Binomial Distribution

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Binomial Distribution
➢Definition of Binomial Distribution.
➢Underlying Condition of Binomial Distribution.
➢Derivation of Binomial Distribution.
➢Recurrence Formula for the Probabilities of Binomial Distribution.
➢Properties of Binomial Distribution.
➢Moments of Binomial Distribution.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
A coin tossed 1 time, Sample Space = {H, T} and If discrete random variable X
number of heads = {0,1}. Then, probability,
1 1
P(0) = & P(1) =
2 2

A coin tossed 2 times, Sample Space = {HH, HT, TH, TT} [Sample point =2𝑛 = 22 ]
If discrete random variable X number of heads ={0, 1, 2}. Then, probability,
1 2 1
P(0) = , P(1) = , P(2) =
4 4 4

A coin tossed 3 times, Sample point = 23 = 8

S ={HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,THT, TTH, TTT}
If discrete random variable X number of heads = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Then probability,
1 3 3 1
P(0) = , P(1) = , P(2) = , P(3) =
8 8 8 8
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
A coin tossed 4 times, Sample point = 24 = 16
S ={HHHH, HHHT, HHTH, HHTT, HTHH, HTHT, HTTH, HTTT,
THHH, THHT, THTH, THTT, TTHH, TTHT, TTTH, TTTT}
If discrete random variable X number of heads = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. Then probability,
1 4 6 4 1
P(0) = , P(1) =
, P(2) = , P(3) = , P(4) =
16 16
16 16 16
.
.
.
.
A coin tossed 10 times, Sample point = 210 = 1024
S = {HHHHHHHHHH, HHHHHHHHHT …….,TTTTTTTTTT }
Discrete random variable, X = {0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

What is the probability of getting 7 heads?

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 When patients are treated with a new drug or vaccine in a clinical trial,
they are either cured or not.

Researchers from the University of Oxford say they began testing the vaccine on healthy adult
volunteers in April, with about 1,000 people immunized. They are “80 per cent confident”
their experimental vaccine designed to block the virus from infecting the body will work.
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 Binomial Distribution
Binomial distribution was first discovered by James Bernoulli in 1700 and was
published by his nephew Nicholus Bernoulli in 1713.

First, Bernoulli derived a trial which is named as Bernoulli trial. An experiment

is called Bernoulli trial if it has two possible outcomes namely success (i.e.
occurrence of event) and failure (i.e. not occurrence of that event).

When an experiment has two possible outcomes, success and failure and the
experiment is repeated n times independently and the probability of success
(p) of any given trial remains constant from trial to trial, the experiment is
known as binomial distribution.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
Underlying Conditions of Binomial Distribution
➢ There is a fixed number of trials (No. of trials are too large
but finite).
➢ Trials are independent.
➢ There are only two outcomes for each trial such as success
and failure.
➢ Probability of success remains constant from trial to trail.
➢ The number of success 𝑥 ( 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, . . ., n) in n trials is a
discrete random variable.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
A coin tossed 3 times, S ={HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH,THT, TTH, TTT}
If discrete random variable X number of heads = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Then probability,
1 3 3 1
P(0) = , P(1) = , P(2) = , P(3) =
8 8 8 8

Trials are independent and probability of success remains constant from trial to trail.
1 1
For every trial, P(H) = & P(T) =
2 2

1 1 1 1
P(0) = P(TTT) = P(T).P(T).P(T) = × × =
2 2 2 8
1 1 1 3
P (1) = P(HTT)+P(THT)+P(TTH) = + + =
8 8 8 8
1 1 1 3
P (2) = P(HHT)+P(HTH)+P(THH) = + + =
8 8 8 8
1 1 1 1
P(3) = P(HHH) = P(H).P(H).P(H) = × × =
2 2 2 8

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 SSSSSSS
SSSSSSS FFFF
FFFF ,, SSSSSSS FFFF ,…….........
SSSSSSS FFFF ……......... ,, SSSSSSS
SSSSSSS FFFF
FFFF

1st Sequence
1st Sequence 22ndndSequence
Sequence 330thth Sequence
330 Sequence

P(7) =P(SSSSSSS FFFF) + P(SSSSSSS FFFF ) + ..................+P(SSSSSSS FFFF)

P(7) =P(SSSSSSS FFFF ) + P(SSSSSSS FFFF ) + ..................+P(SSSSSSS FFFF)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1. 11 .11) (11.11.11 .1
P(7)
P(7) =
= (( .. .. 1
1 1 .. 1 .. 1.
.
1 .. 1)) (( .. .. 1
1 1 .. 1)) +
+ (( .. .. 1
1 1 .. 1 .. . . ) ( . . .
1) +……..+
) +……..+
2
2 22 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 22 2 2 2
2 2
2 22 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 22 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
( . . . . . . )( . . . )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 𝟕 1 𝟒 1 𝟕 1 𝟒 1 𝟕 1 𝟒
= ( ) . ( ) + ( ) . ( ) + ….................+ ( ) . ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 1 7 1𝑥4 𝑛−𝑥
𝑛−𝑥
= 330. + …………+ 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
𝑝 𝑞 (2) +. (𝑝2) 𝑞 = 0.16113
P(x) = (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝒏𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 𝒏𝑪 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝑪 𝟕
𝟏𝟏 !
∴ P(x) = (𝒙 ) 𝒑𝒙 𝒒𝒏−𝒙 𝒓
𝒏𝑪 𝒂 𝒃 𝒏−𝒓 =
𝟕!(𝟏𝟏−𝟕)!
= 330
𝒓
𝟏 𝟏
P(Success) or p = & P(Failure) or q =
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
𝟐 𝟐
Statistics, SAU
 Definition of Binomial Distribution
Let p be the probability of occurrence and q be the probability of not
occurrence of a particular event in a single trial so that p + q = 1.

If the experiment is repeated for n independent trials, the probability of

occurrence of an event x times ( and not occurring n – x times) may be
expressed as

P(x) = (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n

The event of occurrence is often termed as success and that of not

occurrence is termed as failure and the distribution is known as binomial
distribution.
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 Derivation of Binomial Distribution
Let an experiment be repeated for n independent trials and p be the probability
of success and q be the probability of failure in each trial. i.e.
P(S) = p
P(F) = q
and p + q = 1
If the experiment results in x success (S) and rest (n-x) failures (F), the sequence
of success and failures is
S, S, S, ………….,S F, F, F, ………….., F

x-times (n-x) times

The probability is P(S, S, S, ……..,S, F, F, F, ……, F).

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
The events of these x successes and n-x failures are independent. According to the
multiplicative law of probability, we get

P(S. S…. S. F. F…. F) = P(S). P(S)…….P(S) × P(F). P(F)………P(F)

x-times (n-x) times

= p. p. …………p × q. q………….q

x-times (n-x) times

= 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥

∴ The probability of a particular sequence is 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 .

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
In the experiment, x successes out of n independent trials can be happen
in (𝑛𝑥 ) or 𝑛𝐶 𝑥 mutually exclusive ways.

The probability P(x) of x successes is, therefore, given by

P(x) = 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 + 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 + ………………….+ 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 ; (𝑛𝑥 ) times

P(x) = (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞𝑛−𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n

It is known as Binomial distribution.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Properties of Binomial Distribution
1. It is a discrete probability distribution with parameters n and p.
2. Its mean is np and variance is npq; mean is greater than the variance.
1
3. It is a skewed distribution except for p = q = .
2
4. Binomial distribution tends to Poisson distribution if the number of trials, n
is very large ( n ∞ ) and probability of success, p is very small (P 0).
5. Binomial distribution approaches to normal distribution if the number of
independent trials, n, is very large ( n ∞) and neither p nor q is very small.
𝑞 −𝑝 𝑞 −𝑝
6. Coefficient of skewness is; Sk = = and
𝑛𝑝𝑞 σ
1 −6𝑝𝑞 1 −6𝑝𝑞
7. Excess of kurtosis, γ2 = = .
𝑛𝑝𝑞 σ2

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
Recurrence Formula for the Probabilities of
Binomial Distribution
𝒏 −𝒙+𝟏 𝒑
P(x) = × × 𝐏(𝐱 − 𝟏)
𝒙 𝒒

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Mean of Binomial Distribution
μ1′ = σ 𝑥. 𝑝(𝑥) = σ𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥. (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥

= 0. (𝑛0 ) 𝑝0 𝑞 𝑛−0 + 1. (1𝑛 ) 𝑝1 𝑞 𝑛−1 + 2. (𝑛2 ) 𝑝2 𝑞 𝑛−2 + …………+ 𝑛. (𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑝𝑛 𝑞𝑛−𝑛

zero
= 1. (1𝑛 ) 𝑝1 𝑞 𝑛−1 + 2. (𝑛2 ) 𝑝2 𝑞 𝑛−2 + …………+ 𝑛. (𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑝𝑛 𝑞𝑛−𝑛

= σ𝑛𝑥=1 𝑥. (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥

𝑛!
= σ𝑛𝑥=1 𝑥. . 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
𝑥! 𝑛−𝑥 !

𝑛(𝑛−1)!
= σ𝑛𝑥=1 𝑥. . 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥
𝑥 𝑥−1 ! 𝑛−𝑥 !

𝑛(𝑛−1)!
= σ𝑛𝑥=1 . 𝑝. 𝑝 𝑥−1 𝑞 𝑛−1 −(𝑥−1)
𝑥−1 !{ 𝑛−1)−(𝑥−1 }!
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 (𝑛−1)!
= 𝑛𝑝. σ𝑛−1
𝑥−1=0 . 𝑝 𝑥−1 𝑞 𝑛−1 −(𝑥−1)
𝑥−1 !{ 𝑛−1)−(𝑥−1 }!

𝒑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
= 𝑛𝑝. σ𝑛−1
𝑥−1=0 𝑃(𝑥 − 1) [ σ𝑛−1
𝑥−1=0 𝑃(𝑥 − 1) = 1 ]

= 𝑛𝑝 . 1
∴ μ1′ = 𝑛𝑝 ………………………….(1)

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Variance of Binomial Distribution
μ′2 = σ𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥 2 . P(x)
= σ𝑛𝑥=0 [𝑥 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥] . P(x)

= σ𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 . P(x) + σ𝑛𝑥=0 𝑥 . P(x)

𝑛!
= σ𝑛𝑥=1 𝑥(𝑥 − 1). . 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 + 𝑛𝑝
𝑥! 𝑛−𝑥 !
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)!
= σ𝑛𝑥=1 𝑥(𝑥 − 1). . 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 + 𝑛𝑝
𝑥 𝑥−1 .(𝑥−2)! 𝑛−𝑥 !

(𝑛−2)!
= 𝑛 𝑛−1 σ𝑛−2
𝑥−2=0 . 𝑝2 . 𝑝 𝑥−2 . 𝑞 𝑛−2 −(𝑥−2) + 𝑛𝑝
(𝑥−2)!{ 𝑛−2)−(𝑥−2 }!

(𝑛−2)!
= 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 .𝑝2 σ𝑛−2
𝑥−2=0 . . 𝑝 𝑥−2 . 𝑞 𝑛−2 −(𝑥−2) + 𝑛𝑝
(𝑥−2)!{ 𝑛−2)−(𝑥−2 }!

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 𝑛−2 (𝑛−2)!
μ′2 =𝑛 𝑛−1 . 2
𝑝 σ𝑥−2=0 . 𝑝 𝑥−2 . 𝑞 𝑛−2 −(𝑥−2) + 𝑛𝑝
(𝑥−2)!{ 𝑛−2)−(𝑥−2 }!

𝒑(𝐱 − 𝟐)

= 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 . 𝑝2 σ𝑛−2
𝑥−2=0 𝑃(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑛𝑝 [ σ𝑛−2
𝑥−2=0 𝑃(𝑥 − 2) = 1 ]

∴ μ′2 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 . 𝑝2 + 𝑛𝑝 ……………………………………(2)

ʹ 2
σ2 = μ2 = μʹ2 = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 . 𝑝2 + 𝑛𝑝 - (𝑛𝑝)2 = 𝑛2 𝑝2 - n𝑝2 + 𝑛𝑝 - 𝑛2 𝑝2
- μ1
= 𝑛𝑝 - n𝑝2 = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
∴ 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, σ2 = μ2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 Prove that mean of Binomial Distribution is
greater than variance.
• 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, σ2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 = = 𝑛𝑝(1 − 𝑝)
= 𝑛𝑝 - n𝑝2
= mean - n𝑝2
=> mean = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + n𝑝2
∴ mean = 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + (𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦)
mean > variance.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
Poisson Distribution

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Poisson Distribution
➢Definition of Poisson Distribution.
➢Underlying Condition of Poisson Distribution.
➢Derivation of Poisson Distribution.
➢Recurrence Formula for the Probabilities of Poisson Distribution.
➢Properties of Poisson Distribution.
➢Moments of Poisson Distribution.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Poisson Distribution
Poisson distribution can be defined as the limiting case of the binomial
distribution under the following conditions:-
1. The number of trials are very large i.e. n → ∞.
2. The probability of success, p is very small i.e. p → 0.
3. The mean of Poisson distribution, mean = np = m is a finite and
positive constant.

The probability function of a discrete random variable x is given by

𝑒 −𝑚 𝑚𝑥
𝑃𝑝 (𝑥) = ; 𝑥 = 0, 1, …….., ∞ and mean > 0
𝑥!

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Derivation of Poisson Distribution from
Binomial Distribution
The probability of x success in a series of n independent trial is given by
P(x) = (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑝 𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 ; x = 0, 1, ….., n

We want the limiting form of P(x) under the previously mentioned three
conditions.
P(x) = (𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑝 𝑥 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑥
𝑛! 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑛−𝑥
= ( ) (1 − ) [⸪ np = m]
𝑥! 𝑛−𝑥 ! 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛−1 ……… 𝑛−𝑥+1 𝑛−𝑥 ! 𝑚 𝑚 𝑛−𝑥

= ( )𝑥 (1 − )
𝑥! 𝑛 −𝑥 ! 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−1 ……… 𝑛−𝑥+1 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑛−𝑥
= ( ) (1 − )
𝑥! 𝑛 𝑛
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 𝑛 𝑛−1 (𝑛−2)……… 𝑛−𝑥+1 𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑛−𝑥
P(x) = .( ) . (1 − )
𝑥! 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛−1 (𝑛−2)……… 𝑛−𝑥+1 𝑚𝑥 (1 − 𝑚𝑛 )𝑛

= . .
𝑥! 𝑛𝑥 (1 − 𝑚𝑛
) 𝑥
𝑚
𝑚𝑥 𝑛 𝑛−1 (𝑛−2)……… 𝑛−𝑥+1 .(1 − 𝑛 )𝑛
= . 𝑚 𝑥
𝑥! 𝑛𝑥 (1 − 𝑛
)
1 2 𝑥 −1 𝑚 𝑛
𝑚𝑥 𝑛𝑥 [ 1−
𝑛
1−
𝑛
……… 1−
𝑛
].(1 − 𝑛
)
= . 𝑚 𝑥
𝑥! 𝑛𝑥 (1 − 𝑛
)
1 2 𝑥 −1 𝑚 𝑛
𝑚𝑥 1− 𝑛 1− 𝑛 ……… 1− 𝑛 . (1 − 𝑛
)
= . 𝑚 𝑥
𝑥! (1 − 𝑛
)
𝑚𝑥 1 2 𝑥 −1 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
P(x) = . 1− 1− … 1− . (1 − ) . (1 − ) −𝑥
𝑥! 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 𝑚𝑥 1 2 𝑥 −1 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚
𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑛→∞ P(x) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑛→∞ [ . 1− 1− … 1− . (1 − ) . (1 − ) −𝑥 ]
𝑥! 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 2 𝑥 −1 𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
As n→ ∞, , … tends to zero, (1 − ) −𝑥 tends to 1 and (1 − ) tends to 𝑒 −𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑎 𝑥
[ ⸪ 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑛→∞ (1 − ) = 𝑒− 𝑎 ]
𝑥

𝑚𝑥
Therefore, 𝐿𝑖𝑚 𝑛→∞ P(x) = . [ (1).(1)…(1)]. (𝑒 − 𝑚 ). (1)
𝑥!

𝑚𝑥 .𝑒 − 𝑚
𝑃𝑝 (𝑥) = ; 𝑥 = 0, 1, …….., ∞
𝑥!

which is required probability function of Poisson distribution.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
Recurrence Formula for the Probabilities of
Poisson Distribution
𝒎
𝑷𝒑 (𝒙) = × 𝑷𝒑 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝒙

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
 Properties of Poisson Distribution
➢ Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution.
➢ Poisson distribution has only one parameter m.
➢ Mean = Variance = m
1
➢ Poisson distribution is skewed and measure of skewness, γ1 = β1 = .
𝑚
1
➢ Kurtosis β2 = 3 +
𝑚
➢ Poisson distribution is a limiting form of binomial distribution when the
number of independent trials is very large but the probability of success is
very small.

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU
Mean of Poisson Distribution
μ1′ = σ 𝑥. 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑚𝑥 .𝑒 − 𝑚
= σ∞
𝑥=0 𝑥.
𝑥!
𝑚𝑥 .𝑒 − 𝑚
= σ∞
𝑥=1 𝑥.
𝑥(𝑥−1)!
𝑚𝑥−1 .𝑚. 𝑒 − 𝑚
= σ∞
𝑥=1 (𝑥−1)!

𝑚𝑥−1 . 𝑒 − 𝑚
= 𝑚. σ∞
𝑥=1 (𝑥−1)!

= 𝑚 . σ∞
𝑥=1 𝑃(𝑥 − 1) [ ⸪ σ ∞
𝑥=1 𝑃(𝑥 − 1) = 1 ]

= 𝑚 . (1)
∴ μ1′ = 𝑚 ………………………..(1)
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 Variance of Poisson Distribution
μ′2 = σ∞
𝑥=0 𝑥 2
.P x
= σ∞
𝑥=0 [𝑥 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥] . P x
= σ∞
𝑥=0 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 . P x + σ∞
𝑥=0 𝑥. P x
𝑚𝑥 .𝑒 − 𝑚
= σ∞
𝑥=2 𝑥 𝑥−1 . + 𝑚
𝑥!
∞ 𝑚𝑥−2 . 𝑚2 .𝑒 − 𝑚
= σ𝑥=2 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 . + 𝑚
𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)!
2 ∞ 𝑚𝑥−2 .𝑒 − 𝑚
= 𝑚 . σ𝑥=2 + 𝑚
(𝑥−2)!
= 𝑚2 . σ∞
𝑥=2 P x − 2 + 𝑚 [ ⸪ σ ∞
𝑥=2 𝑃(𝑥 − 2) = 1 ]
μ′2 2
= 𝑚 + 𝑚 ……………………………(2)
ʹ 2
2
σ = μ2 = μʹ2 - μ1 = 𝑚2 + 𝑚 - 𝑚2 = 𝑚
Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural
Statistics, SAU
 Normal Distribution
➢Definition
➢Probability Density Function
➢Properties of Normal Distribution

Note: Study from book

Khadija Akter, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agricultural

Statistics, SAU