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Битола низ вековите 1
Битола низ вековите 1
KLIMENT OHRIDSKI"
FAKULTET ZA U^ITELI I VOSPITUVA^I-BITOLA
BITOLA NIZ VEKOVITE
¼
BITOLA VO H I H¼ VEK
UNIVERSITY “St. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI”
FAKULTET ZA U^ITELI I VOSPITUVA^I-BITOLA
BITOLA, 1998
UNIVERZITET $Sv. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI"
FAKULTET ZA U^ITELI I VOSPITUVA^I-BITOLA
¼
BITOLA VO H I H¼ VEK
Za izdava~ot
D-r Bo`idar MASLINKOV, dekan
Redakcija:
D-r Aleksandar STERJOVSKI, odgovoren urednik
D-r Dragan JANKOSKI
D-r Zlatko @OGLEV
Recenzenti:
D-r Pavle MITRESKI
D-r Vecko SOVRESKI
MESTO VOVED
Aleksandar Sterjovski
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 7
Dami i gospoda,
Uva`eni u~esnici na javnata tribina,
Javnata tribina za Bitola, prirodno, doa|a na nau~na
rasprava od poznati pri~ini. Najprvo Bitola e smestena za
region koj pretstavuval sredi{te na kulturata na balkanskite
prostori u{te vo anti~kiot period i to~no ovde, Pelagonija,
i vo tie vremiwa i vo vekovite koi doa|aat pretstavuvala i
pretstavuva most na brojni predistoriski i istoriski zbidnu-
vawa i pojavi na civilizacii koi so svoite kulturi vr{ele
silni vlijanija vrz razvojot na etnokulturata na narodite koi
`iveele i se razvivale. Prirodna e pojavata i na hristijan-
stvoto vo Makedonija, koe kako vera i u~ewe stanuva domi-
nantno i izvr{uva koreniti izmeni vo svesta i razmisluvawata
na lu|eto. Voedno toa ovozmo`uva narodot vo Makedonija da
se razvie mnogu pobrzo i pove}e od drugite na ovie prostori
i negovi sinovi stanale misioneri i u~iteli kaj drgite sloven-
ski narodi, kako {to e slu~ajot so svetite bra}a Kiril i Me-
todij i nivnite u~enci. Tie, so svoite prevodi na Svetoto
pismo (Biblijata) i drugite bogoslu`beni knigi, so pronao-
|aweto na prvata slovenska (makedonska) azbuka glagolicata i
so neumornata borba za {irewe na hristijanstvoto na jazikot
8
Gordana FILIPOVSKA-LAZAROVSKA,
Anica \OR\IEVSKA
Gordana FILIPOVSKA-LAZAROVSKA,
Anica GORGIEVSKA
SUMMARY
Entering the period of the Middle Ages, Bitola and its surrounding had
already had long history. It is an indisputable fact that this area at the early
Middle Ages was a mob of invaders who left traces of their material culture
and disappeared. Only Slovenes managed to establish permanent colonisation
and to intrude themselves to the natives, as well as to found a settlement which
later on was mentioned as Bitola. The enigma which concerns the life and
destiny of the city of Bitola had been and still is a powerful challenge for
archaeologists to illuminate and clarify.
The initial archaeological researches had been undertaken during the pe-
riod of 1978 to 1980 at the locality of “Kale” where solid ramparts and a church
from transitional period with inscribed right-armed cross were found. According
to the type of the buildings and ceramics material they were dated as from 2/2
of IX-XI century.
Traces of living in the Middle Ages are discovered in the first settlement
levels of the central part of the antique locality “Heraklea”. On approximately
250 meters in the east direction from the excavated complex of Heraklea an
ordered necropolis was researched which has been placed over early Christian
basilica. All findings are from the end of the X-XII century.
As conclusion it has to be stressed that the mentioned modest material
reminding leads to the presentiment of a moment which glimpses from the
darkness of the events at Middle Ages of the city of Bitola. But the final state-
ment concerning the above nominated question remains to be given by the
Middle Ages Archaeology.
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 21
2 Kosta Axievski, op cit., 36. Stjepan Antoljak, Samuilovata dr`ava, Skopje 1969,
81.
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 23
6 Ibid.
7 Id., 49.
8 Plo~ata so natpisot e pronajdena vo 1956 godina pri urivaweto na ^au{-xamijata
vo Bitola, a sega se nao|a vo bitolskiot muzej: Na plo~ata pi{uva deka
“Ivan...samodr`ac búlgarom... búlgarin rodom... sin na Arona...” Stjepan An-
toljak, Srednovekovna Makedonija, Tom 1, Skopje 1985, 48.
Natpisot ima mo{ne golemo zna~ewe ne samo kako istoriski tuku i kako
lingvisti~ki spomenik, pa zatoa predizvika golem interes vo nau~nite krugovi
i stana predmet na prou~uvawe na lingvistite i istori~arite. Natpisot nau~no
prv go publikuva istaknatiot slavist i istori~ar V. Mo{in. Sp. V. Mo{in,
Bitoqska plo~a iz 1017 godine, Makedonski jazik, H½¼¼, Skopje 1966, 51-61; is-
tiot, Najstarata kirilska epigrafika, Slovenska pismenost, 1050 godi{nina na
Kliment Ohridski, Ohrid 1966, 39. Za natpisot vidi: Éordan Zaimov, Bitolski
nadpis na Ivan Vladislav, samodúr`ec búlgarski, Sofiÿ 1970, 160.
26 Ko~o Sidovski
sen voen plen na uporniot car Vasilij ¼¼, kogo Jovan Vladislav
na dvapati se obide da go izmami, za{to ni vo son nemal namera
da mu se pokori, tuku naprotiv - nego i negovata vojska na sekoj
na~in da ja istera od svojata zemja i duri navleze vo vizan-
tiskite predeli.12
Otkako bil izvesten od strategot na Dra~ za smrtta na-
Jovan Vladislav,13 Vasilij ¼¼ pobrzal da ja iskoristi novonas-
tanatata situacija. Toj vedna{ se upatil vo nov pohod kon za-
pad so cel kone~no da ja pot~ini Samuilovata dr`ava. Kaj Va-
silij ¼¼ postojano pristignuvale pratenici i upravnici na gra-
dovi, tvrdini i oblasti, koi mu ja izrazuvale svojata pokornost
i mu gi predavale svoite gradovi i tvrdini.
Na patot kon zapad na Vasilij ¼¼ mu se predal i glavniot
centar na Pelagonija - gradot Bitola. Predavaweto bilo iz-
vr{eno vo Mosinopol koga Vasilij prestojuval vo ova mesto.
Inaku, Mosinopol bila glavnata baza na Vasilij ¼¼ vo borbata
protiv Samuilovoto carstvo. Vo ova mesto pristignale pra-
tenici od Pelagonija, Morovizd i Lipqan, koi mu gi predale
svoite gradovi. Kosta Axievski smeta deka naveduvaweto na
Pelagonija zaedno so Morovizd i Lipqan, poznati srednove-
kovni gradovi, zboruva deka ovojpat nazivot e upotreben kako
oznaka za gradot Bitola, a ne za samata oblast.14
Dobrovolnoto pot~inuvawe na Bitola, bez somnenie, gi
spasilo gradot i tvrdinata od razurnuvawe. I drugite delovi
na Pelagonija po primerot na Bitola, bez otpor ja priznale
vlasta na vizantiskiot car.
So doa|aweto na Vasilij ¼¼ vo Ohrid zapo~nal posledniot
~in od kapitulacijata na makedonskata dr`ava. Tuka na vizan-
tiskiot car mu se predale caricata Marija i drugite ~lenovi
na carskata familija, a isto taka i nekoi pokrupni veliko-
SUMMARY
In the Middle Ages the name of Pelagonija was frequently used as ancient
name of the city of Bitola, and later on as geographical title for Bitola`s, i.e.
Lerin-Bitola-Prilep`s flat. Together with Prespa`s and Ohrid`s area, Pelagonija
appears to compose the core of Samoilo`s Empire. Pelagonija`s place and sig-
nificance in the history of Macedonian State was determined by the economical
potentials and military-strategic importance which was dictated by the geo-
graphical position and numerous communications that intersect it. Pelagonija
was most frequently mentioned at the beginning of the XI century during the
reign of Gavrilo Radomir and Jovan Vladislav when Radomir possessed his
own manors.
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 33
GRADÜ SÜ BÛTOLÜ
SÜGRADÜ BÛTOLÜ
THE CITY BITOLA
SUMMARY
The author in this work investigates the reading of the plaque erected in
1017 by the Care Joan Vladislav. Readers are the academician V. Moschin, J.
Zainov, B. Koneski and D. Ko~o while the plaque itself was erected as a mem-
ory of renovation of Bitola`s Middle Ages fortress. Comparing all opposed
readings, the author presents his, namely the name of the sity of Bitola, which
for the first time was mentioned in Slavic form with Slavic letter, SÜGRADÜ
BÛTOLÜ.
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 39
1 Konstantin Jiri~ek, Istorija Srba, druga kwiga, Nau~na kwiga, Beograd, 1952,
90-91.
40 Aleksandar Sterjovski
9 Velimir A. Arsi}, Crkva Sv. mu~enika Dimitrija u Bitoqu, Bitoqu, 1930, 19.
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 43
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
Bitola and its municipality participated in the initial steps of the Slavic
literacy. After the interruption caused by the Morava`s mission with the death
of Saint Metodij in 885, the pupils of brothers Kiril and Metodij, St. Kliment
and Naum Ohridski founded and affirmed the Ohrid`s School, which became
the source of new creations. In fact, the whole Kirilo-Metodij`s Glagolitic tra-
dition was transplanted in this school and was nourished for more than two
centuries after the death of St. Kliment. Its enlarged area included Bitola`s
municipality.
This work aims to show the traces of old manuscript inheritance that was
nourished in Bitola`s area through the Middle Ages in rather summarised form.
Bitola vo H i H¼ vek 55
LITERATURA
SUMMARY
Health care and health culture in Bitola and Macedonia during X and XI
century is characterised with incredible vivacity and variety of primitive and
preferential medicines which were called “le}ebni” doctrines and were in con-
stant confrontations in their struggle to provide individual domination.
People were left to the destiny mystery, religion and self-help when deal-
ing with their medical problems. In their attempts to recuperate, people were
forced to use the alredy existing ways of healing. That is why this is the period
of old Slavic national medicine which had been supplemented with findings
acquired in contacts with neighbourhooding people. It had been flavoured with
mystical and pagan beliefs which were gradually expelled by the dominant,
although not completely accepted, Christian religion which had to confront very
seriously with the newly accepted Bogomil religion which was somehow much
closer to people.
Participation of the scientific Bogomil-Byzantium medicine was very
modest and available only to the rich members of the society.
SODR@INA
*
Odgovoren urednik:
D-r Aleksandar STERJOVSKI
*
Lektor i korektor:
Stevo GAXOVSKI
*
Prevod na angliski:
Bitola niz vekovite ¼
Julijana KRSTEVSKA
Bitola niz vekovite ¼¼
Sne`ana OBEDNIKOVSKA
*
Tehni~ki urednik:
D-r Trajko OGNENOVSKI
*
Sekretar na redakcija
Gogo STERJOVSKI
*
Kompjuterska podgotovka:
Pece ILIEVSKI
*
Pe~ati:
DOO $Kosta Abra{ - Grafopak" - Ohrid
Tira`:
300 primeroci