Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NURSI THEORISTS
BETTY NEUMAN NG
THEOR
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM MODEL
ISTS
Health Care System each person is a complete system; the goal of nursing is assist in maintaining
client system stability
The nurse assesses the client's needs in these subsystems. When the client is stressed the subsystems
are disrupted. The nurse provides care to resolve problems in the subsystems to meet the patient's
needs.
The person is a behavioral system comprised of a set of organized, interactive, interdependent, and
integrated subsystems
Constancy is maintained through biological, psychological, and sociological factors.
A steady state is maintained through adjusting and adapting to internal and external forces.
Johnson's Concepts
Person – A behavioral system comprised of subsystems constantly trying to maintain a
steady state
Environment – Not specifically defined but does say there is an internal and external
environment
Health – balance and stability
Nursing – External regulatory force that is indicated only when there is instability.
Joyce Travelbee
HUMAN TO HUMAN MODEL
Postulated the Interpersonal Aspect of Nursing
Person is described as a human being; both the nurse & the patient are human beings.
Nursing is an interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an
individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with experience or illness & suffering, & if
necessary, to find meaning in these experiences.
Virginia Henderson
14 BASIC NEEDS
basic nursing care involves 14 activities: physiological, spiritual and sociological. Pay attention and
listen to person
Nature of Nursing Model
For her, Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis & action
related to care of the ill person
The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities contributing to health that he would perform unaided if he has the necessary
strength, will & knowledge, & do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly
as possible.
The Nature of Nursing
Topology Nursing Problems
A list of 21 nursing problems
Condition presented or faced by the patient or family.
Problems are in 3 categories
Physical, social and emotional
The nurse must be a good problem solver
Ernestine Weidenbach
THE HELPING ART OF CLINICAL NURSING
Developed the Clinical nursing – a helping Art Model
Nursing theory prescriptive
Central purpose – the philosophy, culture, individually of the patient & nurse
Prescription – the interactive plan of care for the patient
Realities – the patient, nurse, environment, goals etc.
Nursing observes, ministers & validates
Ida Jean Orlando
DYNAMIC NURSE – PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
A model revolving around 5 interrelated concepts
The function of profession nursing
The presenting behaviour of the patient
The immediate reaction of the nurse
The nursing process
Improvement for the patient
DELIBERATIVE NURSING PROCESS
– The deliberative nursing process is set in motion by the patient's behavior
– All behavior may represent a cry for help. Patient's behavior can be verbal or non-verbal.
– The nurse reacts to patient's behavior and forms basis for determining nurse's acts.
– Perception, thought, feeling
– Nurses' actions should be deliberative, rather than automatic
– Deliberative actions explore the meaning and relevance of an action.
Myra Levine
THEORY OF CONSERVATION = HOLISTIC
Her idea was that we need to help the person conserve energy; structural integrity; personal
integrity & social integrity
Believed nursing is a disciple the basis of which is the person’s dependence & relation to others.
Health – the ability to maintain integrity
LYDIA HALL
NURSING IS THE CARE, CORE & CURE (3C)
Depicted by circles
Care Circle – explains the role of nurse
Core Circle – the person or patient to whom nursing care is directed and needed. The core has
goals set by himself and not by any other person. The core behaved according to his feelings, and
value system.
Cure Circle – is the attention given to patients by the medical professionals.
Josephine Patterson and Loretta Zderad
HUMANISTIC THEORY
Nursing focus shifts from technical towards the humanness of both the nurse & the patient
Nursing is a lived human act, a response to a human situation
4 major concepts
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
ABRAHAM MASLOW
HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS
Nurse’s highest priority to which client need is Elimination
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs clearly depicts the human needs as it is ranked based on how essential it
is for our survival.
Self – actualized person:
Understands poetry, music, philosophy, science etc.
Desires privacy, autonomous
Problem centered
Makes decision contrary to public opinion
Characteristics:
It is realistic, sees life clearly, & is subjective about his or her observations
Has superior perception, is more decisive
It is highly effective, flexible, spontaneous, courageous, willing to make mistakes
SWANSON
Caring involves 5 processes, Knowing, being with, doing for, enabling & maintaining belief
DUNN
Developed the concept of HIGH – LEVEL WELLNESS
ERICKSON TOMLIN, SWAIN
developed ROLE MODELING & MODELING THEORY
Moses
Father of sanitation
Boykin & Schoenhofer
They proposed the GRAND THEORY OF NURSING AS CARING
Laissez – Faire
LEADERSHIP STYLE
A leader is someone who can influence others to accomplish a specific goal. This leadership
style has a minimal leader activity level.
1. "Each human being perceives the world as 6. A theory of knowledge emphasizing the
a total person in making transactions with role of experience, especially experience
individuals and things in environment". based on perceptual observations by the
This assumption is stated by: Imogene senses is: Empiricism
King's conceptual framework 7. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy
2. Notes on Nursing: What it is, What it is not which deals with: The study of the nature
was written by: Florence Nightingale of reality
3. Ernestine Wiedenbach's conceptual model 8. According to Peplau's interpersonal model,
of nursing is called: The Helping Art of during which phase of nursing process, the
Clinical Nursing patient participates in goal setting and has a
4. A system of nursing care in which patients feeling of belonging and selectively
are placed in units on the basis of their responds to those who can meet his or her
needs for care as determined by the degree needs? Identification
of illness rather than on the basis of a 9. Deliberative Nursing Process Theory was
medical specialty is: Progressive patient explained by: Ida Jean Orlando
care 10. Following is the concept related to
5. Which of the following terms refers to the Nightingale theory? "Poor or difficult
branch of philosophy that deals with environments led to poor health and
questions concerning the nature, scope, and disease". "Environment could be altered to
sources of knowledge? Epistemology improve conditions so that the natural laws
would allow healing to occur”. “The goal
of nursing is "to put the patient in the best nursing is to facilitate "the body's reparative
condition for nature to act upon him". processes" by manipulating client's
11. Self-care deficit theory was proposed by: environment.
Dorothea Orem 15. Following is a concept related to Roy's
12. Which theory defines nursing as the science Adaptation Mondel? Focal Stimuli,
and practice that expands adaptive abilities Cognator Subsystem, Role function
and enhances person and environment 16. Imogene King's "goal attainment theory" is
transformation? Roy's adaptation model a type of: Interaction theories
13. "Nursing is therapeutic interpersonal 17. Which of the following theory has used
process". This definition was stated by: A. "General Systems Theory" as a framework
Hildegard Peplau for its development? Neuman's model
14. Which of the following statements is 18. Transcultural Model of Nursing was
related to Florence Nightingale? The role of proposed by: Madeleine Leininger