RANDOM

VARIABLES
 VARIABLE
is a characteristic that is
observable or measurable
in every unit of the
universe.
Variables can be broadly
classified as either
quantitative or qualitative,
with the latter further
classified into discrete and
continuous types.
 QUALITATIVE
 Variables express a categorical
attribute, such as sex (male or
female), religion, marital status,
region of residence, highest
educational attainment.
 QUALITATIVE
 Qualitative data answer
questions “what kind.”
 Referred to as categorical
variables.
 QUANTITATIVE
 Numerical data, whose
sizes are meaningful, answer
questions such as “HOW
MUCH” OR “HOW MANY”.
 QUANTITATIVE
 Have actual units of measure.
 Examples of quantitative variables
include the height, weight, number of
registered cars, household size, and
total household expenditures/income of
survey respondents.
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
The set of possible outcomes is
countable.
Represent Count data.
Example: defective cell phone,
tossed coins.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
Takes on values on a continuous
scale.
Represent Measured data.
Example: height, weight and
temperatures
EXAMPLE: CLASSIFY IF THE VARIABLES ARE
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE TYPE OF VARIABLE TYPE OF
QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE
Class Student Number Qualitative
Sex Qualitative
Number of Siblings Quantitative Discrete
Weight (in Kilograms) Quantitative Continuous
Height ( in Centimeters) Quantitative Continuous
EATWORK: CLASSIFY IF THE VARIABLES ARE
QUALITATIVE OR QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE TYPE OF VARIABLE TYPE OF
QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLE
1) Age of mother
2) Usual Daily Allowance in School
(in pesos)
3) Usual Daily Food Expenditure in
School (in pesos)
4) Usual Number of Text Messages
Sent in a Day
5) Usual Sleeping Time
CONSTRUCTING
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
Decision-making is an important aspects
in business, education, insurance, and
other real-life situations. Many decisions
are made by assigning probabilities to all
possible outcomes pertaining to the
situation and then evaluating the results.
 Tossing Three Coins
Suppose three coins are tossed.
Let Y be the random variable
representing the number of tails
that occur.
Find the probability of each of
the values of the random variable Y.
 STEPS SOLUTION
1.) Determine the sample space. Let
H represent head and T represent
S = {TTT,TTH,THT,HTT,HHT,HTH,THH,HHH}
tail.
2.) Count the number of tails in each
outcome in the sample space and
assign this number to this outcome. Possible Outcomes Value of the Random
Variable Y
(number of tails)
TTT 3
TTH 2
THT 2
HTT 2
HHT 1
HTH 1
THH 1
HHH 0
3.) There are Four possible values of
the random variable Y representing the Number of Tails Y Probability (Y)
number of tails. These are 0, 1,2 and 3.
• There are 8 possible outcomes and
no tail occurs once, so the
probability that we shall assign to
the random variable 0 is 1/8. 0 1/8
• There are 8 possible outcomes and 1
tail occurs three times, so the
probability that we shall assign to
the random variable 1 is 3/8.
• There are 8 possible outcomes and 2 1 3/8
tail occurs three times, so the
probability that we shall assign to
the random variable 2 is 3/8.
• There are 8 possible outcomes and 3
2 3/8
tail occurs once, so the probability
that we shall assign to the random
variable 3 is 1/8.

3 1/8
 Properties of a Probability Distribution
1.) The probability of each value
of the random variable must be
between or equal to 0 and 1.
In symbol , 0≤ P(X)≤1.
2.) The sum of the probabilities of
All values of the random variable
Must be equal to 1.
 Histogram for the
probability distribution
Histogram is a bar graph.
To construct a histogram for a Probability
Distribution, follow these steps:
• Plot the values of the random variable
along the horizontal axis.
• Plot the probabilities along the vertical
• axis.