RESEARCH
- a process that involves different factors
that need to be discussed
CONSIDERATION IN DOING A RESEARCH:
(1) Bias - one sided of a discussion is presented
(2) Reliability - produces stable and consistent results
(3) Validity - measures what it is intended to measure
(4) Credibility - establishing that research results are
believable
KINDS OF BIAS:
(a.) Intentional - alters data to change the result of an
experiment or study
(b.) Exaggeration - overemphasize the positive or
Negative effects of the subject
(c.) Omission - not presented in the data provided
(d.) Biased Sample - survey or process of data
gathering belong to the population
that mainly gains from the subject
of the study.
ADVOCACY
- planned process to influence multiple stakeholders to
achieve specified outcomes.
CAMPAIGN
- planned project over a given period of time to achieve
Specific advocacy goals.
- seen as the process of advancing advocacy.
“PUBLIC CAMPAIGNING”
- engaging with the public to generate or mobilize
support for an advocacy campaign.
RESEARCH METHODS
(1) Quantitative - focuses on quantifying the collection
and analysis of data.
- numbers, logic, and objective stance
(2) Qualitative - first-hand observation, non-numerical
- “Qualitative research includes focus
Groups, in-depth interviews, case
Studies, narrative research, and
Ethnography, among other approaches.
(3) Mixed Method - researchers collect and analyze
both qualitative and quantitative
data within the same study.
ARGUMENT
- logical and philosophical series of statements
- intends to determine the degree of another statement.
- set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others
ARGUMENTATIVE STRATEGIES
(1) Ethos/ethies - convinced via authority/credibility.
(2) Pathos - appeals to emotion
(3) Logos/logic - appeals using facts, figures,
Information, analogies.
KEY ELEMENTS OF AN ARGUMENT
(1) Statement of the Argument - a claim
(2) Evidence for the Argument - support and reasons
(3) Explanation of the Evidence - why/how the objection
is weak or faulty.
2 WAYS OF CITATION
(1) Parenthetical Citation - “ e.g. (NASA,2016) “
(2) In- text Citation - “ e.g. According to NASA (2016) “
PARTS OF AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
(1) Introduction - overview/background of the topic
- thesis statement
(2) Body - 2-3 reasons —- 2-3 paragraphs.
1 paragraph every reason
(3) Counter Argument - concentrating on the conflicting
views to your arguments and
counter these arguments with
solid facts.
(4) Conclusion - summarize your argument
- restate your claim or paraphrase
CLAIMS
- a single statement
- a topic of an argument
- not a question
- the central argument or thesis of text
3 KINDS OF CLAIM
(1) Claim of Fact - a statement of something that has existed
(past), exist (present), or will exist (future).
- an argument thesis which makes
quantifiable question.
- Did it happen? Is it true? Does it exist?
e.g
- The oldest known disease in the world is leprosy.
- The death penalty does not deter crime.
(2) Claim of Policy - argues that something should and
should not be done.
- an argument (claim) about an
actionable topic (policy).
- problem-solution technique
- what should we do about it?
e.g
- Students in the Philippines should complete their two
Years Senior High School before entering college.
- The death penalty should be restored in the
Philippines.
(3) Claim of Value - requires that you evaluate your topic
or an aspect of your topic.
- Is it good or bad? Valuable or not
Valuable? Desirable or undesirable?
Why?
e.g
- The GSW is the best team in NBA.
- Capital punishment is unjust.
- Hawaii is a better place to go for summer vacation
than Colorado.