. A= side length × side length.

. A=s×s.
. The formula to calculate the perimeter (P) of a square
is given by:
. Perimeter (P)=4× Side Length.
. In this formula, "Side Length" represents the length of
one side of the square.

. The diameter of a Circle D = 2 × r.

. Circumference of a Circle C = 2 × π × r.
. Area of a Circle A = π × r
GRAT FOREIGN MATHEMATICIAN’S
HISTORY

Pythagoras of Samos
Pythagoras the Samian, BORN ON 570 BC -
495 BC, HE was an ancient Ionian Greek
philosopher, polymath and the eponymous
founder of Pythagoreanism. His political and
religious teachings were well known in Magna
Graecia and influenced the philosophies
of Plato, Aristotle, and, through them, the West in
general. Knowledge of his life is clouded by
legend. Modern scholars disagree regarding
Pythagoras's education and influences, but they
do agree that, around 530 BC, he travelled
to Croton in southern Italy, where he founded a
school in which initiates were sworn to secrecy
and lived a communal, ascetic lifestyle. This
lifestyle entailed a number of dietary prohibitions,
traditionally said to have included aspects
of vegetarianism.

Early life
There is not a single detail in the life of
Pythagoras that stands uncontradicted. But it is
possible, from a more or less critical selection of
the data, to construct a plausible account.
— Walter Burkert, 1972[33]
Herodotus,[34] Isocrates, and other early writers
agree that Pythagoras was the son of
Mnesarchus,[21][35] and that he was born on the
Greek island of Samos in the eastern Aegean.[6][35]
[36][37]
According to these biographers, Pythagoras'
father was not born on the island, although he got
naturalized there,[36] but according
to Iamblichus he was a native of the island.[38] He
is said to have been a gem-engraver or a wealthy
merchant,[39][40][41] but his ancestry is disputed and
unclear.[d] His mother was a native of Samos,
descending from a geomoroi family.[44] Apollonius
of Tyana, gives her name as Pythaïs.[45]
[46]
Iamblichus tells the story that the Pythia
prophesied to her while she was pregnant with
him that she would give birth to a man supremely
beautiful, wise, and beneficial to humankind.[47] As
to the date of his birth, Aristoxenus stated that
Pythagoras left Samos in the reign of Polycrates,
at the age of 40, which would give a date of birth
around 570 BC.[48] Pythagoras's name led him to
be associated
with Pythian Apollo (Pūthíā); Aristippus of
Cyrene in the 4th century BC explained his name
by saying, "He spoke [ἀγορεύω, agoreúō] the
truth no less than did the Pythian
[πυθικός puthikós]".[47]
During Pythagoras's formative years, Samos was
a thriving cultural hub known for its feats of
advanced architectural engineering, including the
building of the Tunnel of Eupalinos, and for its
riotous festival culture.[49] It was a major center of
trade in the Aegean where traders brought goods
from the Near East.[6] According to Christiane L.
Joost-Gaugier, these traders almost certainly
brought with them Near Eastern ideas and
traditions.[6] Pythagoras's early life also coincided
with the flowering of early Ionian natural
philosophy.[35][50] He was a contemporary of the
philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and the
historian Hecataeus, all of whom lived in Miletus,
across the sea from Samos.
Family and friends

Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not

indulge in the pleasures of love"[92] and that he
cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you
are willing to be weaker than yourself".
[93]
According to Porphyry, Pythagoras
married Theano, a lady of Crete and the daughter
of Pythenax[93] and had several children with her.
[93]
Porphyry writes that Pythagoras had two sons
named Telauges and Arignote,[93] and a daughter
named Myia,[93] who "took precedence among the
maidens in Croton and, when a wife, among
married women."[93] Iamblichus mentions none of
these children and instead only mentions a son
named Mnesarchus after his grandfather.[93] This
son was raised by Pythagoras's appointed
successor Aristaeus and eventually took over the
school when Aristaeus was too old to continue
running it.[93] Suda writes that Pythagoras had 4
children (Telauges, Mnesarchus, Myia and
Arignote).
The wrestler Milo of Croton was said to have been
a close associate of Pythagoras[95] and was
credited with having saved the philosopher's life
when a roof was about to collapse.[95] This
association may have been the result of confusion
with a different man named Pythagoras, who was
an athletics trainer.[76] Diogenes Laërtius records
Milo's wife's name as Myia.[93] Iamblichus mentions
Theano as the wife of Brontinus of Croton.
[93]
Diogenes Laërtius states that the same Theano
was Pythagoras's pupil[93] and that Pythagoras's
wife Theano was her daughter.[93] Diogenes
Laërtius also records that works supposedly
written by Theano were still extant during his own
lifetime[93] and quotes several opinions attributed to
her.[93] These writings are now known to
be pseudepigraphical.[93]

HISTORY OF GREAT MATHEMATICIAN

Satyendra Nath Bose
1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974) was an
Indian mathematician and physicist specializing
in theoretical physics. He is best known for his
work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, in
developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein
statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein
condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he
was awarded India's second highest civilian
award, the Padma Vibhushan, in 1954 by
the Government of India.
Early life
Bose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), the
eldest of seven children in a Bengali
Kayastha[11] family. He was the only son, with six
sisters after him. His ancestral home was in the
village Bara Jagulia, in the district of Nadia, in
the Bengal Presidency. His schooling began at
the age of five, near his home. When his family
moved to Goabagan, he was admitted into the
New Indian School. In his final year of school, he
was admitted into the Hindu School. He passed
his entrance examination (matriculation) in 1909
and stood fifth in the order of merit. He then joined
the intermediate science course at the Presidency
College, Calcutta, where his teachers
included Jagadish Chandra Bose, Sarada
Prasanna Das, and Prafulla Chandra Ray.

Bose–Einstein statistics[edit]

While presenting a lecture[23] at the University of

Dhaka on the theory of radiation and
the ultraviolet catastrophe, Bose intended to show
his students that the contemporary theory was
inadequate, because it predicted results not in
accordance with experimental results.
In the process of describing this discrepancy,
Bose for the first time took the position that
the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution would not be
true for microscopic particles, where fluctuations
due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle will be
significant. Thus he stressed the probability of
finding particles in the phase space, each state
having volume h3, and discarding the distinct
position and momentum of the particles.
Bose adapted this lecture into a short article
called "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light
Quanta" and sent it to Albert Einstein with the
following letter:[24]
Respected Sir, I have ventured to send you the
accompanying article for your perusal and
opinion. I am anxious to know what you think of it.
You will see that I have tried to deduce the
coefficient 8π ν2/c3 in Planck's Law independent of
classical electrodynamics, only assuming that the
ultimate elementary region in the phase-space
has the content h3. I do not know sufficient
German to translate the paper. If you think the
paper worth publication I shall be grateful if you
arrange for its publication in Zeitschrift für Physik.
Though a complete stranger to you, I do not feel
any hesitation in making such a request. Because
we are all your pupils though profiting only by your
teachings through your writings. I do not know
whether you still remember that somebody from
Calcutta asked your permission to translate your
papers on Relativity in English. You acceded to
the request. The book has since been published. I
was the one who translated your paper on
Generalised Relativity.
Einstein agreed with him, translated Bose's
papers "Planck's Law and Hypothesis of Light
Quanta" into German, and had it published
in Zeitschrift für Physik under Bose's name, in
1924.