PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Puro, Aroroy, Masbate

Learning Activity Sheet Number: 1

Quarter 3, Week 1

Name of Learner: _____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Random Variables and Probability Distribution

In our previous study in Mathematics, we encountered the concept of

probability. How do we use this concept in making decisions concerning a population
using a sample?

Decision making is an important aspect in business, education, insurance,

and other real-life situations. Many decisions are made in assigning probabilities to
all possible outcomes pertaining to the situation and evaluating the results. For
instance, an insurance company might be able to assign probabilities to the number
of vehicles a family owns. This information will help the company in making decisions
regarding future financial situations. This situation requires the use of random
variables and the probability distribution.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous) M11/12SP-IIIa-1

2. Distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIa-2
3. Find the possible values of a random variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-3
4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties. M11/12SP-IIIa-4
5. Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIa-5

III. ACTIVITIES

Read and study the following concepts about random variables. This will help
you in answering the first activity.

You have learned in your previous lessons in Mathematics that an experiment

is any activity, which can be done repeatedly under similar conditions. The set of all
possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space. You have also
learned how to systematically list the possible outcomes of a given experiment.
 Recall that a variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different
values. We use capital letters to denote or represent a variable. In this activity, we
shall discuss variables that are associated with probabilities, called random
variables.

Example:

Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. We want to find out the
number of defective cell phones that occur. Thus, to each outcome in the sample
space we shall assign a value. These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no defective cell
phone, we assign the number 0; if there is one defective cell phone, we assign the
number 1; if there are two defective cell phones, we assign the number 2; and 3, if
there are three defective cell phones. The number of defective cell phones is a
random variable. The possible values of thus random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Solution:

Let D represents the defective cell phone and N represents the non-defective
cell phone. If we let X be the random variable representing the number of defective
cell phones, show the values of the random variable X.

Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample
space. Let D represents The sample space for this experiment is:
defective cell phone and S = {NNN, NND, NDN, NDD, DNN, DND, DDN,
N represents non- DDD}
defective cell phone.
2. Count the number of Value of the Random
defective cell phones in Variable X
Possible Outcomes
each outcome in the (number of defective
sample space and assign cell phones)
this number to this NNN 0
outcome. NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
NDD 2
DND 2
DDN 2
DDD 3

A random variable is a function that associates a real number to each element in

the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.

Activity 1: Tossing Three Coins

Suppose three coins are tossed. Let Y be the random variable representing
the number of tails that occur. Find the value of the random variable Y. Let H
represents the head and T represents the tail. Complete the table below.
 Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)

After finding the value of the random variable in Activity 1, you are now ready
to learn the difference between discrete random variables and continuous random
variable.

The random variable in the preceding activity is called discrete random

variable because the set of possible outcomes is countable.

Suppose an experiment is conducted to determine the distance that a certain

type of car will travel using 10 liters of gasoline over a prescribed test course. If
distance is a random variable, then we have an infinite number of distances that
cannot be equated to the number of whole numbers. This is an example of
continuous random variable.

A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of possible

outcomes is countable. Mostly discrete random variables represent count data, such
as the number of defective chairs produced in a factory.
Examples:
1. the number of teaching staff in Puro National High School.
2. the number of 4Ps recipients in the province of Masbate.
3. the number of students inside the classroom.

A random variable is a continuous random variable if it takes on values on

a continuous scale. Often, continuous random variables represent measured data
such as heights, weights, and temperature.
Examples:
1. the height of Grade 7 students in Puro National High School
2. the amount of salt needed to cook adobo
3. the capacity of an auditorium

Activity 2: Discrete or Continuous?

Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous. Write D if it

is discrete and C if it is continuous on the space provided before each number.

______ 1. the number of defective computers produced by a manufacturer

______ 2. the weight of newborns each year in a hospital
______ 3. the number of siblings in a family of a region
______ 4. the amount of paint utilized in a building project
______ 5. the number of dropouts in a school district for a period of 1 school year.
______ 6. the speed of a car
______ 7. the number of female athletes in Puro National High School
______ 8. the time needed to finish the test
 Number of Blue
Probability P(Z)
Balls Z
______ 9. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
______ 10. the number of people who are playing LOTTO each day
1
______ 11. the number of accidents per year in an intersection
0
______ 12. the number of voters
4 favoring a candidate
______ 13. the number of students who took the test
______ 14. the number of patient arrivals per hour at a medical clinic
______ 15. the average amount of electricity consumed per household per month
1
1
Now that you already 2 know the difference between discrete and continuous
random variable, get ready to learn how to construct a probability distribution or
probability mass function of discrete random variable. The example below will guide
you to answer the Activity 3.
1
Example:2
4

Suppose two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
containing five red balls and 6 blue balls. Let Z be the random variable representing
the number of blue balls. Construct a probability distribution of the random variable
Z.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample space. Let The sample space for this experiment
B represent the blue ball and R is:
represent the red ball. S = {RR, RB, BR, BB}
2. Count the number of blue balls in Values of the
Possible
each outcome in the sample space Random Variable Z
Outcomes
and assign this number to this (number of blue balls)
outcome. RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2

3. There are three possible values of

the random variable Z
representing the number of blue
balls. These are 0, 1, and 2.
Assign probability values P(Z) to
each value of the random variable.
 There are 4 possible outcomes
and no blue ball occurs once,
so the probability that we shall
assign to the random variable 0
1
is .
4
 There are 4 possible outcomes
and 1 blue ball occurs two
times, so the probability that we
shall assign to the random
2 1
variable 1 is ∨ .
4 2
 There are 4 possible outcomes
and 2 blue balls occur once, so
the probability that we shall
 assign to the random variable 2
1
is
4

The Probability Distribution or the Probability Mass Function

of Discrete Random Variable Z

Number of Blue Balls

0 1 2
(Z)
1 1 1
Probability P(Z)
4 2 4

A discrete probability distribution or a probability mass function consists of the

values a random variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the
values.

Activity 3: Detect the Defective Ones

Suppose three cell phones are tested at random. Let D represents the
defective cell phone and let N represents the non-defective cell phone, if we let X be
the random variable for the number of defective cell phones, construct the probability
distribution of the discrete random variable X. Complete the table below. Show your
solution in a separate answer sheet.

The Probability Distribution or the Probability Mass Function

of Discrete Random Variable X

Number of Defective Cell Phones X

Probability P(X)
Let us now study the properties of a probability distribution and then answer
the Activity 4.

Properties of a Probability Distribution

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or

equal to 0 and 1.
In symbol, we write it as 0 ≤ P (X )≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be
equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as ∑ P ( X )=1.

Example 1:
Number of Blue Balls
0 1 2
(Z)
1 1 1
Probability P(Z)
4 2 4

Notice that the probability of each value of the random variable is between 0 and 1.
1 1
, and are values between 0 and 1 and it satisfies the first property. If we are
4 2
1 1 1
going to add + + , the answer is 1 and it satisfies the second property. Therefore,
4 2 4
the given example represents a probability distribution.

Example 2:
 1 2 1
P ( 1 )= , P ( 2 )= , P ( 3 )=
3 6 3
This example represents a probability distribution because each probability is
between 0 and 1 and the sum of all values of random variable is equal to 1.

Activity 4: Probability Distribution or Not?

Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution. Write

YES if it represents a probability distribution and NO if not. Explain your answer.

1.
X 1 5 8 7 9
1 1 1 1 1
P(X) 3 3 3 3 3
2.
X 0 2 4 6 8
1 1 1 1 1
P(X) 6 6 3 6 6
3.
X 4 8 12 15 17
1 1 1 1 1
P(X) 5 8 8 5 8
9 4 1
4. P ( 1 )= , P ( 2 ) = , P ( 3 )=
14 14 14
5. P ( 1 ) =0 , P ( 2 ) =0.71 , P ( 3 ) =0.29
IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

V. ANSWER KEY

Activity 1:
Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes Variable Y
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
THH 1
HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 2
HTT 2

Activity 2:
1. D 6. C 11. D
2. C 7. D 12. D
3. D 8. C 13. D
4. C 9. C 14. D
5. D 10. D 15. C

Activity 3:
Number of Defective Cell phones
0 1 2 3
X
1 3 3 1
Probability P(X)
8 8 8 8
 Activity 4:
1. NO
2. YES
3. NO
4. YES
5. YES
Explanation: The answer is YES if the given distribution satisfies the two
properties of probability distribution and NO if it does not satisfy
the said properties.

V. REFERENCES

Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, et. al. pp. 1 – 20.

Prepared by:
ANAMAE R. ACUESTA
Teacher – III
Quality Assured by:

BENSON ARANAS
Teacher – I

ROSA MYRA T. FRANCO

Principal - I
 PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Puro, Aroroy, Masbate

Learning Activity Sheet Number: 2

Quarter 3, Week 2

Name of Learner: ____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Computing the Mean and Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution

You have learned from your previous study of Mathematics how to find the
mean and variance of grouped and ungrouped data. You also learned how to
describe data using mean and variance. In this Learning Activity Sheet, you will learn
how to compute the mean and variance of a discrete probability distribution.

Mathematicians usually consider the outcomes of a coin toss as a random

1
event. That is, each probability of getting a head is , and the probability of getting
2
1
the tail is . However, it is not possible to predict with 100% certainty which outcome
2
will occur. But new studies question this theory. During World War II, a South African
mathematician named John Kerrich tossed a coin 10,000 times while he was
interned in a German prison camp. Unfortunately, the results of his experiment were
never recorded. In this Learning Activity Sheet, you will learn how to determine the
likeliness of the happening of an event.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.

M11/12SP-IIIb-1
2. Calculate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIb-2

III. ACTIVITIES
 Read and study the given example on how to compute for the mean of a
discrete random variable.

Example 1: Consider rolling a die. What is the average of spots that would appear?
The following steps will help you answer this question.

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability Number of Spots X Probability P(X)
distribution for the random 1
variable X representing the 1
6
number of spots that would 1
appear. 2
6
1
3
6
1
4
6
1
5
6
1
6
6
2. Multiply the value of the random
variable X by the corresponding Number of Probability
X ∙ P (X )
probability. Spots X P(X)
1 1
1
6 6
1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6
3. Add the results obtained in Step Number of Probability
X ∙ P (X )
2. Spots X P(X)
1 1
1
6 6
1 2
2
6 6
1 3
3
6 6
1 4
4
6 6
1 5
5
6 6
1 6
6
6 6
21
∑ X ∙ P ( X )= 6 =3.5
 The value obtained in Step 3 is called the mean of the random variable X or
the mean of the probability distribution X. What does the mean tell us? The mean
tells us the average number of spots that would appear in a roll of a die. So, the
average number of spots that would appear is 3.5. Although the die will never show
a number, which is 3.5, this implies that rolling the die many times, the theoretical
mean would be 3.5.

Example 2:

The probabilities that a surgeon operates on 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 patients in any

day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 respectively. Find the average number or
patients that a surgeon operates on a day.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability distribution Probability
Number of Patient
for the random variable X P(X)
representing the number patients 3 0.15
that a surgeon operates on a day. 4 0.10
5 0.20
6 0.25
7 0.30

2. Multiply the value of the random

variable X by the corresponding Number Probability
X ∙ P (X )
probability. of Patient P(X)
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.25 1.50
7 0.30 2.10

3. Add the results obtained in Step 2. Number Probability

X ∙ P (X )
of Patient P(X)
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.25 1.50
7 0.30 2.10
∑ X ∙ P ( X )=5.45

So, the average number of patients that a surgeon will operate in a day is
5.45

Formula of the Mean of the Probability Distribution

The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability distribution is:

μ= X 1 ∙ P ( X 1 ) + X 2 ∙ P ( X 2 ) + X 3 ∙ P ( X 3) + … ,+ X n ∙ P ( X n )
 or
μ=∑ X 1 ∙ P ( X 1 )
where: X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , …, X n , are values of the random variable X;
and P ( X 1 ) , P ( X 2 ) , P ( X 3 ) ,… , P ( X n ) are the corresponding probabilities

Activity 1: Complete Me

A. Complete the tables below and find the mean of the following probability
distribution.

1.
X Probability P(X) X ∙ P (X )
1
1
7
1
6
7
3
11
7
1
16
7
1
21
7
2.
X Probability P(X) X ∙ P (X )
3 0.15
6 0.35
8 0.40
10 0.10

B. Solve the following problems

1. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective

parts in one day are 0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005, respectively.
Find the mean of a probability distribution.
2. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X,
10 1
which can take only the values 1, 2, and 3, given that P ( 1 )= , P ( 2 )= ,
33 3
12
and P ( 1 )= .
33

Now that you already know how to compute for the mean of discrete
probability, you are now ready to learn how to compute for the variance of discrete
probability distribution.
The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,
dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution. How do you describe the
spread or dispersion in a probability distribution? This lesson will teach us how to
compute the variance and standard deviation od a discrete random variable.

Example 1:
The number of cars sold per day at a local dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance
and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by following the given steps.
Number of Cars X Probability P(X)
1
0
10
 2
1
10
3
2
10
2
3
10
2
4
10

Solution:
Steps Solution
1. Find the mean of the Number of
Probability P(X) X ∙ P (X )
probability distribution Cars X
using the formula 1
0 0
μ=∑ X 1 ∙ P ( X 1 ) 10
2 2
1
10 10
3 6
2
10 10
2 6
3
10 10
2 8
4
10 10
22
μ=∑ X ∙ P ( X ) = =2.2
10
2. Multiply the square of the Numbe
Probability
value of the random r of X ∙ P (X ) X 2 ∙ P (X )
P(X)
variable X by its Cars X
corresponding 1 1
0 0 02 ∙ =0
probability. 10 10
2 2 2 2
1 12 ∙ =
10 10 10 10
3 6 2 3 12
2 2∙ =
10 10 10 10
2 6 2 18
3 32 ∙ =
10 10 10 10
2 8 2 32
4 42∙ =
10 10 10 10

3. Get the sum of the Numbe

Probability
results obtained in Step r of X ∙ P (X ) X 2 ∙ P (X )
P(X)
2. Cars X
1
0 0 0
10
2 2 2
1
10 10 10
3 6 12
2
10 10 10
2 6 18
3
10 10 10
2 8 32
4
10 10 10
64
μ=∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X )= =6.4
10
 4. Subtract the square of The variance is:
the mean from the results
obtained in Step 3 to get σ 2=∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X ) −μ 2
the variance. So, the ¿ 6.4−( 2.2 )2
formula for the variance ¿ 1.56
of a probability
distribution is The standard deviation is:
2 2 2
σ =∑ X ∙ P ( X ) −μ
σ =√ 1.56=1.25
The standard deviation is
the square root of the
variance. Thus,
σ =√∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X ) −μ 2

The variance is 1.56 and the standard deviation is 1.25.

Activity 2: Show It One by One

Answer the following in a separate answer sheet. Show your step-by-step

solutions.

1. When three coins are tossed, the probability distribution for the random
variable X representing the number of heads that occur is given below.
Compute the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.
Number of Heads X Probability P(X)
1
0
8
3
1
8
6
2
8
3
3
8
2. The number of items sold per day at a retail store, with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the table. Find the variance and standard deviation
of the probability distribution.
Number of Items Sold X Probability P(X)
19 0.20
20 0.20
21 0.30
22 0.20
23 0.10

IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

V. ANSWER KEY
Activity 1A:
1.
X Probability P(X) X ∙ P (X )
1 1
1
7 7
1 6
6
7 7
 3 33
11
7 7
1 16
16
7 7
1 21
21
7 7
77
∑ X ∙ P ( X )= 7 =11
2.
X Probability P(X) X ∙ P (X )
3 0.15 0.45
6 0.35 2.1
8 0.40 3.2
10 0.10 1
∑ X ∙ P ( X )=6.75
Activity 1B:
1. 0.39 2. 2.06
Activity 2:
1. Variance is 0.75 and the standard deviation is 0.87
2. Variance is 1.56 and the standard deviation is 1.25

V. REFERENCES
Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, et. al. pp. 21 – 45.

Prepared by:

ANAMAE R. ACUESTA Quality Assured by:

Teacher – III
BENSON ARANAS
Teacher – I

ROSA MYRA T. FRANCO

Principal - I
 PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Puro, Aroroy, Masbate

Learning Activity Sheet Number: 3

Quarter 3, Week 3

Name of Learner: ____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

What does the variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution tell
us? How do you interpret the variance and standard deviation of a probability
distribution?

The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,

dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution. So, using the standard
deviation we have a “standard way of knowing what is normal, what is extra-large or
extra small.

In statistics, the standard deviation is the most common measure of statistical

dispersion. However, in addition to expressing the variability of a population,
standard deviation is commonly used to measure confidence in statistical
conclusions. For example, the margin of error in polling data is determined by
calculating the expected standard deviation in the results if the same poll were to be
conducted multiple times.
 This Learning Activity Sheet will help you understand further the concept of
variance and standard deviation of probability distribution and its interpretation.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. Interprets the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable

M11/12SP-IIIb-3
2. Solves problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
M11/12SP-IIIb-4

III. ACTIVITIES

Let us recall the steps in finding the variance and standard deviation.
Example 1:

The number of cars sold per day at a local dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the variance
and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by following the given steps.
Number of Cars X Probability P(X)
1
0
10
2
1
10
3
2
10
2
3
10
2
4
10

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Find the mean of the Number of
Probability P(X) X ∙ P (X )
probability distribution Cars X
using the formula 1
0 0
μ=∑ X 1 ∙ P ( X 1 ) 10
2 2
1
10 10
3 6
2
10 10
2 6
3
10 10
2 8
4
10 10
22
μ=∑ X ∙ P ( X ) = =2.2
10

2. Multiply the square of the

value of the random Numbe
Probability
variable X by its r of X ∙ P (X ) X 2 ∙ P (X )
P(X)
corresponding Cars X
probability.
 1 1
0 0 02 ∙ =0
10 10
2 2 2 2
1 12 ∙ =
10 10 10 10
3 6 3 12
2 22 ∙ =
10 10 10 10
2 6 2 2 18
3 3 ∙ =
10 10 10 10
2 8 2 2 32
4 4 ∙ =
10 10 10 10

3. Get the sum of the Numbe

Probability
results obtained in Step r of X ∙ P (X ) X 2 ∙ P (X )
P(X)
2. Cars X
1
0 0 0
10
2 2 2
1
10 10 10
3 6 12
2
10 10 10
2 6 18
3
10 10 10
2 8 32
4
10 10 10
64
μ=∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X )= =6.4
10

4. Subtract the square of The variance is:

the mean from the results
obtained in Step 3 to get σ 2=∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X ) −μ 2
the variance. So, the ¿ 6.4−( 2.2 )2
formula for the variance ¿ 1.56
of a probability
distribution is The standard deviation is:
σ 2=∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X ) −μ 2
σ =√ 1.56=1.25
The standard deviation is
the square root of the
variance. Thus,
σ =√∑ X 2 ∙ P ( X ) −μ 2

The variance is 1.56 and the standard deviation is 1.25.

Since the variance is a squared quantity, it cannot be directly compared to the

data values or the mean value of a data set. It is therefore more useful to have a
quantity that is the square root of the variance. The standard error is an estimate of
how close to the population mean your sample mean is likely to be, whereas the
standard deviation is the degree to which individuals within the sample differ from the
sample mean. This quantity is known as the standard deviation.

Standard deviation (represented by the symbol sigma, σ) shows how much

variation or dispersion exists from the average (mean), or expected value. More
precisely, it is a measure of the average distance between the values of the data in
the set and the mean. A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to
be very close to the mean; a high standard deviation indicates that the data points
are spread out over a large range of values.
Key Points
 A large standard deviation indicates that the data points are far from the
mean, and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely
around the mean.
 When deciding whether measurements agree with a theoretical prediction, the
standard deviation of those measurements is of crucial importance.
 In finance, standard deviation is often used as a measure of the risk
associated with price-fluctuations of a given asset (stocks, bonds, property,
etc. ), or the risk of a portfolio of assets.

Activity 1: Solve and Interpret

Solve the following problems in a separate answer sheet. Show your step-by-
step solutions and interpret the result.

1. The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with
its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table below. Find the variance
and standard deviation of the distribution.
Number of Computers Sold X Probability P(X)
0 0.1
1 0.2
2 0.3
3 0.2
4 0.2

2. The number of inquiries received per day by the Office of Admissions in a

certain university is shown below. Find the variance and standard deviation.

Number of Inquiries X Probability P(X)

22 0.08
23 0.19
24 0.36
25 0.25
26 0.07
27 0.05

Activity 2: Look Back and Reflect

1. What are the steps in computing the variance and standard deviation of a
probability distribution of a random variable?
2. What does the variance and standard deviation of a probability distribution tell
us? How do you interpret the variance and standard deviation of a probability
distribution?

IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

V. ANSWER KEY
Activity 1:
1. The variance is 1.56 and the standard deviation is 1.25.
It indicates that the data points are clustered closely around the mean.
2. The variance is 1.45 and the standard deviation is 1.20.
 It indicates that the data points are clustered closely around the mean.

Activity 2:
1. Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation
a. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
b. Multiply the square of the value of the random variable X by its
corresponding probability.
c. Get the sum of the results in Step 2.
d. Subtract the square of the mean from the results obtained in Step 3 to
get the variance.
2. The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread,
dispersion, or variability of the items in a distribution.
A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be very
close to the mean; a high standard deviation indicates that the data points
are spread out over a large range of values.

V. REFERENCES

Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, et. al. pp. 21 – 45.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-statistics/chapter/describing-
variability/

Prepared by:

Quality Assured by:

ANAMAE R. ACUESTA
Teacher – III
BENSON ARANAS
Teacher – I

ROSA MYRA T. FRANCO

Principal - I

PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Puro, Aroroy, Masbate
 Learning Activity Sheet Number: 4
Quarter 3, Week 4

Name of Learner: ____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

There are many events in real life that generate random variables that have
the natural tendency to approximate the shape of a bell. For example, the height of a
large number of seedlings that we see in fields normally consist of a few tall ones, a
few short ones and most of them having heights in between tall and short. If a well-
prepared test is administered to a class of 100 students, there will be few high
scores, as well as a few low scores. Most of the scores will be found in between
these two extreme scores.

In reality, if a distribution consists of a very large number of cases and the

three measures of averages (mean, median and mode) are equal, then the
distribution is symmetrical and the skewness is 0. In statistics, such distribution is
called normal distribution or simply normal curve.

This Learning Activity Sheet will discuss further about the normal curve
distribution and areas under the normal curve.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. Illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics.

M11/12SP-IIIc-1
2. Identifies region under the normal curve corresponding to different standard
normal values.
M11/12SP-IIIc-2

III. ACTIVITIES

Read and understand the following notes about the standard normal curve.

The normal curve has a very important role in inferential statistics. It provides
a graphical representation of statistical values that are needed in describing the
characteristics of populations as well as in making decisions. It is defined by an
equation that uses the population mean, and the standard deviation. There is no
single curve, but rather a whole family of normal curves that have the same basic
characteristics but have different means and standard deviations.

The normal probability distribution has the following properties.

1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, median and mode coincide at
the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined
 by the standard deviation of the distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely
along the horizontal axis, always approaching
the axis but never touching it. That is the curve is asymptotic at the base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion
or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.

The standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that is moset

commonly used as a model for inferential statistics. The equation that describes a
normal curve is:
2
−1 X −μ
2( μ )
e
Y=
σ √2 π
where:
Y = height of the curve particular values of X
X = any score in the distribution
σ = standard deviation of population
μ = mean of the population
π = 3.1416
e = 2.7183

The standard normal curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean
μ=0 and a standard distribution σ =1

By substituting the mean μ=0 and a standard distribution σ =1 in the formula,

mathematicians are able to find areas under the normal curve. Fortunately, these
areas have already been determined for our use. The area between -3 and +3 is
almost 100% (not yet 100%) because the curve almost touches the horizontal line.
Thus, there is a small fraction of the area at the tails of the distribution.

The Areas Under the Normal Curve

The Table of Areas under the Normal Curve is also known as the z-Table.
The z-score is a measure of relative standing. It is calculated by subtracting. This
table shows the area between zero (the mean of the standard normal variable) and z. For
example, if z=1.61, look at the row titled 1.6 and then move over to the column titled .01 to
get the result .4463.

s .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0. . . . . .
.0000 .0080 .0199 .0319 .0359
0 0040 0120 0150 0239 0279

0. . . . . .
.0398 .0478 .0596 .0714 .0754
1 0438 0517 0557 0636 0675

0. . . . . .
.0793 .0871 .0987 .1103 .1141
2 0832 0910 0948 1026 1064
0. . . . . .
.1179 .1253 .1368 .1480 .1517
3 1217 1293 1331 1406 1443

0. . . . . .
.1554 .1628 .1736 .1844 .1879
4 1591 1664 1700 1772 1808

0. . . . . .
.1915 .1985 .2088 .2190 .2224
5 1950 2019 2054 2123 2157

0. . . . . .
.2258 .2324 .2422 .2518 .2549
6 2291 2357 2389 2454 2486

0. . . . . .
.2580 .2642 .2734 .2823 .2852
7 2612 2673 2704 2764 2794

0. . . . . .
.2881 .2939 .3023 .3106 .3133
8 2910 2967 2996 3051 3078

0. . . . . .
.3159 .3212 .3289 .3365 .3389
9 3186 3288 3264 3315 3340

1. . . . . .
.3413 .3461 .3531 .3559 .3621
0 3438 3485 3508 3554 3557

1. . . . . .
.3642 .3686 .3749 .3810 .3830
1 3665 3708 3729 3770 3790

1. . . . . .
.3849 .3888 .3944 .3997 .4015
2 3869 3907 3925 3962 3980

1. . . . . .
.4032 .4066 .4115 .4162 .4177
3 4049 4082 4099 4131 4147

1. . . . . .
.4192 .4222 .4265 .4306 .4319
4 4207 4236 4251 4279 4292

1. . . . . .
.4332 .4357 .4394 .4429 .4441
5 4345 4370 4382 4406 4418

1. . . . . .
.4452 .4474 .4505 .4535 .4545
6 4463 4484 4495 4515 4525

1. . . . . .
.4554 .4573 .4599 .4625 .4633
7 4564 4582 4591 4608 4616

1. . . . . .
.4641 .4656 .4678 .4699 .4706
8 4649 4664 4671 4686 4693

1. . . . . .
.4713 .4726 .4744 .4761 .4767
9 4719 4732 4738 4750 4756

2. . . . . .
.4772 .4783 .4798 .4812 .4817
0 4778 4788 4793 4803 4808

2. . . . . .
.4821 .4830 .4842 .4854 .4857
1 4826 4834 4838 4846 4850

2. . . . . .
.4861 .4868 .4878 .4887 .4890
2 4864 4871 4875 4881 4884

2. . . . . .
.4893 .4898 .4906 .4913 .4916
3 4896 4901 4904 4909 4911
 2. . . . . .
.4918 .4922 .4929 .4934 .4936
4 4920 4925 4927 4931 4932

2. . . . . .
.4938 .4941 .4946 .4951 .4952
5 4940 4943 4945 4948 4949

2. . . . . .
.4953 .4956 .4960 .4963 .4964
6 4955 4957 4959 4961 4962

2. . . . . .
.4965 .4967 .4970 .4973 .4974
7 4966 4968 4969 4971 4972

2. . . . . .
.4974 .4976 .4978 .4980 .4981
8 4975 4977 4977 4979 4979

2. . . . . .
.4981 .4982 .4984 .4986 .4986
9 4982 4983 4984 4985 4985

3. . . . . .
.4987 .4987 .4989 .4990 .4990
0 4987 4988 4988 4989 4989

To find the area that corresponds to a z-value, simply find the area between
z = 0 and the given z-value using the z-Table.

Four-Step Process in Finding the Areas Under the Normal Curve

Given a z-Value

Step 1: Express the given z-value into a three-digit form.

Step 2: Using the z-Table, find the first two digits on the left column.
Step 3: Match the third digit with the appropriate column on the right.
Step 4: Read the area (or probability) at the intersection of the row and the column.
This is the required data.

Examples:
1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.

Finding the area that corresponds to z = 1 is the same as finding the area
between z = 0 and z = 1.

Steps Solution
1. Express the given z-value into a z = 1.00
three-digit form.

2. In the table, find the Row z = 1.0

3. In the table, find the Column with
the heading .00
4. Read the area (or probability) at This area is 0.3413. this is the
the intersection of Row 1.0 and required area.
the Column .00.

2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.36.

Steps Solution
1. Express the given z-value into a z = 1.00
three-digit form.

2. In the table, find the Row z = 1.3

 3. In the table, find the Column with
the heading .06
4. Read the area (or probability) at This area is 0.4131. This is the
the intersection of Row 1.3 and required area.
the Column .06.
3. Find the area that corresponds to z = -2.58.
In the z-Table in this book, the area that corresponds to z = 2.58 is the same
as the area that corresponds to z = -2.58. In the graph of this region, it is
located on the left of the mean.

Steps Solution
1. Express the given z-value into a z = 1.00
three-digit form.

2. In the table, find the Row z = 1.3

3. In the table, find the Column with
the heading .06
4. Read the area (or probability) at This area is 0.4131. This is the
the intersection of Row 1.3 and required area.
the Column .06.

When z is negative, we simply ignore the negative sign and proceed as

before. The negative sign informs us that the region we are interested in is found on
the left side of the mean. Areas are positive values.

Activity 1: HAND WASHING COLORING ACTIVITY

Directions: Compute the area between z = 0 to the given z value. Select your
answer from the Hand Washing Picture below the table and color it according to the
designated color to each z-value. Write your solution in a separate answer sheet.

z value Color
1. z = 0.96 Red
2. z = 1.74 Green
3. z = 2.18 Blue
4. z = 2.69 Yellow
5. z = 3.00 Orange

.4987
.4591

.4591
.4591
.4987
.4987
.4854
.3315 .4964
.4964
.4854 .3315
.4964
 We have learned that the area under the curve is 1. So, we can make the
correspondence between area and probability. We have also learned how to use the
z-table so that we can identify areas of regions under the normal curve, when we
speak of a region under the curve, we are in fact interested in the area of that region.

Read the following section carefully.

Since the z-table provides the proportion of the area (or probability or
percentage) between any two specific values under the curve, regions under the
curve can be described in terms of area. For example, the area of the region
between z = 0 and z = 1 is given in the z-table to be.3413. we can do operations with
the areas to identify more regions under the curve. So, to find the area of the region
between z = 1 and z = 2, we subtract .3413 from .4772 resulting in .1359. it is
graphically shown below.

Area Under the Normal Curve Between z = 1 and z = 2

Similarly, the area of the region between z = 0 and z =3 is given in the z-table
to be .4987. So, the area of the region between z = 2 and z = 3 is given by .4987 - .
4772 = .0215.

Area Under the Normal Curve Between z = 2 and z = 3

If we want to identify the regions under the normal curve in terms of percent,
the graph of the distribution would look like this.

Proportions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

Note: There might be marginal differences in the proportion of areas at the tails as a
result of the rounding-off process.

Activity 2: Identifying Regions

Find the area of the region of the following specified z -values. Sketch the graph
and shade the region.

1. z = 1 and z = 2
 2. z = -1 and z = -2
3. z = 2 and z = 3
4. z = 2 and z = -3
5. z = 1 and z = 3
6. z = -1 and z = -3

IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

V. ANSWER KEY

Activity 1:

1. .3315
2. .4591
3. .4854
4. .4964
5. .4987

Activity 2:

1. .1359
2. .1359
3. .0215
4. .0215
5. .1574
6. .1574

V. REFERENCES
Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, et. al. pp. 21 – 45.
https://www.westgard.com/normalareas.htm
https://calcworkshop.com/exploring-data/normal-distribution/

Prepared by:

Quality Assured by:

ANAMAE R. ACUESTA
Teacher – III
BENSON ARANAS
Teacher – I

ROSA MYRA T. FRANCO

Principal - I

PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Puro, Aroroy, Masbate
 Learning Activity Sheet Number: 1
Quarter 3, Week 5

Name of Learner: _____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Researchers in different fields want to learn about a population and describe

its properties and characteristics. For instance, educators would like to describe the
mathematics performance of grade school pupils in the entire country to enable them
to plan and prepare instructional activities and materials appropriate to them.
Businessmen would like to find out the most wanted brand of cell phone in the
market. Medical laboratories would like to determine the most effective and most
popular brand of paracetamol to the consumers. Political analysts would like to find
out acceptability and popularity ratings of prominent leaders in the country. However,
it may be impossible or at least impractical to obtain data from the whole population.
In your earlier study of statistics, you have learned about frequency
distribution. You also learned about probability distribution. In this lesson, we will
discuss another kind of distribution, which is sampling distribution of the means. You
will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the means by computing its
mean and standard deviation.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. illustrate random sampling. M11/12SP-IIId-2

2. Distinguish between parameter and statistic. M11/12SP-IIId-2
3. Identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean).
M11/12SP-IIId-2
4. Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean. M11/12SP-IIId-2

III. ACTIVITIES

Read and study the following concepts about random variables. This will help
you in answering the first activity.
Researchers use sampling if taking a census of the entire population is
impractical. Data from the sample are used to calculate statistics, which are
estimates of the corresponding population parameters. For instance, a sample might
be drawn from the population, its mean is calculated, and this value is used as a
statistic or an estimate for the population mean. Thus, descriptive measures
computed from a population are called parameters while descriptive measure
computed from a sample are called statistic. We say that the sample mean is an
estimate of the population mean µ.

Example 1:
 A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Let us list all possible
samples of size 3 from this population and compute the mean of each sample.

Sample Mean
2,4,9 5.00
2,4,10 5.33
2,4,5 3.67
2,9,10 7.00
2,9,5 5.33
2,10,5 5.67
4,9,10 7.67
4,9,5 6.00
4,10,5 6.33
9,10,5 8.00

There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given
population.

The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from a population of size
N!
N is given by N C n=
( N −n ) ! n !

This time let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. We shall
call this frequency distribution, the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean X́ Frequency

3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n = 10

A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using

the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from
a population.
Observe that the means vary from a sample to sample. Thus, any mean
based on the sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values
for the samples. So, this leads us to a conclusion that sample mean is a random
variable, which depends on a particular sample. Being a random variable, it has
aprobability distribution. The probability distribution of the sample means is also
calles the sampling distribution of the sample means. Refer to Table below.

Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Sample Mean X́ Frequency Probability P( X́ )
1
3.67 1 =0.10
10
1
5.00 1 =0.10
10
 2
5.33 2 =0.20
10
1
5.67 1 =0.10
10
1
6.00 1 =0.10
10
1
6.33 1 =0.10
10
1
7.00 1 =0.10
10
1
7.67 1 =0.10
10
1
8.00 1 =0.10
10
n = 10 1.00

Observe that the means of the samples are less than or greater than the
mean of the population. The difference between the sample mean and the
population mean is called the sampling error. It is the error due to sampling.

Activity 1: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

A population consists of the five numbers 2,3,6,8, and 11. Consider samples of size
2 that can be drawn from this population.

a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding mean.

Sample Mean

b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean X́ Frequency Probability P( X́ )

Statisticians do not just describe the variation of the individual data values
about the mean of the population. They are also interested to know how the means
of the samples of the same size taken from the same population vary about the
population mean.
 In the next example, you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of
the sample means by computing its means and variance. You will also make a
general conclusion regarding the mean, variance, and shape of the sampling
distribution of the sample means.

Example 2:

Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 2 are

drawn from a population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means.

 What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
means?
 Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.

Steps Solution
1. Compute the mean of the ∑X
population (µ) μ=
N
1+ 2+3+ 4 +5
¿
5
¿ 3.00
So, the mean of the population is 3.00
2. Compute the variance of X X-µ ( X −μ )2
the population (σ ¿ 1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
∑ ( X−μ )2=10
( X−μ )2
σ 2=
N
10
¿
5
=2
So, the variance of the population is 2.
3. Determine the number of N!
possible samples of size Use the formula N C n=
( N −n ) ! n !
n=2 Here N = 5 and n = 2
5 C 2=10
So, there are 1-0 possible samples of size 2
that can be drawn.
4. List all possible samples Samples Mean
and their corresponding 1,2 1.50
means. 1,3 2.00
1,4 2.50
1,5 3.00
2,3 2.50
2,4 3.00
2,5 3.50
3,4 3.50
3,5 4.00
4,5 4.50
5. Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
means Sample Frequency Probability P( X́ )
Mean X́
1.50 1 1
10
2.00 1 1
10
2.50 2 1
5
3.00 2 1
5
3.50 2 1
5
4.00 1 1
10
4.50 1 1
10
Total 10 1.00
6. Compute the mean of the
sampling distribution of Sample Mean Probability P( X́ ∙ P( X́ )
the sample means ( μ X́ ). X́ X́ )
Follow these steps: 1.50 1 0.15
a. Multiply the sample 10
mean by the 2.00 1 0.20
corresponding 10
probability. 2.50 1 0.50
b. Add the results 5
3.00 1 0.60
5
3.50 1 0.70
5
4.00 1 0.40
10
4.50 1 0.45
10
Total 1.00 3.00

μ X́ = X́ ∙ P( X́ )
= 3.00
So, the mean of the sampling distribution of the
sample means is 3.00.
7. Compute the variance (
σ 2 x́ ¿ of the sampling P( X́ 2 2
distribution of the sample
X́
)
X́ −μ ( X́ −μ ) . P( X́ ) ∙ ( X́ −μ )
means. Follow these 1.50 1
-1.50 2.25 0.225
steps: 10
2.00 1
a. Subtract the population -1.00 1.00 0.100
10
mean (μ ¿ from each 2.50 1
sample mean ¿. Label -0.50 0.25 0.050
5
this as X́ −μ . 3.00 1
0.00 0.00 0.000
5
 b. Square the difference, 3.50 1
2 0.50 0.25 0.050
label this as ( X́ −μ ) . 5
4.00 1
1.00 1.00 0.100
c. Multiply the results by 10
the corresponding 4.50 1
1.50 1.50 0.225
probability. Label this as 10
2
P( X́ ) ∙ ( X́ −μ ) 1.00 0.750
2
d. Add the results. (σ 2 x́=∑ P( X́) ∙ ( X́−μ )
0.750
So, the variance of the sampling distribution is
0.750.

Example 3: Sample Means from a Finite Population

Consider a population consisting of 1,2,3,4, and 5. Suppose sample of size 3

are drawn from a population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample
means. What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
means? Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.
Steps Solution
1. Compute the mean of the ∑X
population μ=
N
1+ 2+3+ 4 +5
¿
5
¿ 3.00
So, the mean of the population is 3.00
2. Compute the variance of the X X-µ ( X −μ )2
population (σ ¿ 1 -2 4
2 -1 1
3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
∑ ( X−μ )2=10
2
2 ( X−μ )
σ =
N
10
¿
5
=2
So, the variance of the population is 2.
3. Determine the number of N!
Use the formula N C n=
possible samples of size n = 2 ( N −n ) ! n !
Here N = 5 and n = 2
5 C 2=10
So, there are 1-0 possible samples of
size 2 that can be drawn.
4. List all possible samples and Samples Mean
their corresponding means. 1,2,3 2.00
1,2,4 2.33
1,2,5 2.67
1,3,4 2.67
1,3,5 3.00
1,4,5 3.33
2,3,4 3.00
2,3,5 3.33
 2,4,5 3.67
3,4,5 4.00

5. Construct the sampling

distribution of the sample means Sampling Distribution of Sample
Means
Sample Frequency Probability P(
Mean X́ X́ )
2.00 1 1
10
2.33 1 1
10
2.67 2 1
5
3.00 2 1
5
3.33 2 1
5
3.67 1 1
10
4.00 1 1
10
Total 10 1.00
6. Compute the mean of the
sampling distribution of the Sample Probability X́ ∙ P( X́ )
sample means ( μ X́ ). Follow these Mean X́ P( X́ )
steps: 2.00 1 1
a. Multiply the sample mean by 10 5
the corresponding probability. 2.33 1 7
b. Add the results 10 30
2.67 1 8
5 15
3.00 1 3
5 5
3.33 1 2
5 3
3.67 1 11
10 30
4.00 1 2
10 5
Total 1.00 3.00

μ X́ = X́ ∙ P( X́ )
= 3.00
So, the mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample means is
3.00.
7. Compute the variance (σ 2 x́ ¿ of
the sampling distribution of the P( X́ ( X́ −μ )
2
P( X́ ) ∙
sample means. Follow these X́ X́ −μ 2
) . ( X́ −μ )
steps: 2.00 1 1
-1 1
10 10
a. Subtract the population mean (
 μ ¿ from each sample mean ¿. 2.33 1 −2 4 2
Label this as X́ −μ . 10 3 9 45
2.67 1 −1 1 1
b. Square the difference, label 5 3 9 45
2
this as ( X́ −μ ) . 3.00 1
0 0.00 0
5
c. Multiply the results by the 3.33 1 1 1 1
corresponding probability. Label 5 3 9 45
2
this as P( X́ ) ∙ ( X́ −μ ) 3.67 1 2 4 2
10 3 9 45
d. Add the results. 4.00 1 1
1 1
10 10
1
1.00 =0.33
3
2
(σ 2 x́=∑ P( X́) ∙ ( X́−μ )
0.33
So, the variance of the sampling
distribution is 0.33.

Let us summarize what we have done for the preceding examples by comparing the
means and variances of the population and the sampling distribution of the means.

In Example 2 In Example 3
Population Sampling Population Sampling
N=5 Distribution of N=5 Distribution of
the Sample the Sample
Means (n = 2) Means (n = 2)
Mean μ=3.00 μ x =3.00 μ=3.00 μ x =3.00
Variance σ 2=2.00 σ 2 x́=0.75 σ 2=2.00 σ 2 x́=0.33
Standard σ =1.41 σ x =0.87 σ =1.41 σ x =0.57
Deviation

Observe that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is always
equal to the mean of the population. The variance of the sampling distribution is
σ 2 N −n
obtained by using the formula σ 2 x́= ∙ . This formula holds when the
n N −1
population is finite. The examples shown are all finite population.

A finite population is one that consists of a finite or fixed number of element,

measurements, or observation; while an infinite population contains, hypothetically
at least, infinitely elements.
N −n
The expression,
√ N −1
is called the finite population correction factor. In
general, when the population is large and the sample size is small, the correction
factor is mot used, since it will be very close to 1.
 We summarize the properties of the sampling distribution below.

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is

also known as the standard error of the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of
the sample means as an estimate of the population mean.

A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean is
small or close to zero, while poor estimate, if the standard error of the mean is large.
Observe that the value of σ x́ depends on the size of the sample (n).

Thus, if we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to

make n sufficient large. This fact is stated as a theorem, which is known as The
Central Limit Theorem.

The Central Limit Theorem

If the random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n

becomes larger, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal
distribution, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

Describing the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an Infinite

Population

Example 1: A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 5. A random

sample of 16 measurements is drawn from this population. Describe the sampling
distribution of the sample means by computing its mean and standard deviation.

We shall assume that the population is infinite.

Steps Solution
1. identify the given information. Here, μ=60, σ =5, and n = 16.
2. Find the mean of the sampling μ x́ =μ
distribution. Use the property that μ x́ =μ = 60
3. Find the standard deviation of the σ
σ x́ =
sampling distribution. Use the property √n
 σ 5
that σ x́ =
√n √16
5
¿
4
¿ 1.25

Example 2: The heights of male college students are normally distributed with mean
of 68 inches and standard deviation of 3 inches. If 80 samples consisting of 25
students each are drawn from the population, what would be the expected mean and
standard deviation of the resulting sampling distribution of the means?

We shall assume that the population is infinite.

Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information. Here, μ=68, σ =3, and n = 25.
2. Find the mean of the sampling μ x́ =μ
distribution. Use the property that μ x́ =μ = 60
3. Find the standard deviation of the σ
σ x́ =
sampling distribution. Use the property √n
σ 3
that σ x́ =
√n √25
3
¿
5
¿ 0.6

Activity 2: Find the finite population correction factor given the following:
a. N = 200, n = 10
b. N = 2000, n = 10
c. N = 400, n = 40
d. N = 500, n = 10
e. N = 200, n = 20

Activity 3:

A. Consider all samples of size 5 from this population:

2 5 6 8 10 12 13

1. Compute the mean (μ ¿and standard deviation (σ ¿of the population.

2. List all samples of size 5 and compute the mean (X ¿ for each sample.
Sample Mean

3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability
4. Calculate the mean μ x́of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Compare this to the mean of the population.
5. Calculate the standard deviation σ x́ of the sampling distribution of the sample
means. Compare this to the standard deviation of the population.

B. Given the population 1,3,4,6, and 8. Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn
from this population.
1. What is the mean (μ ¿ and standard deviation (σ ¿of the population?
2. How many different samples of size n = 3 can be drawn from the
population? List them with their corresponding means.

Sample Mean

3. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability

4. Calculate the mean μ x́of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Compare this to the mean of the population.
5. Calculate the standard deviation σ x́ of the sampling distribution of the
sample means. Compare this to the standard deviation of the population.

Prepared by:

ANAMAE R. ACUESTA
Teacher - III
Activity 2: Discrete or Continuous?

Activity 3: Detect the Defective Ones

Activity 4: Probability Distribution or Not?

 PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Puro, Aroroy, Masbate

Learning Activity Sheet Number: 1

Quarter 4, Week 2

Name of Learner: _____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

The second area of statistical inference is hypothesis testing. A statistical

hypothesis is an assertion or a conjecture about one or more populations. It evolves
from the characteristics of an observed sample. In order to make it more meaningful
and useful, it should be subjected to a rigorous test. The whole process is referred to
as hypothesis testing.

Hypothesis testing is gaining wide acceptance in may situations where

decisions have to be carefully made. Hence, it is generally known as a decision-
making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the
characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from that population.

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. Illustrate: (null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) level of significance;

(d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in the hypothesis testing.
M11/12SP-Iva-1
2. Identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.
M11/12SP-Iva-2

III. ACTIVITIES

We make decisions every day. Some of these are important while others are
not. In decision-making, we usually follow certain processes: weigh alternatives,
collect evidence, and make a decision. After a decision is made, an appropriate
interpretation is made (or an action is undertaken). We follow these basic processes
in testing hypothesis in Statistics.
Read the following notes carefully for a better understanding of hypothesis
testing.
In statistics, decision-making starts with a concern about a population
regarding its characteristics denoted by parameter values. We might be interested in
the population parameter like the mean or the proportion. For example, what makes
a farmer decide when to plant corn crop? Naturally, the decision will be based on a
ser of observations as to when would be the best time of the year to plant the crop.
More considerations for decision0making may include environmental conditions,
manpower and equipment availability, and the need for other resources. In like
manner, a wise fisherman looks into several factors before deciding to go out to
catch fish in the sea. These concerns can be addressed in a procedure in Statistics
called hypothesis testing.
Hypothesis testing in another area of Inferential Statistics. How does it differe
from estimation that was taken up in the previous chapter?

IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

V. ANSWER KEY

Activity 1:
Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes Variable Y
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
THH 1
HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 2
HTT 2

Activity 2:
6. D 6. C 11. D
7. C 7. D 12. D
8. D 8. C 13. D
9. C 9. C 14. D
10. D 10. D 15. C

Activity 3:
Number of Defective Cell phones
0 1 2 3
X
1 3 3 1
Probability P(X)
8 8 8 8

Activity 4:
6. NO
7. YES
8. NO
9. YES
10. YES
Explanation: The answer is YES if the given distribution satisfies the two
properties of probability distribution and NO if it does not satisfy
the said properties.

V. REFERENCES

Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, et. al. pp. 1 – 20.

Prepared by:
ANAMAE R. ACUESTA
Teacher – III
Noted:

ROSA MYRA T. FRANCO

Principal - I
 PURO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Puro, Aroroy, Masbate

Learning Activity Sheet Number: 1

Quarter 4, Week 2

Name of Learner: _____________________________

Learning Area – Grade Level: Statistics and Probability– Grade 11
Date: _____________________________

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

When we say “Healthy students are better students”, are we saying that the
academic performance of a student depends on his health?
If you know the monthly net profit of a company for a period of time, can you
predict its net profit for the coming months?
When one applies for a job, what requirements are needed for submission?
Why are they required? Can a hiring officer predict the kind of worker an applicant
will be based on the submitted requirements?
These are some of the real-life situations that require decision-making that will
be discussed in this Learning Activity Sheet. In this LAS, we will learn how to
determine whether there is a relationship between two variables using correlation
analysis.
Enjoy learning correlation analysis!

II. LEARNING SKILLS FROM THE MELCS

The learner should be able to:

1. Illustrate the nature of bivariate data.

M11/12SP-Ivg-1
2. Construct a scatter plot.
M11/12SP-Ivg-2
3. Describes shape (form), trend (direction), and variation (strength based on
scatter plot.
M11/12SP-Ivg-2

III. ACTIVITIES

In our previous study in Mathematics, you learned how to plot points in the
rectangular coordinate system. Check your readiness for this lesson by doing the
following starting activity.

Activity 1:
Plot the following points in the rectangular coordinate system.
1. (2,5)
2. (6,3)
3. (3,-2)
4. (-5,9)
5. (-9,7)
6. (0.7)
7. (4,8)
8. (-2,10)
9. (-3,-6)
10. (9,-5)

Why does profit usually increase when capital increases? Why does savings
generally increase when expenditures decrease? Why blood pressure increase
when one gets older? These are some questions that are asked concerning
relationship between two variables or quantities. Data that involved two variables
are called bivariate data.

Bivariate data are data that involve two variables as different from univariate data
that involve only a single variable. In univariate data, the major purpose of the
analysis is to describe based on the descriptive statistics computed such as
average, standard deviations, frequency counts, and the like. In bivariate data,
the purpose of the analysis is to describe relationships where new statistical
methods will be introduced. We will be describing relationships between related
variables in terms of strength and direction.

There are lot of examples of bivariate data. For example, in class, IQ scores and
math scores in a long exam can be collected. In chemistry, a configured gas can
have different volumes and corresponding pressure. IQ scores are related in
scores in math. An IQ scores defines intelligence of a student. More often than
not, intelligent students will perform better in mathematics. Thus the higher the IQ
of a student is, the higher his math score will be.

The statistical procedure that is used to determine and describe the relationship
between two variables is called correlation analysis.

Activity 2: Arm Span and Height of a Person.

Steps Solution
1. Using a meterstick or ruler,
measure the lenth of the arm Length of
Family
span and height of the the arm Height
member
members of your family in span
centimeters. Tabulate the
results. (Add rows in the table
depending on the number of
family members.)
 2. Graph the points
corresponding to bivariate
data.

3. Identify the variables describe

how the points are scattered.

The graph that you have constructed is called scatterplot. By examining the
scatterplot, is there a relationship between the length of the arm span and the
height of a person? What do you think?

A scatter plot is sometimes written as one-word, scatterplot and is also called

scatter graph or scatter diagram. A scatter plot shows how each point collected
from a set of bivariate data are scattered on the Cartesian plane. It gives a good
visual picture of the two variables which helps in finding the relationship that
exists between the two variables. A scatterplot is a graphical representation of
the relationship between two variables.

The relationship or correlation between two variables may be described in

terms of direction and strength.

The direction of correlation maybe positive, negative, or zero.

 A positive correlation exists when high values of one variable

correspond to high values in the other variable or low values in one
variable correspond to low values in the other variables.
 A negative correlation exists when high values of one variable
correspond to low values in the other variable or low values in one
variable correspond to high values in the other variables.
 A zero correlation exists when high values in one variable correspond
to either high or low values in the other variable.

The str

IV. RUBRIC FOR SCORING

V. ANSWER KEY

Activity 1:
Value of the Random
Possible Outcomes Variable Y
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
THH 1
HHH 0
 HHT 1
HTH 2
HTT 2

Activity 2:
11. D 6. C 11. D
12. C 7. D 12. D
13. D 8. C 13. D
14. C 9. C 14. D
15. D 10. D 15. C

Activity 3:
Number of Defective Cell phones
0 1 2 3
X
1 3 3 1
Probability P(X)
8 8 8 8

Activity 4:
4. NO
5. YES
6. NO
7. YES
8. YES
Explanation: The answer is YES if the given distribution satisfies the two
properties of probability distribution and NO if it does not satisfy
the said properties.

V. REFERENCES

Statistics and Probability by: Rene R. Belecina, et. al. pp. 1 – 20.

Prepared by:
ANAMAE R. ACUESTA
Teacher – III
Noted:

ROSA MYRA T. FRANCO

Principal - I

y-axis

Height