or the weld grovp, secondary shear stresses developed inthe same manner ae i he ease of rived Fonts. This stess Is ‘shecty properional to the mament and the ance from tho canvold tothe point te weld of ieredt tis Ivertoly proportional to the polar moment of inerla of the- weld ov ‘The enplest way of eveluating the por manent of inti i to teat filet welds) as a ine. The cesuing polar moment of inorta te then equiatent te a unit polar moment of inert, Matipying i with the threat widtt of & fet wed, we oblain Pr moment of ine of the weld group. iter the aloulaton ot primary and secondary shear stresses, they aro combinad at the selected points ot the welds ‘The point at which the shear stees is maximum le considered to be srtical and the design calculations ‘re to be based on this ‘maximum valve. Tha. sn appropriate failure thery le appiog to aterm ‘ho thetngod of fale or eley 1 wold group Ie subjected 1 « bending lon, primary shear sess, due to shearing action of tho load and bending ates, duo to ‘ending moment sre devoloped. Primary shear eres is caleulatd by eviang the tree by the total vos! area ofall wots. Calculation of bending stoee ruiz the determination kgeceaossr 5-05 4s0}=215 MP Syehafo ke S705 (0.8) (0.667)(205)=60 Ma Sq 0577 S.=88.62 Wa Force F le found fom the relationship between iterating ‘irass component and endurance it in shear Se aspartate 282 rersais n Example 6.3. 1A10-mm plate fs welded with an £6010 ectode by 6 mi ‘weld a shown alow. Ths fading door Ro! twist the ple and the for varies irom O2F to F For a froectaney of 100000 cyces, dolarmine & safe force F. f | Solution + The contod of the weld stoup is at point G. By ring the folowing gue, radial datsooes of pots A, 8, C.end D (aston 160" 4508 0188.11 mim tatoo 2287280? 290.49 mm ‘ar Cay erent of ineria ot each weld group wilh reepeet to707 ni® oor ie) 25 a2 12 "Using the pari is thearem, we find the polar moment of ia ofthe weld group to be onan As tea tet =2 a +A) AyeRys 0707 hL=0.707 6)(128)=580.28 ma™ yong SEE tar ote BE oars om | ays 2y=2(620.25)= 1000.5 mnt Jon? 1980490 + 590.25 (187-57) =38684065 mnt Primary shear slress ie found in @ sinilar mann previous problems. E. Ext0? Loci rma: (Pin Pa (Fle aN In order to ease the esicuaton of net ehosr stress at selected points, we lind socondary shoar stress components paral to and y- coordinates 1 points A and D Me 20 (0)107 9950 gm este , 205 O59000! o776 F wa 736694085) |The tess compenants ate combined to obtain the nat stess a ea Foose FP se FF. tot ‘At ponits B and © : the stiosses aro chia ln © simian manner as above ata 200 (50)10) ogy g J" gapeaoes “028° F Mem cate Mts 2006 (225) (007 6 ga v7 3654069 sev (ats F 0250 FF (Ie FP =1.96 F S908 (1.49 M)=0.958 F Me Properties of electrode material are S240 MPa | 89350 Mea Endurance lit for welds i& cetemined0.59 (asloged eurtace) Ky=27 hy=35=0.87 ‘S.=05 490)=215 MPa Sih ieSh=0.59 (0.97) (215)=402 NP Se 0.577 5,926.35 MPa Equtingallernating srose component te the endrance limit In shear Fe obtained a wee 8u 0572 Feeds F429 WN Example 84. THe load on the plate shown, varies trom 22 4 44 RN and the ansngerent fe suoh that the tne of acon of F Pafsoe tough the conoid G of the weld Group, tersby avoiding fofentiefosdng. Determine 1) the lengths Lt and 2 of 10 mm filet wolds mad with | | | | 2) te rato of Lina { Eo010 slacvode for infinite te. | ! Soluton: a) Since Fie passing Yroush the exo, Xe. jolted Ae te 9 LineTLsh Aa Gyhelgh kuz BUy- Tigao HZ 73 “0 ) External fea is varying from 22 to 46 AN, ‘Aerating and mean compenent ofthe foes yeti fine 46-20 | y i yafimeFnin_ 44 022 inn Fe Fain_$4-222 35 yy ‘Shear sess components are sacfia 8900 can = 38000 na Ne AW0.707 (10)(Ls #49) =29.67 Le men Properiss of he eiachade materia! Sy=490 MP Sy 0950 a Endurance nit of the weld gtoup i determined ta similar Imonner asin previous probleme58 (estorge surtace) Seka S) 9.59 (0.87) (215)=422 MPa Sun 0S77 8,526.35 MPa ‘Ths longths of the welds can now bo calculated by equating the aternating component of the shear ates fo the encutence | to in shear. That. i O00 e435 4 Andsa23 mnt Lan gAg=t929 mm and y= 2 ty 946.97 min we considpr stale teiura, lengths are determined by ystng maimum ghoar sect to yield stength in anear. ‘That Is nar Sy#0.577 54=202 Wa sip Bib -2imm: tel o2n asm | Le103 m0 Determine the the factor of staly for a tife ilo of sooa00 ‘psles and 80 parcent rai. Solution 2 This #2 & problem on the combination of primary shear and bending stress in a welded joint. Applied Ions creatog Drimy shear sess and bending siess Fnte tle ts specited and terete, fatigue strength ie to ‘be sea inthe detorminaton ofthe actor of stay, That e nod ‘Tho trea . y coranate ot he cantoid end moment ot ineta of the wold are eseuated a folowsAea707 h(oe2ay ‘40.707 ()(200 + 400 31088. mn? #2500 bead" G00 “P88 ma utd tyrerzot Wn 2S -atyetertoye ‘= 2802 wokesy4200 2.838 =82800 mn? 40,707 hi, =0:707 (8 (62500)=359500 mat Primary shear svesa ie caleuisted from, 10000 A" 10988 95.80 MPa Bending stoss is calculated term the wellknown formats gx 1 202018001.8.59) 357 hy "353500 | eV rade | | oan 70.77 +8 (6 65)" =71.40 Wea | augue strong is eacuated ater ovat frjuance. tint ng tho va Kear > kag eo.ar 5,20 700) Se hake Sie 0.46 (6.887) (0.57) (950)~5340 MPa 950 Pa (88-00 51=10°N8- 107 (600000) 67.8 Wa Factor of stety then is eaiolate. nn St. 87.88. SBS e007 cuneate thy210 rsonzuear ne cesNor woe ELOIETS SELECTED PROBLEMS Problem 8.1. The pate shown mado of cold crawn steel wih ‘Sut+850 MPa and Sy=460 MPa is held in place by the welds as Shown In the figure. The tikness of Me pate 1 10. mm. Ths wel fre rade wit 60x eleckods (Syt>420 MPa and 8y-240 MP). The | Toads ae of reversed type and F=1-2F2, Whel sate oad Fy and Fo fan be supported fof 90 parent rollaby and a fetor of safety of Problem 82 The bracket le hell in place by the welds 26 incu inthe Surg Below. The load is of repeated type end is ng tom 0-40 10 KN, The welds ere mado with ESOTS welding (Determine tho size of was for fate of salty f 3 tt. Problem 8.3 The beam shown in the tiguralis Ilded to the fined suppor wih E7Onx eectedo. Compute the sffe revarsés toad F based on 8 factor of safety of 2 tor a rafebaty of 90 porcent ana intinte it. | Problem 0.4 The plate of a bracket is welded to a member ia ‘he manner as shown Inthe gue, Gm welde re made wh Eybee lectods, Compute the sao load F based on a factor of ealoy 2 2) for state losing for eepeate loading and infinite Problem 8.5 Ths brackat show je welded! 1o the tome as ‘shown in the figure. © mm fot Weide srw vied. Welds are made1a promos ovTiccesmucrwome neues rth E700 electrode wth Sy MPs and Sy=400 MPa, Catermine ‘he tepesied load F thatthe wolde ean support fr inne He ote made wth EB0%0 electrode having Sutse20 MPa and S340 fia. The lozdF fe of owrsed ype. What se load F can be applied ‘90 percent rotebly and inne Ms. Uso factor of safety 95 i ttm ha mui rd a etd in ny 0 Problem 8.7 The brackat shown is welded tp te tame shown in the Agu. & mm filot weiss are used. Weldt ave made its £80%x elocrode with Sye420 MPa and Sy-340 Pat Ostormine ‘peated load F thatthe welds can support fe eycl, Problem 6.8 Tho sacl shalt (S/=350 Ms and Suts400 MPa) |e wolded to the fame ae shown In ie ficehet mmctenson ncesen or mone nner 1m filet Wolds are used, Wolds are made with E60%0 llectode with Syj=t20 MPa and Sy=S40 MPa. A steady tore of 000 Nn ans rovarsed aval oad of 10 KN is appli atthe end of lta shalt. Determine fater of saloty of the sytem for inte Me jae rolabaty of 9%, Probie 88 The stool plato shown is wolded to the fame les shown i the fou 6 mm fit welds er use, Welds ar made it Eroxx electrode wih Sytas90 Pa and Sy=A00 MPa. Determine |e repeated load F hat the weds can suppor fr Infita Bla and ja factor of ealty of 2 ‘DESIGN OF MECHANICAL SPRINGS Mechanics springs are used in a wide range of ypos and ‘208 and in a varity of applestins in machinery, 1 Spring may be used fo cone! vibrations and frees due to Impsct Tossing. Examples ere: spdnge for railway cate and ‘utomobies, 2. Springs re used to contol motions and te apply forces to the members. Examples are: valve springs im intinel conmction