THEORISTS

IDA JEAN ERNESTINE

ORLANDO WIEDENBACH
CONTENTS
01 IDA JEAN ORLANDO

02 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIOGRAPHY

03 METAPARADIGM

04 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

05 ERNESTINE WIEDENBACH

06 BIBLIOGRAPHY : BIOGRAPHY

07 METAPARADIGM

08 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 ABOUT IDA JEAN
ORLANDO
BIOGRAPHY:
Born: August 12, 1926. She was born in New York City,
United States.
Died: November 28, 1998
Education: New York Medical College School of Nursing in
1947. Earned her bachelor's degree in public health
nursing from St. John's University in 1951 and a master's
degree in mental health nursing from Columbia University
in 1954.
SHE IS KNOWN FOR HER THEORY :DELIBERATIVE NURSING
PROCESS
 ABOUT IDA JEAN
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
ORLANDO
1. Orlando, I.J. (1961). The Dynamic Nurse-Patient
Relationship: Function, Process, and Principles.
2. Orlando, I.J. (1972). The Discipline and Teaching of
Nursing Process: An Evaluative Study.
3. Orlando, I.J. (1990). Nursing Process: Theory, Practice,
and Application.
4. Orlando, I.J. (1996). Nursing: Process and Diagnosis.
5. Orlando, I.J. (1997). The Discipline and Teaching of
Nursing Process: An Evaluative Study (2nd ed.).
 METAPARADIGM
01 02

HEALTH
Health refers to the harmony between
mind, body, and soul. Caring is an art and
science, a moral ideal and a transpersonal
process which aims to promote “body-soul-
spirit” harmony, using the ten factors of
Caring. Sense of adequacy or well being,
fulfilled needs, sense of comfort.
NURSING
Nursing is responsive to individuals who
suffer or anticipate a sense of helplessness
Process of care in an immediate
experience.., for avoiding, relieving,
diminishing, or curing the individuals sense
of helplessness. Finding out, meeting the
patient's immediate need for help.
 METAPARADIGM
03 04

PERSON ENVIRONMENT
Orlando completely disregarded the
Person is a living form that grows and is environment in her theory, only focusing on the
composed of a body, a soul and a spirit. patient’s immediate need, chiefly the
Developmental beings with needs, individuals relationship and actions between the nurse and
have their own subjective perceptions and the patient (only an individual in her theory; no
feelings that may not be observable directly. families or groups were mentioned). The effect
that the environment could have on the patient
was never mentioned in Orlando’s theory.
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
As a reflective practice theory, Orlando’s theory contains concepts that
are interrelated but are described separately. These five interrelated
concepts are addressed within the problematic framework derived from
Schmieding’s (1983, 1987) analysis of Orlando’s theory using the
writings of John Dewey (1933, 1938) and Thomas Kuhn (1970). The five
concepts are the following:
1. Professional nursing function—organizing principle
2. Patient’s presenting behavior—problematic situation
3. Immediate reaction—internal response
4. Deliberative nursing process—reflective inquiry
5. Improvement—resolution
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

PROFESSIONAL Professional Nursing Function: Organizing

NURSING FUNCTION: Principle Orlando believed that without the
authority derived from a distinct function
of nursing, nurses’ practice could not be
autonomous. From her research, she
conceptualized the nurse’s unique function
as “finding out and meeting the patient’s
immediate needs for help” (Orlando, 1972, p.
20), which constitutes the theory’s
organizing principle.
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

Thus the patient is the focal point of the

PROFESSIONAL
nurse’s function. Orlando states, “Nursing…is
NURSING FUNCTION:
responsive to individuals who suffer or
anticipate a sense of helplessness; it is
focused on the process of care in an immediate
experience; it is concerned with providing
direct assistance to individuals in whatever
setting they are found, for the purpose of
avoiding, relieving, diminishing, or curing the
individual’s sense of helplessness” (Orlando,
1972, p. 12)
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

The Patient’s Presenting Behavior: Problematic

THE PATIENT’S
Situation Orlando focuses almost exclusively on
PRESENTING understanding the complexities of problematic
BEHAVIOR: situations. Nursing practice comprises frequent
patient-nurse contacts in which the patient
manifests verbal and nonverbal behavior.
Behaviors can be manifested in verbal forms (e.g.,
requests, comments, complaints, questions, moaning,
crying, wheezing), in nonverbal forms (e.g., skin
color, silence,clenching fist, reddened face), or in
physical forms (e.g., respirations, blood pressure).
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

These situations disrupt the equilibrium and

THE PATIENT’S
are cues that get the nurse’s attention. It
PRESENTING
is unclear, however, whether the patient
BEHAVIOR:
is experiencing a need for help. From her
research, Orlando formulated the
following statement to guide the nurse’s
observation: “The presenting behavior of
the patient, regardless of the form in
which it appears, may be a plea for help”
(Orlando, 1961, p. 40)
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

Immediate Reaction: Internal Response The

IMMEDIATE
problematic situation, in the form of the
REACTION: patient’s presenting behavior, triggers an
automatic immediate reaction in the nurse
that is both cognitive and affective. The
reaction comprises the nurse’s perceptions,
the thoughts about the perceptions, and the
feelings evoked from the thoughts; they
cannot be controlled. The reaction occurs in
an automatic, almost instantaneous sequence
(Orlando, 1972).
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:
Deliberative Nursing Process: Reflective Inquiry
DELIBERATIVE Orlando’s (1961) deliberative nursing process views
NURSING PROCESS: the nurse-patient situation as a dynamic whole.
The nurse’s behavior affects the patient, and the
nurse is affected by the patient’s behavior.
Understanding the patient’s behavior is a complex
process in which observations and thoughts are
used in a serial responsive way to get the facts.
To be successful, the nurse’s focus must be on the
patient rather than on an assumption about the
nature of the patient’s problem and on arbitrary
decisions about actions to be undertaken.
 THE FIVE CONCEPTS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

IMPROVEMENT:
Improvement: Resolution When a situation
becomes clear, it loses its problematic
character and a new equilibrium is
established. When the patient’s
immediate needs for help have been
determined and met, there is
improvement (Orlando, 1961).
 ABOUT ERNESTINE
BIOGRAPHY:
WIEDENBACH
Born: August 18, 1900 in Hamburg, Germany
Died: March 8, 1998
Education: Teachers College, Columbia University (1934) -
she is a certificate in nurse-midwifery from the
maternity center association school for nurse-midwifery
in new york (1946)
-Miss wiedenbach retired in 1966. -she never married and
died at the age of 97 on march 8, 1998.
KNOWN FOR HER THEORY: PRESCRIPTIVE THEORY
 ABOUT ERNESTINE
WIEDENBACH
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Family-centered maternity nursing (1958)

Clinical nursing (1964) communication: key to
effective nursing (1978-06-29)
 METAPARADIGM
NURSING
is a clinical discipline, a practice
discipline designed to produce explicit
desired results. the art of nursing is a
goal-directed activity requiring the
application of knowledge and skill
toward meeting a need for help
experienced by a patient. - a helping
process that will extend or restore the
patient’s ability to cope with demands
implicit in the situation.
ENVIRONMENT
she incorporates the
environment within the
realities—a major component
of her theory. - one element of
realities is the framework - it
is implied that the environment
may produce obstacles
resulting in the person
experiencing a need for health.
 METAPARADIGM

PERSON HEALTH
Any individual who is Concepts of nursing,
receiving help from a client, and need for help
member of the health and their relationships
profession or from a imply health-related
worker in the field of concerns in the nurse-
health. client relationship
Wiedenbach’s prescriptive theory is based on three
factors:
The central purpose which the practitioner
recognizes as essential to the particular discipline.
The prescription for the fulfillment of the central
purpose.
The realities in the immediate situation that
influence the central purpose.
 THANK YOU
Presentation by GROUP 4

GROUP 4 N05