Mike's Videos - General Chemistry Lesson Outline

Dr.
Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
Chapter 0: General and Lab Concepts Review
Lesson 1 – Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
● Atom – smallest unit of an element

● Molecule – atom bonded to at least one other atom
● Ion – atom that has lost or gained an electron
Lesson 2 - Quiz
1. Please identify each of the following as an atom, an element, an ion, a molecule, or a compound:
A. H2O
B. NH4+
C. NH3
D. H2
E. C6H12O6
F. H3O+
G. F-
H. Na
I. Ar
J. O22-
Lesson 3 – Naming Ionic Compounds
● Diatomic elements
a. H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2
● Allotropes – Elemental molecules with different formulas. i.e. O2 and O3
● Ionic compounds – metal and nonmetal (can be polyatomic too)
● Molecular compounds – two or more nonmetals
● Naming ionic compounds

1. Name the metal.
2. Write the metal’s oxidation state as a Roman numeral in parenthesis.
3. Name the nonmetal using an “ide” ending
a. Ex. Iron (II) Chloride = FeCl2
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Dr. Mike’s Gen Chem Outline
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Lesson 4 - Quiz (Pt. 1)
1. Please provide a correct name for each of the following compounds:
A. MgF2
B. FeCl3
C. SnF2
D. SnF4
E. Fe(NO3)2
F. NH4Cl
G. Al2O3
H. FeCl2
2. Please give the empirical formula for the following molecules:
A. Ammonium chloride
B. Iron (III) cyanide
C. Magnesium sulfate
D. Ammonium sulfate
3. Please name the following ionic compounds:
A. FeCO3
B. Fe(CN)3
C. MgSO4
D. Al(OH)3
E. CsNO3
F. Zn3(PO4)2
G. (NH4)2SO4
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Lesson 6 – Naming Molecular Compounds and Acids
● Naming molecular compounds

1. Give the appropriate numerical prefix to the first element
2. Name the first element using its regular name on the periodic table
3. Give the appropriate numerical prefix to the second element
4. Name the nonmetal using an “ide” ending
a. Ex. dinitrogen monoxide, N2O
● Naming binary acids
1. Hydro-
2. Insert the name of element 2, replacing “-ine” with “-ic acid”
a. Ex. hydrochloric acid, HCl
● Naming oxyacids
1. HClO – hypochlorous acid
2. HClO2 – chlorous acid
3. HClO3 – chloric acid
4. HClO4 – perchloric acid
Lesson 7 - Quiz
1. Please give the name or chemical formula for each of the following molecular compounds:
A. Tetraphosphorus hexasulfide
B. PCl3
C. Dinitrogen tetroxide
D. Cl2O3
E. SF6
2. Please give the name or chemical formula (whichever one isn’t provided) for each of the following molecular
acids:
A. HCN
B. H2SO3
C. HClO4
D. H2SO4
E. Hydroiodic acid
F. HClO3
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3. Please give the name or chemical formula (whichever one isn’t provided) for each of the following molecular
acids:
A. H3PO4
B. HNO3
C. H2CO3
D. HI
E. H3PO3
F. HNO2
G. Hydrobromic acid
Lesson 8 – Metric Units and Dimensional Analysis
A. How many seconds are in a day?
B. How many hours are in a year?
C. How many kg are there in 7×1025 μg?
D. How many sec are there in 5.2 ×1018 ns?
E. Please convert 20 km to cm.
F. If you’re going 50 miles/hour, how many feet/second are you traveling?
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A. On average, hummingbirds fly at 30 miles/hour. Convert this speed to m/s. (Note: 1 m = 3.28 feet and 1 mile
= 1.61 km.)
B. The Brooklyn Bridge is 277 feet tall. Convert this to meters. (1 m = 3.28 feet.)
C. In a vacuum, light travels at a speed of 2.998 x 108 m/s. Convert this to miles per hour. (Note: 1 mile = 1.61
km.)
A. What is the mass in kilograms of 18.5 gallons of gasoline? (Note: the density of gasoline is 0.70 g/mL.)
B. What is the density, in g/cm3, of a 1.5 kg cube whose edges are each 5 cm?
C. The density of aluminum is 2.7 g/mL. What volume (in L) would a 50.2 g sample of aluminum occupy?
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Lesson 12 – Significant Figures and Percent Error
Significant Figures
1. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant:
a. 1005 kg (four sig-figs); 7.03 cm (three sig-figs)
2. Zeroes at the start of a number are never significant:
a. 0.02 g (one sig-fig); 0.0026 cm (two sig-figs)
3. Zeroes at the end of a number are significant only if the zeroes are AFTER the decimal point:
a. 0.0200 g (three sig-figs); 3.0 cm (two sig-figs)
Precision vs. Accuracy
Percent Error Calculations
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Lesson 13 - Quiz
1. After carrying out the following operation, the reported value should have how many significant figures?
(6.943 cm – 5.81 cm) × 3.23 cm
A. 2.
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
2. Which measurement below contains 3 significant figures?

I. 0.02 cm
II. 1.32 mL
III. 0.000500 kg
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. II only
E. I, II, and III
3. Which of the following has the same number of significant figures as the number 1.00310?
A. 5 × 106
B. 299.782
C. 7.92
D. 9.234
E. 300
Lesson 14 – Lab Safety
https://bootcamp.com/blog/general-chemistry-lab-techniques-cheatsheet
Lesson 15 – Weights, Measures, and pH
https://bootcamp.com/blog/general-chemistry-lab-techniques-cheatsheet
Lesson 16 – Beer-Lambert Law
Absorbance = εcl
● ε = molar extinction coefficient (molar absorptivity)

○ Note: things that are brightly-colored have higher ε values
● c = sample’s concentration
● l = path length (distance between light source and detector in a spectrophotometer)
● Pro Tip: If you know a solution’s absorbance, you can calculate its concentration
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Lesson 2 Quiz
A: molecule, compound; B: ion; C: molecule, compound; D: molecule; E: molecule, compound; F: ion; G: ion; H: element; I: element; J: ion
Lesson 4 Quiz (Pt. 1)
Magnesium fluoride; Iron (III) chloride; Tin (II) fluoride; Tin (IV) fluoride; Iron (II) nitrate; Ammonium chloride; Aluminum oxide; Iron (II) chloride
2. NH4Cl; Fe(CN)3; MgSO4; (NH4)2SO4

3. Iron (II) carbonate; iron (III) cyanide; magnesium sulfate; aluminum hydroxide; cesium nitrate; zinc phosphate; ammonium sulfate
Lesson 7 Quiz
1. P4S6; phosphorus trichloride; N2O4; dichlorine trioxide; sulfur hexafluoride

2. hydrogen cyanide; sulfurous acid; perchloric acid; sulfuric acid; HI; chloric acid
3. phosphoric acid; nitric acid; dihydrogen carbonate/carbonic acid; hydroiodic acid; phosphorous acid; nitrous acid; HBr
86,400 seconds; 8,760 hours; 7 x 1016 kg; 5.2 x 109 seconds; 2 x 106 cm; 70 feet/second
13.4 m/s; 84.5 m; 6.704 x 108 mi/hr
49 kg; 12 g/cm3; 0.019 L
Lesson 13 Quiz
B; C; B
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Chapter 1: Stoichiometry
Lesson 1 – The Mole and Molecular Weights
1 mol = 6.022 x 1023
If you have a 150-gram sample of CrO3:
● How many moles of CrO3 do you have?
● How many oxygen atoms do you have?
● How many grams of oxygen do you have?
1. Arrange the following in order of increasing number of moles of Cl:

I. 1 g of KCl (74.6 g/mol)
II. 10 g of MgCl2 (95.2 g/mol)
III. 0.1 mol of AlCl3
A. II < I < III

B. III < I < II
C. I < II < III
D. II < III < I
E. III < II < I
2. What is the mass in grams of 2.0×105 atoms of naturally occurring potassium?

3. Hydrogenated vegetable oil is prepared by adding H2 to double bonds of unsaturated fats (one H2 per
double bond). How many double bonds are present in a molecule of adrenic acid (M = 332.5 g/mol) if 16.16g
of H2 is required to fully hydrogenate 665 g of the fat?
A. 8
B. 4
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C. 2
D. 6
E. 10
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Lesson 4 – Balancing Reactions
____CO + ____O2!"!####$%2
____CH4 + ____Cl2!"!####$$&4 + ____HCl
1. Please balance the following equations:

____NH4NO3!"!####'2 + ____O2 + ____H2O
____Al(OH)3 + ____H2SO4!"!####(&2(SO4)3 + ____H2O
2. Balance the following equations and indicate whether they are combination, decomposition, or combustion
reactions:
____C3H6 + ____O2!"!####$%2 + ____H2O
____NH4NO3!"!####'2O + ____H2O
____PbCO3!"!####)*%!+!####$%2
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Lesson 7 – Molecular Formulas and Percent Composition
Empirical vs. Molecular Formulas

1. What is the empirical formula for glucose, C6H12O6 ?
Percent Composition
1. What is the percentage of carbon in C6H12O6 ?
2. What is the percent composition of nitrogen in morphine, whose molecular formula is C17H19NO3?
3. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 17.3% H and 82.7% C?
4. If your compound’s actual molecular weight is 58.123 amu, then what is its molecular formula?
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1. The empirical formula of a compound with molecules containing 12 carbon atoms, 14 hydrogen atoms, and
6 oxygen atoms is __________.
A. C12H14O6
B. C6H7O3
C. CHO
D. CH2O
E. C2H4O
2. Calculate the percent composition, by mass, of carbon in the following compounds: (use a calculator)
● Cocaine, C17H21NO4
● Vancomycin, C55H75Cl2N9O24
3. What is the molecular formula of each of the following compounds?

● Empirical formula CH2, molar mass = 84 g/mol
● Empirical formula HCO2, molar mass = 90.0 g/mo
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4. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 12.1% C, 16.2% O, and 71.7% Cl?
A. COCl
B. COCl2
C. C2OCl
D. CO2Cl
E. ClCO4
5. Which of the following ores containing Cu (63.5 g/mol) has the highest percentage of Cu by mass? (The
molar masses are given inside the parenthesis.)
A. Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2 (183.5 g/mol)
B. Chalcocite, Cu2S (159 g/mol)
C. Covellite, CuS (95.6 g/mol)
D. Cuprite, Cu2O (143 g/mol)
E. Tenorite, CuO (79.5 g/mol
6. An ore containing gold was processed so that all of the gold is converted to AuCl3 (303 g/mol). If a 4.0 g
sample of an ore produced 3.03 g of AuCl3, what is the percentage of Au (197 g/mol) in the ore?
A. 10.0 %
B. 49.3 %
C. 75.8 %
D. 98.5 %
E. 24.6 %
Lesson 10 – Product and Reactant Amounts
How many moles of C2H6 are needed to react with excess O2 to form 22 moles of CO2 in the following reaction?
____C2H6 + ____O2!"!####$%2 + ____H2O
How many grams of C2H6 does this represent?
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Lesson 11 - Quiz
1. How many grams of CO2 (44.01 g/mol) are produced from the complete combustion of 0.25 mol of butane,
C4H10(58 g/mol)?
A. 11 g
B. 44 g
C. 22 g
D. 88 g
E. 15 g
2. How many grams of Mg (24 g/mol) are needed to react with excess HCl (36.5 g/mol) to obtain 0.90 mol of
MgCl2(95.2 g/mol) if the reaction has 90% yield? !"#$#%#&'(#)#!"'(2 + H2
A. 22 g
B. 2.4 g
C. 24 g
D. 12 g
E. 48 g
Lesson 12 – Limiting Reactants
If you react 6 grams of C2H6 (M.W. = 30 g/mol) with 9.6 grams of O2 (M.W. = 32 g/mol), which reactant will run out
first?
Under these conditions, how many grams of H2O will this reaction produce?
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Lesson 13 - Quiz
1. Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to form water:

H2 + O2#)#&2O
When the molecules in the diagram react to form the maximum amount of water, what is the limiting
reactant and how many molecules of water can be formed?
A. O2 is limiting and 8 molecules of water will be formed

B. O2 is limiting and 4 molecules of water will be formed
C. H2 is limiting and 6 molecules of water will be formed
D. H2 is limiting and 3 molecules of water will be formed
E. H2 is limiting and 12 molecules of water will be formed
2. Ammonia is a major component of household cleaner. It is synthesized industrially via the Haber-Bosch
process according to the reaction:
N2 + 3 H2#)#%#*&3
If a mixture of 14 g of N2 and 10 g of H2 produced 0.40 moles of ammonia, what is the percent yield of the
reaction?
A. 24 %
B. 20 %
C. 80 %
D. 40 %
E. 60 %
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Lesson 14 – Theoretical and Percent Yields
Suppose you react 81 grams of Al (atomic mass = 27 g/mol) with 213 grams of Cl2 (M.W. = 71 g/mol), and you obtain
133.5 grams of AlCl3, according to the following equation:
_____Al + _____Cl2!"!#####$%&%3
Please calculate:
1. The limiting reactant?
2. The theoretical yield?
3. The percent yield?
4. How many grams of the excess reagent are left over, once the reaction is completed?
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1. Iron (Fe, 55.8 g/mol) is an abundant element on Earth. An iron ore called hematite contains iron in the form
of Fe2O3 (160 g/mol). To extract the iron from hematite, the Fe2O3 is reacted with carbon monoxide
according to the reaction:
Fe2O3#$#+#',#)#%#-.#$#+#',2
How much hematite ore, which contains 64% Fe2O3 by mass, is required to produce 0.20 mol of elemental
iron?
A. 17.4 g
B. 34.9 g
C. 8.72 g
D. 25.0 g
E. 50.0 g
2. Pentane is a component of gasoline. How many liters of air, which contains 20% O2 by volume, is required to
completely combust 2.0 L of pentane?
C5H12 (g) + 8 O2#/"0#)#1#',2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)

A. 20L
B. 40L
C. 60L
D. 80L
E. 100L
3. A 6.55-gram sample of an unknown element Q reacts with excess fluorine gas to form 10.35 grams of QF4.
The unknown element is most likely which of the following?
A. P
B. S
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C. Xe
D. C
E. Te
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C; 1.3 x 10-17 g

B

2,2,1,4
2,3,1,6
2,9,6,6 – combustion
1,1,2 – decomposition
1,1,1 – decomposition

B; 67%; 50%; C6H12; H2C2O4
B; D; B
Lesson 11 Quiz
B; C
Lesson 13 Quiz
C; D
D; D
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Chapter 2: Atomic and Electronic Structure

Lesson 1 – Atomic Structure and the Bohr Model
Atomic Structure
● Mass Number = (Protons) + (Neutrons)
● Neutrons = (Mass Number) – (Protons)
Bohr Model of the Atom

● Electrons distance from their nuclei are quantized
The distance between each energy shell and the next shell above it gets smaller as you get further away from the
nucleus.
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Lesson 2 - Quiz
1. There are four isotopes of calcium. The mass numbers are 40, 42, 43, and 44.
A. Please write the complete chemical symbol (superscript and subscript) for each isotope.
B. How many neutrons are in an atom of each isotope?
C. How many neutrons, protons, and electrons are present in a 40Ca2+ ion?
2. Give the chemical symbol, with its superscripted mass number, for:
A. The element with 42 protons and 54 neutrons
B. The ion with 15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 18 electrons
C. The isotope of silver that has 61 neutrons
3. How many protons, neutrons and electrons does the 52Cr3+ ion have, respectively?
A. 24, 52, 26
B. 52, 52, 55
C. 24, 28, 26
D. 24, 28, 21
E. 24, 28, 25
4. The symbol of an ion is . Which of the following is true regarding the ion?
I. It has 92 protons.
II. It has 238 neutrons.
III. It has 88 electrons.
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IV. The element X is uranium.
A. I and II only
B. I, III and IV only
C. II and IV only
D. I and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV
Lesson 3 – Atomic Orbitals
S-orbitals
P-orbitals
D-orbitals
Lesson 4 – Quantum Numbers
# Name What Range
n principal shell (distance from nucleus) [1…infinity]
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l azimuthal subshell (type of orbital) [0…(n-1)]

l = 0 (s)
l = 1 (p)
l = 2 (d)
l = 3 (f)
ml magnetic specific orbital (orientation in [-l…+l]

space)
ms spin up or down +1/2 or -1/2
Lesson 5 – Electron Configuration
● What is the electron configuration of oxygen?
Lesson 6 - Quiz
1. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represents a valence electron in phosphorus?
A. n = 4, l = 2, ml = -2, ms = –½
B. n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +½
C. n = 3, l = 3, ml = -2, ms = –½
D. n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +½
2. Please answer each of the following:

A. For n = 4, what are the possible values of l?
B. For l = 2, what are the possible values of ml?
C. If ml is 2, what are the possible values for l?
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3. Which of the following is a possible set of quantum numbers?

A. n = 5, l = 3, ml = -2, ms = –½
B. n = 3, l = 3, ml = 0, ms = +½
C. n = 6, l = 5, ml = -2, ms = –½
D. n = 0, l = 0, ml = -1, ms = +½
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Lesson 7 – Condensed Electron Configuration, Valence, and Energy Diagrams
Condensed Electron Configuration

● What is the condensed electron configuration of bromine?
Valence Electrons
● What are bromine’s valence electrons?
● How many valence electrons does titanium have?
● When does the d-block count toward an atom’s number of valence electrons?
Energy Diagrams
● Aufbau Principle – Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first

● Hund’s Rule – Don’t pair up electrons until you have to.
● Pauli Exclusion Principle – No two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers. In
other words, no two electrons in the same atom can have the exact same address.
Lesson 8 – Electron Configuration Exceptions (Cr and Cu)
● What are the 5 exceptions you need to know, and what are their electron configurations?
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Lesson 9 – Excited Electron Configurations
● Electrons can absorb a photon and be promoted to a higher-energy shell or orbital.
Lesson 10 - Quiz
1. Which of the following electron configurations represents an element in an excited state?

A. 1s22s22p5
B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8
C. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5
E. 1s22s22p63s23p24s1
2. How many unpaired electrons are present in the +2 cobalt ion, Co2+, in its ground state?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6
3. Please indicate which element corresponds to each of the following electron configurations.
A. 1s22s22p6
B. 1s22s22p5
C. [Kr]5s14d5
D. [Ar]4s23d104p4
4. Why is each of the following electron configurations incorrect for atoms in their ground states? How could
you correct each of these?
A. 1s22s23s2
B. [Ar]3s23p3
C. [Ar]4s24d3
5. Please write the electron configuration of each of the following elements:

A. Oxygen
B. Potassium
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C. Arsenic
D. Manganese
E. Copper
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6. Please write the condensed electron configuration of each of the following elements:
A. Fr
B. Br
C. Ca
D. Zn
Lesson 11 – Paramagnetic vs. Diamagnetic
When I hear... I think... I then think...
Paramagnetic “Unpaired”-a-magnetic Attracted to magnets because it

has unpaired electrons
Diamagnetic The other one (all paired) Slightly repelled by magnets

because it has all paired
electrons
● If an element has an ODD number of electrons, then it’s paramagnetic.

● If it has an EVEN number of electrons, then it can be either paramagnetic or diamagnetic; you have to fill out
the electron configuration energy diagram to find out.
● Pro Tip: Liquid oxygen (O2) is paramagnetic, liquid nitrogen (N2) is diamagnetic.
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Lesson 12 - Quiz
1. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Mn+ ion?

I. It is paramagnetic.
II. It has five d-electrons.
III. It has 2 valence electrons.
A. I only
B. II and III only
C. II only
D. I and III only
E. I and II only
2. Which of the following are paramagnetic? (Circle all that apply.)

A. Cl
B. Pt
C. Cr3+
D. Br–
E. O
3. Which of the following would interact with a magnetic field? (Circle all that apply.)
A. Cl
B. Pt
C. Cr3+
D. Br–
E. O
Lesson 13 – Emission Spectra, Heisenberg Uncertainty, Photoelectric Effect
Heinsenberg Uncertainty
● It is impossible to determine a subatomic particle’s position and its momentum with perfect accuracy.
Photoelectric Effect
Kinetic Energyelectron = Ephoton – Φ
Φ = work function (the minimum amount of energy required to ionize the electron)
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● In order to expel an energized electron, the Kinetic Energy must be greater than zero.
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Lesson 14 - Quiz
1. Electronic transitions are accompanied by absorption or emission of light. Which electronic transition
corresponds to emission of light with the shortest wavelength?
A. 2#3#4#)#2#3#1
B. 2#3#+#)#2#3#4
C. 2#3#1#)#2#3#5
D. 2#3#%#)#2#3#+
E. 2#3#5#)#2#3#+
2. You have a photocell whose work function value equals 3 eV. If this photocell is struck with a photon that
has an energy of 2 eV, will it produce a current?
3. In the previous question, if your photocell is struck by a photon with an energy of 5 eV, what will the
resulting energy of the expelled electron be?
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Lesson 2 Quiz
1.
— 20 neutrons
— 22 neutrons
— 23 neutrons
— 24 neutrons
— 20 neutrons, 20 protons, 18 electrons
2.
3. D
4. B
Lesson 6 Quiz
1. D
2. a – l=0,1,2,3; b – ml=-2,-1,0,+1,+2; c – l=2,3
3. A
Lesson 10 Quiz
1. E
2. B
3. Ne; F; Mo; Se
4. See video (6:30)
5. See video (9:00)
6. See video (11:07)
Lesson 12 Quiz
1. E
2. A,B,C,E
3. A,B,C,E
Lesson 14 Quiz
1. B
2. No; 2 eV
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Chapter 3: Molecular Structure and Geometry

Lesson 1 – Types of Bonds and Compounds
Types of Bonds
● Ionic bonds – transfer electrons between elements with large difference in electronegativity (usually
metal with nonmetal, although polyatomic ions can be made of all nonmetals)
● Covalent bonds – sharing of electrons between two elements with similar electronegativity (between
two nonmetals).
Table of Bonds
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Lesson 2 – Lattice Energy
What is Lattice Energy?

● Lattice energy is the energy required to completely separate an ionic compound’s cations from its anions.
● NaCl(s)#)#*6+(g) + Cl–(g)
● Larger charges = larger lattice energy
● Shorter bond distance (smaller ions) = larger lattice energy
Lesson 3 – Lewis Structures
Octet Rules
● Every atom wants to feel like it has 8 electrons
● Exceptions: Hydrogen and Helium only want 2 e-, Beryllium only wants 4 e-, Boron and Aluminum want 6 e-
usually
● Third row and lower can have more than 8 electrons if needed
How to Draw Lewis Structures

1. Count the valence electrons for every atom in your formula. Add one electron to your count for each
negative charge. Subtract one electron from your count for each positive charge.
2. Write down the symbols for all the atoms in your molecule. Usually, the least electronegative atom goes
in the center. Connect each atom with a single bond, remembering that each single bond represents
two electrons.
3. Use your remaining electrons to complete everyone’s octet by adding lone-pair electrons (also called
nonbonding pairs) around each atom, leaving the central atom for last.
4. Place any leftover electrons on the central atom, even if doing so violates the octet rule.
5. If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet, form multiple bonds (like double or
triple bonds) to complete the central atom’s octet.
Lesson 4 - Quiz
1. Which of the following molecules contains a triple bond?

I. N2
II. CH3CN
III. C2H2
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. III only
E. I, II, and III
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Lesson 5 – Formal Charge and Resonance Contributor
How to Count Bonds

● Each single bond in a molecule is one σ (sigma) bond.
● All double bonds contain one σ and one π (pi) bond.
● Triple bonds contain one σ and two π bonds
Formal Charges
Formal Charge = (valence electrons) – (dots) – (bonds)
● The most stable resonance contributor:
○ Has a full octet on all atoms
○ Has more covalent bonds and fewer formal charges
○ Has negative formal charges on more electronegative atoms, if formal charges are necessary
Lesson 6 – Bond Order
● Bond order is the average length of each bond, when multiple contributors are possible.
● Count up each individual bond and divide by the total number of ‘things’ around the central atom.
Lesson 7 – Hybridization and Molecular Geometry
Electron Hybridization Bond Electron Domain Non-bonding Molecular Geometry

Domains Angles Geometry Pairs of e-
(‘things’)
2 sp 180° Linear 0 Linear
3 sp2 120° Trigonal Planar 0 Trigonal Planar
1 Bent
4 sp3 109.5° Tetrahedral 0 Tetrahedral
1 Trigonal Pyramidal
2 Bent
5 sp3d 90° Trigonal 0 Trigonal Bipyramidal

120° Bipyramidal
1 See-Saw
2 T-Shaped
3 Linear
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6 sp3d2 90° Octahedral 0 Octahedral
1 Square Pyramidal
2 Square Planar
Lesson 8 – Polarity
How to Determine Polarity

1. Draw your molecule’s Lewis structure flat on your paper and then spread out all of its groups (including
its lone pairs) as far as possible, around its central atom.
2. Draw arrows between every atom in the molecule, going from the less electronegative atom (A) to the
more electronegative atom (B) in each bond.
3. Answer the following question: “If my central atom were a truck stuck in the mud being pulled in the
directions indicated by the arrows, would the truck move?” If so, then your molecule is polar. If not,
then it’s nonpolar.
Lesson 9 - Quiz
1. Which of the following molecules would be most soluble in toluene? Which one would be the least?
A. CH3CH2CH2OH
B. CH3CH2OH
C. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
D. CH3OH
2. Predict whether each of the following molecules is polar or nonpolar:

A. CCl4
B. NH3
C. SF4
D. XeF4
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Lesson 4 Quiz
Lesson 9 Quiz
1. C, D
2. Non-polar, polar, polar, non-polar
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Chapter 4: Periodic Trends

Lesson 1 – Periodic Table and Descriptive Chemistry
Periodic Table
● Periods = rows on the periodic table
● Groups = vertical columns on the periodic table
● Elements in the same group tend to have similar chemical properties
Important Groups to Know

● Alkali metals – low ionization energies, react explosively with water, form ionic compounds
● Alkaline earth metals – low ionization energies, don’t react as violently with water
● Halogens – highly electronegative, high electron affinities, highly reactive with metals, good oxidizing agents
(they want to be reduced)
● Noble gases – inert (unreactive) gases
● Transition metals – form colorful compounds due to the way their d-orbitals behave
● Oxygen group – O2 is a good oxidizing agent, but O3 is even better oxidizing agent.
○ Likes to react with metals to form metal oxides.
Lesson 2 – Atomic Size (Radius) and Bond Lengths
Atomic Size (Radius)

● Atoms get LARGER as you go DOWN and to the LEFT (Francium is largest element)
● Why do atoms get larger as you go DOWN a group?
○ Higher energy “n” shell = larger size
● Why do atoms get smaller as you go ACROSS a period, from left to right?
○ 7#Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) = 8#9:;.
Bond Length
● The distance between the nuclei of two atoms
Bond length = (atomic radius1 + atomic radius2)
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Lesson 3 – Isoelectronic Series Sizes
Ion Sizes
● More electrons (anions) = 7#9:;.
● <.99#.(.=>?@29#/=6>:@290#3#8#9:;.
Which of the following atoms is the largest? Which one would be the smallest?
A. O
B. O–
C. O2–
D. O+
Isoelectronic Series
● Group of elements that all have the same number of electrons
● More protons = more attraction to electrons (Zeff) = smaller size atom
In the following isoelectronic series, which one would be the largest? The smallest?
A. O2–
B. F1-
C. Ne
D. Na1+
E. Mg2+
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Lesson 4 – Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
● Definition – Energy required to remove an electron from an atom
● Trend – Increases as you go UP and to the RIGHT on periodic table (Helium has highest I.E.)
Exceptions
● Beryllium has a full 2s2 subshell, and Nitrogen has half full 2p3 subshell. Takes more energy to strip these
electrons since they are relatively stable.
● Therefore, Beryllium has a higher ionization energy than Boron, and Nitrogen has a higher ionization
energy than Oxygen.
Successive Ionization Energies

● Once you remove all the valence electrons, ionization energy increases a lot
!"#)##!"+ + e- I.E. 1 = 738
Mg+##)##!"2+ + e- I.E. 2 = 1451

Mg2+##)##!"3+ + e- I.E. 3 = 7733
Lesson 5 – Electronegativity and Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
● Definition – How ‘thirsty’ an atom is for electrons
● Trend – Increases as you go UP and to the RIGHT (Fluorine is most electronegative)
○ Note: Noble gases are excluded from this trend, they have a full octet already
Electron Affinity
● Definition – the energy given off when an atom gains an electron. Opposite of ionization energy.
○ Tip: Electron affinity is an exothermic reaction
● Trend – Increases as you go UP and to the RIGHT (Chlorine has highest electron affinity).
Summary of Periodic Trends
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Chapter 5: Gases
Lesson 1 – Temperature, Volume, and Pressure (Gases)
Temperature
K = °C + 273
Volume
Liters, 1cm3 = 1mL = 1cc
Pressure
Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the side of a container
P = F/A
1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg
Lesson 2 – How to Measure Gas Pressure in a Lab
Mercury Manometer
The unknown gas pushes down the tube of mercury by 40mm. What is the pressure of
the gas, assuming we are at sea level?
Lesson 3 – Kinetic Molecular Theory and Ideal Gas Assumptions
Ideal Gas Assumptions

1. The volume or size of each individual gas molecule is insignificant.
a. Most accurate at low pressures
2. Gas molecules’ collisions with each other are perfectly elastic. No intermolecular forces.
a. Most accurate at high temperatures, and low IM forces
3. The average kinetic energy of a gas depends only on the system’s temperature.
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● Gases behave most ideally under LOW pressures and HIGH temperatures.
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Lesson 4 – Combined Gas Law, Ideal Gas Law
Gas Laws
1. A flask contains 2.0 mol of He gas at 25°C and 1.00 atm. How much He gas, in grams, must be added
to increase the pressure to 2.00 atm at constant temperature and volume?
2. A 0.02 mol sample of an ideal gas in a sealed 1.0 L container was heated from 27 °C to 227°C. What is
the pressure of the gas at this new temperature?
3. Consider the gaseous reaction: A(g) + B(g) )#AB(g)

A mixture of 0.04 mole of gas A and 0.1 mole of gas B was allowed to react at 300 K in a 1 L sealed
container. At the end of the reaction, what is the total pressure of the mixture? (The temperature and
volume remain constant during the reaction.)
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Lesson 5 – Gas Density, Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures, Graham’s Law of Effusion
Gas Density
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
Graham’s Law of Effusion
Lesson 6 – Real Gases
● A real gas is most likely to exhibit ideal gas behavior at high temperature and low pressure.
○ High Temperature: At high temperatures, molecules have high kinetic energy. Increased kinetic
energy reduces the influence of intermolecular forces, creating more elastic collisions.
○ Low Pressure: At low pressure, the total volume of a gas is high. As the volume of gas
increases (as pressure decreases, volume increases), the size of each individual gas molecule
relative to the elevated gas volume becomes less significant.
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Chapter 6: Liquids and Solids

Lesson 1 – Types of Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
● Ion-dipole – Intermolecular force between ions and polar substances (NaCl in water)
● Hydrogen Bonding – N-H, F-H, O-H bond in a pure substance.
● Dipole-dipole – Intermolecular force between polar molecules
● London Dispersion Forces (Van der Waals) – Intermolecular force between all molecules
○ Temporary dipole, includes polar and nonpolar molecules
○ The greater the weight, the greater the London dispersion forces
Lesson 2 – Effects of Intermolecular Forces
Higher Intermolecular Forces Lead to:

● Higher Boiling Point
● Higher Heat of Vaporization
● Higher Viscosity
● Higher Surface Tensions
● LOWER Vapor Pressure
Lesson 3 – Structures of Solids
Types of Solids
Cubic Unit Cells

1. Simple Cubic – 1 atom per unit cell. Atoms at corners of the unit cell.
2. Body-Centered Cubic – 2 atoms per unit cell. Atoms at corners and body center of unit cell.
3. Face-Centered Cubic – 4 atoms per unit cell. Atoms at corners and face centers of unit cell.
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Lesson 4 – Phase Changes
Lesson 5 – Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point
● Boiling Point – when the vapor pressure = external pressure
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Lesson 6 – Phase Diagrams
Identify
- Lines of equilibrium
- Triple point
- Critical point
- Normal melting and boiling point
Lesson 7 – Phase Diagram of Water
Water has a negative solid-liquid line of equilibrium slope
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Chapter 7: Chemical Solutions

Lesson 1 – Solubility in Polar and Nonpolar Compounds
How to Determine Polarity

1. Draw your molecule’s Lewis structure flat on your paper and then spread out all of its groups
(including its lone pairs) as far as possible, around its central atom.
2. Draw arrows between every atom in the molecule, going from the less electronegative atom (A) to the
more electronegative atom (B) in each bond.
3. Answer the following question: “If my central atom were a truck stuck in the mud being pulled in the
directions indicated by the arrows, would the truck move?”
“Like Dissolves Like”
Examples
Which of the following, when added to carbon tetrachloride, will form a miscible solution?
A. Hexane
B. Water
C. Propane
D. Ethyl acetate
Arrange the following alcohols in order of INCREASING solubility in water.

A. methanol, CH3OH
B. ethanol, CH3CH2OH
C. n-propanol, CH3CH2CH2OH
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Lesson 2 – How to Calculate Concentration
Vocabulary
● Solution – a uniform mixture of two or more substances
● Solvent – the substance in a solution that is present in a larger amount
● Solute – the substance in a solution that is present in a smaller amount
● Unsaturated – less than the maximum amount of a solute is dissolved in a solvent
● Saturated – the maximum amount of a solute is dissolved in a solvent
Concentration
Example
You have 2.0 L of 0.5 M NaCl. How many grams of NaCl do you have?
Example
What mass (in grams) of MnSO4 (150 g/mol) is required to prepare a 5.0 m manganese sulfate solution with 500 g of
water?
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Lesson 3 – Solubility Rules
Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water

1. Most Group 1 metal cations, NO3-, ClO4-, C2H3O2-, and NH4+ salts are soluble.
2. Most Ag+, Pb2+, S2-, OH-, Hg22+, CO32-, and PO43- salts are insoluble.
3. The solubles generally trump the insolubles.
Predict if the following are soluble or insoluble in water:

a. AgNO3 e. (NH4)2CO3
b. AgCl f. HgCl2
c. PbI2 g. AlPO4
d. Na2CO3 h. MgS
i. Zn(CH3COO)2
Lesson 4 – Net Ionic Equations
To generate a net ionic equation:

1. Balance the chemical equation.
2. Use your solubility-rule knowledge to label everything as (s), (l), (g) or (aq).
3. Cut all the (aq)’s “in half,” separating their cations from their anions.
4. Cancel out all the species that are exactly the same on both sides. The canceled-out species are called
spectator ions.
Example
NH4I + Pb(NO3)2#)
- Predict the products
- Total ionic equation
- Net ionic equation
- Spectator ions
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Lesson 5 – Solubility of Gases and Solids, Henry’s Law
Solubility of Solids and Gases

1. Solids are more soluble at higher temperatures (melting sugar in hot coffee)
2. Gases are less soluble at higher temperatures (more energy helps them escape the liquid)
3. Gases are more soluble at higher pressures (more pressure forces gas into the liquid)
Henry’s Law
PA = kH[A]
Example
Nitrogen gas’ solubility at ambient temperature and 1 atm of pressure is 6.8 × 10-4 mol/L. If the pressure of nitrogen
gas in the air is reduced to 0.5 atm, then what is its new concentration?
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Lesson 6 – Colligative Properties
Freezing Point Depression
Boiling Point Elevation
Examples
Which of the following solutes would decrease water’s freezing point by the greatest amount, per mole of solute
added?
A. NaCl
B. NH4NO3
C. NH4Cl
D. Na2SO4
E. Sucrose
Which of the following solutes would change water’s boiling point by the greatest amount, per mole of solute
added?
A. 1.2 m C6H12O6
B. 0.8 m Ca(NO3)2
C. 1.0 m KCl
If you have a 1.0 m aqueous solution of NaCl, by how much will it increase the water’s boiling point, if KB = 0.512
⁰C/m? In other words, what is the boiling point elevation (increase)?
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Lesson 7 – Raoult’s Law
Vapor pressure depression
What is the vapor pressure of a solution that contains hexane dissolved in dichloromethane, where the mole
fraction of the dichloromethane is 0.8? (The vapor pressure of pure hexane is 130mmHg, while that of
dichloromethane is 540 mmHg.)
A. 108 mmHg
B. 350 mmHg
C. 26 mmHg
D. 458 mmHg
E. 432 mmHg
Lesson 8 – Osmosis
Π = 𝑖𝑀𝑅𝑇
Example
Arrange the following aqueous solutions in order of
decreasing osmotic pressure.
A. 0.20 M KCl
B. 0.30 M urea
C. 0.50 M sucrose
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Chapter 8: Chemical Kinetics

Lesson 1 – Relative Rate Expressions
● Chemical Kinetics – is the study of how fast reactions occur, or reaction rate
● Thermodynamics – tells us if a reaction will even happen, but not how fast it’ll happen
Rate Expressions
2N2O5#)#5*,2 + O2
If O2 is being produced at a rate of 2 M/s, how fast is NO2 being produced?
If O2 is being produced at a rate of 2 M/s, what is the rate of change of N2O5?
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Lesson 2 – Rate Laws and Constants
Rate Laws
,A.?6((#?.6=>:@2B#C#$#D#)#'#$#E########## ?6>.#3#FGCHm[B]n
● Products do not appear in the rate law
● k is the rate constant
● ‘m’ and ‘n’ have to be determined experimentally. They are not the coefficients in the balanced rxn.
● ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the reaction orders. A reaction’s overall reaction order is m+n.
Rate Constant
0 order units of k = M1•s-1
1st order units of k = s-1
2nd order units of k = M-1•s-1
3rd order units of k = M-2•s-1
,A.?6((#I.6=>:@2B#%C#$#D#)#'
[A]initial (M) [B]initial (M) Initial rate (M/s)
Trial 1 0.10 0.3 0.01
Trial 2 0.20 0.3 0.04
Trial 3 0.10 0.6 0.02
What is the rate law for this reaction?
What is the overall reaction order?
What is the reaction’s rate constant (units)?

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Lesson 3 – Integrated Rate Laws
Units for Y-Axis of Integrated Rate Law

● zero-order = [concentration]
● first-order = ln [concentration]
● second order = 1 / [concentration]
Integrated Rate Law Graphs
Concentration [X] vs. Time Graphs
Rate
Order Integrated Rate Law Graph Slope Half-life
Constant
[𝐴]0
0 [𝐴]! = −𝑘𝑡 + [𝐴]0 [A]t vs. t -k M1•s-1 𝑡1/2 =
2𝑘
𝑙𝑛(2)
1st 𝑙𝑛[𝐴]! = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛[𝐴]0 ln[A]t vs. t -k s-1 𝑡1/2 =
𝑘
1 1 1 1
2nd = 𝑘𝑡 + vs. t k M-1•s-1 𝑡1/2 =
[𝐴]" [𝐴]0 [$]" 𝑘[𝐴]0
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Lesson 4 – Reaction Coordinate Diagrams
Identify in each:
1. ΔH (exothermic or endothermic)
2. Ea
3. Transition states (activated complex)
4. Intermediates
5. Rate-determining step (slow step)
Lesson 5 – Catalysts
1. Speed up a reaction without being consumed in the process

2. Works by lowering the activation energy
3. Provides an alternate pathway (different mechanism) between reactants and products
4. Does NOT shift equilibrium, you just reach equilibrium faster.
Lesson 6 – Collision Theory and Arrhenius Equation
Collision Theory
1. Both molecules must collide*
2. Both must collide with enough energy*
3. Both must collide in the correct 3D orientation
*Increasing the temperature increases collision frequency and percentage of high energy collisions
Arrhenius Equation
k = Ae-Ea/RT
7#J#3#7#F#3#7#?6>.
8#Ka 3#7#F#3#7#?6>.
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Lesson 7 – Reaction Mechanisms
● Intermediates – are produced in the middle of the reaction and get used up before the end.
● Rate law – rate = k × (concentration of each reactant in the slow step, multiplied by each other).
● Overall reaction – add up the elementary steps and cancel out intermediates.
Lesson 8 - Quiz
1. A certain chemical reaction has the following elementary steps:

##################### C##$##D#)##D2 (slow step)
B2###$##'#)##E#/L69>#9>.M0#
A. What is the intermediate?
B. What is the overall rate law?
C. What is the overall reaction?
2. Use the graph to determine the following:

A. What are the elementary steps?
B. What is/are the intermediates?
C. What is the overall rate law?
D. What is the overall reaction?
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Lesson 8 Quiz
1. B2; 2. Rate=k[A][B]; 3. A+B+C->D

1. A+B->B+C(slow), B+C->D; 2. C; 3. Rate=k[A][B]; 4. A+B->D
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Chapter 9: Chemical Equilibria
Lesson 1 – Dynamic Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constants
● Dynamic equilibrium: Forward Rate = Reverse Rate
Equilibrium Constant
● Only aqueous or gaseous are included in equilibrium expression

● Only a change in TEMPERATURE can change equilibrium constant k
N2(g) + 3H2(g)#N#%*&3(g)
1. What is the rate constant expression in terms of concentration, KC?
2. What is the rate constant expression in terms of pressure, KP?
3. If KC = 10, then what is KC for the reverse reaction, 2NH3#N#*2 + 3H2?
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Lesson 2 – Reaction Quotient (Q vs. K)
Keq Meaning
K more than 1 Products favored at eq.
K less than 1 Reactants favored at eq.
Q Result
Q is less than K Shift right (products)
Q is greater than K Shift left (reactants)
Q=K At equilibrium
Lesson 3 – Quiz
2SO2 + O2#N#%O,3 KC = 2.8 × 102

Which side of the reaction is favored?
Is the following mixture at equilibrium?

[SO3] = 230 M; [O2] = 6 M; [SO2] = 3 M
Which direction does it need to move to achieve equilibrium?
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Lesson 4 – Le Chatelier’s Principle
● Le Chatelier’s Principle – If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, then it will shift in whichever direction it
has to, to restore equilibrium.
Changing Concentrations (Only Gaseous/Aqueous Compounds!)
N2O4#/"0#N#%#*,2 (g)
In which direction will the reaction shift to restore equilibrium if:
● N2O4 is removed?
● NO2 is removed?
● N2O4 is added?
● NO2 is added?
Changing Temperature (Exothermic/Endothermic)
H2 (g) + F2#/"0#N#%&-#/"0## P&#3#Q1R+S%#FT
In which direction will the reaction shift to restore equilibrium if:
● We remove heat?
● We add heat?
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Changing Volume and/or Pressure
H2'3,#/"0#$#&'(#/"0#N#&3'U,U'(#/"0# # P&#3#$%1V#FT
In which direction will the equilibrium shift when:
● If we remove or add heat?
● The pressure is increased by adding N2(g)?
● The volume is increased?
● The volume is decreased?
● The pressure is decreased?
Lesson 5 - Quiz
C(s) + 2 H2(g)##N#'&4(g) # P&#3#QR1SW#FT
In which direction will the equilibrium shift when:
● The temperature is increased?
● The temperature is decreased?
● Pressure is increased by adding an inert gas?
● Volume is increased?
● A catalyst is added?
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Lesson 6 – Equilibrium Calculations with ICE Table
A(g) + B(g)#N#'(g) Kc = 2.0 × 10-3

[A] = 2.0 M; [B] = 0.5 M
What are the concentrations of A, B, and C once the reaction reaches equilibrium?
Lesson 7 - Quiz
A(g) + B(g)#N#%'(g) Kc = 5.0 × 10-4

[A] = 1.0 M, [B] = 1.0 M
What are the concentrations of A, B, and C once the reaction reaches equilibrium?
HA(g)#N#&+(g) + A–(g)
KC = 4.0 × 10-5 [HA] = 0.1 M
What is the equilibrium concentration of H+?
Lesson 8 – Calculating Ksp and Molar Solubility
1. Write out the balanced chemical equation

2. Write out the equilibrium expression, Ksp
3. Solve for whatever is missing
Molar Solubility
What is the molar solubility of PbCl2? (Ksp is 2.5 x 10-4)
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Calculating Ksp
When dissolved in water at a certain temperature, a certain ionic compound A2B is found to have a solubility of
2 x 10-6 M. What is the Ksp of this compound?
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Lesson 9 – Common Ion Effect and Precipitation
Common Ion Effect

0.50 M HCl is added to a solution of PbCl2. What is the new molar solubility of PbCl2? (Ksp = 2.5 x 10-4)
Precipitation
1×10-2 M Cu(NO3)2 was added to NaIO3 to a final concentration of 6.0×10-3. Does a precipitate form?
(Ksp of Cu(IO3)2 = 3.6 × 10-6)
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Lesson 3 Quiz
Right side; No; Left
Lesson 5 Quiz
Left; Right; No shift; Left; No shift
Lesson 7 Quiz
1.[A]=1.0,[B]=1.0,[C]=2.2×10-2
2.[H+]=2×10-3
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Chapter 10: Acid-Base Equilibria and Titrations

Lesson 1 – Acid Definitions and Conjugate Acid/Base Pairs
Acid-Base Definitions
Arrhenius Bronsted-Lowry Lewis
Acid H+ donor in water H+ donor Electron acceptor
Base OH- donor in water H+ acceptor Electron donors
● Amphiprotic – describes a substance that can act as both a proton acceptor and donor (Arrhenius and
Bronsted)
● Amphoteric – describes a substance that can act as both an acid and a base (Lewis Acids too)
Autoionization of Water
2H2O(l)#N#&3O+(aq) + OH-(aq) Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1 × 10-14 at 25°C
Lesson 2 - Quiz
Conjugate Acid / Base Pairs
Conjugate Acid Conjugate Base
HSO4-1
NO3-1
H3O+
HSO4-1
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Lesson 3 – Strong Acids and Bases
Strong acids/bases dissociate completely in water
Strong Acids Strong Bases
HI Group 1 metal hydroxides
HBr Mg(OH)2
HCl Ca(OH)2
HClO3 Sr(OH)2
HClO4 Ba(OH)2
H2SO4
HNO3
Lesson 4 – Trends in Acid Strength
Binary Acid Trend (HCl, HBr, HI)
Oxoacid Trends (HClO3, HBrO4)

1. The more oxygens you have, the more acidic due to resonance (HClO4 > HClO3)
2. If the number of oxygens is the same, the more electronegative heteroatom, the more acidic (HClO4 >
HBrO4)
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Lesson 5 – pH and pOH Calculations
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Lesson 6 - Quiz
[H+] pH [OH-] pOH
1x10-3 M
3.5x10-4 M
1. What are the approximate pH and pOH values of an aqueous solution of 1.0 × 10-3 M HBr?
2. If a solution has a pH of 2.0, what are [H+] and [OH–]?
3. Approximate the following pH values:

A. 0.01 M HCl
B. 0.01 M H2SO4
C. 0.00320 M HNO3
D. 1 × 10-11 M HBr
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E. 0.01 M KOH
F. 0.01 M Ba(OH)2
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Lesson 7 – Weak Acids and Bases
pKA = -log[KA] pKB = -log[KB]
KW = 1.0 x 10-14 = [H+][OH-] = KA x KB
pKA + pKB = 14
Larger KA = smaller pKA = stronger acid

Larger KB = smaller pKB = stronger base
Lesson 8 - Quiz
1. What is the approximate pH of a 0.005 M solution of HF (KA = 5.0 ×10-4)?
2. What is the approximate pH of a 0.02 M solution of NaF (the KA of HF is 5.0 ×10-4)?
3. What is the approximate pH of a solution that is 0.02 M HF (KA = 5.0 ×10-4) and 0.02 M NaF?
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Lesson 9 – Neutralization Reactions and Normality
nAMAVA = nBMBVB
Calculate the following:

How many liters of 1.0 M HCl do you need to neutralize 2.0 L of 3.0 M NaOH?
How many liters of 1.0 M HCl do you need to neutralize 1.5 L of 3.0 M Ca(OH)2?
How many liters of 1.0 N H2SO4 do you need to neutralize 1.5 liters of 3.0 N Sr(OH)2?
How many liters of 1.0 M H2SO4 do you need to neutralize 1.5 liters of 3.0 M Sr(OH)2?
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Lesson 10 – Hydrolysis of Salts
Neutral Cations Neutral Anions
Group 1 metals Cl-
Group 2 metals Br-
Metals with +1 charge I-
NO3-
ClO4-
ClO3-
Label the following as acidic, basic, or neutral:
● NH4I
● NaNO3
● KF
● ZnCl2
● Al(NO3)3
Which of the following could you add to increase the solubility of CaF2?
A. Ca(OH)2
B. NaNO3
C. KF
D. HCl
E. KNO3
Which of the following could you add to increase the solubility of NH4Cl? (More than one may be correct)
A. Ca(OH)2
B. NaNO3
C. KF
D. HCl
E. KNO3
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Lesson 11 – Buffers and Henderson-Hasselbalch
● Buffer – is a solution that resists pH change. It is made from a weak conjugate acid/conjugate base pair.
Please identify the missing pKA values. Then determine which of the listed acids could be used to prepare a
buffer with a pH of 9.0.
Acid Ka pKa
CH3CH2COOH 1.3 x 10-5
HCOOH 1.8 x 10-4
HNO2 4.0 x 10-4
HCN 6.0 x 10-10
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Lesson 12 - Quiz
1. Which of the following substances could be combined to form a buffer solution?

A. KI, HI
B. KBr, HBr
C. CuCl, HCl
D. NaI, HI
E. NaCH3COO, CH3COOH
2. HF has a pKa of 3.2. What is the pH of a solution comprised of 0.1 M HF and 0.1 M NaF?
3. What is the pH of a solution comprised of 1.0 M HF (pKa = 3.2) and 0.1 M NaF?
4. What is the pH of a solution comprised of 0.1 M HF (pKa = 3.2) and 10 M NaF?
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Lesson 13 – Titrations
Type of Titration Example Salt Formed pH at Equivalence

(Acidic/Basic) Point
Strong Acid/Strong Base HCl + NaOH NaCl (neutral) 7
Weak Acid/Strong Base HF + NaOH NaF (basic) greater than 7
Weak Base/Strong Acid NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (acidic) less than 7
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Lesson 14 - Quiz
1. What will the pH at the equivalence point be for each of the following titrations?
A. HCl + NaOH
B. HF + NaOH
C. NH3 + HCl
2. For a generic diprotic acid H2A, whose titration curve is shown

here:
A. What are the values of pKa1 and pKa2?
B. Which molecule predominates:

■ When pH < pKa1?
■ When pKa1 < pH < pKa2?
■ When pH > pKa2?
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Lesson 2 - Quiz
H2SO4; HNO3; H2O; SO42-
Lesson 6 Quiz – pH and pOH Calculations
pH = 3; pOH = 11
[H+]=1×10-2; [-OH]=1×10-12
– 0.01 M HCl=2
– 0.01 M H2SO4=<2
– 0.00320 M HNO3=<3
– 1×10-11 M HBr=~7
– 0.01 M KOH=12
– 0.01 M Ba(OH)2 = > 12
Lesson 8 Quiz
< 3.5; > 7.5; < 4
Lesson 12 Quiz
E; 3.2; 2.2; 5.2
Lesson 14 Quiz
pH=7; pH>7; pH<7

pKa1~7.0; pKa2 ~9.0
H2A; HA–; A2-
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Chapter 11: Thermodynamics and Thermochemistry

Lesson 1 – Laws of Thermodynamics and Definitions
Definitions
● State Function – a function that only depends on the initial and final states of the system, not how it got
there. Almost everything in thermodynamics is a state function, except work (w) and heat (q).
● System – The chemical reaction we are examining
● Surroundings – Everything else around it.
Laws of Thermodynamics
1. (Conservation of Energy) - Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted from one form to
another.
2. (Entropy increase) - The combined change in entropy of a system and its surroundings (the “universe”) must
be positive
3. (Perfect crystal at 0K = 0 entropy) - For a perfect crystal that’s been cooled to 0 K (–273 °C, called absolute
zero), its entropy approaches zero.
Lesson 2 – Enthalpy
● Enthalpy – the amount of heat-energy a substance contains

● Exothermic – a process that gives off heat to its surroundings (negative ΔH). They feel hot to the touch.
● Endothermic – a process that consumes heat from its surroundings (positive ΔH). They feel cold to the touch.
● O@(:X#)#<:YZ:X#)#[69#3#K2X@>\.?]:=
● [69#)#<:YZ:X#)#O@(:X#3#K^@>\.?]:=
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Lesson 3 – Enthalpies of Formation
● Enthalpy of Formation – the ΔH of a chemical reaction forming one mole of a single substance from its parent
elements in their standard states.
ΔHrxn = ΣnHproducts – ΣnHreactants
Standard States
The enthalpy of formation of any element in its standard state is 0.
Examples: Noble gases, H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, Hg, C(graphite), S8
Example
Using the information in the table, calculate the ΔHrxn for the following reaction:
C2H5OH(g) + 3O2#)#%',2 + 3H2O(g) ΔH° = ?
ΔHf° (kJ/mol)
C2H5OH(g) -200
CO2 -400
H2O(g) -250
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Lesson 4 – Thermodynamic Equations
ΔE = q + w
w = -PΔV
+q (endothermic) Heat is transferred to the system (from the surroundings)
–q (exothermic) Heat is transferred to the surroundings (from the system)
+w The surroundings do work on the system (compression)
–w The system does work on the surroundings (expansion)
Lesson 5 – Heat Transfer and Calorimetry
Heat Transfer
● Conduction – heat transfer due to direct contact via molecular agitation within a material
● Convection – heat transfer due to the motion of a fluid
● Radiation – heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation
Calorimetry
Bomb calorimeter
q = –CcalorimeterΔT
Ccalorimeter = the calorimeter’s specific heat
Example
A bomb calorimeter with a heat capacity of 2000 cal/°C is used to measure a banana’s heat content (calories).
During the banana’s combustion, the temperature changed from 15 °C to 20 °C. What is this banana’s q?
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Lesson 6 – Heat Curves
q = mCΔT
q = (m)(ΔHfusion)
q = (m)(ΔHvaporization)
C = specific heat
Lesson 7 - Quiz
1. How much energy is required to increase the temperature of 36.0 g of H2O from –20 °C to 50 °C, keeping in
mind the following:
Cice#_#%SWW#T`"#a#'# #############
Cliquid water _#5SWW#T`"#a#'## ###########

ΔHfusion _#VWWW#T`]@(
2. What is the final temperature (Tfinal) of a 10.0 g ingot of silver that starts at 120 °C and is placed in 20.0 g
of liquid H2O at 40 °C, keeping in mind the following:
Csolid silver#_#WS%1#T`"#a#'#
Cliquid water#_#5SWW#T`"#a#'
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Lesson 8 – Entropy
● Entropy – A measure of how disordered something is.
Ssolid < Sliquid < Sgas
ΔS = ΣnSproducts – ΣnSreactants
Predicting ΔS for Reactions
ΔSrxn > 0 Sublimation, vaporization, fusion (going from solid to liquid to gas)
ΔSrxn > 0 Increase in number of moles of gas
ΔSrxn > 0 9@(:X#)#6YZ.@Z9
Example
Indicate if each of the following reactions or processes will have a positive or negative ΔS, and if they are
entropically favorable or entropically unfavorable:
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)#)#+',2(g) + 4H2O(g)
NaCl(s)#)#*6'((aq)
2NO2(g)#)#*2O4(g)
BaF2(s)#)#D62+(aq) + 2F–(aq)
Lesson 9 – Hess’s Law
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)#)#',2(g) + 2H2O(g)

ΔH° = ?
C(s) + O2(g)#)#',2(g) ΔH° = -394 kJ
Bootcamp.com 93
C(s) + 2H2(g) )#'&4(g) ΔH° = -75 kJ

ΔH° = -572 kJ
2H2(g) + O2(g) )#%&2O(l)
ΔH° = +44 kJ
H2O(l)#)#&2O(g)
Bootcamp.com 94
Lesson 10 - Quiz
Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(g)#)#'6'(2(s) + 2H2O(l)

ΔH° = ?
Ca(s) + H2(g) + O2(g)#)#'6/,&02(s) ΔH° = –986 kJ

ΔH° = –92 kJ
½ H2(g) + ½ Cl2(g)#)#&'((g)
ΔH° = –796 kJ
Ca(s) + Cl2(g)##)##'6'(2(s) ΔH° = –286 kJ
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)#)#&2O(l)
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Lesson 11 – Bond Dissociation Energy
● Making bonds = exothermic

● Breaking bonds = endothermic
ΔH = ΔHbonds broken – ΔHbonds formed = ΔHreactants - ΔHproducts
Given the following enthalpy data, what is the ΔHrxn for the following reaction?
2H2(g) + O2(g) )#%&2O(g)
ΔH = ?
Bond ΔHbond
H–H 400 kJ
O=O 500 kJ
H–O 450 kJ
Given the following enthalpy data, what is the ΔHrxn for the following reaction?
n-propane(g)#$#@^b".2#"69#)#=6?c@2#X:@^:X.(g) + water(g)
ΔH = ?
Bond ΔHbond
C–H 410 kJ
C–C 350 kJ
O=O 500 kJ
C=O 800 kJ
H–O 450 kJ
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Bootcamp.com 97
Lesson 12 – Gibbs Free Energy
Gibbs free energy – a measure of spontaneity
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
ΔH° ΔS° –TΔS° Reaction
– + – Spontaneous at all temperatures
+ – + Non-spontaneous at all temperatures
– – + Spontaneous at low temperatures
+ + – Spontaneous at high temperatures
Bootcamp.com 98
Lesson 13 - Quiz
1. Based on your experience with the following physical transformation (the melting of ice): H2O(s)#)#&2O(l)
A. Is ΔH for this phase change positive or negative at room temperature (25 °C)?
B. Is ΔS for this phase change positive or negative?
C. Considering your answers to the previous questions, does this phase change occur spontaneously at
room temperature? Is its ΔG positive or negative?
D. What could you do to make it nonspontaneous?
2. What can be said about a reaction that is known to be accompanied by an increase in entropy?
A. The Gibbs free energy change of the reaction has a negative value at all temperatures.
B. The reaction will be spontaneous at all temperatures.
C. The reaction will be spontaneous above a certain temperature.
D. The reaction will be spontaneous below a certain temperature.
E. The reaction is spontaneous only at 25 °C.
Lesson 14 – Relating Gibbs Free Energy and K
ΔG = ΔG°+ RTlnQ
ΔG° = -RTlnKeq
ΔG° Keq Significance
negative K>1 Reaction is spontaneous (products favored)
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positive K<1 Reaction is nonspontaneous (reactants favored)
zero K=1 reactants and products equally favored
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Lesson 7 Quiz
20.64 kJ; 42°C
Lesson 10 Quiz
-198 kJ
Lesson 13 Quiz
positive; positive; negative; make T smaller; C
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Chapter 12: Electrochemistry and Oxidation-

Reduction Reactions
Lesson 1 – Electrochemical Vocabulary
LEO the lion says GER

OIL RIG
● Oxidation – loss of electrons

● Reduction – gain of electrons
● Oxidizing Agent (Oxidant) – what is reduced

● Reducing Agent (Reductant) – what is oxidized
● Anode – site of oxidation

● Cathode – site of reduction
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Lesson 2 – Oxidation States
1. Elements in their elemental form are zero oxidation state (Ex. Na, He, O2, H2, N2, P4, S8, O3 = 0 oxidation
state).
2. Group 1 metals are +1, Group 2 metals are +2 in compounds.
3. Hydrogen is +1 when bonded to nonmetals and –1 when bonded to metals.
4. Transition elements’ oxidation numbers must be determined from the other elements in the compound.
5. The most electronegative atoms get their typical oxidation state.
6. When assigning oxidation numbers, the last element assigned gets whatever number balances the charge
for the entire compound.
Example
1. Assign oxidation states for all of the atoms to the following:
● Al2O3
● Na2SO3
● H2O2
● C2H3O21-
2. For the following chemical reaction please assign the oxidation state for each element on both sides
of the equation. Then answer the following questions: Ba(s) + Cl2(g)#)#D6'(2(s)
Which reactant gets oxidized? What is the reducing agent?
Which reactant gets reduced? What is the oxidizing agent?
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Lesson 3 – Balancing Redox Reactions
Balancing Under Acidic Conditions

1. Identify what is getting oxidized and what is getting reduced.
2. Separate the oxidation reaction from the reduction reaction. (These two reactions you’ve now written are
called half-reactions)
3. Balance all the atoms that are NOT oxygen or hydrogen.
4. Balance oxygen atoms by adding H2O to whichever side is needed.
5. Balance hydrogen atoms by adding H+ to whichever side is needed.
6. Add e– wherever necessary, to balance the charge on each side of the equation.
7. As needed, add integers to your half-reactions to make the number of moles of e– equal in each of your half-
reactions. This final, balanced number of e– is the number of overall electrons-per-mole that get transferred
in this particular redox reaction.
Balancing Under Basic Conditions

1. First, follow the same steps as for acidic conditions.
2. For each H+ you added to your half-reactions, now add the same number of OH–’s to both sides of the
equation. Now, wherever an H+ and an OH– appear on the same side of an equation, combine them to form
H2O’s. Eliminate excess H2O.
3. Add e– wherever necessary, to balance the charge on each side of the equation.
4. As needed, add integers to your half-reactions to make the number of moles of e– equal in each of your half-
reactions. This final, balanced number of e– is the number of overall electrons-per-mole that get transferred
in this particular redox reaction.
Lesson 4 - Quiz
1. How many electrons are transferred in this reaction?

Cr(C2H3O2)3 + Zn(s)#)#'?(s) + ZnSO4
2. Please balance the following redox reaction under acidic conditions and find the number of e- transferred:
MnO41-(aq) + Cl-#)#!2,2(aq) + Cl2(l)
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3. Please balance the following redox reaction under basic conditions and find the number of e- transferred:
MnO41-(aq) + Cl-#)#!2,2(aq) + Cl2(l)
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Lesson 5 – Voltaic Cells
Voltaic (Galvanic) Cells
Spontaneous (–ΔG, +Ecell)
Produce electricity (batteries)
C2@X./Q0#)#=6>\@X./$0
1. Anode = always site of oxidation

2. Cathode = always site of reduction
3. Electrons always flow from anode to cathode
4. In voltaic/galvanic cells, the anode is negative and the cathode is positive
5. In electrolytic cells, the anode is positive and the cathode is negative
6. The salt bridge lets counter anions flow into the anode, and cations to the cathode
7. The anode metal loses mass, while the cathode metal gains mass
Example
Using the diagram to the right for the following reaction in a galvanic cell, please indicate or answer each of the
following:
Zn + CuSO4#)#'Z#$#d2O,4
● Identify the elements being oxidized and reduced.
● What flows through the wire?
● What flows through the salt bridge?
● Label the flow of electrons in the correct direction.
● What is each metal made of at the anode and cathode?
Bootcamp.com 106
● What is each solution made of?
● What is the purpose of the counter-ion?
● What is a salt bridge?
Bootcamp.com 107
Lesson 6 – Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis
Molten Electrolysis
Electrolytic Cells
Nonspontaneous (+ΔG, –Ecell)
Consume electricity (makes elements)
C2@X./$0#)#=6>\@X./Q0
%ef#)#%e#$#f2
● Under molten electrolysis, there is no salt bridge.
● There is a sea of molten K+ and I- ions.
● Electrons ALWAYS flow from anode to cathode.
● Electrolytic cells need a power source.
● Cations flow towards the cathode to get reduced.
● Anions flow towards the anode to get oxidized.
Aqueous Electrolysis
● Under aqueous conditions you have two competing
reactions (reaction of KI and reaction of H2O).
● You need to use a table of reduction potentials to find which

one will happen more easily (next lesson).
Bootcamp.com 108
Lesson 7 – Reduction Potentials
Ecell = Ereduction + Eoxidation (or) Ecell = Ecathode + Eanode
Reduction Potentials
K+ + 1e-#)#e -2.93V
-2.71V
Na+ + 1e-#)#*6
-1.66V
Al3+ + 3e-#)#C( -1.18V
2+ -
Mn + 2e )#!2 -0.76V
Zn2+ + 2e-#)#d2 -0.74V
-0.44V
Cr3+ + 3e- )#'?
-0.25V
2+ -
Fe + 2e )#-. 0.00V
Ni2+ + 2e- )#*: +0.34V
+0.54V
2H+ + 2e-#)#&2
+0.080V
Cu2+ + 2e-#)#'Z
I2 + 2e- )#%f-
Ag+ + 1e- )#C"
What is the strongest oxidizing agent?
What is the strongest reducing agent?
What are some pairs that react spontaneously?
Lesson 8 - Quiz
g\.2#!2#62X#d2#].>6(9#?.6=>#:2#6#"6(A62:=#=.((#6==@?X:2"#>@#>\.#.YZ6>:@2#c.(@hi#h:((#>\.#?.6=>:@2#c.#9M@2>62.@Z9#
@?#2@29M@2>62.@Z9j#g\6>#h:((#c.#>\.#M?@XZ=>9#@L#>\:9#?.6=>:@2j#!2#$#d2#)#j
When Na metal and Fe2+ cation react in a galvanic cell according to the equation below, will the reaction be
spontaneous or nonspontaneous? What will be the products of this reaction? Na + Fe2+#)#j
Bootcamp.com 109
What are the products of the electrolysis of KI(aq)?
K+ + 1e–#)#e# –2.93V
+0.54V
I2 + 2e–#)#%f–
–0.80V
2H2O + 2e–#)#&2 + 2OH– +1.28V
+ –
O2 + 4H + 4e #)#&2O
Lesson 9 – Standard Reduction Potentials
Reduction Potentials
K+ + 1e-#)#e -2.93V
-2.71V
Na+ + 1e-#)#*6
-1.66V
Al3+ + 3e-#)#C(
-1.18V
2+ -
Mn + 2e )#!2 -0.76V
Zn2+ + 2e-#)#d2 -0.74V
-0.44V
Cr3+ + 3e- )#'?
-0.25V
Fe2+ + 2e- )#-. 0.00V
Ni2+ -
+ 2e )#*: +0.34V
+0.54V
2H+ + 2e-#)#&2
+0.080V
Cu2+ + 2e-#)#'Z
I2 + 2e- )#%f-
Ag+ + 1e- )#C"
Zn + CuSO4#)#'Z#$#d2O,4
Zn2+#$#-.#)#-.2+ + Zn
2Cr + 6H+#)#+&2 + 2Cr3+
Bootcamp.com 110
Bootcamp.com 111
Lesson 10 – Non-standard Cell Potentials and Nernst Equation
Nernst Equation
1. Shift to the right = increase Ecell

2. Shift to the left = decrease Ecell
Example
Given the following:
Zn + Cu2+#)#'Z#$#d22+ Eocell = +1.10V
In which direction will the reaction shift if [Cu2+] is increased to 10 M?
How will this change in [Cu2+] affect Ecell?
Use the Nernst equation to solve for Ecell under these new conditions.
Bootcamp.com 112
Lesson 11 – Quantitative Electrochemical Calculations
I = current (amps)
ts = time (seconds)
n = number of electrons transferred
F = Faraday’s Constant (96,500 C/mol e-)
If a 20-amp current passes through molten BaCl2 for 30 minutes, how many grams of Ba are produced?
What amount of time (in seconds) would it take to plate out 0.50 kg of Ag from molten AgCl with a current of 100
amps? (atomic weight of of Ag = 100 g/mol)
Bootcamp.com 113
Lesson 4 Quiz
6 electrons; see video (11:07); see video (14:59)
Lesson 8 Quiz
no reaction; Na+ + Fe; H2 + I2
Bootcamp.com 114
Chapter 13: Nuclear Reactions

Lesson 1 – The Nucleus and Nuclear Particles
The Nucleus
● Nucleus – made of protons and neutrons
● Atomic number – number of protons
● Atomic weight vs. Mass number – atomic weight is
an average of all isotopes of an atom
Lesson 2 – Nuclear Reactions
Mass is always lost in nuclear reactions.
Decay (Fission) Reactions
Cature (Fusion) Reactions
Examples
Bootcamp.com 115
Lesson 3 – Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay
Belt of Stability
Radioactive Decay
Route of Decay Nuclear Result Likely For?

particle
α-decay 4
α product Reduces mass # Large nuclei
2
β decay 0 2.Z>?@2#)#M?@>@2 N/Z ratio too high (too many

β product
(β emission) -1
neutrons)
0
β+ decay (positron β product M?@>@2#)#2.Z>?@2 N/Z ratio is too low (too many
+1
emission) protons)
Electron capture 0 M?@>@2#)#2.Z>?@2 N/Z ratio is too low (too many

β reactant
-1
protons)
γ decay 0
γ product no change unpredictable
0
Example
Bootcamp.com 116
Oxygen-17 and a proton combine and then undergo radioactive decay to emit a nitrogen-14 atom and another
particle. What type of radioactive decay is oxygen-17 undergoing in this scenario?
Lesson 4 – Kinetics of Radioactive Decay
Always 1st order kinetics. Half-life is constant.
N = N0e-kt or ln(N) = ln(N0) - kt

t1/2 = (0.693/k)
Examples
Given a half-life of 30 minutes and a starting sample of 100
grams, how many grams would you have left after 2 hours?
Given a half-life of 15 minutes, how long would it take for 87.5 grams of your 100-gram sample to decay?
Bootcamp.com 117
Lesson 5 – Fission, Fusion, Nuclear Binding Energy
Fission and Fusion

● Fission – larger nuclei decay into smaller nuclei (atomic bombs, nuclear reactors)
● Fusion – smaller nuclei combine to form larger nuclei (stars)
Nuclear Binding Energy

● Mass defect – a nucleus always weighs a little less than its constituent nucleons
E = Δmc2 Δm in kg
56
Fe has highest nuclear binding energy per nucleon (most stable nucleus)
Example (Use a calculator)

A proton’s mass is 1.00728 amu. A neutron’s mass is 1.00867 amu. What is the mass defect of a 178Au nucleus, if a
178
Au nucleus weighs 177.9760 amu?
What is the binding energy (in J) of a 178Au nucleus?
Bootcamp.com 118

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Dr.

Mike’s Gen Chem Outline

Chapter 0: General and Lab Concepts Review

Lesson 1 – Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

● Atom – smallest unit of an element

Lesson 3 – Naming Ionic Compounds

● Naming ionic compounds

Lesson 4 - Quiz (Pt. 1)

1. Please provide a correct name for each of the following compounds:

Lesson 5 - Quiz (Pt. 2)

2. Please give the empirical formula for the following molecules:

B. Iron (III) cyanide

3. Please name the following ionic compounds:

Lesson 6 – Naming Molecular Compounds and Acids

● Naming molecular compounds

Lesson 8 – Metric Units and Dimensional Analysis

Lesson 9 - Quiz (Pt. 1)

A. How many seconds are in a day?

B. How many hours are in a year?

C. How many kg are there in 7×1025 μg?

D. How many sec are there in 5.2 ×1018 ns?

E. Please convert 20 km to cm.

F. If you’re going 50 miles/hour, how many feet/second are you traveling?

Lesson 10 - Quiz (Pt. 2)

Lesson 11 - Quiz (Pt. 3)

Lesson 12 – Significant Figures and Percent Error

Precision vs. Accuracy

Percent Error Calculations

2. Which measurement below contains 3 significant figures?

Lesson 14 – Lab Safety

Lesson 15 – Weights, Measures, and pH

Lesson 16 – Beer-Lambert Law

● ε = molar extinction coefficient (molar absorptivity)

Lesson 4 Quiz (Pt. 1)

Lesson 5 Quiz (Pt. 2)

2. NH4Cl; Fe(CN)3; MgSO4; (NH4)2SO4

1. P4S6; phosphorus trichloride; N2O4; dichlorine trioxide; sulfur hexafluoride

Lesson 9 Quiz (Pt. 1)

Lesson 10 Quiz (Pt. 2)

13.4 m/s; 84.5 m; 6.704 x 108 mi/hr

Lesson 11 Quiz (Pt. 3)

49 kg; 12 g/cm3; 0.019 L

1 mol = 6.022 x 1023

If you have a 150-gram sample of CrO3:

● How many moles of CrO3 do you have?

● How many oxygen atoms do you have?

● How many grams of oxygen do you have?

Lesson 2 - Quiz (Pt. 1)

1. Arrange the following in order of increasing number of moles of Cl:

A. II < I < III

2. What is the mass in grams of 2.0×105 atoms of naturally occurring potassium?

Lesson 3 - Quiz (Pt. 2)

Lesson 4 – Balancing Reactions

____CH4 + ____Cl2!"!####$$&4 + ____HCl

Lesson 5 - Quiz (Pt. 1)

1. Please balance the following equations:

____Al(OH)3 + ____H2SO4!"!####(&2(SO4)3 + ____H2O

Lesson 6 - Quiz (Pt. 2)

Lesson 7 – Molecular Formulas and Percent Composition

Empirical vs. Molecular Formulas

3. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 17.3% H and 82.7% C?

Lesson 8 - Quiz (Pt. 1)

3. What is the molecular formula of each of the following compounds?

● Empirical formula HCO2, molar mass = 90.0 g/mo

Mike's Videos - General Chemistry Lesson Outline

Mike's Videos - General Chemistry Lesson Outline

CH4 + Cl2!"!####$$&4 + HCl

Al(OH)3 + H2SO4!"!####(&2(SO4)3 + H2O

C2H6 + O2!"!####$%2 + H2O