Chapter 1 Stat

Course Outline in Grade 11 Statistics
and Probability
CHAPTER I. Random Variables and
Probability Distributions
- Random Variables
- Probability of an Event
- Probability Distribution
- Mean of a Discrete Probability
- Variance of a Discrete Probability
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
CHAPTER II. Normal Distribution
- Normal Curve Distribution
- The z-scores
- Regions of Areas Under the Normal
Curve
- Determining Probabilities
- Percentiles Under Normal Curve
- Applying the Normal Curve Concepts
in Problem Solving
CHAPTER III. Sampling and Sampling
Distribution
- Sampling Techniques Commonly
Used in Research
- Sampling Distribution of Sample
Means
- Mean and Variance of the Sampling
Distribution of Means
- Solving Problems Involving Sampling
- Distribution of the Sample Means
CHAPTER IV. Estimation of Parameters
- Point Estimation of a Population
- Confidence Interval Estimates for the
Population Mean
- Confidence Intervals for the Population
Mean when σ is Unknown
- Point Estimate for the Population
Proportion
- Interval Estimates of Population Proportions
- Interpreting Interval Estimates of
Population Proportions
- Confidence Level and Sample Size
CHAPTER V. Conducting Hypothesis Testing
- Hypothesis Testing
- Elements of Hypothesis Testing
- Hypothesis Testing Using the Traditional
Method
- Small-Sample Tests About a Population
Mean μ
- Significance Tests Using the Probability
Value Approach
- Testing Hypothesis Involving Proportions
CHAPTER VI. Commonly Utilized
Inferential Statistical Tools (Application of
Hypothesis Testing)
- z-test
- t-test
- One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
- Pearson r (Correlation Analysis)

CHAPTER I
RANDOM VARIABLES
AND PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
A.OBJECTIVES
a.Define random
variable;
b. Illustrates a random
variable.
c. Solve for the random variables
and probability distributions.
A. ACTIVITY (4 pics 1 word)
Instructions:
 Showing the names, the students are randomly chosen to answer the
activity
Instructions:
activity
Instructions:
activity
CHANCE
Instructions:
activity
CHANCES
Instructions:
activity
OUTCOME
Instructions:
activity
OUTCOME
What is a random variable?
Random Variable is a function that associates a
real number to each element in the sample space. It is
a variable whose values are determined by chance.
Definitions of Random Variable

A random variable is a result of chance event, that you can measure or count.
A random variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome of an
experiment. It is a variable that assumes numerical values associated with the events
of an experiment.
A random variable is a quantitative variable which values depends on change.
NOTE:
We use capital letters to represent a random variable.

B.1. Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. Let D represent
the defective cell phones and N represent the non-defective cell
phones. Assume X be the random variable representing the number of
defective cell phones. Complete the table below to show the values of
the random variable.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X
Possible Value(number
of theofRandom Variable
X
defective cell phones)
Outcomes (number of defective cell phone)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DND 2
DDN 2
DNN 1
NDD 2
DDD 3
The values of a random variable X are 0, 1, 2 and 3.
B.1. Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. Let D represent
the defective cell phones and N represent the non-defective cell
phones. Assume X be the random variable representing the number of
defective cell phones. Complete the table below to show the values of
the random variable.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable X
(number of defective cell phones)
NNN 0
NND 1
NDN 1
DND 2
DDN 2
DNN 1
NDD 2
DDD 3
The values of a random variable X are 0, 1, 2 and 3.
2. Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. Find the values of
the random variable Y. Complete the table below.
Possible
Possible Outcomes ValueValue
of the Random
of the Variable
Random Variable Y Y
(number of tails)
Outcomes (number of tails)
HHH 0
THH 1
HTH 1
HHT 1
HTT 2
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3
The values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

2. Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. Find the values of
the random variable Y. Complete the table below.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Y
(number of tails)
HHH 0
THH 1
HTH 1
HHT 1
HTT 2
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3
The values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

ASS. # 1
1. Suppose four coins are
tossed. Let X be the random
variable representing the number
of HEADS that occur. Find the
values of the random variable X.
Complete the table.

QUIZ. # 1
1. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement
from an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be
the random variable representing the number of blue balls.
Find the values of the random variables Z.
2. A basket contains 10 ripe and 4 unripe bananas. If three
banana are taken from the basket one after the other,
determine the possible values of the random variable R
representing the number of ripe bananas.
3. One die is rolled. Let S the random variable denoting the
sum of the number of that will appear. Determine the
values of the random variables S.

Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes
Variable X
The values of the random variable X are ____________________________.

Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes Variable X
(Number of Heads that
occur)
TTTT 0
HTTT 1
THTT 1
TTHT 1
TTTH 1
HHTT 2
TTHH 2
THHT 2
HTTH 2
THTH 2
HTHT 2
HHHT 3
THHH 3
HTHH 3
HHTH 3
HHHH 4
The values of the random variable X are 0, 1, 2, 3 & 4.
3. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from
an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the
random variable representing the number of blue balls. Find the
values of the random variables Z. Complete the table.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z

(number of blue balls)
3. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from
an urn containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the
random variable representing the number of blue balls. Find the
values of the random variables Z. Complete the table.
Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z

(number of blue balls)
RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2
Note: Using the idea of a combination (₁₁C₂ = 55), there are 55 outcomes of the sample
space. In that combinations, Blue doesn’t occur if you pick up all RED. Sometimes,
BLUE occurs only once or twice.
Thus, the values of the random variable Y are 0, 1 and 2.
4. A random experiment consists of
selecting two balls in succession from an
urn containing two black balls and one
white ball. Specify the sample space for
this experiment. Let K be the random
variable that represents the number of
black balls. What are the values of K?

4. A random experiment consists of selecting two balls in
succession from an urn containing two black balls and one white
ball. Specify the sample space for this experiment. Let K be the
random variable that represents the number of black balls. What
are the values of K?
Solution:
n(S) = nCr = = ₃C₂ = = = 3
S = {(Black, Black), (Black, White), (White, Black)}
No Black 0
1 Black 2
2 Black 1
The random variable K has values of 0, 1 and 2.

5. A random experiment consists of
selecting two balls in succession from
an urn containing four black balls and
two white balls. Specify the sample
space for this experiment. Let M be
the random variable that represents
the number of black balls. What are
the values of M?

5. A random experiment consists of selecting two balls in
succession from an urn containing four black balls and two white
balls. Specify the sample space for this experiment. Let M be the
random variable that represents the number of black balls. What
are the values of M?
Solution:
n(S) = nCr = = ₆C₂ = = = 15
S = {W₁W₂, W₁B₁, W₁B₂, W₁B₃, W₁B₄, W₂B₁, W₂B₂, W₂B₃, W₂B₄,
B₁B₂, B₁B₃, B₁B₄, B₂B₃, B₂B₄, B₃B₄}
0 Back 1
1 Black 8
2 Black 6
The random variable M has values of 0, 1 and 2.
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

A.OBJECTIVES
a.Define discrete and
continuous random variable;
b. Differentiate between discrete
and continuous random
variable; and
c. Cite an examples of discrete
and continuous random variable
in real life situation.
Directions: With a help of your group members, distinguish between
discrete and continuous random variable using Venn Diagram. Give
at least 5 words associated with discrete and continuous random
variables. You will be given 3 minutes to finish the activity .
Directions: With a help of your group members, distinguish between
discrete and continuous random variable using Venn Diagram. Give
at least 5 words associated with discrete and continuous random
variables. You will be given 3 minutes to finish the activity .
DISCRETE
RANDOM
Measurable
VARIABLE Countable
Finite set of Infinite set of
number number
Specific values Scale Data
Only one
interval More interval
Non-
Overlapping
CONTINUOUS
overlapping
RANDOM
VARIABLE
TWO TYPES
OF RANDOM
VARIABLES
What is a random variable?
Random Variable is a function that associates a
real number to each element in the sample space. It is
a variable whose values are determined by chance.
A random variable is discrete random variable if
its set of possible outcomes is countable. Mostly,
discrete random variables represent count data, such
as the number of defective chairs produced in a
factory.
A random variable is a continuous random
variable if it takes values on a continuous scale.
Often, continuous random variables represent
measured data, such as heights, weights, and
temperatures.
Discrete random variable
1. The number of students in the STEM track
2. The Korean teachers here at SASHS TIS
3. The coins in my pocket
4. The sticks of chalk in a box
5. The number of senators present in the meeting
Continuous random variable
6. The height of flagpole
7. The width of a blackboard
8. The storm signals of typhoons
9. The angle of elevation
10.The amount of salt needed to bake a loaf of
bread.
ACTIVITY 2: THINK- PAIR SHARE
Directions: Choose a
partner, and discuss about
the two types of random
variable. Cite at least 5
examples each types of
random variables in a real
life situation. You will be
given 5 minutes to finish
the said activity.
QUIZ # 2
A. Classify the following random variables as discrete or
continuous.
1. The number of defective computers produced by a
manufacturer
2. The weight of newborns each year in a hospital
3. The number of siblings in a family
4. The amount of paint utilized in a building project
5. The number of dropouts in a school
6. The speed of a car
7. The number of female athletes
8. The time needed to finish the test
9. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
10. The number of people who are playing lotto each day
11. The number of accidents per year in an accident prone area
12. The amount of salt and ice to preserve ice cream
13. The number of all public school students in the
world
14. The magnitude of several earthquakes
15. The number of private school teachers in the
Philippines
16. The body temperature of a patient
17. The size of a Flat TV screen
18. The number of households in a subdivision
19. The heights of students
20. The vital statistics a female candidate

A. Classify the following random variables as discrete or
continuous.
1. The number of defective computers produced by a
manufacturer Discrete
2. The weight of newborns each year in a hospital Continuous
3. The number of siblings in a family Discrete
4. The amount of paint utilized in a building project Continuous
5. The number of dropouts in a school Discrete
6. The speed of a car Continuous
7. The number of female athletes Discrete
8. The time needed to finish the test Continuous
9. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee Continuous
10. The number of people who are playing lotto each day Discrete
11. The number of accidents per year in an accident prone area
Discrete
12. The amount of salt and ice to preserve ice cream Continuous
13. The number
Discrete
of all public school students in the world
14. The intensity of several earthquakes striking
Mindanao Continuous
15. The number of private school teachers in the
Philippines Discrete
16. The body temperature of a patient Continuous
17. The size of a Flat TV screen Continuous
18. The heights of students Continuous
19. The number of households in a subdivision Discrete
20. The vital statistics a female candidate Continuous

Decision-making is an important aspect in
business, education, insurance, and other real-
life situations. Many decisions are made by
assigning probabilities to all possible outcomes
pertaining to the situation and then evaluating
the results. This situation requires the use of
random variable and probability distribution.
Discrete Probability Distribution or
Probability Function consists of the values a
random variable can assume and the
corresponding probabilities of the values.
Properties of a Probability
Distribution
1. The probability of each value of the
random variable must be between or equal
to 0 and 1. In symbol, we write it as 0 ≤ P(E)
≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all
values of the random variables must be equal
to 1. In symbol, we write it as Ʃ P(E) = 1.

CONSTRUCTING PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION and ITS
CORRESPONDING HISTOGRAM
Example 1.
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random
variable representing the number of heads that
occur. Construct probability distribution of
Discrete Random Variable Z.

Solution:
n(S) = 2⁴ = 16
Random Possible Outcomes of Each P(Z)
Variable Z Event
0 HEAD TTTT
1 HEAD HTTT THTT TTHT TTTH
2 HEADS HHTT HTHT TTHH
THHT THTHT HTTH
3 HEADS HHHT HHTH HTHH
THHH
4 HEADS HHH
Probability Distribution
Number of Heads
0 1 2 3 4
P(Z)
1 1 31 1
16 4 8 4 16
0.4
0.3
Probability P(Z)
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3 4
Number of Tails (Z)

Example 2. Three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of
tails that occur. Construct probability
distribution of a discrete random variable.
Number of Tails Y 0 1 2 3
Probability P(Y)

Number of Tails Y 0 1 2 3
Probability P(Y)

0.4
0.3
Probability P(Y)
0.2
0.1
0 1 2 3
Number of Tails (Y)

Solution:
n(S) = 5C3 = 10
S = {N1N2N3, D1N1N2, D1N1N3, D1N2N3, D2N1N2,
D 2 N1 N3 , D 2 N2 N3 , D 1 D 2 N1 , D 1 D 2 N2 , D 1 D 2 N3 }
Number of Defective 0 1 2
Computer (X)
Probability P(x)
0.8
0.6
Probability P(X
)
0.4
0.2
0 1 2
Number of Tails (X)

FINDING THE DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION DESCRIBED BY A FORMULA
Determine whether or not the formula below describes a
probability distribution.
P(X)=
1. P(X=3) 2. P(X) 3. P(X)

Solution:
P(X)=
X Probability P(X)
0
1
3
1. P(X=3)=
2. P(X)
P(1)+P(3)= +
= 3. 3. P(X)
P(0)+P(1)=
=
FINDING THE DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION DESCRIBED BY A FORMULA
Determine whether or not the formula below describes a
probability distribution.
P(X)=
1. P(X=4) 2. P(X) 3. P(X)

Determine whether the table presents a probability
distribution. Explain your answer.
X 1 5 8 7 9
1) P(X) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
X 0 2 4 6 8
2) P(X) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟔 𝟔 𝟑 𝟔 𝟔
X 1 2 3 5
3) P(X) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒 𝟖 𝟒 𝟖
X 4 8 12 15 17
4) P(X) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟓 𝟖 𝟖 𝟓 𝟖
X 1 3 5 7
5) P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
Solve the following problems.
1. The daily demand for copies of a movie magazine
at a variety store has the probability distribution as
follows.
Number of Copies X Probability P(X)
0 0.06
1 0.14
2 0.16
3 0.14
4 0.12
5 0.10
6 0.08
7 0.07
8 0.06
9 0.04
10 0.03
Questions:
1. What is the probability that three or more
copies will be demanded in a particular day? 0.64
2. What is the probability that the demand
will be at least two but not more than six? 0.60
is between four and eight? 0.25
is less than nine? 0.93
5. What is the probability that the number
of demand is even number? 0.45
is more than five? 0.28
PROBABILITY OF ANMoEVENT
dule VII – Pro ba bility
Le sso n 1 Sa mple Spa c e a nd Eve nts

A sample space denoted by S is the se of all possible outcomes of an experiment. Each
possible outcome or element of the set is called a point or a sample point. In other words, an
element of the set is called a point or a sample point in the sample space.
An event is any subset of a sample space.
Examples:
1. Experiment of Tossing a Coin

S = {h, t}
2. Experiment of Tossing Two Coins

S = {(h, h), (h, t), (t, h), (t, t)}
3. Experiment of Rolling a Die

S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

4. Experiment of Rolling Two Dice (One is red, the other is green.)
The sample space of this experiment is illustrated below.
R/G 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 {(1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1) (6, 1)
2 (1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2) (6, 2)
3 (1, 3) (2, 3) (3, 3) (4, 3) (5, 3) (6, 3)
4 (1, 4) (2, 4) (3, 4) (4, 4) (5, 4) (6, 4)
5 (1, 5) (2, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) (5, 5) (6, 5)
6 (1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6) (6, 6)}
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY .
6. Five coins are tossed. Let X be the random variable that represents the number of TAILS.
Enumerate the outcomes of the sample space and determine the possible values of the
random variable X.
0 TAIL HHHHH
1 TAIL THHHH HTHHH HHTHH HHHTH HHHHT
2 TAILS TTHHH THTHH THHTH THHHT HTTHH HHTTH HHHTT HTHTH

HHTHT HTHHT
3 TAILS HHTTT HTHTT HTTHT HTTTH THHTT TTHHT TTTHH THTHT

TTHTH THTTH
4 TAILS TTTTH THTTT TTHTT TTTHT TTTTH
5 TAILS TTTTT
The values of a random variable X are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Note: There are 32 outcomes of the sample space since
tossing five coins will give you an equation 2⁵ = 32.

Exercise:
A. List the outcomes of the sample space of the following
experiments. Then find the cardinality of the sample space.
1. Tossing three coins
S = {TTT, TTH, THH, THT, HHT, HTH, HTT, HHH}
n(S) = 8
2³ = 8
2. Rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously.
S = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}
n(S) = 12 6¹(2¹) = 6(2) = 12
3. Tossing a coin and spinning the spinner with 8 numbers.
S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8}
n(S) = 16 2(8) = 16
4. Getting a defective item when two items are randomly selected from a box
of two defective and three non-defective items.
S = {D₁D₂, D₁N₁, D₁N₂, D₁N₃, D₂N₁, D₂N₂, D₂N₃, N₂N₃, N₁N₂, N₁N₃}
n(S) = 10 ₅C₂ = 10
5. Drawing a spade from a standard deck of cards
n(S) = 52
6. Drawing a card greater than 7 from a deck of cards
n(S) = 52
B. Find the cardinality of the sample of each experiment.
1. Tossing a Coin
n(S) = 2¹ = 2
2. Tossing Two Coins
n(S) = 2² = 4
3. Tossing Three Coins
n(S) = 2³ = 8
4. Rolling a Die
n(S) = 6¹ = 6
5. Rolling Two Dice
n(S) = 6² = 36
6. Rolling Three Dice
n(S) = 6³ = 216
7. Rolling a Die and Tossing a Coin Simultaneously
n(S) = 6¹(2¹) = 6(2) = 12
8. Rolling Two Dice and Two Coins Simultaneously
n(S) = 6²(2²) = 36(4) = 144
9. Rolling a Die and Tossing Three Coins Simultaneously
n(S) = 6¹(2³) = (6)(8) = 48
10. Rolling Three Dice and Tossing Three Coins
n(S) = (6³)(2³) = (216)(8) = 1,728
11. Drawing a Standard Deck of Cards
n(S) = 52
12. Drawing Three Balls from a Box Containing Ten Balls
n(S) = ₁₀C₃ = = = = 120
13. Drawing Four Marbles from an Urn Containing 15 Marbles
n(S) = ₁₅C₄ = = = = 1,365
14. Drawing Two Apples from a Basket Containing 8 Apples
n(S) = ₈C₂ = = = = 28

Examples:
Review Problems on Probability of an Event
1. What is the probability of getting an even number in the experiment of rolling a die?
Solution:
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} n(S) = 6
A = {2, 4, 6} n(A) = 3
𝒏(𝑨)
P(A) = 𝒏(𝑺)
3
=6
1
=
2
2. What is the probabil ty that the sum of the faces of the two dice is 8?
Solution:
F = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
n(F) = 5
n(S) = 36
5
P(F) = 36
5
=
36
Find the probability of the following events.
Event (E) P(E)
1 Getting an even number in a single roll of a die
2 Getting a sum of 6 when two dice are rolled
3 Getting an ace when a card is drawn from a deck
4 The probability that all children are boys if a couple has three children
5 Getting an odd number and a tail when a die is rolled and a coin is tossed
simultaneously
7 Getting a black card and 10 when a card is drawn from a deck
8 Getting a red queen when a card is drawn from a deck
9 Getting doubles when two dice are rolled
10 Getting a red ball from a box containing 3 red and 6 black balls

Find the probability of the following events.
Event (E) P(E)
1 Getting an even number in a single roll of a die
E = {2, 4, 6}
3 Getting an ace when a card is drawn from a Edeck

= {(1, 5), (2, 4), (5, 1), (4, 2), (3, 3)}
4 The probability that all children

E = {A ofare boys ifA aofcouple
Spade, Club, has
A ofthree children
Heart, A of Diamond}}
5 Getting an odd number and a tail when a die is rolled and a coin is tossed
simultaneously S = {GGG, GBG, BBG, BBB}
E = {1T, 3T, 5T}
7 Getting a black card and 10 when a card is drawn from a deck
E = {(5, 6), (6, 5)}
8 Getting a red queen when a card is drawn from a deck
9 Getting doubles when two dice are rolled E = {10 of Spade, 10 of Club}
10 Getting a red ball from a box containing 3 red and 6 black balls
E = {Q of Diamond, Q of Heart}
E = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}

Review Problems on Probability
A. From a standard deck of 52 cards, what is the
probability of
1. picking a black card? 1/2
2. picking a face card? 3/13
3. not picking a face card? 10/13
4. picking a black and face card? 3/26
5. not picking a black and face card? 23/26
6. picking a red and nonface cards? 5/13
7. picking an ace card? 1/13
8. not picking an ace card? 12/13
Quiz (1/4 sheet of paper)
A. Find the cardinality of each sample space.
1. Tossing six coins 64
2. Tossing a pair of coins and spinning a
spinner with 10 numbers simultaneously 40
3. Rolling a pair of dice and drawing a card
from standard deck simultaneously 1,872
4. Tossing three coins and rolling two dice
simultaneously 288
5. Drawing five balls in a box containing 12
balls 792
B. On rolling a die, what is the probability of
having
1. a 3? 1/6
2. an even number? 1/2
3. zero? 0
4. a number greater than 4? 1/3
5. a number lying between 0 and 7? 1
6. a number less than 4? 1/2
7. an odd number? 1/2
8. a prime number? 1/2
9. a composite number? 1/3
10. a multiple of 3? 1/3
C. From standard deck of cards, what is the
probability of:
1. picking a red card? 1/2
2. picking a face card? 3/13
3. picking a nonface card? 10/13
4. picking a black and 9 card? 1/26
5. not picking a black and 9 card? 25/26
6. picking a club card? 1/13
7. not picking a club card? 12/13
8. picking a red face card? 3/26
9. not picking a red face card? 23/26
10. picking any card? 1
A box contains 4 white balls, 3 red balls,
and 3 green balls. If three balls are
drawn at random, what is the probability
that
1. they are all white? 1/30
2. two are red and one is green? 3/40
3. exactly two are green? 7/40
4. none is white? 1/6
5. they are of different colors? 3/10
6. none is red?7/24
Solutions of C
n(S) = ₁₀C₃ = = = = 120
1. n(E) = ₄C₃ = = = 4 P(E) = =
2. n(E) = (₃C₂)( ₃C₁) = ()() = • = 3(3) = 9

P(E) = =
3. n(E) = (₃C₂)( ₇C₁) = ()() = • = 3(7) = 21

P(E) = =

Solutions of C
n(S) = ₁₀C₃ = = = = 120
4. n(E) = ₆C₃ = = = = 20 P(E) = =
5. n(E) = (₄C₁)( ₃C₁)(₃C₁ ) = ()()()

= • = 4(3)(3) =36
P(E) = =
6. n(E) = ( ₇C₃) = = = = 35
P(E) = =

Exercises:
A. Determine whether the given values can serve
as the values of a probability distribution of the random
variable X that can take on only the values 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Explain your answer.
1. P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = , P(4) =
It cannot
+ + + = >1
2. P(1) = 0.25, P(2) = 0.75, P(3) = 0.25, P(4) = 0.25

0.25 + 0.75 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 1.5
It cannot
3. P(1) = 0.15, P(2) = 0.27, P(3) = 0.29, P(4) = 0.29
0.15 + 0.27 + 0.29 + 0.29 = 1
It can
Exercises:
A. Determine whether the given values can
serve as the values of a probability distribution of
the random variable X that can take on only the
values 1, 2, 3, and 4. Explain your answer.
1. P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = , P(4) =
+ + + = >1 They cannot
2. P(1) = 0.25, P(2) = 0.75, P(3) = 0.25,

P(4) = 0.25
0.25 + 0.75 + 0.25 + 0.25 = 1.5 They cannot

3. P(1) = 0.15, P(2) = 0.27, P(3) = 0.29,
P(4) = 0.29
0.15 + 0.27 + 0.29 + 0.29 = 1
They can
4. P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = , P(4) =
+ + =1 They can
5. P(1) = 0.35, P(2) = 0.15, P(3) = 0.05,
P(4) = 0.45
0.35 + 0.15 + 0.05 + 0.45 = 1 They can
6. P(1) = 0.25, P(2) = 0.21, P(3) = 0.19,
P(4) = 0.18 They cannot
0.25 + 0.21 + 0.19 + 0.18 = 0.83
7. P(1) = , P(2) = , P(3) = , P(4) =
+ =1
They can
8. P(1) = , P(2) = , P(3) = ,
P(4) =
+ + + = 38/34
They cannot
9. P(1) = 0.22, P(2) = 0.11, P(3) = 0.17,
P(4) = 0.50
10. P(1) = 0.05, P(2) = 0.11,

P(3) = 0.18, P(4) = 0.18
B. For each of the following, determine whether it
can serve as the probability distribution of a random
variable X. Explain your answer.
1. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, …, 8 It can
+ + + + + + + = =1
2. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, …, 9
3. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
4. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
5. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Seatwork (1 whole) (Show your solution).
A box contains 5 yellow ball, 4
brown balls, 4 orange balls and 3 black
balls. If four balls are drawn at random,
what is the probability that
1. they are all yellow?
2. three are brown and one is black?
3. exactly two are orange?
4. none is black?
5. they are of different colors?
Mean of a Discrete Probability Distribution
Preparatory Lessons:
A. Given the values of the variables x and y,
evaluate the following summations:
x₁ = 4, x₂ = 2, x₃ = 5, x₄ = 1
y₁ = 2, y₂ = 1, y₃ = 0, y₄ = 2
1. Ʃx = 4 + 2 + 5 + 1 = 12
2. Ʃy = 2 + 1 + 0 + 2 = 5
3. Ʃxy = 4(2) + 2(1) + 5(0) + 1(2) = 12
4. Ʃ(x + y) = (4 + 2) + (2 + 1) + (5 + 0) + (1 + 2) =
17
5. Ʃ4xy = 4(4)(2) + 4(2)(1) + 4(5)(0) + 4(1)(2) = 48
B. The following are the scores of 40
students in a test. Compute the mean score.
Score Number of Students
42 8
50 12
53 9
38 7
46 4
Solution:
x = = = 46.575

C. Consider rolling a die. What is the average
number of spots that would appear?
Number of Spots X Probability P(x) x·P(X)
1
Mean = = 3.5
I. Find the mean, median and mode of each set
of data. Show your solution if any. Round off
your answers in 4 decimal palaces.
1) 10, 8, 7, 15, 20, 8, 8
Solution:
x=
= =8
x = 10.8571 =8
I. Find the mean, median and mode of each set
of data. Show your solution if any. Round off
your answers in 4 decimal palaces.
2) 150, 80, 95, 115, 250, 300, 125, 130,
150, 150
Solution:
x=
= = = = 140
= 154.5000 = 150
II. Solve for x , and of the following set of
scores.
Scores Frequency
25 10
23 5
20 4
15 11
Solution:
x=
= = = = 21.5000
= 20.3333 = 15
THE MEAN OF
DISCRETE
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
Formula for the Mean of the Probability
Distribution
µ = E (X) OR
µ = Ʃx · P(x)
where µ = mean
X= value of the random variable
P(X) = is the probability value of
the random variable
Examples:
1. The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3,
4, or 5 items in a grocery store are What is the average
number of items that customer will buy?
Solution:
µ = 1() + 2() + 3() + 4() + 5()
= + + + +
µ = 3.1
Examples:
2. Find the mean of the discrete random variable X
with the following probability distribution.
X P(X) X. P(X)
3
0 0
µ = Ʃx · P(x)
µ = + + +0
= OR
T
Examples:
2. Find the mean or the expected value of
probability distributionshown below.
X P(X) X. P(X)
2 0.042
6 0.188
7 0.344
8 0.021
3. The probabilities that a surgeon operates
on 3, 4, 6, 7 or 8 patients in any day are 0.15, 0.10,
0.20, 0.25, and 0.30, respectively. Find the average
number of patients that a surgeon operates on a
day.
4. Suppose the casino realizes that it is losing
money in the long term and decides to adjust the
payout levels by subtracting $1.00 from each price.
The new probability distribution for each
outcome is provided by the following table.:
Outcome -$2.00 -$1.00 $2.00 $3.00
Probability 0.30 0.40 0.20 0.10

Variance and
Standard Deviation
of a Discrete
Probability
Distribution
Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution
σ² = Ʃ(x - µ)² · P(x) or

σ² = Ʃx² · P(x) - µ²
Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability

Distribution
σ = or
σ=
Example:
Find the variance and standard deviation of a given Discrete Probability
Distribution below.
x P(x) x.P(x) x-µ (x - µ)² (x - µ)².P(x)
1 0.20 0.20 -4.48 20.0704 4.014080

3 0.15 0.45 -2.48 6.1504 0.922560
5 0.13 0.65 -0.48 0.2304 0.029952
7 0.25 1.75 1.52 2.3104 0.577607
9 0.27 2.43 3.52 12.3904 3.345408
Ʃx.P(x) = 5.48 Ʃ(x - µ)².P(x) =
8.8896
ơ²= 8.8896 (Variance)
ơ = = 2.9815 (Standard Deviation)

ACTIVITY (1 /2 CW)
Complete the table. Then, find the variance and standard deviation of a given
Discrete Probability Distribution below.
x P(x) x.P(x) x-µ (x - µ)² (x - µ)².P(x)
1 0.10 0.10 -4.51 20.3401 2.03401

2 0.18 0.36 -3.51 12.3201 2.21762
5 0.22 1.10 -0.51 0.2601 0.05722
6 0.19 1.14 0.49 0.2401 0.04562
7 0.15 1.05 1.49 2.2201 0.33302
11 0.16 1.76 5.49 30.1401 4.82242
Ʃx.P(x) = 5.51 Ʃ(x - µ)².P(x) =
9.5099
ơ²= 9.5099 (Variance)
ơ = = 3.0838 (Standard Deviation)

ACTIVITY (1 /2 CW)
Complete the table. Then, find the variance and standard deviation of a given
Discrete Probability Distribution below.
x P(x)
0 0.029
1 0.049
2 0.078
3 0.155
4 0.212
5 0.262
6 0.215

PETA 2
Complete the table. Then, find the mean, variance and standard deviation of
a given Discrete Probability Distribution below. Get two decimal places only.
x P(x)
1 0.238
2 0.290
3 0.177
4 0.158
5 0.137

Complete the table. Then, find the mean, variance and
standard deviation of a given Discrete Probability Distribution
below. Get two decimal places only.
x P(x)
2 0.001
4 0.071
5 0.094
6 0.138
7 0.229
8 0.246
9 0.118
10 0.103

23. The length of the top of a table Continuous
24. The amount of sugar needed to bake Continuous
25. The number of students in the TVL track Discrete
26. The width of a blackboard Continuous
27. The sticks of chalk in a box Discrete
28. The coins in my pocket Discrete
29. The Korean teachers here at ENHS Discrete
30. The kilogram of fruits in a table Continuous
31. The storm signals of typhoons Continuous
32. The distance between school and market Continuous
33. The angle of elevation Continuous
34. The height of flagpole Continuous
35. The thickness of a book Continuous

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Course Outline in Grade 11 Statistics

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Definitions of Random Variable

We use capital letters to represent a random variable.

The values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

The values of the random variable Y are 0, 1, 2 and 3.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

The values of the random variable X are ____________________________.

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z

Possible Outcomes Value of the Random Variable Z

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

The random variable K has values of 0, 1 and 2.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

The random variable M has values of 0, 1 and 2.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

1. P(X=3) 2. P(X) 3. P(X)

1. P(X=4) 2. P(X) 3. P(X)

Le sso n 1 Sa mple Spa c e a nd Eve nts

1. Experiment of Tossing a Coin

2. Experiment of Tossing Two Coins

3. Experiment of Rolling a Die

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

1 TAIL THHHH HTHHH HHTHH HHHTH HHHHT

2 TAILS TTHHH THTHH THHTH THHHT HTTHH HHTTH HHHTT HTHTH

3 TAILS HHTTT HTHTT HTTHT HTTTH THHTT TTHHT TTTHH THTHT

4 TAILS TTTTH THTTT TTHTT TTTHT TTTTH

The values of a random variable X are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

2 Getting a sum of 6 when two dice are rolled

3 Getting an ace when a card is drawn from a deck

7 Getting a black card and 10 when a card is drawn from a deck

8 Getting a red queen when a card is drawn from a deck

9 Getting doubles when two dice are rolled

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

3 Getting an ace when a card is drawn from a Edeck

4 The probability that all children

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

1. n(E) = ₄C₃ = = = 4 P(E) = =

2. n(E) = (₃C₂)( ₃C₁) = ()() = • = 3(3) = 9

3. n(E) = (₃C₂)( ₇C₁) = ()() = • = 3(7) = 21

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

4. n(E) = ₆C₃ = = = = 20 P(E) = =

5. n(E) = (₄C₁)( ₃C₁)(₃C₁ ) = ()()()

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

2. P(1) = 0.25, P(2) = 0.75, P(3) = 0.25, P(4) = 0.25

2. P(1) = 0.25, P(2) = 0.75, P(3) = 0.25,

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

10. P(1) = 0.05, P(2) = 0.11,

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

σ² = Ʃ(x - µ)² · P(x) or