EDUCATIONAL INQUIRY AND FOUNDATION

1. The philosophical foundation of curriculum helps determine the driving purpose of

education, as well as the roles of the various participants. While all foundations propose
to set goals of curriculum, philosophy presents the manner of thinking from which those
goals are created.One’s philosophy defines the role of the teacher, ranging from all-
knowing authoritarian to that of a mentor, and the role of the student, ranging from an
obedient vacant vessel to an individual worthy of actively engaging in one’s own
educational process. As we look through the lens of history, we see how philosophies
have gained and waned in popularity in society, and how even psychological research is
embraced, ignored, or even rejected based on philosophical standings of the time. 

1.There is a core belief behind every educator. We all have known teachers who are
simply amazing. They inspire, they impart knowledge and they add value to their
students’ lives. These individuals understand the sacrifice and dedication one must
make in order to be successful in the lives they touch..Teaching is rewarding,
exciting, and ever-changing. But it isn’t a perfect career. And there are days all
teachers grow weary and tired. Many educators feel undervalued and overworked.
The job of a teacher is never done. That’s why it is important that an educator have
a “teaching philosophy statement” that will help them stay focused on the good,
great, hard and challenging days. This important statement is a reflection of the
writer.

2.Archaeologists study human culture by analyzing the objects people

have made. They carefully remove from the ground such things as
pottery and tools, and they map the locations of houses, trash pits,
and burials in order to learn about the daily lives of a people. They
also analyze human bones and teeth to gain information on a people’s
diet and the diseases they suffered. 

Sociocultural anthropologists explore how people in different places live and

understand the world around them. They want to know what people think is
important and the rules they make about how they should interact with one
another. Even within one country or society, people may disagree about how
they should speak, dress, eat, or treat others. Anthropologists want to listen
to all voices and viewpoints in order to understand how societies vary and
what they have in common.
Linguistic anthropologists study the many ways people communicate across
the globe. They are interested in how language is linked to how we see the
world and how we relate to each other. This can mean looking at how
language works in all its different forms, and how it changes over time. It
also means looking at what we believe about language and communication,
and how we use language in our lives.

2.Political Anthropology : It concentrates on the ubiquity of political process and the

functions of legitimate authority, law, justice and sanctions in simple societies’ ; focus of
 power and leadership. It focuses on the Anthropological point of view in the formulation of
the typology of political structures based on differences and 5 similarities observed among
the societies of the world and its political processes emerging among nations and complex
societies.
Psychological Anthropology: It is the study of psychological, behavioral and personal approaches of man.
The basic human conflict between human and personal needs are varied and must be studied at
individual as well as social level simultaneously was realized, but neither psychologists nor
anthropologists alone could satisfactorily handle all the dimensions of the problem in the frame work of
one single discipline.

Ecological Anthropology - It deals with the relationship between human beings and their environments.
It is the use of the concept of environment in the explanation of both the origin of different cultural
elements and also the diversity of cultural groups. It also attempts to understand of cultural groups. It
also attempts to understand the relative influence of environment on human society and how it is used
by different societies.

3. Education is a vital component in the making of a great and strong nation. The
government should step into the issue on constantly increasing tuition fees and the cost of
educational materials, especially books that are allowed to be changed so unreasonably
often for obvious reasons. If patriotism were in the hearts of our legislators, they should work
for free education in our country up to the secondary level.
The economics and political stability of the country confronts Philippine education today.
While many students are hungry, homeless and can hardly go to school, the government
cannot amply support the basic education requirements because of overpopulation and
budgetary constraints. Education is also taken for granted, even if it’s of paramount
importance in this highly-competitive world.

3. The challenge of education is to build more school buildings, provide quality

textbooks, hire more highly qualified teachers, reach out to the rural areas, eliminate
corruption, provide training for teachers to be more effective, and increase the basic
salary of our educators who deserve a big break.The number of students per class is too
big. There are elementary and high school classes that have 70 or more students. The
teacher cannot be effective; it is difficult to maintain order, too. Many schools don’t
require students to have text books; they rely on photocopied notes. Sometimes, the
teacher spends half the time writing lessons on the blackboard; students use the other
half to copy these on their notebook.
 Methods of qualitative research
1. Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of
phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques. Quantitative research
collects information from existing and potential customers
using sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online
polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can be depicted in the
form of numerical. After careful understanding of these numbers to
predict the future of a product or service and make changes
accordingly.
1.Quantitative research is mostly conducted in the social sciences using
the statistical methods used above to collect quantitative data from the
research study. In this research method, researchers and statisticians
deploy mathematical frameworks and theories that pertain to the
quantity under question.Quantitative research templates are objective,
elaborate, and many times, even investigational. The results achieved
from this research method are logical, statistical, and unbiased. Data
collection happened using a structured method and conducted on larger
samples that represent the entire population.

2. There are multiple types of primary quantitative research. They can be

distinguished into the four following distinctive methods, which are:

Survey Research:
Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative research
methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of
respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys,
paper questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc. Every small and big
organization intends to understand what their customers think about their
products and services, how well are new features faring in the market and
Cross-sectional surveys: Cross-sectional surveys are observational surveys
conducted in situations where the researcher intends to collect data from
a sample of the target population at a given point in time. Researchers can
evaluate various variables at a particular time. Data gathered using this type
of survey is from people who depict similarity in all variables except the
variables which is considered for research. Throughout the survey, this one
variable will stay constant.ther such details. Longitudinal
surveys: Longitudinal surveys are also observational surveys but, unlike
cross-sectional surveys, longitudinal surveys are conducted across various
time durations to observe a change in respondent behavior and thought-
processes. This time can be days, months, years, or even decades. For
instance, a researcher planning to analyze the change in buying habits of
teenagers over 5 years will conduct longitudinal surveys.

2.The methods section of a quantitative study should describe how each

objective of your study will be achieved. Be sure to provide enough
detail to enable the reader can make an informed assessment of the
methods being used to obtain results associated with the research
problem. The methods section should be presented in the past tense.
Study population and sampling -- where did the data come from; how
robust is it; note where gaps exist or what was excluded. Note the
procedures used for their selection;
Data collection – describe the tools and methods used to collect
information and identify the variables being measured; describe the
methods used to obtain the data; and, note if the data was pre-existing
[i.e., government data] or you gathered it yourself. If you gathered it
yourself, describe what type of instrument you used and why. Note that
no data set is perfect--describe any limitations in methods of gathering
data.
Data analysis -- describe the procedures for processing and analyzing
the data. If appropriate, describe the specific instruments of analysis
used to study each research objective, including mathematical
techniques and the type of computer software used to manipulate the
data.

3. mean is the average of a given set of numbers. The mean is

calculated in two very easy steps:

1. Find the whole sum as add the data together

2. Divide the sum by the total number of data

the median is the middle value in a data set. As you might guess, in
order to calculate the middle, you need:

–  first listing the data in a numerical order

– second, locating the value in the middle of the list.
Standard deviation also provides information on how much variation
from the mean exists. However, the standard deviation goes further
than Range and shows how each value in a dataset varies from the
mean.

A trimmed mean (sometimes called a truncated mean) is similar to a mean,

but it trims any outliers. Outliers can affect the mean (especially if there are
just one or two very large values), so a trimmed mean can often be a better
fit for data sets with erratic high or low values or for extremely skewed
distributions.

The interquartile range (IQR) is a measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into

quartiles. Quartiles divide a rank-ordered data set into four equal parts. The values that divide
each part are called the first, second, and third quartiles; and they are denoted by Q1, Q2, and
Q3, respectively.

The Variance is defined as the average of the squared differences from the

Mean.

Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry. A distribution, or

data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point. 

Kurtosis is a measure of whether the data are heavy-tailed or light-tailed relative to a normal
distribution.

METHODS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

1. Qualitative research focuses on words rather than numbers, depth rather than
breadth. Its methods are exploratory; they seek to unearth the opinions,
thoughts and feelings of respondents. It is most commonly used to help
inform new concepts, theories and products. 
Qualitative techniques give you a unique depth of understanding which is
difficult to gain from a closed question survey. Respondents are able to
freely disclose their experiences, thoughts and feelings without constraint.
Qualitative methods offer a dynamic approach to research, where the
researcher has an opportunity to follow up on answers given by respondents
in real time, generating valuable conversation around a subject – something
which isn’t possible with a structured survey.
 1. Qualitative research focuses in understanding a research query as a
humanistic or idealistic approach. Though quantitative approach is a more
reliable method as it is based upon numeric and methods that can be made
objectively and propagated by other researchers. Qualitative method is
used to understand people's beliefs, experiences, attitudes, behavior, and
interactions. It generates non-numerical data. The integration of qualitative
research into intervention studies is a research strategy that is gaining
increased attention across disciplines. Although once viewed as
philosophically incongruent with experimental research, qualitative
research is now recognized for its ability to add a new dimension to
interventional studies that cannot be obtained through measurement of
variables alone.
2. Qualitative data is descriptive in nature rather than numerical.
Qualitative data is usually not easily measurable as quantitative and can
be gained through observation or open-ended survey or interview
questions.
Qualitative data collection methods
Open-Ended Surveys and Questionnaires
Opposite to closed-ended are open-ended surveys and
questionnaires. The main difference between the two is the fact that
closed-ended surveys offer predefined answer options the
respondent must choose from, whereas open-ended surveys allow
the respondents much more freedom and flexibility when providing
their answers.
One-on-one (or face-to-face) interviews are one of the most common
types of data collection methods in qualitative research. Here, the
interviewer collects data directly from the interviewee. Due to it being a
very personal approach, this data collection technique is perfect when
you need to gather highly-personalized data.

The focus groups data collection method is essentially an interview method,

but instead of being done 1-on-1, here we have a group discussion.Whenever
the resources for 1-on-1 interviews are limited (whether in terms of people,
money, or time) or you need to recreate a particular social situation in order to
gather data on people’s attitudes and behaviors, focus groups can come in
very handy.

3. Qualitative research is useful in two situations:

When research questions need to be sharpened: In the beginning of
any study, researchers may only have a rough idea what they want to
collect data on and how they can collect that data. Using qualitative
research can help researchers understand their problem, zero in on
their hypothesis, and create a design for further research (either
qualitative or quantitative) as the study unfolds.
When you need detailed description of an issue: For complex issues,
simple statistics may show what is happening, but not why it’s
happening. In these scenario, qualitative research is helpful for
exploring social conditions and explaining them in detail. For
example, quantitative data may show how many girls drop out of
school, but qualitative data can help researchers understanding the
barriers that stop parents from sending girls to school.

3.Interviewers should also have a deep understanding of both the topic

under study and the research objectives, so they can ask questions that
provide relevant and actionable insights. Poor interviewing skills, poor
phrasing of questions, or inadequate knowledge of the subject’s culture
or frame of reference may result in data that isn’t accurate or useful.
Focus group discussions are another common qualitative research
method. In a focus group discussion, an interviewer talks to a group of
people about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards
an idea, concept, service, product, etc. The participants are usually a
group of people who are similar in some way, such as their income,
education, or occupation. This helps the participants feel more
comfortable with one another.