PRACTICAL

RESEARCH
2
Prepared by
:
Dia Lara T. E
scusa
Special Scie
nce Teacher
I
Nature of Inquiry and
Research
 What is an inquiry?
0 Inquiry is a learning process that motivates you to
obtain knowledge or information about people,
things, places or events.
0 You do this by investigating or asking questions about
something you are inquisitive about.
0 It requires you to collect data, meaning, facts and
information about the object of your inquiry and
examine such data carefully.
 Benefits of Inquiry-Based
Learning
1. Elevates interpretative thinking through graphic
skills
2. Improves student learning abilities
3. Widens learner’s vocabulary
4. Facilitates problem-solving acts
5. Increases social awareness and cultural knowledge
6. Encourages cooperative learning
7. Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
8. Encourages high-order thinking strategies
9. Hastens conceptual understanding
 What is a research?
0 Research suggests an action that denotes “to look for
something again”
0 The systematic investigation into and study of materials
and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
0It is a systematic process of solving a
problem and finding answers to an inquiry.
0It is an organized method of finding or
relating new ideas from the existing body of
knowledge with the help of useful tool for
the purpose of improving the quality of life.
 Characteristics of Research
1. Accuracy- it must give correct or
accurate data, which the
footnotes, notes, and
bibliographical entries should
honestly and appropriately
documented or acknowledged.
2. Objectiveness- it must deal with
facts, not with mere opinions
arising from assumptions,
generalizations, predictions or
conclusion.
3. Timeliness- it must work on a
topic that is fresh, new and
interesting to the present society.
 Characteristics of Research
4. Relevance- its topic must be
instrumental in improving society
or in solving problems affecting the
lives of people in a community.
5. Clarity- It must succeed in
expressing its central point or
discoveries by using simple, direct,
concise and correct language.
6. Systematic- it must take place in
an organized or orderly manner.
 Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work
independently.
2. To learn how to work
scientifically.
3. To have an in-depth
knowledge of something.
4. To elevate your mental
abilities by letting you think in
higher-order thinking
strategies (HOTS) of inferring,
evaluating, synthesizing,
appreciating, applying and
creating
 Purposes of Research
5. To improve your reading
and writing skills.
6. To be familiar with the
basic tools of research and
the various techniques of
gathering data and of
presenting research findings.
7. To free yourself , to a
certain extent, from the
domination or strong
influence of a single textbook
or of the professor’s lone
viewpoint or spoonfeeding.
 Aims of Research
0 Verification
• Proving/verifying the veracity of existing
theories or knowledge
0 Acquisition of New Knowledge
• Brings forth new ideas regarding a theory or
even create a totally new theory.
0 Application of New Knowledge
• Utilize and translate to something useful to
humankind
0 Advancement of the Researcher’s Expertise
• Gain relevant experiences that enhance and
deepen their knowledge and skills in the area
of their investigations
 Qualities of a Good
Researcher
R-esearch Oriented
E-ffecient
S-cientific
E-ffective
A-ctive
R-esourceful
C-reative
H-onest
E-conomical
R-eligious
Characteristics of the Researcher
1. Intellectual Curiosity-
researcher undertakes
deep thinking and inquiry
of the things, problems
and situations around
him.
2. Prudence- researcher is
careful to conduct his
study at the right time and
at the right place wisely,
efficiently and
economically.
3. Healthy Criticism- the
researcher is always
doubtful as to the
truthfulness of the results.
 Characteristics of the Researcher
4. Intellectual Honesty-
researcher is honest to
collect or gather the
data or facts in order to
arrive at honest results.
5. Intellectual
Creativity- a
resourceful investigator
always creates new
research as his hobby.
(creative researcher is
innovative)
 Research Processes
Step 1: Identify the Problem
Step 2: Review the Literature
Step 3: Clarify the Problem
Step 4: Clarify Define Terms and
Concepts
Step 5: Define the Population
Step 6: Develop the Instrumentation
Plan
Step 7: Collect Data
Step 8: Analyze the Data
 What to Look for in the Research Process?
• New ideas
• At something in a different perspective using
LOOK a new investigative lens

• Certain processes
IMPROVE

• Something useful out of something

CREATE old

• A series of observations
EXPLAIN
 Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Research
0 Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory
research. It is used to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It
provides insights into the problem or helps develop
ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative
research.
• Some common instruments used in qualitative
researches are group discussions, individual
interviews and participation/observations.
 Qualitative vs. Quantitative
Research
0 Quantitative Research is used to quantify the
problem by way of generating numerical data
or data that can be transformed into useable
statistics. It is used quantify attitudes,
opinions, behaviors and other defined
variables- and generalize results from a larger
sample population.
• Quantitative researches make use of various
forms of surveys in data collection; online
surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys, kiosk
surveys, and interviews through media.
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
0 The data is usually gathered using structured research
instruments.
0 The results are based on larger sample sizes that are
representative of the population.
0 The research study can usually be replicated or
repeated, given its high reliability.
0 Researcher has a clearly defined research question to
which objective answers are sought.
0 All aspects of the study are carefully designed before
data is collected.
Characteristics of Quantitative
Research
0 Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often
arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual
forms.
0 Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely,
predict future results, or investigate causal relationships.
0 Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or
computer software, to collect numerical data.
0 The overarching aim of a quantitative research study is
to classify features, count them, and construct statistical
models in an attempt to explain what is observed.
 Importance of Quantitative
Research
0 More reliable and objective
0 Can use statistics to generalise a finding
0 Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to
a limited number of variables
0 Looks at relationships between variables and can
establish cause and effect in highly controlled
circumstances
0 Tests theories or hypotheses
0 Assumes sample is representative of the population
0 Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is
recognised less
Things to keep in mind when
reporting the results:
0 Explain the data collected and their statistical treatment as well
as all relevant results in relation to the research problem you are
investigating. Interpretation of results is not appropriate in this
section.
0 Report unanticipated events that occurred during your data
collection. Explain how the actual analysis differs from the
planned analysis. Explain your handling of missing data and why
any missing data does not undermine the validity of your analysis.
0 Explain the techniques you used to "clean" your data set.
0 Choose a minimally sufficient statistical procedure; provide a
rationale for its use and a reference for it. Specify any computer
programs used.
 Things to keep in mind when
reporting the results:
0 Describe the assumptions for each procedure and the steps you
took to ensure that they were not violated.
0 When using inferential statistics, provide the descriptive
statistics, confidence intervals, and sample sizes for each variable
as well as the value of the test statistic, its direction, the degrees
of freedom, and the significance level [report the actual p value].
0 Avoid inferring casuality, particularly in nonrandomized
designs or without further experimentation.
0 Use tables to provide exact values; use figures to convey global
effects. Keep figures small in size; include graphic
representations of confidence intervals whenever possible.
0 Always tell the reader what to look for in tables and figures.
 Strengths of Using
Quantitative Methods
0 Allows for a broader study, involving a greater number
of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the
results;
0 Allows for greater objectivity and accuracy of results.
Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide
summaries of data that support generalizations about
the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish
this, quantitative research usually involves few
variables and many cases, and employs prescribed
procedures to ensure validity and reliability;
 Strengths of Using
Quantitative Methods
0 Applying well established standards means that the
research can be replicated, and then analyzed and
compared with similar studies;
0 You can summarize vast sources of information and
make comparisons across categories and over time;
and,
0 Personal bias can be avoided by keeping a 'distance'
from participating subjects and using accepted
computational techniques.
 Limitations of Using
Quantitative Methods
0Quantitative data is more efficient and able to test hypotheses, but
may miss contextual detail;
0Uses a static and rigid approach and so employs an inflexible
process of discovery;
0The development of standard questions by researchers can lead to
"structural bias" and false representation, where the data actually
reflects the view of the researcher instead of the participating
subject;
0Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation;
0Researcher may collect a much narrower and sometimes
superficial dataset;
 Limitations of Using
Quantitative Methods
0 Results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions
rather than detailed narrative and generally provide less
elaborate accounts of human perception;
0 The research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial
environment so that a level of control can be applied to
the exercise. This level of control might not normally be in
place in the real world thus yielding "laboratory results"
as opposed to "real world results"; and,
0 Preset answers will not necessarily reflect how people
really feel about a subject and, in some cases, might just
be the closest match to the preconceived hypothesis.
 ACTIVITY
In a 1 whole sheet of paper:
1. In your own opinion, write at least 1
paragraph that explains why research
is important in daily life.
2. Write a problem that you think is very
common in school and write your
solutions to eradicate/lessen this
problem.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
0 There are four main types of quantitative
research designs: descriptive, correlational,
quasi-experimental and experimental.
0 The differences between the four types
primarily relates to the degree the researcher
designs for control of the variables in the
experiment. Following is a brief description of
each type of quantitative research design, as
well as chart comparing and contrasting the
approaches.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
0 A Descriptive Design- seeks to describe the
current status of a variable or phenomenon.
The researcher does not begin with a
hypothesis, but typically develops one after
the data is collected. Data collection is mostly
observational in nature.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
0 A Correlational Design explores the
relationship between variables using
statistical analyses. However, it does not look
for cause and effect and therefore, is also
mostly observational in terms of data
collection.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
0 A Quasi-Experimental Design (often referred
to as Causal-Comparative) seeks to establish a
cause-effect relationship between two or more
variables. The researcher does not assign
groups and does not manipulate the
independent variable. Control groups are
identified and exposed to the variable. Results
are compared with results from groups not
exposed to the variable.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
0 Experimental Designs, often called true
experimentation, use the scientific method to
establish cause-effect relationship among a
group of variables in a research study.
Researchers make an effort to control for all
variables except the one being manipulated
(the independent variable). The effects of the
independent variable on the dependent
variable are collected and analyzed for a
relationship.
 VARIABLES
0 Very simply, a VARIABLE is a measurable characteristic
that varies. It may change from group to group, person
to person, or even within one person over time. There
are six common variable types:
• DEPENDENT VARIABLES
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
• INTERVENING VARIABLES
• MODERATOR VARIABLES
• CONTROL VARIABLES
• EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
 DEPENDENT VARIABLES
0 Show the effect of manipulating or introducing the
independent variables. For example, if the
independent variable is the use or non-use of a new
language teaching procedure, then the dependent
variable might be students' scores on a test of the
content taught using that procedure. In other words,
the variation in the dependent variable depends on
the variation in the independent variable.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
0 Are those that the researcher has control over. This
"control" may involve manipulating existing variables
(e.g., modifying existing methods of instruction) or
introducing new variables (e.g., adopting a totally new
method for some sections of a class) in the research
setting. Whatever the case may be, the researcher
expects that the independent variable(s) will have
some effect on (or relationship with) the dependent
variables.
 INTERVENING VARIABLES
0 Refer to abstract processes that are not directly
observable but that link the independent and
dependent variables. In language learning and teaching,
they are usually inside the subjects' heads, including
various language learning processes which the
researcher cannot observe. For example, if the use of a
particular teaching technique is the independent
variable and mastery of the objectives is the dependent
variable, then the language learning processes used by
the subjects are the intervening variables.
 MODERATOR VARIABLES
0 Affect the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables by modifying the effect of the
intervening variable(s). Unlike extraneous variables,
moderator variables are measured and taken into
consideration. Typical moderator variables in TESL
and language acquisition research (when they are not
the major focus of the study) include the sex, age,
culture, or language proficiency of the subjects.
 CONTROL VARIABLES
0 Language learning and teaching are very complex
processes. It is not possible to consider every variable
in a single study. Therefore, the variables that are not
measured in a particular study must be held constant,
neutralized/balanced, or eliminated, so they will not
have a biasing effect on the other variables. Variables
that have been controlled in this way are called
control variables.
 EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
0 Are those factors in the research environment which
may have an effect on the dependent variable(s) but
which are not controlled. Extraneous variables are
dangerous. They may damage a study's validity,
making it impossible to know whether the effects
were caused by the independent and moderator
variables or some extraneous factor. If they cannot be
controlled, extraneous variables must at least be
taken into consideration when interpreting results.
 SEATWORK:
0 Choose one topic from below and write an essay about
your opinion in this matter.

• Bullying in School
• Causes of Student’s Absenteeism
• Waste Management in School
• Subjects that Interests Students
• Effect of Social Media in Student’s Academic
Performance
• Advantages and Disadvantages of the Use of
Technology
RESEARCH
TITLE
 ACTIVITY
0 Write at least 10 questions regarding a topic. Any
question may do as long as it is connected to the
topic. Choose one topic.
• Bullying in School
• Causes of Student’s Absenteeism
• Waste Management in School
• Subjects that Interests Students
• Effect of Social Media in Student’s Academic
Performance
 Literature Review
0 An evaluative report of studies found in
the literature related to your selected
area.

The review should describe, summarize,

evaluate, and clarify this literature. It
should give a theoretical basis for the
research and help you determine the
nature of your own research.
Why do we review literature?
There are several reasons why you
conduct a literature review, some of them
are:

0 Provide context for the research

0 Justify the research
0 Enable the researcher to learn from
previous theory on the subject
 What materials to review?
0 General References
‾ Examples are indexes, reviews and abstracts
0 Primary Sources
‾ Examples are researchers found on published
journals
0 Secondary Sources
‾ Publications where authors cite the works of
others. Examples are books, encyclopedias.
Secondary sources are good references for
overview of the problem.
 Citing Sources
0 Citing a source- means that you show,
within the body of your text, that you
took words, ideas, figures, images, etc.
from another place.
0 Citations are short way to uniquely
identify a published work (e.g. book,
article, chapter, web site). They are
found in bibliographies and reference
lists and are also collected in article and
book databases.
Standard Elements of Citation
0 Author’s name(s)
0 Title of books, articles and journals
0 Date of publication
0 Page numbers
0 Volume and issue numbers (for articles)
 Forms of Citation
0 In-text citation- requires to cite the details of
the reference used in a certain part of his/her
essay. The format of in-text citation vary per
style.

Example:
0 APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio and Barrot, 2014)
 Forms of Citation
0 Reference Citation- refers to the complete
bibliographic entries of all references used by
the writer. This appears in the reference list
found at the last part of the paper.

Examples will be shown.

 Purpose of Citing Sources
0 To give credit to the original author of
the work
0 To promote scholarly writing
0 To help your target audience identify
your original source
 Citation Styles
0 APA
The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association
0 MLA
The Modern Language Association Style Guide
APA (American Psychological
Association)
0 The most frequently used within Social
Sciences. In order to cite various sources.
This APA Citation Guide, revised according to
the 6th edition of the APA manual, provides the
general format for in-text citations and the
reference page.
 MLA (Modern Language
Association)
0 This style is most commonly used to
write papers and cite sources within the
liberal arts and humanities.
 Forms of Citation
0 In-text citation- requires to cite the details of
the reference used in a certain part of his/her
essay. The format of in-text citation vary per
style.

Example:
0 APA style is required for business student
majors (Sipacio and Barrot, 2014)
 APA IN-TEXT CITATION
0 Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize,
paraphrase or quote from another source.
0 For every, in-text citation in your paper, there must be a
corresponding entry in your reference list.

0 APA In-text citation style uses the author's last name and
the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005).
0 For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for
example: (Field, 2005, p.14).
0 For website and e-books that have no page numbers, use
a paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para. 1).
0 If no author is given, used a shortened version of the title in
the citation
0 If the publication date is unknown, use “n.d.” in its place
 In-Text Citations
• For works with two authors, list both and use an
ampersand: (Smith & Jones, 2010)
• For works with 3 or more authors, list all in the first
citation: (Smith, Jones, & Brown, 2010), in subsequent
citations, list the first author and “et al.”: (Smith et al.,
2010)
• Classical works such as the Bible are only cited in-text.
Include the reference and version used: (1 Cor. 13:1,
Revised Standard Version)
• In web sources, the format would be the same, the
author and the date if known.
• The author may be a person or an organization. If there
is no author, use the title instead.
 REVIEW
0 Paraphrase each of the following ideas and cite the source
using APA Format.
1. Chest compressions are one of the most important life
saving action when a person falls into cardiac arrest, even
without mouth CPR it could save lives.
- Mikhail Varshavski, Guide on CPR published July 23, 2017
2. Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and
other mental disorder in teens.
- Lingh Asmelash, Ahmed Singh, Deli Omar, Social media use
may harm teens' mental health by disrupting positive
activities, study says published August 14, 2019
3. More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by
depression.
- World Health Organization, Depression published March
22, 2018
APA REFERENCE CITATION

0 Reference Citation- refers to the

complete bibliographic entries of all
references used by the writer. This
appears in the reference list found at the
last part of the paper.
 References
• Include title and page number
• Center “References” at the top of the page
• Every line after the first line of a reference entry
should be indented one-half inch from the margin
• References are listed in alphabetical order by the
author’s last name
• Authors are listed last name first, followed by
first and middle initials
 References
• All titles except journal titles have only
the first word capitalized
– Always capitalize proper nouns
– Capitalize the first word after a colon
• Article titles do not use quotation marks,
underlines, or italics
• Book titles should be italicized
 Reference List
• Book
Author, A. A. (Publication Year). Title of work: Subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
– Separate multiple authors with commas
• Up to 7 authors
• For more than 7, follow with ellipsis (…), skip to last author, list final
author
– Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word “and”
• Article in a periodical
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume # (issue #), page #s.
 Reference List, cont’d
• Article from an online periodical (with DOI)
– The digital object identifier (DOI) is a reference
number assigned to online periodical content
– Searchable in online databases (like an ISBN)
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of
Online Periodical, volume # (issue #). pp-
pp. doi:xx.xxxx
 Reference List, cont’d
• Article from an online periodical (without
DOI)
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of
Online Periodical, volume # (issue #). pp-pp.
Retrieved from http://www.fullurl.com
• A web site
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of document.
Retrieved from http://www.fullurl.com
 Aspect APA System MLA System
Writing the Full name first, Full surname first, LEGEND:
Author’s name then followed by followed by first AUTHOR’S NAME
initials of first and full name and
middle name optional initial of COPYRIGHT DATE
the middle name
TITLE OF THE MATERIAL
Writing the title of Italicized title with Underlined or
the Reading only the beginning italicized title with PLACE OF PUBLICATION
Material word capitalized all content words
capitalized PUBLISHER

Writing the Written after the Written after the

copyright date author’s name publisher’s name

Examples Floro, J.A. (2016). Lopez, Mariano.

The Colds Virus. Tropical
Quezon City:GB Depressions.
Press. (Manila: Adarna
Publishing House,
2016)
 ASSIGNMENT
0 Using the internet, look for 10 research
periodicals with or without DOI related
to any topic and reference them using
the format discussed last time.

0 1/2 crosswise

0 To be passed tomorrow.