Characterization, Classification & Incident of Characteristics of Diseases

Diseases 1. Etiology 病因
Concept of Health 2. Pathogenesis 发病机制
3. Manifestation 显现: morphological 形态, functional 功能
 Health is the state of the body when it functions
optimally without evidence of disease and clinical changes 临床变化
 Definition of health from WHO: 4. Complication 并发症 and sequelae 后遗症
- Health indicates not only without any evidence of
5. Prognosis 预后
disease, but also a state of complete well-being
physically, psychologically and socially 6. Epidemiology 流行病学

Etiology (Cause)病因

Concept of Disease 1. Infectious diseases

 Disease is referred as aberrant manifestation 异常表现
of deregulated 失调 homeostasis caused by harmful
agents
 Development of a disease is a pathologic process
 With a characteristic set of signs and symptoms
involved in the whole body or any of its parts
 A disease is a particular abnormal condition that
negatively affects the structure or function of all or part
of an organism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513315/
Homeostasis & Disease
 Homeo = similar; stasis = standing still
 Homeostasis is the state of steady internal, physical
and chemical conditions maintained by living systems
being kept within certain pre-set limits
 Homeostasis is to establish 建立 the optimum condition
in human body
 Disease is the failure to maintain homeostatic
conditions
- Caused by invasion 入侵 and colonization of
pathogenic microorganisms
- Eg: fungal infection, bacterial infection, viral
infection
2. Neoplasms (new growth)
- Caused by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
- Benign 良性 or malignant 恶性 (cancerous)
3. Immunologic diseases
- Hypersensitivity: over reaction by immune system
- Immune deficiency disease (AIDS): under reaction
by immune system
- Autoimmune disease: destruction of one’s own
tissues by antibodies produced by one’s own
immune system
4. Nutritional diseases – diseases created by insufficient
resources for body
- Protein deficiency
- Vitamin or mineral deficiency: interference in
biochemical reactions of metabolism
 - Obesity - Primary 原发性, idiopathic 特发性, essential 本质性,
spontaneous 自发性
5. Metabolic diseases
12. Iatrogenic disease (iatro = medicine, physician)
- Upset 紊乱 in biochemical reactions that govern 控 - Disease arise as a result of a prescribed treatment
制 body processes or metabolism - Eg: Cushing-like Syndrome (result of steroid
- Eg: diabetes mellitus therapy)

6. Genetic diseases 13. Nosocomial disease

- Inherited or hereditary diseases due to transmission - Disease acquired from a clinical setting (hospital;
of defective gene or chromosome from one or both clinic; physician’s office)
parents
- Eg: hemophilia, thalassemia Pathogenesis 发病机制
 Development of a disease is referred to as
7. Congenital disease (anomaly or defect) pathogenesis (genesis = origin @ development)
- Defect in fetal development that may create a  Sequence of events that leads from cause of disease
functional or structural abnormality which presents to structural and functional abnormalities to how the
itself at birth
- Defects may be genetic; exposure to chemicals, disease manifests 显现 itself and finally to the
drugs or virus during pregnancy; a spontaneous resolution or recovery of disease
 Mainly involved:
event 自发事件
i. Inflammation
- Eg: congenital heart disease
ii. Degeneration
iii. Carcinogenesis
8. Trauma
iv. Immune reaction
- Physical force that mechanically disrupts the
structure of the body
- Result of trauma is generally referred to as an injury Manifestation 显现: morphological 形态, functional 功能,
- Eg: bruises, cuts, fractures, burns clinical changes 临床变化
1. Manifestation 显现
9. Physical agents - How a disease present itself
- Disease that result form physical agents such as - Give rise to clinical sign and symptoms
temperature extremes, electrical shock, radiation, - Structural abnormalities
poisons - Functional abnormalities

10. Inflammatory diseases 2. Lesion 病变

- Disease that are usually secondary to primary
Structural or functional abnormalities responsible for
disease such as infection or autoimmune disease
disease
- Eg: infract site, defect in Hb in thalassemia pt
11. Unknown etiology
3. Pathogenomic abnormalities 发病 Complication 并发症 and Sequelae 后遗症
- Features are restricted to a single disease  Disease may have prolonged 长期, secondary 继发 and
- Without them the disease is impossible
distant 遥远 effects 影响
- Eg: Reed-Sternberg cell in Hodgkin Lymphoma
 Diseases have no respect 不顾 for anatomical or
4. Symptoms 症状 (from pt) systemic boundaries
- Symptoms are the sign indicating an underlying  Eg: secondary cancer 继发性癌症 (metastasis 转移),
disease such as abdominal cramps, headache, systemic infection 全身感染
fever, among numerous other symptoms Primary disease 原发性 Secondary disease 继发性
- Depends on the type of disease Disease with unknown Disease represent a
- Disease can have common symptoms
- Symptoms can’t indicate disease aetiology 病因不明 complication 并发症 or
- Symptoms are not measurable and are based on manifestation of some
pt’s subjective perception underlying lesion 潜在病变

5. Signs 征兆 (from doctor) Benign disease 良性 Malignant disease 恶性

- Signs are objective physical observations as noted Cells are not cancerous and Cells are cancerous and can
by the person who examines the pt won’t spread spread to other tissues and
- The changes in the normal functioning or structure organs
of the body
- Eg: temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, Acute disease 急性 Chronic disease 慢性
abnormal heart sounds, mass Disease with sudden onset, Disease with slow
relatively severe, short development, lasting over
6. Diagnosis 确诊 duration of symptoms, long periods, difficult
- Process of assigning a name to pt’s condition accurate diagnosis, confine diagnosis, involve multiple
- Diagnosis is the process of determining which in one body area 受限在一个 organ @ system
disease or condition explain a person’s symptoms
地方
and signs
- Information required for diagnosis include history
and physical examination Subacute disease – intermediate between acute and chronic
- Diagnosis is challenging, because many signs and Latent disease – agent remains inactive for a period of time,
symptoms are non-specific then activates to cause disease (Eg: shingles 带状疱疹)
- Diagnosis is needed to determine the treatment and
potential outcome of a disease Localized disease 本地化 Systemic disease 全身性
Disease is confined one Disease that spreads
area of body throughout the body or to

Asymptomatic disease – disease in which symptoms are not
noticeable to the pt; sign is detected by routine physical test
Self-limiting disease – disease that does not require treatment
to be cured; resolve on its own
Congenital disease 先天
Disease presents since birth
-Genetic disorder
Caused by errors in genetic
information
Eg:
-Down syndrome
(chromosome number)
-Cystic fibrosis (mutation
gene)
-Chimerism or
Heterochromia (increase
genetic information)
-thalassemia (inherited)
-Non-genetic disorder
Eg:
-Environmental - Rubella
associated cardiac
malformation
-Accidental – cerebral palsy
due to hypoxia
Communicable disease
Disease that can be
transmitted through
pathogens from one person
to another
many systems
Acquired disease 后天
Disease presents post-fetal
-Inflammation
Acute; acute appendicitis
Chronic; TB
-Hemodynamic
Shock; hypovolemic shock
Occlusive lesion; myocardial
infract
-Growth disorder
Neoplasia
Non-neoplasia
Non-communication disease
Disease that is not
transmissible
directly/physical contact from
one person to another
Epidemiology 流行病学
 Study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and
determinants of health and disease conditions in
defined populations
 It is cornerstone of public health and shapes policy
decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying
risk factors for disease and targets for preventive
healthcare
 Study disease causation 因果关系, transmission 传播,
outbreak investigation 疫情调查 and disease
surveillance 疾病监测
 Providing etiology of disease
 Planning intervention 干预措施
 Provision adequate medical facilities
 Population screening for early diagnosis
Prevalence 患病率: the number of existing cases of a disease
in a population at a given time
Prevalence rate = pt number (old + new) / total population
Incidence/morbidity 发病率: the number of new cases of a
disease or disorder in a population over a period of time
Incidence rate = new cases / total population
Remission rate 缓解率: the proportion of cases of the disease
that recover

Mortality 死亡率: percentage of death form a disease in a

define population