University of Makati

Higher School Ng UMak

In Service Training
November 2-4, 2016
Bldg. 2 Audio Visual Room

Leonardo G. Adap, Ed.D.

Discussant
Practical
Research
Research
What is Research?
The systematic investigation into study of
materials, sources, etc. in order to establish
facts and reach new conclusions

An endeavour to discover new and collate old

facts by the scientific study of a subject or by a
course critical investigation (Oxford Concise
Dictionary)
 Is a process of executing various mental acts for
discovering and examining facts and information to
prove the accuracy and truthfulness of your claims or
conclusions about the topic of the
research.(Litchman, 2013)

 Analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve

investigation of something through questioning.

 A way of discovering new knowledge, applying

knowledge in various ways as well as seeing
relationships of ideas, events and situations.
(Baraceros,2016)
Characteristics of Research

1. Accuracy
2. Objectiveness
3. Timeliness
4. Relevance
5. Clarity
6. Systematic
Purposes of Research
1. To learn how to work independently
2. To learn to how to work scientifically or systematically
3. To have in-depth knowledge of something you want to
discover
4. To elevate mental abilities by letting you think in higher-
order thinking strategies (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating,
synthesizing, appreciating, applying and creating
5. To improve reading and writing skills
6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research in the
various techniques of gathering data and of presenting
research findings
7. To free yourself, to a certain extent, from the domination
or strong influence of a single textbook or of the
professor’s lone viewpoint or spoon feeding. (Baraceros,
2016, P.11)
Types of Research
1. Based on Application of Research Method

The so called pure research, this type of

research aims to increase knowledge about
something. However, if the intention is to
apply your chosen research to societal
problems or issues, finding ways to make
positive changes in the society, this research is
labelled as “Applied Research”
Types of Research
2. Based on Purpose of the Research

a. Descriptive Research – This research aims at defining or

giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event,
group and situation. Ex. Observational, Case Study and
Survey
b. Correlational Research – This type of research shows
relationships or connectedness of two factors,
circumstances or agents called variables that affect the
research. Ex. Experimental Study and Quasi-experimental
study
c. Explanatory Research – This type of research elaborates
or explains not just reasons behind the relationships of two
factors, but also the ways by which such relationships exists.
Ex. An attempt to connect ideas to understand cause and
effect; looks how things come together and interact.
Types of Research
2. Based on Purpose of the Research
d. Exploratory Research – The purpose is to find out how reasonable or possible
it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic. Here, you will discover ideas
on topics that could trigger your interest in research studies. Ex. New topic
(Often unexpected and starting in its findings, John B. Watson - Behaviorism) or
New angle (Looking at things either from a theoretical perspective or a new
way of measuring something)

e. Action Research – This type of research studies an ongoing practice of a

school, organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining
results that will bring improvements in the system.

Ex. 1. Individual Action Research – Involves working independently on a

project, such an elementary school teacher conducting its own, in class
research project with his students.
2. Collaborative Action Research – Involves groups of teachers or
researchers working together to explore a problem that might be present
beyond a single classroom, perhaps at the departmental level or an entire
grade level

3. School-wide Action Research – Generally focuses on issues present

throughout an entire school or across the district.
Types of Research
3. Based on Types of Data Needed
a. Qualitative Research – Requires non-numerical data,
which means that the research uses words rather than
numbers to express the result, the inquiry, or investigation
about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views and lifestyle
regarding the object of the study

b. Quantitative Research – Involves measurement of data.

Thus, it presents research findings referring to the number
or frequency of something in numerical forms (i.e., using
frequency, percentage, weighted mean, etc.)
ACTIVITY 1
DIRECTION: Express your judgment or decision about the following
representing your choice. Justify your agreement and disagreement on the
given statement

Agree Disagree
1. Your zero or poor knowledge of research means
you are not in a quality school?
2. To have a rich understanding of every aspect of
your research means to approach it in a
naturalistic way.
3. You can quantify peoples’ worldviews?
4. Research is the same as inquiry?
5. You behave like a scientist in research
DIRECTION: Identify the specific type of research for each given topic by entering the letter
of the research type in the correct column. Likewise, below the letter representing your
answer, write the importance of such research in your day-to-day life.
1. Theory of Relativity
2. University Belt Street Foods
3. Landline vs. Mobile Phone
4. Reasons Behind Tuition Fee Increase
5. Manila Flash Flood Situation
6. College Assessment Practices
7. Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking in Learning-Teaching Situation
8. The Why’s and How’s of Internet Use
9. Effects of Telenovelas on Filipino TV Viewers
10. Digital Age
11. Teaching Through a PowerPoint Presentation
12. Archimedes’ Principle of Bouyancy

ACTION PURE APPLIED DESCRIPTIVE EXPLANATOR CORRELATION

Y
Significance of Research
1. To Gather Necessary Information – Research provides with
all information in field of your work on it. Ex. Most
companies do research before beginning a project in order
to get basic idea about the things they will need to do the
project. Research helps get acquainted with the processes
and resources involved and reception from the market.

2. To Make Changes – There are in-built problems in a process

or a project that is hard to discover. Research help us find
the root cause and associated elements of a process. The
end result of such research is to successfully produces
changed. Ex. UN researches have pave way of changes in
environmental policies
Significance of Research
1. Improving Standard of Living – It need to understand that all
the luxuries and amenities available to us are the result of a
comprehensive research.
2. For a Safer Life - Research had made ground breaking
discoveries and development.
3. To Know the Truth – It has been proved time and again that
many established facts and known truths are just cover ups or
blatant lies or rumours.
4. Explore our History – Research about the history enabled us to
learn and understand more about forefathers and helps us
learn from the mistakes and absorb things from their life.
5. Understanding Arts – This helps us understanding the work of
artists in literature, paintings, sculptures and everything that
can be distributed with artistic touch.
What is Qualitative Research?

 This is a research type is premium or

high value on peoples thinking or point
of view conditioned by their personal
traits. As such, it usually takes place in
soft sciences like social sciences, politics,
economics, humanities, education,
psychology, and all business related
subjects.
What is Qualitative Research?
 The reality is conditioned by society
and people’s intention are involved in
explaining cause-and-effect
relationships. Things are studied in their
natural setting, enough for you to
conclude the qualitative research is an
act of inquiry or investigation in a real
life events.
 Characteristics of Qualitative Research?
1. Human understanding and
interpretation
Data analysis shows an individuals mental, social, and
spiritual understanding of the world.
2. Active, Powerful, and forceful
A lot of changes occur continuously in every stage of a
qualitative research.
3. Multiple research approaches and
methods
Allows you to approach or plan your study in varied ways.
 Characteristics of Qualitative Research?
4. Specificity to generalization
Specific ideas is directed to a general understanding of
something.
5. Contextualization
6. Diversified data in real situation
7. Abounds with words and visuals
Words, words and more words comes in big quantity in this
kind of research, data gathering through interviews or library reading
as well as data presentation of data analysis results, is done verbally.
8. Internal analysis
 Types of Qualitative Research?
1. Case Study
Varieties of data collection methods such as interviews,
questionnaires, observations, and documentary analysis are used in a case
study.
2. Ethnography
Is the study of a particular cultural group to get a clear
understanding of its organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle.
A particular group reveals the nature or characteristics of their own culture
through the world perceptions of a cultural group members.
3. Content and Discourse Analysis
A study of language structures used as a medium of
communication to discover effects of sociological, cultural and
institutional, and ideological factors on the content as a discourse
analysis. You question or set of questions to guide you in in your
analysis.
 Types of Qualitative Research?
4. Phenomenology
Comes from the word “Phenomenon” which means something
known through sensory experience, phenomenology refers to the study
of how people find their experiences meaningful.
5. Historical Analysis
Central to this qualitative research method is the examination
of primary documents to make you understand the connection of past
events to the present time.
6. Grounded Theory
Through your observation on the subjects, you will happen to
find a theory that applies o your current study. Interview,
observation, and documentary analysis are the data gathering
techniques for this type of qualitative research.
 Advantages or Strengths Qualitative Research
1. It adopts naturalistic approach to its subject matter.
2. It promotes a full understanding of human behaviour or
personality traits in their natural setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality as it
demands the researcher’s careful and attentive stand
towards people’s worlds views.
5. It is a way of understanding and interpreting social
interactions.
6. It increases the researchers interest in the study as it
includes the researchers experience or background
knowledge in interpreting verbal and visual data.
7. It offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining
Disadvantages or Weaknesses Qualitative Research
1. It involves a lot of researchers subjectivity in
data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the validity and reliability of
the data.
3. Its open-ended questions yield “data
overload” that requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time consuming
5. It involves several processes which results
greatly depend on the researchers views or
interpretations.
Activity: Individual Work
Directions: Explain the concepts you have learned by
answering the following questions?
1. What comes to year the moment you hear qualitative
research?
2. If you want to conduct a study about your favourite
restaurant in town, what method of qualitative research
id appropriate for your study? Explain your choice?
3. Can all research methods be used in one research study?
Give reasons for your answer.
4. How is grounded theory different from other qualitative
research methods?
5. If you will do qualitative research about the area in which
your school is situated, what could be your research
problem or topic?
Activity: Pair Work
Directions: Name the type of qualitative research best
suited for the following topics.
1. The Mangyan’s burial practices ___________________________
2. Relatives of typhoon victims _____________________________
3. The effectiveness of K12 curriculum _______________________
4. Spiderman: The very first film in the 21st century
_______________
5. Philippines political party system: Then and now
_______________
6. Filipino caregivers in Japan _________________
7. Travail of senior citizens at the LRT/MRT stations
___________________
8. The Lone Grade VI Speed Reader of UST High Schools __________
9. Grade 11 Science Textbook ______________________
10. Students Activism since the Marcos Era ____________________
Subject Matter of the Inquiry of Research
Guidelines in Choosing a Research Topic:

1. Interest in the subject matter

2. Availability of the information

3. Timeliness and relevance of topic

4. Limitation on the subject

5. Personal resources

6. Contextualization
Research Topics to be Avoided
1. Controversial topics – These are topics that depend greatly on writer’s
opinion, which may tend to be biased or prejudicial. Facts cannot
support topics like these.
2. Highly technical subjects – For a beginner, researching on topics that
require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and vast experience
is a very difficult task.
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects – A subject is hard to investigate if there
are no available reading materials about it and if such materials are
not up-to-date.
4. Too broad subjects – Topics that are too broad will prevent you from
giving a concentrated or an in-depth analysis of the subject matter of
the paper. The remedy to this is too narrow or limit the topic to a
smaller one
5. Too narrow subjects – These subjects are too limited or specific that an
extensive or thorough searching or reading for information about
these is necessary.
6. Too vague subjects – Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as
several, many, some, etc. as in “Some Remarkable Traits of a
Filipino”or “Several People Comments on the RH Law” are vague
enough to decrease the readers ‘ interests and curiosity.
Sources of Research Topics
1. Mass media communication – press (Newspapers, Ads, TV,
Radio, Films, etc.)
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government
publications.
3. Professional periodicals like College English Language
Teaching Forum, English Forum, The Economist, Academia,
Business Journals, etc.
4. General periodicals such as Reader’s Digest and
Magazines
5. Previous reading assignments in the other subjects
6. Work Experience – Clues to a researchable topics from
full-time or part-time jobs, OJT experiences and field work
7. Published and Unpublished Thesis
Practice:
Directions: Put a check (√) under the column of the right descriptive word of each number
Research Controversial Vague Narrow Highly Broad Hard to
Topics Technical Investigate
1. Filipinos
Admiration for the
current first Lady of
the Philippines

2. Some Excessively
Priced Imported
Vehicles
3. The Rise and Fall
of all Kings and
Queens

4. Labor Unions
before the Coming
of the Jesus Christ

5. Pluses and
Minuses of all
English 2 Textbooks

6. Definition of
Research

7. The Extent of
Filipinos Faith in
God

8. The Structure of
a Nuclear Weapon
Writing a
Research
Proposal
 Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Components of Chapter 1
 Introduction

 Background of the Study

 Theoretical Framework

 Conceptual Framework

 Statement of the Problem

 Scope and Limitation of the Study

 Significance of the Study

 Definition of Terms
PROPOSED INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY MODULE TO
ENHANCE THE BASIC RESEARCH WRITING SKILLS OF
HIGHER SCHOOL OF UMAK STUDENTS
Introduction:
When writing a research, it is important to write it in a structured way as
readers of the research must be aware of the theme behind the research.
For introduction, it is like a driving force that leads the rest of the document.
It should be engaging and informative. An introduction should include
various things like; the subject of the research must be made clear to the
readers; tell the readers why is it important and its contribution to current
study.

Example:
Change is inevitable it is necessary for development and fundamental
for reform. As man progresses, change is in every part of history and his
culture’s history
In research writing, educational technology serves as the student-
researchers nanny in providing the most needed secondary information for
the topic to be presented. From related concepts and study output with
array of sources of various formatting applications, educational technology
has supported the student’s life a lot easier.
Background of the Study:
Establish the area of research in which your work belongs, and to
provide a context for a research problem and also provides information
about the research topic.

Example:
The researcher as an instructor of Research Writing subject in the
basic education department (HSU) of the University of Makati (UMak),
has experienced difficulty in facilitating his students research writing
requirement due to lack of the necessary skills in basic research writing.
Students who are now in their Senior High School are required to
prepare mini researches for both English and Filipino courses. As
observed, these students find it difficult to come up with research paper
reports due to shortfalls on research writing abilities. This is the reason
why the researcher opted to find ways and means in helping these
students enhance / improve their skills in research writing.
Conceptual Framework:
An Analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It is used to
make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual
frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to
remember and apply.

Example:
The study was conducted under the ADDIE model / design of
instruction. This is the generic process traditionally used by
instructional designers and training developers.
1. The Analysis Phase
2. The Design Phase
3. The Development Phase
4. The Implementation Phase
5. The Evaluation Phase
Statement of the Problem:
Stating the problem is a clear and concise description of the issue(s)
that needs to be addressed. It is used to center and focus the research at the
beginning, keep the research on track during the effort, and is used to
validate that the effort delivered an outcome that solves the problem
statement.
Example:
1. What is the demographic profile of the student respondent according to the following?
1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender;
1.3 General Weighted Average?
2. How do teachers and students assess the students level of difficulties in basic research writing in terms of
the following;
2.1 Reading and comprehension skills;
2.2 Organizational skills;
2.3 Data gathering skills;
2.4 Language/Technical writing skills; and
2.5 Problem skills?
3. How do teachers assessments significantly differ from student’s assessments?
4. What instructional technology platform can be used to enhance the students basic research writing skills?
5. How do students perform before and after the delivery of the instructional technology material for basic
research writing?
Significance of the Study:
It tells why your research is
important and what contribution
will it give to the field and state
how your findings can make the
difference and why it is
important that the research be
carried out.
Scope and Limitations of the Study:
It specifies the boundaries of
the research, which a too wide
area of investigation is
impractical and will lead to
problems so it state what is
included and what is not
included
Definition of Terms:

For better understanding of

the research study, the following
terms used in the entire research
should be defined operationally.
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

AND STUDIES
Intended Learning Outcome:
1. Increase the number of English Language You know;

2. Use the newly learned words in expressing worldviews;

3. Explaining the meaning of review of related literature;

4. Carry out a review of related literature properly;

5. Compare and contrast the styles of review of related

literature; and

6. Critically evaluate review of related literature reports.

 This chapter presents and
discusses the various theories,
concepts, research findings and
output which are relevant and
supportive to the proposed study
which influences particular research
topic on students perceived
perception and academic
achievements.
Meaning of RRL:
Literature is an oral or written record
of man’s significant experiences that are
artistically conveyed in a prosaic
manner. Embodied in any literary works
like essay, novel, journal, story,
biography, etc.
A Review of Related Literature is an
analysis of man’s written or spoken
knowledge of the world.
Purposes Review of Related Literature (RRL)
1. To obtain background knowledge of your research
2. To relate your study to the current condition or situation of the
world
3. To show the capacity if your research work to introduce new
knowledge
4. To expand, prove or disapprove the findings of previous
research findings
5. To increase your understanding of the underlying theories,
principles or concepts of your research.
6. To explain technical terms involve in your research study
7. To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of
evidence it gathered to support the conclusion of your research
8. To avoid repeating previous research studies
9. To commend the necessity of further research on a certain
topic.
Standard Styles in Review of Related
Literature, Citation, or Reference
Purposes of Citation:
1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they
know about the field.

2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people’s claims,

conclusion, and arguments.

3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of authentic and

relevant materials about the topic

4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas easily

5. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work

6. To save yourself from plagiarism

 Styles of Citation
Integral Citation
APA MLA
American Psychological Association Modern Language Association
1. One Study by Manalo 1. One study by (Manalo 70)
(2015) reveals that …..
2. The latest work by (Lee
2. The latest work by 123)
(Lee,2015) asserts …..

3. According to Abad et. 3. According to (Abad et.

al.(2015) context is ….. al.:54)
Patterns of Citation:
1. Summary – Pick out only the most important ideas or aspects of
the text.
2. Paraphrase – Instead of shortening the form of text, you explain
what the text means to you using your won words.
3. Short Direct Quotation – A part of the authors sentence, the
whole sentence, or several sentences not exceeding 40 words.
4. Long Direct Quotation, Block Quotation or Extract
5. Tense of Verbs for Reporting - The APA prefers the use present
perfect tense.
Examples:
Present tense – Marcos explains…..
Past tense – Marcos explained…..
Present perfect tense – Marcos has explained….
Practice:
Direction: Identify the citation style used; second, comment on the accuracy
of each text based on what you learned about in-text citation.

According to William Smith, the K-12

curriculum is the key to the Philippines success in
this era of globalization, the researcher has
agreed on this, Mariano (2016), in his latest book
said, “Any opposition against the immediate
implementation of K-12 curriculum must not be
entertained by the government agencies in charge
of monitoring the operation of this educational
program”
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLGY
Intended Learning Outcome:
1. Communicate worldviews using the newly learned analysis;

2. Trace the stages of quantitative data analysis;

3. Differentiate the quantitative data-analysis;

4. Organize data in tabular manner;

5. Use a graph to show frequency and percentage distribution;

6. Familiarize with the factors affecting sample selection; and

7. Find ways to overcome bias in sampling

 This chapter discusses the
research methods and design
utilized by the researcher of the
study as well as the population and
sampling procedure. Research
locale, research instruments and
tools, data gathering procedures
and statistical treatment
appropriate for the analysis of data
Components of Chapter 3:
 Research Design

 Population and Sampling Procedure

 Research Locale

 Research Instrument / Tools

 Data Gathering Procedure

 Data Analysis
 Sampling
In research, sampling is word that refers to
your method or process of selecting respondents
or people to answer questions meant to yield data
for research study. The chosen ones constitutes
the sample through which you will derive facts and
evidence to support the claims or conclusions
propounded by your research problem. The bigger
group from where you choose the sample is called
population, and sampling frame is the term used
to mean the list of the members of such
population from where you will get the sample.
Probability Sampling
Involves all members listed in the
sampling frame representing a certain
population focused on by your study.
An equal chance of participation in the
sampling or selection process is given
to every members listed in the
sampling frame.
Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is the best type of probability
sampling through which you can choose sample from a population.
Using a pure-chance selection, you assure every member the same
opportunity to be in the sample. Here, the only basis of including or
excluding a member is by chance or opportunity, not by any occurrence
accounted for by cause-effect relationships. Simple random methods
sampling happens through any of these two methods: Burns (2012)

a. Have a list of members of the population; write each name

of a card, and choose cards through a pure-chance selection.

b. Have a list of all members; give a number to member and

then use randomized or unordered n umbers in selecting names from
the list.
 Types of Probability
2. Systematic Sampling
Sampling
Chance and system are the ones to determine who should compose
the sample. For instance, if you want to have a sample of 150, you may
select a set of numbers like 1 to 15, and out of a list of 1,500 students, take
15th name on the list until you complete the total number of respondents to
constitute your sample.
3. Stratified Sampling
The group comprising the sample is chosen in a way that such
group is liable to subdivision during the data analysis stage. A study
needing group-by-group analysis finds stratified sampling the right
probability sampling to use.
4. Cluster Sampling
This is a probability sampling that makes you isolate a set of
persons instead of individual members to serve as sample members. For
example, if you want to have a sample of 120 out of 1,000 students, you
can randomly select three sections with 40 students each to constitute
sample.
Non-Probability Sampling
In this type of sampling, the subjects
are chosen based on their availability or
the purpose of the study, and in some
cases, on the sole discretion of the
researcher. This is not a scientific way of
selecting respondents. Neither does it offer
a valid or an objective way of detecting
sampling errors. Edmond (2013)
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling
1. Quota Sampling
Using a quota or a specific set of persons whom you believe to have
the characteristics of the target population involve in the study is your way
of showing that the sample of you have chosen closely represents the
target population as regards such characteristics.

2. Voluntary Sampling
Since the subjects you expect to participate in the sample selection
are the ones volunteering to constitute the sample, there is no need for you
to do any selection process.

3. Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

You choose people whom you are sure could correspond to the
objectives of your study, like selecting those with rich experience or interest
in your study.
 Types of Non-Probability Sampling
4. Availability Sampling
During the data collection time, you encounter people
walking on a school campus, along corridors, and along the
park or employees lining up at an office, and these people
show willingness to respond to your questions, then you
automatically consider them as your respondents.

5. Snowball Sampling
Similar to snow expanding widely or rolling rapidly, this
sampling methods does not give a specific set of samples.
Harding (2015)

Research Design:
Refers to the
overall strategy that you
choose to integrate the
different components of
the study in a coherent
and logical way, thereby,
ensuring that will
effectively address the
research problem; it
constitutes the blueprint
for the collection,
measurement and
analysis of data
Example:
The study was conducted
using a combination of two research
design; descriptive-evaluative and
quasi experimental methods of
research. Descriptive-evaluative was
used in doing the needs assessment
from the student respondents and
the assessments on their level of
difficulties. Likewise, quasi
experimental design was used in the
intervention on research writing with
the aid of instructional technology.
Population and Example:
Sampling Procedure: The study employed the non-probability
sampling procedure. The student-teacher-
respondents were identified using purposive
The selected sampling technique in the selection of the
elements (people or student and teacher-respondents. There
presently sections of research subjects in G-12
objects) chosen for but the researcher selected only the class
participation in a sections with the schedules fit with his own
study; people are schedule. Hence, the 30 respondents involved are
referred to as subjects all enrolled in Research Writing subjects and
chosen based on their GWA in English for
or participant. homogeneity reason.
Sampling is the Students GWA were described using the
process of selecting adjectival interpretation of grades/rating in the
group of people, HSU. Likewise 15 HSU teachers handling research
subjects were also involved to provide
events, behaviors, or
information for the needs assessment on
other elements with students level of difficulties. Another group 15
which to conduct a respondents were involved to evaluate the thesis
study. tutor and these professionals were composed of
English Teachers and IT teachers/experts.
 Example:
Research Locale: The study was conducted in the “Higher
School Ng Umak” (HSU) which is lodged at the
University of Makati (UMAk). Umak was

Refers to established by the virtue of the Munucipal

Ordinance No. 433, the Pamantasan ng Makati
became a chartered University on December 19,
a specified 1991 under the administration of Mayor Jejomar
C. Binay. On August 27, 2012, City Ordinance
area and / or 2012-111 was approved amending City
Ordinance No. 99-433 revising the Pamantasan
subject that ng Makati to University of Makati
HSU was established on AY 2012-2013
is being has been accommodating Senior High School
students, Grades 11 and 12 respectively. These
studied in a students are undergoing classes in English, Math,
Science, Filipino, PE, YDP and some elective
research subjects which are TESDA based besides
academic subjects. TESDA-based courses are
project. offered to students for technical development
which is necessary for their chosen field of study
in college.
Research
Instrument / Tools:
These are the
tolls for data collection.
Includes questionnaire,
interview, observation
and reading. Essentially
the researcher must
ensure that the
instrument chosen is
valid and reliable. The
validity and reliability of
any research projects
depends to a large
extent on the
appropriateness of the
instruments.
Example:
The proposed study utilized three
kinds of self-made questionnaire. The first
one was the assessment survey tool to
measure the level of difficulties of students
in basic research writing which was used by
the teachers and students. This tool is
composed of five relevant skill in basic
research writing such as: Reading and
Comprehension; Data Gathering;
Organizational Skills; Language / Technical
Writing; and Problem Solving. Each skills
dimension was composed of three-item
indicators. The three-item indicators were
based on the information gathered by the
researcher from some of the teachers in the
HSU. All the information and opinions from
the teachers were clustered and finally
categorized under three-item indicator.
Data Gathering Example:
In the conduct of the study, the
Procedure: researcher initially sought information from
the administrators of HSU for the conduct of
A step by the study
Students then were identified and
step asked for their GWA from their previous
English subjects then asked to answer the
procedure in needs assessment tool.
Teacher-respondents were likewise
gathering identified and later on were given the needs
assessment survey on the level of difficulties of
data or a their students on basic research writing.
The researcher checked and tallied
very much the results on the responses of the
respondents to the survey questions, and
needed evaluated the same with the appropriate
statistical treatment techniques for
information. interpretation.
 Example:
Data Analysis:
1. Frequency Distribution (f) and Percentage
– this was the tool used in the distribution
In order of the respondents demographic profile
information and in he the assessment of
to analyse and students basic writing skills;
interpret the
2. Weighted Mean (Wx) – Was used in the
gathered data. computation of the average scores of the
respondents assessments;
Statistical
treatment 3. Dependent T-test – was used in testing the
significant difference between the
should be students pre-test and post-test result.

identified
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS,
ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Intended Learning Outcome:
1. Report or to share with others your research findings
properly;

2. Adopt the standard way of constructing your research paper;

3. Compare and contrast the APA and MLA referencing styles;

4. Show evidence of your honesty and gratefulness to owners

of ideas you included in your paper by documenting their
contributions properly; and

5. To present and interpret the data comprehensively.

 Table 4
Respondents’ Assessment on Students’ Reading Comprehension Skills
INDICATORS TEACHER Verbal Interpretation STUDENTS Verbal Interpretation

A. Reading and
Comprehension
1. Reading long 2.20 Difficult 2.60 Fairly Difficult
paragraphs/related
literature for a
shorter period of
time;
2. Reading and 2.27 Difficult 3.33 Fairly Difficult
understanding what
they have read;
3. Follow through 2.13 Difficult 2.93 Fairly Difficult
with the content of
what they are
reading
Total 2.20 Difficult 2.93 Fairly Difficult

Aforementioned table shows that teacher assessments of their students reading

and comprehension has the total weighted mean of 2.20 or difficult while student
assessment has total weighted mean of 2.93 or fairly difficult. Said output elucidates that
teachers view their students to have difficulties in reading comprehension of concepts
relevant to research writing which is different from their students view of themselves.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS,
CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
 This chapter presents’
the study’s summary of
findings, conclusion and
recommendations which
have been drawn from the
data gathered.
 Example:
General Summary: The study focused on designing an
instructional technology module for the
enhancement of basic research writing skills of
A synopsis 30 selected G-12 students of the Senior High
were a condensed School of UMAk (HSU) during the second
semester of AY 2014-2015. The study has
statement gives utilized the ADDIE model for instruction and
general overview specifically went through the following
process: 1) Analysis of students basic research
and a restatement writing skills; 2) Designing the module for
of the main points instruction; 3)Development of “thesis tutor”
of the entire for the enhancement of students basic
research writing skills; 4) Implementation of
research the designed module with the developed
containing the technology tool (thesis tutor); 5) Evaluation
and post assessment of the module. More
summary of the specifically, students utilized the developed
information “thesis tutor” in preparing their research
gathered. introduction and framework.
 Example:
Summary of Findings:

A summary of 1. What is the profile of the

findings provide key students according to age;
information gender; and GWA?
concerning the
quality of evidence,
the magnitude of There were twenty two
effect of the females and eight males and
interventions they are all within 16-18 years
examined, and the old. Majority of the students
sum of available data have the GWA of 80-84 or 77
on all important percent of the total samples and
outcomes for a given which is described as average.
comparison
Conclusion: Example:
Conclusion:
This is like a final From the presented findings of
chord in the song. It the study, the following conclusions
makes the listener feel are realized:
that the piece is 1. Teachers who teach research have
complete and well done. their own standards / measures in
This section gives the assessing their students’ writing
opportunity to discuss
performance which the students might
the meaning of the
results beyond what
have not been aware of or might have
they mean statistically; forgotten.
that is, an interpretation 2. …..
of the findings and 3. …..
indicate what can be
concluded from the 4. …..
information gathered 5. …..
and summarized.
Recommendations: Example:
Recommendations:
Specifically The study is hereby
stating what should be recommending the following:
done, the steps required 1. The national government through
to implement the policy, the Department of Education should
and the resources intensify the integration of computer
needed. assisted instructions in the classroom
Discussion of to help improve the teaching-learning
the benefits to the process.
organization and what
problems would be 2. …..
corrected or avoided. 3…..
Discussion of 4…..
the feasibility of the
5…..
proposed policy.
Thank You for Listening