STATISTICS

AND
PROBABILITY
Statistics
– Is a branch or discipline of science and mathematics that
deals with the following:
1. collecting and summarizing data
2. designing experiments with surveys
3. measuring variation in experimental, production and
survey data
4. estimating population parameters and providing
measures of accuracy and precision of such estimates
5. testing hypotheses about populations
6. studying relationships among two or more variables.
Statistics
It is concerned with
making inferences.
 Statistics

Inferential Descriptive
Probability
It is the language
that use to model
uncertainty.
EXPLORING RANDOM VARIABLES
Introduction
If a coin is tossed, what is the number of heads
that will occur? Or the number of tails that will
occur?

If a dice is tossed, what is the number of 1 that

will occur? Or 4 will occur? Or 6 will occur?

To answer these question, it requires an

understanding of random variables.
Random Variable
It is used to represent numerical values
assigned to the random outcomes of an
experiment.

Example:
If a coin is tossed, what is the number of heads that will
occur?
The Random Variable is Frequency of Heads
If a coin is tossed, what is the number of tails that will
occur?
The Random Variable is Frequency of Tails
Discussion Points
Suppose three cell phones are tested at
random. We want to find out the number of
defective cell phones that occur. Thus, to each
outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value.
Example 1
Suppose three cell phones are tested at random.
We want to find out the number of defective cell
phones that occur.
Possible Outcomes
NNN NDD
NND DND
NDN DDN
DNN DDD
Example 1
To each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value.
0 - If there is no defective cell phone
1 - if there is one defective cell phone
2 - if there are two defective cell phones
3 - if there are three defective cell phones

The number of defective cell phones is a random

variable.
Example 1

The possible values of this random variable are

0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 2

Tossing Three Coins

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the
random variable representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the values of the random
variable Y. Complete the table below.
Example 2
Possible Outcomes Value for Random Variable Y
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
The possible values of the random variable Y are
0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 2
Drawing Balls from an Urn
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 red balls
and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls. Find the
values of the random variable Z. Complete the
table below.
Example 2
Possible Outcomes Value for Random Variable Z
(number of blue balls)
RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2

The possible values of the random variable Z are

0, 1, and 2.
Discussion Points

A random variable is a discrete random variable

if its set of possible outcomes is countable.
Mostly, discrete random variables represent
count data, such as the number of defective
chairs produced in a factory.
Discussion Points

A random variable is a continuous random

variable if it takes on values on a continuous
scale. Often, continuous random variables
represent measured data, such as heights,
weights, and temperatures.
Exercise 1
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the random
variable representing the number of heads that
occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
Exercise 2

A shipment of five computers contains two that

are slightly defective. If a retailer receives three of
these computers at random, list the elements of
the sample space S using the letters D and N for
defective and non-defective computers,
respectively. To each sample point assign a value x
of the random variable X representing the number
of computers purchased by the retailer which are
slightly defective.
Exercise 4

Classify the following random variables as discrete or

continuous.
a) the number of defective computers produced by
a manufacturer
b) the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
c) the number of siblings in a family of a region
d) the amount of paint utilized in a building project
e) the number of dropout in a school district for a
period of 10 years
Summary

A random variable is a function that associates

a real number to each element in the sample
space. It is a variable whose values are
determined by chance.
Summary

• A random variable is a discrete random variable if its

set of possible outcomes is countable. Mostly,
discrete random variables represent count data, such
as the number of defective chairs produced in a
factory.

• A random variable is a continuous random variable if

it takes on values on a continuous scale. Often,
continuous random variables represent measured
data, such as heights, weights, and temperatures.