Chapter 2 Stat

OBJECTIVES
a.Define normal distribution;

b. classify the different
characteristics of normal
distribution
c. Illustrates a normal random
variable and its characteristics.
ACTIVITY(GROUP)
WORD HUNT
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL CURVE is a bell-shaped curve which shows the
probability distribution of a continuous random variable. It
represents a normal distribution. It has a mean µ = 0 and standard
deviation ơ = 1. Its skewness is 0 and its kurtosis is 3.

Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, the median, and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always
approaching the axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the
base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion
or the percentage associated with specific sets of measurement values.

Skewness talks about the degree of
symmetry of a curve. It is asymmetry in a
statistical distribution, in which the curve
appears distorted or skewed either to the
left or to the right. It can be quantified to
define the extent to which a distribution
differs from a normal distribution.
Kurtosis, on the other hand, talks about
the degree of peakedness of a curve. It
refers to the pointedness or flatness of a
peak in the distribution curve.
Skewed to Skewed to
the Left the Right
Skewness is less Skewness is greater

than zero (negative). than zero (positive).
Types of Kurtosis

If the kurtosis of a curve is greater than
zero (positive), the distribution is said to be
Leptokurtic. This means that the distribution is
taller and thinner than the normal curve.
If the kurtosis of a curve is less than zero
(negative), the distribution is said to be
Platykurtic. This indicates that the distribution
is flatter and wider than the normal curve.
A normal distribution (normal curve) is
said to be Mesokurtic.

The skewness of
a normal curve is 0
and its kurtosis is
3.
ACTIVITY
THINK- PAIR
SHARE
Directions: Read the following statements
carefully. Write ND if the statement describes a
characteristic of a normal distribution, and NND
if it does not describe a characteristic of a
normal distribution. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The curve of the distribution is bell-shaped.
2. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode
are of equal values.
3. The normal curve gradually gets closer and closer to
0 on one side.
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
5.
5. The distance between the two inflection
points of the normal curve is equal to the value of
the mean.
6. A normal distribution has a mean that is also equal to
the standard deviation.
7. The two parameters of the normaldistribution
are thenormal
8. The mean and the
curve standard
can deviation.
be described as asymptotic.
9. Two standard deviations away from the left and
right of the mean is equal to 68.3%.
10.The area under the curve bounded by the x-axis is
equal to 1.
3 EMPIRICAL RULE
AND ITS CURVE
3 TYPES OF
KURTOSIS AND ITS
CURVE
AREAS UNDER
THE STANDARD
NORMAL
DISTRIBUTION
A. Determine the area ABOVE the following.
1. z = 2.5
2. z = -2.5
3. z = 1.25
4. z = -0.15
5. z = 2.13
6. z = -2.15
7. z = -0.03
8. z = -1.64
9. z = 1.96
10. z = 2.33
Applications of
Normal Curve
Z -SCORE
Z-score is a statistical measurement that describes a
value's relationship to the mean of a group of values. Z-
score is measured in terms of standard deviations from
the mean. If a Z-score is 0, it indicates that the data
point's score is identical to the mean score.

1. In a population of Reading Scores, the mean Find
the z value that corresponds to a score X=73
Solution:
73 − 68
𝑧 =
5
or 1

Thus, the raw score 73 corresponds to a z value of 1

B. The scores of a group of students in a
standardized test are normally distributed with a
mean of 60 and standard deviation of 8. Answer
the following.
1. How many percent of the students got below
72?
Solution:
1. z = = = = 1.5
Referring to the z-table, the area

below z = 1.5 is 0.4332. Therefore, about
43.32% of the group got below 72.

the following.
2. What part of the group scored between 58 and
76?
2. z = = = = -0.25
z= = = =2
A = 0.0987 + 0.4772
= 0.5759 or 57.59%
Thus, there were 57.59% of the students who

scored between 58 and 76.

the following.
3. If there were 250 students who took the test,
about how many students scored higher than 64?
3. z = = z = = = 0.5
A = 0.5 – 0.1915
= 0.3085
250(0.3085) = 77.125 or 77
Thus, there were 77 students who got

higher than 64.

the following.
4. How many percent of the students got above
65?
4. z = = z = = = 0.63
A = 0.5 – 0.2357
= 0.2643 or 26.43%
Thus, there were 26.43% of the students

who got above 65.

DERIVED
FORMULA
MEAN?
STANDARD
DEVIATION?
X Given
measurement?
Learning the Probability Notations Under the
Normal Curve
P(a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z-
score is between a and b.
P(z >a) denotes the probability that the z-score is
greater than a.
P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score
is less than a.
P(a ≤ z ≤ b) = P(a < z < b)

Example 1 : Find the
proportion of the area
that corresponds to
z=1.5
Example 2: Find the
that corresponds to
z=-1.32
Example 3: Find the
that corresponds to
z=-2.58
between z=1 and z=-1
between z=1 and z=-1
between z=-1.5 and z=2
Example 6 : What is the
of the region between
z=1 and z=2
of the region between
z=-2 and z=-3
Learning the Probability Notations Under the
Normal Curve
P(a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z-
score is between a and b.
P(z >a) denotes the probability that the z-score is
greater than a.
P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score
is less than a.
greater than z=1.
above z=-1.
under the normal curve
above z=1.
to the left of z=-1.2.
below z=1.45.
between z=1 and z=2.
between z=-1 and z=-
2.65.
Locating
Percentiles under
the Normal Curve
C. Determine the area of the region indicated
by the following. Draw a normal curve for
each.
1. -1 < z < 1
2. -2 < z < 2
3. -1.5 < z < 2.5
4. 0.18 < z < 3.2
5. -3 < z < 1.65
6. -0.1 < z < 1.47
7. -2.33 < z < 1.64
8. -2.88 < z < 3
9. -1.96 < z < 1.96
10. -2.96 < z < -0.01
Find the area of the shaded region of the normal curve.
1.
A = 0.3413 or 34.13%

2.
A = 2(0.4938)
= 0.9876 or 98.76%

3.
2.
-1.25
A = 0.5 – 0.3944
= 0.1056 or 10.56%

4.
A = 0.4938 + 0.2734
= 0.7672 or 76.72%

5.
A = (0.50 – 0.3944) + (0.4772 – 0.1915)
= 0.1056 + 0.2857
= 0.3913 or 39.13%

A = 0.5 – 0.3944
= 0.1056 or 10.56%
A = 0.5 – 0.3944 + 0.4772 – 0.3159
= 0.1056 + 0.1613
= 0.2669 or 26.69%
A = 0.5 – 0.3944 + 0.3413 + 0.5 – 0.3159
= 0.1056 + 0.3413 + 0.1841
= 0.6310 or 63.10%
-2.75
A = 0.5 – 0.4970
= 0.003 or 0.30%
-2.75
A = 0.5 – 0.4970 + 0.3944

= 0.003 + 0.3944
= 0.3974 or 39.74%
-2.75
A = 0.5 – 0.4970 + 0.3944 + 0.5 – 0.4394

= 0.003 + 0.3944 + 0.0606
= 0.458 or 45.80%
A = 1 – 2(0.4750)
= 1 – 0.95
= 0.05 or 5%
The Central Limit Theorem is of fundamental
importance in Statistics because it justifies the use of
normal curve methods for a wide range of problems.
This theorem applies automatically to sampling from
infinite population.
The following formula is used when sample is
given.
z= where:
= sample mean
μ = population mean
σ = population standard deviation
n = sample size

The following formula is used when sample
is not given given.
z = where:
= sample mean
μ = population mean
σ =population standard deviation

Quiz (1/2 CW)
A. Find the following: Draw a
normal curve for each problem
1. P(z < -2.52) =
2. P(z > 2.17) =
3. P(1.23 < z < 2.21) =
4. P(-0.23 < z < -1.41) =
5. P(-2.03 < z < 1.08) =
Problems
1. The average time it takes a group of college
students to complete a certain examination is 46.2
minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume
that the variable is normally distributed.
a. What is the probability that a randomly
selected college student will complete the examination
in less than 43 minutes?
b. If 50 randomly selected college students take
the examination, what is the probability that the mean
time it takes the group to complete the test will be
more than 43 minutes?

a) Given:
x = 43 minutes
μ = 46.2 minutes Thus, the probability that a
σ=8 randomly selected college student
will complete the test in less than 43
Solution: minutes is 34.46%.
P(x < 43) = ?
z=
= -0.40
P(x < 43) = P(z < -0.40)
= 0.500 – 0.1554
= 0.3446 or 34.46%

b) Given:
x = 43 minutes
μ = 46.2 minutes
= 0.4977 + 0.500
σ=8
n = 50
= 0.9977 or 99.77%
Solution:
P(x > 43) = ?
Thus, the probability that 50
z=
randomly selected college students
will complete the test in more than
=
43 minutes is 99.77%.
=
= -2.83
P(x > 43) = P(z > -0.2.83)

2. The entrance examination scores of incoming
freshmen in a state college are normally distributed
with a mean of 78 and a standard deviation of 10.
What is the probability that a randomly selected
student has a score
a. below 78?
b. below 76?
c. between 75 to 80?
d. above 95?
e. What is the probability that the 45
randomly selected freshmen can have a mean of
greater than 76?
a) Given:
x = 78
μ = 78
σ = 10
Thus, the probability of a randomly
selected student to have a score of
Solution:
less than 78 is 50%.
P(x < 78) = ?
z=
=0
P(x < 78) = P(z < 0)
= 0.50 or 50%

b) Given:
x = 76
μ = 78
σ = 10
selected student to have a score
Solution:
less than 76 is 7.93%.
P(x < 76) = ?
z=
= -0.2
P(x < 78) = P(z < -0.2)
= 0.0793 or 7.93%

c) Given:
x₁ = 75 z=
x₂ = 80
μ = 78 =
σ = 10
= 0.2
Solution: P(75 < x < 80) = 0.1179 + 0.0793

P(75 < x < 80) = ?
= 0.1972 or
19.72%
z=
= selected student to have a score
between 75 and 80 is 19.72%.
= -0.3

d) Given:
x = 95 P(x > 95) = P(x > 1.7)
μ = 78
σ = 10 = 0.500 – 0.4554
= 0.0446 or 4.46%
Solution:
P(x > 95) = ? Thus, the probability of a randomly selected
student to have a score above 95 4.46%.
z=
= 1.7

e) Given:
x = 76 =
μ = 78
σ = 10 = -1.34
n = 45
P(x > 76) = P(x > 1.34)
Solution: = 0.4099 + 0.5000

P(x > 95) = ?
= 0.9099 or 90.99%
z=
= Thus, the probability that the 45 randomly

selected freshmen can have a mean of greater
than 76 is 90.99%.
=

3. Suppose from the 1,000 incoming freshmen who
took the entrance examination, it was found out that
their mean score was 80 and the standard deviation
was 12.
a. How many students passed the test if the
passing score is set at 75?
b. What scores comprise the middle 95% of all
scores?
c. What scores comprise above 95% of all
scores?
d. What scores comprise below 89% of all
scores?

a) Given:
x = 75 0.6628 (1000) = 662.8 or 663
μ = 80
ℴ = 12 Thus, there were 663 freshmen who passed the
Solution: entrance examination..
P(x > 75)
z=
= -0.42
P(x > 75) = P(z > -0.42)

= 0.1628 + 0.5000
= 0.6628

C. A highly selective university only admits the top 5%
of the total examinees in their entrance examination.
The results of this year’s entrance examination follow
a normal distribution with a mean of 285 and a
standard deviation of 12. What is the least score of an
examinee who can be admitted to the university?
Solution:
z= x – 285 =
A = (1 – 0.05 ) – 0.5 17.36(12)
= 0.95 – 0.5
= 0.45 = 208.32 + 285
17.36 =
X = 493.32 or 493

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OBJECTIVES

a.Define normal distribution;

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Skewness is less Skewness is greater

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Referring to the z-table, the area

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Thus, there were 57.59% of the students who

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Thus, there were 77 students who got

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Thus, there were 26.43% of the students

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

A = (0.50 – 0.3944) + (0.4772 – 0.1915)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

A = 0.5 – 0.4970 + 0.3944

A = 0.5 – 0.4970 + 0.3944 + 0.5 – 0.4394

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

P(x < 43) = P(z < -0.40)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

P(x > 43) = P(z > -0.2.83)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

P(x < 78) = P(z < 0)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

P(x < 78) = P(z < -0.2)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Solution: P(75 < x < 80) = 0.1179 + 0.0793

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

Solution: = 0.4099 + 0.5000

= Thus, the probability that the 45 randomly

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

P(x > 75) = P(z > -0.42)

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY SAMSUDIN N. ABDULLAH, Ph.D.

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