NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

MODULE 1 – WATER SOURCES AND AVAILABILITY OF WATER

IV Sem, B. Arch
AR4118 – Building Services-1
Asst. Prof. Preksha Gupta
NIT Patna
CONCEPTS COVERED

➢ Water Cycle

➢ Global Water availability and Distribution

➢ Water Availability in India

➢ Spatial and temporal distribution of water in India

➢ Water stress and scarcity

GLOBAL WATER CYCLE

Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/image_maps/36-dynamic-and-complex-the-global-water-cycle
WATER IN NATURE

0.001% in
Ocean Atmosphere

2% in Ice

Land Atmosphere 97% in Oceans

THE WORLD’S WATER RESOURCES
GLOBAL WATER AVAILABILITY

➢ Amount of water for which all people, animals and plants compete is <1%

➢ Each person needs 20-50 liters of safe freshwater a day for drinking, cooking & cleaning

➢ As per WHO and UNICEF, 2.1 billion people (nearly 3 in 10 people worldwide), lack

access to safe, readily available water at home, and 6 in 10 people, or 4.5 billion, lack safely

managed sanitation.
WATER STRESSED AND WATER SCARCE REGIONS

➢ As per international norms :

• Per capita availability <17000 cubic meter per year : Water Stressed country
• Per capita availability <1000 cubic meter per year : Water Scarce country

➢ Water scarcity can mean:

➢ Scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or

➢ Scarcity in access due to failure of institution to ensure a regular supply, or

➢ Scarcity due to lack of adequate infrastructure

GLOBAL WATER SCARCITY

Physical Scarcity
Physical access to water is limited

Economic Scarcity
Population does not have the necessary
monetary means to utilize an adequate
source of water (unequal distribution of
resources for many reasons including
political and ethnic conflict)
GLOBAL POPULATION (2019)

Number of people in
each 50km x 50km grid
AVERAGE WATER AVAILABILITY PER PERSON
NATIONAL WATER STRESS RANKINGS
GLOBAL WATER SCARCITY : ALARMING FACTS & FIGURES
WATER AVAILABILITY IN INDIA

➢ India has more than 17% of world’s population, but has only around 4% of world’s
renewable water resources with nearly 2.4% of world’s land area.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION
MAJOR RIVER BASINS IN INDIA
GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF INDIA
WATER AVAILABILITY AND WATER STRESS IN INDIA
THANK YOU