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WEEK: 1
I. Topic: Key Concepts of Random Variables
Figure 1.1
Variable
Quantitative Qualitative
Discrete Continuous
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Definition
Random variable (X) is variable whose possible values are determined by chance.
Quantitative Variable is when the characteristics of data are numeric, which can be
discrete or continuous data. One whose categories can be measured and ordered
according to quantity.
Example : number of children in the family, age
Discrete variables have a finite number of possible values that can be counted. The word
counted means that they can be enumerated using the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc.
Example 1.1
Determine whether the random variable X or Y is discrete or continuous variable.
3) Y = number of defective light bulbs among the randomly selected light bulbs
Answer: Since the number of defective light bulbs can be counted, then it is a discrete variable.
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4) X = the height of daisy plants in the backyard
Answer: Since the height is measured rather than counted, then it is a continuous variable.
Example 1.2
Identify the possible values of the random variable for each scenario.
3) Weight of a person
Possible Values: 40 kg – 45 kg
Definition
Discrete Probability Distribution is the listing of all possible values of a discrete random
variable along with their corresponding probabilities. The probabilities are determined
theoretically or by observation.
PROPERTIES
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Example 1.3
1) A coin is tossed thrice. Let the variable X be the number of heads. A) Identify the probability
distribution for each random variable and its table; and B) verify if the two properties are
satisfied.
Solution:
1st toss 2nd Toss 3rd Toss Outcome Number of Heads (X)
H HHH 3
H
HHT 2
H T
H HTH 2
T
T HTT 1
H THH 2
H
T THT 1
T
H TTH 1
T
T TTT 0
TOTAL NUMBER
OF OUTCOMES = 8
1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
Note
The total number of outcomes serves as the denominator, thus it is equal to 8.
1 3 3
Hence, the probability of getting no head is 8, one head is 8, two heads is 8, and three
1
heads is 8.
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A) Probability Distribution:
1 3 3 1
𝑃 (0) = 8 𝑃(1) = 8 𝑃(2) = 8 𝑃 (3) = 8
Note
In constructing the probability distribution, identify the outcomes and the
probability of each outcome.
B) Properties:
1st Property:
Since all the individual values of probability are from 0 to 1,
then the first property is satisfied.
Note
1
P(0) and P(3): 0 ≤ 8 ≤ 1 is true.
3
P(1) and P(2): 0 ≤ 8 ≤ 1 is true.
2nd Property:
∑ P(X) = 1
𝑃(0) + 𝑃 (1) + 𝑃 (2) + 𝑃(3) = 1
1 3 3 1
+8+8+8 =1
8
1=1
Since the summation of all probabilities is 1, then the second property is satisfied.
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2) The spinner is divided into 10 sections. Let X be the score where the arrow will stop
(numbered as 1, 2,3 and 4)
A) Find the probability that the arrow will stop at 1, 2,3 and 4.
B) Construct the discrete probability distribution of the random variable X.
1 2
3 3
2 4
1 2
2 1
Solution:
3
A) P(1) =
10
4
P(2) =
10
2
P(3) =
10
1
P(4) =
10
Note
Since the total number of outcomes is 10, then the value of the denominator is
10. From the figure above, you can see that there are three “1” in the wheel, thus the
3
probability that the arrow will stop at “1” is . The same logic will be applied in getting
10
the probability that the arrow will stop at “2”, “3” and “4”.
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Example 1.4
Consider the following tables and identify if it is a discrete probability distribution. Otherwise,
identify the property or properties that are not satisfied.
1) X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3
Solution:
1st Property:
Since all the individual values in P(X) are from 0 to 1, then the first property is satisfied.
2nd Property:
∑ P(X) = 1
𝑃(0) + 𝑃 (1) + 𝑃 (2) + 𝑃(3) = 1
0.2 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.3 = 1
1=1
Since the summation of all probabilities is 1, then the second property is satisfied.
Conclusion:
Therefore table 1 is a discrete probability distribution since the 2 properties are satisfied.
X 2 3 4 5 6
2)
P(X) 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 -0.5
Solution:
1st Property:
Since P(6) = −0.5 is not from 0 to 1, then the first property is NOT satisfied.
2nd Property:
∑ P(X) = 1
𝑃(2) + 𝑃 (3) + 𝑃 (4) + 𝑃(5) + 𝑃(6) = 1
0.2 + 0.5 + 0.4 + 0.4 − 0.5 = 1
1=1
Since the summation of all probabilities is 1, then the second property is satisfied.
Conclusion:
Therefore table 2 is NOT a discrete probability distribution since the first property is not
satisfied.
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VI. References/Materials:
Blumman, A.G., (2004). Elementary Statistics, A Step by Step Approach, Fifth Edition. Published
by McGraw – Hill Companies Inc. pp. 6-8
Mann, P.S., (2010). Introductory Statistics. Seventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken pp. 192
- 193
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