Content Standard The learner demonstrates understanding of how world

literature and other text types serve as sources of wisdom in

Performance Standard
Learning Competencies
expressing and resolving conflicts among individuals,
groups and nature; also how to use evaluative reading,
listening and viewing strategies, special speeches for
occasion, pronouns and structures of modification.
The learner skilfully delivers a speech for a special occasion
through utilizing effective verbal and non-verbal strategies
and ICT resources.
Use a variety of informative, persuasive, and argumentative
writing techniques EN10WC-IIIb-14.1.2

I. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students must have:
a. identify cohesive devices used in written discourse;
b. use cohesive devices to achieve well –written paragraphs; and
d. discuss the importance of sticking together and supporting one another in
achieving common goals
II. Subject Matter: Principles of Cohesion and Coherence
A. Reference/s:
Celebrating Diversity through World Literature – Grade 10 Page 291
Cohesion in Writing | Definition, Elements & Examples from
study.com/academy/lesson/elements-of-cohesion-in-writing.html
Cohesion from https://www.eapfoundation.com/writing/cohesion/

II. Instructional Materials: PowerPoint presentation, printed materials

III. Method: 3Is

Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity

A. Introduction

Good Morning, class! Good morning, Miss.

Before we start, let us first have our opening prayer. (Let us all remember…Our Father…Amen...)

Good Morning once again, I am Miss Grace Marie

Lagat, you can call me Miss Marie and I will be your
teacher for this morning. Good Morning, Miss Marie.
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
Before, you take your sit, kindly pick up some pieces
of paper on the floor and arrange your chairs properly.

How is your day so far?

Great, miss.
Are there any absentees?
None miss.
Are there any assignments that need to be passed?

None, Miss.
Classroom Rules

Alright!

So just like your other teachers, we also have our

classroom rules and it is acronym as LRBB.

L- Listen

R- Respect

B- Be quiet and stay focus on the lesson

B- Be attentive and participate in the activity

I want you to observe these classroom rules

throughout the class. Are the classroom rules
clear, class?

What is the acronym of our classroom rules again,

class? LRBB.

1. Review

Before we proceed with our new lesson for today, let

us first have a short review through an activity.

Directions: Read each statement on the screen carefully

and provide the correct answer.

1. It is a type of essay that presents a claim and takes

a stance on an issue and persuades the readers to
support the idea of the author by providing reasons
Argumentative Essay
and credible evidences.
2. This part of the essay introduces, gives
background of the topic and states the claim or
thesis statement.
3. Give the 3 important parts of an essay. Introduction

Introduction, Body, Conclusion

You got 3/3 score, excellent. It simply means that you
really understood your lesson last meeting and now it is
safe to say that you are ready for a new lesson.

2. Motivation
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity

Before we formally discuss our lesson for today, I will

show you a picture on the screen.

(Students do as told)

A glue miss.
What can you see in the picture?

That's right – glue!

It is use to stick something or binding things together.
What comes to mind when you see it?

Exactly!

Glue is what we always need when we are building

something, whether it's a model or even fixing our
shoes, we use glue.

It's what holds everything together, making sure all the

pieces stay in place. Well, writing is a lot like that too!
Today, we're going to talk about the "glue" of writing –
the stuff that holds our ideas together and makes them
stick together.

3. Statement of the topic and objectives

Our topic for today is all about Principles of Cohesion

and Coherence.

Everyone must listen attentively because at the end of

the lesson, you are expected to attain the following
learning outcomes.
For the first objectives, all boys please read.
Second, all girls read.
a. Identify cohesive devices used in written discourse.
b. Use cohesive devices to achieve well –written
paragraphs.
c. Discuss the importance of sticking together and
supporting one another in achieving common goals

Third objectives, altogether, begin.

Are the objectives clear?

B. Interaction

I have here a short article about climate change.

 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
(The teacher will give the students a copy of the printed
article)

Climate Change: How Do We Know?

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of

our time, but how do we know it is happening?
Scientists use multiple lines of evidence to
understand past and present climate conditions and
to predict future changes. One key indicator is the
rising global temperature. Over the past century,
Earth's average surface temperature has increased by
about 1.2 degrees Celsius (2.2 degrees Fahrenheit),
with most of the warming occurring in the past few
decades.

Another indicator of climate change is the melting of

ice caps and glaciers. Satellite observations and
ground-based measurements show that ice mass loss
has accelerated in polar regions, leading to rising sea
levels. Sea levels have risen by about 8 inches (20
centimeters) over the past century, primarily due to
thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of ice
sheets and glaciers.

Furthermore, changes in precipitation patterns and

extreme weather events provide additional evidence
of climate change. Many regions are experiencing
more intense heatwaves, droughts, and heavy
rainfall events, leading to increased risks to human
health, agriculture, and infrastructure.

Scientists also study natural indicators of past

climate conditions, such as tree rings, ice cores, and
sediment layers, to reconstruct Earth's climate
history. These paleoclimate records reveal that
current warming trends are unprecedented in recent
history and are primarily driven by human activities,
particularly the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation.

In conclusion, the evidence for climate change is

overwhelming and comes from multiple sources,
including direct observations, paleoclimate records,
and computer models. Understanding the causes and
impacts of climate change is crucial for developing
effective strategies to mitigate its effects and adapt
to a changing climate.

Source: NASA - Climate Change: How Do We

Know?

What have you observe on the article?

Can you give one?

Exactly! There are key terms such as “climate change”,

“temperature” and “sea levels” are consistently used
throughout the article. This repetition of relevant terms There are words that are being repeated.
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
establishes a clear connection allowing readers to
enhance their understanding of the article. Climate change, miss.

How about the words that are being used to connect the
beginning of each paragraph after a paragraph?

So, class, those mentioned words are just an example

of Cohesion.

For us to have uniformity of definition, kindly read the

definition of Cohesion on the board. Begin!

The author uses a transitional words such as furthermore,

another indicator, in conclusion.

Cohesion – means “sticking together” or connection

within and between sentences
- it is a very important aspect of academic writing because
it immediately affects the tone of your writing.

That is right! Those are some examples of the Elements In writing,

of Cohesion in Writing. - it refers to elements of writing that cause words, phrases,
and sentences to come together and present a clear,
Do you have an idea what are the elements of Cohesion unified text.
in term of Writing?
Coherence – means that all ideas in a paragraph flow
Yes, correct! What else? something from one sentence to the next sentence

Very good!

Good cohesion is achieved through the following five Transition, miss.

main methods:

1. Transition signals Repetition, miss.

2. Reference words
3. Repetitive or repeated words
4. substitution
5. ellipsis

Class, can you give an example of transitional words or

phrase?

Correct!

Now, let us know the functions of transition.

Kindly read. Begin! Therefore, moreover, in addition, next, however.

1. Transitional signals

Transition signals - also called cohesive devices or

linking words, are words or phrases which show the
relationship between ideas.

Going back to the article given earlier, what

 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
transitional signals can be found?

Very good!

Example:

Therefore, moreover, in addition, next, however, for

example, for instance Furthermore, in conclusion

Functions of Transitions
- can be used to show contrast, similarities, summary
and even cause and effect.

Any questions about transition?

Alright! What is the second main method of cohesion?

Very good!

2. Reference words
- involves using certain words or phrases to replace None miss.
other words or phrases such as pronouns and nouns.
Reference words, miss.
From the article given awhile ago, refer to the first
sentence in the first paragraph.

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of

our time, but how do we know it is happening?

What have you observe? Are there any pronouns found

in the sentence?

What did the author do?

That’s right!

Let us find another example. Last sentence of the last

paragraph.

Understanding the causes and impacts of climate

change is crucial for developing effective strategies
to mitigate its effects and adapt to a changing
climate.
What reference word can you found?
Yes, miss.
Instead of mentioning again the phrase climate change, the
author uses the pronoun “it”.

Yes, the author uses “its”, as a substitute pronoun of

the phrase climate change.

Questions?

Then let us proceed to the next method.

What is the third method of cohesion? Its.

When you hear the word repetitive, what does it mean?

Precisely!
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
Refer to your handouts, what are the words that are None miss.
being repeated?

3. Repeated words – it is one way to achieve cohesion,

or to repeat ideas using different words (synonyms). Repetitive element, miss.

What are the synonyms used to replace the word

“climate change”? Repetition are words that being repeated throughout the
essay.
Again, for you to not repeat words again and again in
your writing, you can use synonyms.
Climate change
Questions?

Alright! Now, let us have the next method, which is the

substitution.

What does it mean when you hear the word substitute?

Give me one verb to define substitute. Rising global temperature, glaciers, heatwaves

Fantastic! You got it right!

4. Substitution
- means using one or more words to replace for one or None miss.
more words used earlier in the text.
- it is similar to reference words, the main difference
being that substitution is usually limited to the clause
which follows the word(s) being substituted, whereas
reference words can refer to something far back in the
text.

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of Replace miss.

our time, but how do we know it's happening?

Kindly observe the highlighted phrase on the given

example on the screen.

Why do you think "it's happening" in the question "but

how do we know it's happening?" is an example of
substitution.

Exactly! And if we answer that question, it answers the

word climate change.
So “it’s happening” in this sentence is a substitute of
climate change.

Here is another example:

These paleoclimate records reveal that current

warming trends are unprecedented in recent history
and are primarily driven by human activities,
particularly the burning of fossil fuels and
deforestation.

In this example, what does human activities referring Because, "it" refers back to "climate change.”
to?

Correct! The phrase “human activities” replaces a more

 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
detailed description of the specific actions that are
driving current warming trends, namely "the burning of
fossil fuels and deforestation."

Always remember that substitution helps avoid

repetition and maintains the flow of the sentence.

Questions?

Then let us proceed to the last method of cohesion.

What is the last method, again, class? Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation

Any idea, what is an ellipsis?

5. Ellipsis
- means leaving out one or more words, because the
meaning is clear from the context. – is when words are
omitted from a sentence because they are understood
from the context.

Please refer back to the fourth paragraph of the article.

Another indicator of climate change is the melting of

ice caps and glaciers. Satellite observations and None miss.
ground-based measurements show that ice mass loss
has accelerated in polar regions, leading to rising sea
levels. Sea levels have risen by about 8 inches (20
centimeters) over the past century, primarily due to
thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of ice Ellipsis, miss.
sheets and glaciers.

What have you observe in the paragraph?

Exactly!

In this sentence, the ellipsis occurs after "melting of ice

sheets and glaciers." The phrase "leading to" is omitted
but understood from the context, indicating that the
melting of ice sheets and glaciers is causing the rise in
sea levels.

Even if we omit the phrase “leading to”, it is still

understandable that melting of ice sheets and glaciers
are the cause of rising sea levels.

Questions?

C. Integration

This time, to assess whether you have understood our

discussion, let us have an activity. This activity is
called “VarieTask” It discusses the cause of sea levels, while in the
succeeding sentences; it didn’t repeat the phrase “melting
Activity 1: VarieTask! of ice caps and glaciers”.
Mechanics:
1. Divide the class into four (4) groups.
2. Provide each group a different task employing
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
the different main methods of cohesion.
3. Assign a groupmate to do different parts of the
assigned task.
4. Present before the class
5. Do this in 5 minutes only.

Time is up!

Let us hear from the group 1

None miss.

Assigned task:
Group 1:
Instruction: Write a 2 paragraphs informative essay on the
Thank you Group 1. Let us give them 5 big claps. given topic ensuring the use of cohesive devices.

Topic: “Why is a cellphone important?”

Now, let us also hear from group 2. Please be guided with the rubrics below.

Rubrics:
Criteria Excellent (10) Good (7) Fair (5) Poor (3)
Content The paragraph is The paragraph is The paragraph is The paragraph is
well-developed, adequately somewhat poorly developed
coherent, and developed and developed but and fails to
effectively communicates the lacks coherence communicate the
communicates the intended message. or clarity in intended message
intended message. It It contains mostly conveying the effectively. It
provides clear and clear and relevant intended message. lacks coherence
relevant information It may include and contains
information, related to the some irrelevant or mostly irrelevant
addressing the assigned task. unclear or unclear
assigned task information. information.
comprehensively.
Cohesive A variety of Cohesive devices Cohesive devices Cohesive devices
Device cohesive devices are are used are used are not used or are
Applicatio effectively used adequately to inconsistently or used incorrectly,
n throughout the connect ideas and ineffectively, leading to a lack
paragraph to improve resulting in of coherence in
connect ideas and coherence. disjointed or the paragraph.
enhance coherence. Transitions choppy writing. Transitions
The transitions between Transitions between sentences
between sentences sentences and between and paragraphs
and paragraphs are paragraphs are sentences and are absent or
smooth and logical. generally clear, paragraphs are confusing.
although some unclear or
could be awkward.
smoother.
Creativity The paragraph The paragraph The paragraph The paragraph is
demonstrates shows some lacks creativity devoid of
creativity in the creativity in the and originality in creativity and
presentation of ideas presentation of the presentation originality. It
and the use of ideas and of ideas and contains little to
language. The language use. It language use. It no effort in
writing is engaging may include some may rely on presenting ideas
and original, original elements clichés or creatively,
 Teacher’s Activity
Thank you Group 2. Five big claps!
And now, from group 3. Kindly paste your letter on the
board.
Excellent Group 3. Give them 5 big claps. Begin!
Last but not the least, from group.
Thank you for sharing your brilliant presentation. Now,
give yourselves “I am very good clap!”
Begin!
Are there any questions about our topic today, class?
Value Integration
Going back to picture shown earlier which is glue.
Just as glue binds different parts together to form a
stronger whole, our unity and support can create
something truly remarkable.
As a student, why it is important to stick together and
supports one another?
That is right! Indeed, sticking together and supporting
one another may build a strong bond and contribute
Student’s Activity
capturing the that enhance the conventional resulting in a dull
audience’s attention audience's expressions, and uninteresting
effectively. interest. resulting in a less writing style.
engaging
experience.
Group 2:
Directions: Read the given paragraph and answer the
following guide questions.
Safety is a primary concern for parents who wish to
ensure their children can promptly reach them in
precarious situations. In this case, Julian Sanchez
stated that parents often need to communicate with
their children due to unexpected changes, especially
in families with working parents or those who are
separated. Therefore, this necessity underscores the
importance of enabling children to be easily reachable
after school.
Additionally, in California, various potential dangers,
such as earthquakes or lockdowns, further emphasize
the need for children to have access to phones for
seeking assistance. For instance, Jason Lee suggests
that during emergencies like hostage situations or
terrorist events, quick communication beyond school
authorities is crucial. Furthermore, reflecting on
historical events like 9/11, where victims
communicated with loved ones using cell phones,
raises questions about the efficacy of strict phone
bans in critical situations, demonstrating the value of
flexible communication policies.
1. How are sentences linked together?
2. What are the links that made the paragraph clear and
logical?
3. How do cohesive devices such as transitional signals
and reference words contribute to the coherence of the
paragraph? Provide specific examples from the text to
support your analysis.
4. How do the organization and sequencing of ideas
contribute to the overall clarity and logical
progression of the argument?
Group 3:
Directions: Write a letter to the President addressing the
current issue and crises in the Philippines. Use
different cohesive devices such as transition words
and pronouns to ensure clarity andd logical flow in
your letter. Write in 1 whole sheet of paper.
Group 4:
Instructions: Create a 1 paragraph news report about the
recent break-up of Bea Alonzo and Dominic Roque
using cohesive devices. Present your news report
before the class.
 Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
success of your goals.

Sticking together and supporting one another, may

contribute to the success of our goals.

When we collaborate and support each other, we create a

bond that's stronger than any individual effort.

IV. Evaluation

A. Completion
Directions: Read each statement and choose the correct cohesive devices from the box to
complete the sentence. Write your answers in the blank.

Since so however meanwhile additionally

Similarly however nonetheless however

therefore

1. _____, it was raining heavily, so I decided to stay indoors.

2. Sarah loves to read novels; _____, she spends hours in the library every weekend.
3. Peter enjoys playing basketball _____ he's not very good at it.
4. _____, I need to finish this report by tomorrow morning.
5. Sheila went to the store to buy some groceries; _____, she also picked up some
flowers for her mother.
6. I love swimming; _____, I go to the pool every day after work.
7. We wanted to go hiking _____ the weather was too hot.
8. _____, I'm going to the concert tonight.
9. He doesn't like vegetables; _____, he always eats them because they're healthy.
10. We missed the bus _____ we had to walk home.

Answer key:
1. Since
 2. so
3. however
4. Meanwhile
5. additionally
6. similarly
7. however
8. Nevertheless
9. however
10. therefore

IV. Assignments
Instructions: Write a two (2) paragraphs essay on the topic given, ensuring to include a
variety of cohesive devices to connect your ideas seamlessly. Write your assignment on a
one (1) whole sheet of paper.

“INTERNET IS LIFE!”

Prepared by

GRACE MARIE D. LAGAT Checked by

Pre-Service Teacher, BSED
MS. MERYL R. ALFANTA
Cooperating Teacher, OCSAT