RMA REVIEWER - - a problem not well studied

- - understanding over evidence

- Chapter I: INTRO
- - (+)
- Research: a process of
- - understanding, better
systematic inquiry that entails
conclusions
collection of data,
- - (-)
documentation and analysis
- - personal interpretation/bias,
- Research: evaluate validity of the
sample audiences
hypothesis
- B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEACH
- Research: a process of steps
- - describe contributors or people
(John W. Creswell)
who take part In the study
- (1) Question
- (1) observational method (field
- (2) Data
observation)
- (3) Answer
- - naturalistic observation
- Research: describe, predict and
- - laboratory observation
control (Earl Robert Babbie)
- (2) case study method: study of
- I. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
individuals or a group of
RESEARCH
individuals
- aims of a research:
- - testable hypothesis and rare
- (1) improve knowledge
phenomena
- (2) add to existing knowledge
- (3) survey method
- (3) prove/ disprove hypothesis
- - questionnaires or interviews
- characteristics of a good
- - data
research:
- C. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
- (a) well-planned [pilot study –
- - understanding over solution
preliminary]
- - only explores research questions
- (b) targeted audience
- - new problems
- (c) well-defined objective
- - (+)
- (d) methodology
- - adaptability
- quantitative: facts and
- - groundwork for future studies
relationships
- - (-)
- qualitative: perceptions and
- - qualitative and can be biased
insight analysis
- - not practical
- (e) method of data collection
- III. TYPES OF RESEARCH
- (f) ethical consideration
- A. APPLIED RESEARCH
- (g) time-scaled
- - solve practical problems
- (h) reliability [triangulation –
- - solutions over mere knowledge
multiple methods of research]
- B. BASIC RESEARCH
- (i) referencing
(FUNDAMENTAL OR PURE
- II. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH)
- (1) explore
- - driven by curiosity
- (2) describe
- - expanding knowledge over
- (3) explain
inventions or creations
- BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH
- - no commercial value
- A. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
- C. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
- - relationship of 2 or more
variables
- - no experimental manipulation
- D. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
(STATISTICAL)
- - portrayal of characteristics
- - everything that can be studied
and counted
- - impact
- E. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
- - cultural investigation or
behavior
- - understanding of natural events
or implications
- F. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- - controlled
- - predicting or controlling
phenomena
- - causality
- G. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
- - problem is not clearly defined
- H. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH
- - problems in an environment
and how people handle them
- - four stages:
- (1) codes: anchors; gathers data
- (2) concepts: collection; grouped
data
- (3) categories: similar concepts;
theories
- (4) theory: explanations;
hypotheses
- I. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- - analysis of past events
- - patterns
- - add perspective
- - steps:
- (1) research topic
- (2) data
- (3) evaluation
- (4) synthesis
- (5) exposition
- J. PHENOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH
- - descriptive research approach
- - philosophy
- - an experience
- - subject experience and
motivations
- K. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- - statistical, mathematical
- - empirical investigation
- L. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- - measure and analyze data
- - objective
- IV. INITIAL PARTS OF AN
ARCHITECTURAL THESIS
- A. CHAPTER 0 (INITIAL)
- (1) Abstract
- - summary of the research
- - purpose of research
- (2) Acknowledgments
- (3) Table of contents
- (4) List of maps, charts, graphs
and tables
- (5) List of abbreviations and
acronyms
- B. CHAPTER 1:
- (1) HISTORICAL
- (1A) BACKGROUND OF THE
PROBLEM
- - history of problem
- - roots
- - previous studies and gaps
- (1B) BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- - area being researched
- - current info
- - relevant history
- (2) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- - describe issue
- - context
- - what the research aims to
answer
- (3) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
(RATIONALE)
- - study’s contribution and who will
benefit
- - importance and potential
benefits
- (4) PURPOSE, GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES
- - aim, purpose, intention
- - desired outcome
- (5) ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITATIONS,
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- - what, how, when, where
- - limitations
- - criteria for data
- (6) CONCEPTUAL/ THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
- - understanding of theories that
are relevant-
- - relation to broader aspects
- -
- CHAPTER II: RRL
- I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
- A. Reasons
- (1) completed studies
- (2) new insights
- (3) research strategies
- B. Provides:
- (1) conceptual or theoretical
framework
- (2) past research insights
- (3) methods
- (4) past findings
- - foreign literature after local
literature w/ in-text citations
- II. TYPES OF RELATED LITERATURE
- (1) CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
- - articles on books written by
authorities; what is good and
bad about the problem
- - references, books, journals,
periodicals
- (2) RESEARCH LITERATURE
- - published/unpublished reports
of previous studies
- - thesis, dissertations, abstracts
- A. TYPES OF SOURCES
- (1) PRIMARY SOURCES
- - books, research journals
- (2) SECONDARY SOURCES
- - thesis review, thesis critique
- III. RELATED LITERATURE AND
RELATED STUDIES
- A. RELATED LITERATURE
- - discussion of facts
- - published books, journals, etc.
- - review, outline, progress,
challenges
- - A. LOCAL: printed locally
- - B. FOREIGN: printed overseas
- B. RELATED STUDIES
- - unpublished material eg
dissertations, thesis, manuscripts
- - related to study
- actual experiments
- - particular
- - internal review
- - A. LOCAL: conducted locally
- - B. FOREIGN: conducted
overseas
- IV. PRESENTING SOURCE MATERIAL
- (1) acknowledge author
- - not needed for common
knowledge
- (2) only essential discussion
- - summarize
- (3) direct quotations include
context
- (4) quotation marks, use if exact
words
- (5) paraphrase
- (6) ellipsis
- - (…) beginning
- - (….) end
- (7) long quotations in new
paragraph
- (8) concept map
- - organize points with key words
- V. WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW
- (1) strengths and weaknesses
- (2) critique
- (3) relevance
- (4) arranged
- (5) relationships
- (6) from recent to early time
- (7) summarize
- (8) “direct quotation”/in-text
- - Author-page system: in text
citation
- VI. APA FORMAT
- - American Psychological
Association
- - In-text: (author, date, page #)
- - refer author in text (Acc. To Bal
(2001),)
- - not (Bal, 2001)
- - 3 authors: cite all or et. Al.
- - 6 authors: et. Al
- - no author: (“How to Succeed”,
2010)
- - corporate author (NIMH, 2007)
- VII. EVALUATE RESEARCH
MATERIALS
- (1) Primary source
- - works from people who directly
experienced the events
- - journals, diaries, interviews
- (2) Secondary source
- - written after the original event
- - textbooks, articles, biographies
- A. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING
BOOKS AND INTERNET SITES
- (1) qualification of author
- (2) quality and objectivity
(unbiased)
- (3) appropriateness
- -
- CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
- Method:
- - tool used to answer research
questions
- - how you will collect your data
- Methodology:
- - rationale
- - research strategy that outlines
the way in which research should
be undertaken
- - broader strategy for research
approach
- EXAMPLES OF METHODOLOGIES:
- (1) Phenomenology: lived
experience
- (2) Ethnography: social world,
culture, shared beliefs
- (3) Participatory: participants as
active researchers
- (4) Ethnomethodology: dialogue
and body language to construct
world view
- I. IMPORTANCE OF GOOD
METHODOLOGY SECTION
- (1) method of data collection
- (2) methodology
- (3) different methods
- (4) consistency
- (5) appropriate
- (6) anticipated problems and
steps for prevention
- (7) sufficient information
- II. PROBLEMS TO AVOID
- (1) irrelevant detail
- (2) unnecessary explanation
- (3) problem blindness
- (4) literature review
- (5) sources of information
- III. SAMPLING DESIGNS
- - basis for survey selection sample
- - two types:
(1) Non-probability sampling: no
basis for estimating probability
- (2) Probability sampling: organizer
of inquiry; typical sample
representative of a whole
- KINDS OF SAMPLING DESIGN:
- A. RANDOM SAMPLING
- - purest form
- - equal and known chance of
selection
- B. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
- - often used
- - “Nth name selection technique”
- - required sample size; nth record
from selection
- C. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
- - commonly used
- - reduces sampling error
- - stratum: subset of population w/
common characteristic
- D. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- - exploratory research
- - sampled selected because of
convenience
- E. JUDGMENT SAMPLING
- - common non-probability
method
- - based on judgment
- - extension of convenience
sampling
- F. QUOTA SAMPLING
- - non-probability equivalent of
stratified sampling
- - stratum then proportion
- G. SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- - non-probability method
- - when desired sample
characteristic is rare
- - difficult/cost prohibitive
- IV. RESEARCH DESIGN
- - overall strategy
- - blueprint
- - evidence addresses research
problem
- - steps:
- (1) identify research problem
- (2) rrl
- (3) hypothesis
- (4) data
- (5) method of analysis
- TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
- A. ACTION RESEARCH DESIGN
- - interventionary strategy
- - a cyclic process
- - new intervention strategies until
there is sufficient understanding
- - work or community situations
- - direct and obvious relevance
- B. CASE STUDY DESIGN
- - in depth study
- - testing application of theory
- - contextual analysis
- - triangulation
- - add to knowledge
- - may be biased
- - not representative of larger
problem
- C. CAUSAL DESIGN
- - if x then y
- - impact of change on norms
- - causal effect: nomothetic
perspective
- - requires:
- (1) empirical association:
independent and dependent
variable
- (2) appropriate time order: varied
ind. variable before dep.
- (3) nonspuriousness: relationship
bet two variables, w/o variation
- - not all relationships are causal
- - only inferred
- - hard to distinguish which is
cause
- D. CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
- - existing differences, no variation
- - inferences from existing
differences
- - no time dimension
- - static results to time
- - no follow up
- E. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
- - who, what, when, where
- - current status of phenomena
- - natural and unchanged
environment
- - pre-cursor
- - dependent on instrumentation
- F. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
- - predict what may occur
- - time priority
- - experimental and control group
- - what causes something to
occur
- - artificial, may not be
generalized
- - costly
- G. EXPLORATORY DESIGN
- - for researches with few or no
earlier studies
- - gain insights
- - new ideas and tentative
hypotheses
- - direction for future research
- - insight but not definite
conclusions
- - flexible but unstructured
- H. HISTORICAL DESIGN
- - evidence from past
- - unobtrusive: research does not
affect results
- - contextual background
- - can be used repeatedly
- I. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
- - same sample over time,
repeated observations
- - patterns of change
- - analysis of duration of
phenomena
- - prediction of future outcomes
- - integrity maintenance is difficult
- - qualitative research
- - takes long
- - large sample size
- J. META-ANALYSIS DESIGN
- - clearly defined description of
objectives
- - precise definitions of variables
and outcomes
- - well-reasoned justification
- - assessment of researcher bias
- - for determining gaps in literature
- K. MIXED-METHOD DESIGN
- - examining research problem
- - narrative and non-textual
information, numeric data:
supports each other
- - triangulation, for broader and
complex research problems
- - stronger evidence
- - more complete knowledge
- L. OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN
- - comparison to control group
- - direct observation: people are
aware of being watched
- - unobtrusive measures: people
are not aware of being watched
- - low reliability
- - may be biased, “see only what
you want to see”
- M. PHILOSOPHICAL DESIGN
- - broad approach to examining
research problem
- - challenge deeply embedded
assumptions
- - argumentation
- - means of greater self-
understanding
- - refine concepts
- N. SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
- - deliberate or staged approach
- - one stage followed by another
until there is enough data
- - limitless number of subjects
- - sampling techniques: gather
data, statistical methods: analyze
data
- - cohort: group of individuals
- - useful for exploratory studies
- - little effort needed
- O. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
- - research about well-defined
topic, usually from public policy
or practice-based problem
- - evaluation of study’s
contributions
- - distinct principles applied to the
process of evaluating rrl
- P. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- - primarily exploratory research
- - understanding for reasons
- - insight
- - trends in thought and opinions
- - small sample size
- - focus groups, in-depth
interviews, review of documents
- - inductive process
- - more subjective
- - in-depth information on few
cases
- - unstructured response options
- - text based
- - no statistical tests
- - depends on skill of researcher
- - less time on planning, more time
on analysis
- - less generalizable
- Q. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- - data quantification
- - generalization of results
- - quantify attitude and behavior
- - surveys, structured interviews,
observations, review of records
- - deductive process
- - more objective
- - number based
- - less in depth but broad
- - fixed response options
- - statistical tests
- - depends on measurement
device
- - more time on planning, less time
on analysis
- - more generalizable