FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING

I. NURSING

DEFINITION OF NURSING
Henderson - Assisting the individual (sick or well) in the performance of those activities
contributing to health, or its recovery (or peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge- and in
doing so, promote independence as much
as possible.
Nightingale - is providing the most favorable environment to an individual for nature to act
in order to promote “reparativeness” and maintenance of health and well
being.
Watson - is caring
Modern definition - a science and an art that focuses on promoting quality of life as determined by
persons and families, throughout their life experiences from birth until the end
of life.
Table 1.0 Definition of Nursing
GOALS OF NURSING
• Promotion of Health – promoting a healthy
lifestyle
• Prevention of illness – early detection and
treatment
• Restoration of health – curing and healing,
rehabilitation
• Care of the dying – maintaining dignity and
peaceful death

SCOPE OF NURSING CARE

• Individual
• Families
• Communities

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 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
THEORISTS THEORY KEYWORD
Florence Nightingale Focused on organizing and manipulating the Environmental Theory
physical, social and psychological of Nursing
environment in order to put the person in
the best possible conditions for nature
to act

Hildegard Peplau Presents nursing as an interpersonal process Interpersonal Relationship

of therapeutic interactions between the nurse Nurse – Patient relationship
and the patient four phases of the nurse -
patient relationship: orientation, identification,
exploitation, and resolution
Virginia Henderson Views nursing as doing for patients what they 14 fundamental needs
cannot do for themselves, and she identifies 14 Definition of Nursing
components of nursing care that need to be
considered.

THEORISTS THEORY KEYWORD

Lydia Hall Focus around the three components of care, Care, core, cure
core, and cure. Primary Nursing
Care -represents nurturance and is Holistic Nursing
exclusive to nursing.
Core -involves the therapeutic use
of self and emphasizes the use
of reflection.
Cure -focuses on nursing related to
the physician’s orders
Dorothea Orem Nursing consists of the three theories of self Theory of self - care
care, self care deficit and nursing systems
Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioral system model for nursing has seven Behavioral System
subsystems: Model
1. attachment or affiliation
2. dependence
3. ingestive
4. eliminative
5. sexual
6. aggressive
7. achievement

Faye G. Abdellah - focuses on problem-solving to move the 21 nursing problems

patient
toward health

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 - 21 common nursing problems relative to
caring for patients

Ida Jean Orlando Orlando believes that nurses provide direct Nursing Process
assistance to meet an immediate need Discipline
for help in order to avoid or to alleviate
distress or helplessness. She emphasizes
the importance of validating the need and
evaluating care based on observable outcomes.

Myra Levine Views nursing as human interaction: the Conservation theory

dependency of individuals on one another.
Levine identifies four principles of
conservation:
(1) conservation of energy,
(2) conservation of structural integrity,
(3) conservation of personal integrity, and
(4) conservationof social integrity
Imogene King Presents a theory of goal attainment from an Goal – attainment
open system conceptual framework that theory
integrates personal systems, interpersonal
systems, and social systems.
Martha Rogers Rogers developed the principles of Science of unitary man
homeodynamics, which focus on the wholeness
of
human beings, the unitary nature of human
beings and their environment, and the nature
and direction of human and environment
change.

THEORISTS THEORY KEYWORD

Callista Roy Major emphasis is on the person as an adaptive Adaptation model
system. To further describe the client of
nursing, the four adaptive modes are identified
as physiological, self-concept, role function,
and interdependence
Betty Neuman Focuses on the whole person and that person’s Client Systems model
reaction to stress. Her model can be used in Prevention as
illness or wellness. Nursing’s major concern is Intervention
to help the client system attain, maintain, or
regain stability
Jean Watson Science of caring is built on a framework of Science of caring
seven assumptions and ten carative factors. Carative factors
She emphasizes the interpersonal nature of
caring, describes the nurse as a co- participant
with the client, and includes the soul as an
important consideration.

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 Rosemarie Rizzo Emphasizes free choice of personal meaning in Human Becoming theory
Parse relating value priorities, concreting of
rhythmical pattern in exchange with the
environment, and cotranscending in many
dimensions as possibilities unfold.

Madeleine Leininger focuses on the importance of understanding Transcultural nursing

the
similarities (universalities) and differences
(diversities) of peoples across cultures

Margaret Newman Health as expanding consciousness. Humans Expanding

are consciousness
unitary being in whom disease is a
manifestation
of the pattern of health. Consciousness
is the information capability of the
system which is influenced by time, space,
and movement and is ever-expanding.

Table 1.1 Theoretical Foundations in Nursing

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