Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
An examination of the past can tell us a great deal about how we came
to be who we are. It means looking at the roots of modern institutions, ideas,
History was derived from the Greek word historia which means
“knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”. History as a
disciplined existed for around 2, 400 years and is as old as mathematics and
philosophy. This term was then adapted to classical Latin where it acquired
a new definition. Historia became known as the account of the past of a
person or a group of people through written documents and historical
evidences. That meaning stuck until the early parts of the twentieth century.
History became an important discipline. It became the historian’s duty to
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write about the lives of important individuals like monarchs, heroes, saints,
and nobilities. History was also focused on writing wars, revolutions, and
other important breakthroughs. It is thus important to ask: What counts as
history? Traditional historians lived with the mantra “no document, no
history”. It means that unless a written document can prove a certain
historical event, then it cannot be considered as a historical fact.
But as any other academic disciplines, history progressed and opened
up to the possibility of valid historical sources, which were not limited to
written documents, like government records, chroniclers’ accounts, or
personal letters. Giving premium to written documents essentially
invalidates the history of other civilizations that do not keep written records.
Some were keener on passing their history by word of mouth. Others got
their historical documents burned or destroyed in the events of war or
colonization. Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is also
discrimination against other social classes who were not recorded in paper.
Nobilities, monarchs, the elite, and even the middle class would have their
birth, education, marriage, and death as matters of government and
historical record. But what of peasant families or indigenous groups who
were not given much thought
t hought about being registered to government records?
Does the absence of written documents about them mean they were people
of no history or past? Did they even exist?
This loophole was recognized by historians who started using other
kinds of historical sources, which may not be in written form but were just
as valid. A few examples are oral traditions in forms of epics and songs,
artifacts, architecture, and memory. History thus became more inclusive and
started collaborating with other disciplines as its auxiliary disciplines.
Other Definitions of History:
As a literary
unfolding form
events. Butofashistory
a type is
of an effective
literature presentation
history ofnon-
falls under the
fiction work.
History comes from social history which defines it as a record of
events showing the evolution of man and his society from the earliest
and from the age of barbarism to what he is today.
Understanding History
Why don’t we learn from history? (An excerpt from Lidell Hart, 1971)
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History has limitations as a guiding signpost; although it can show us
the right direction, it does not give detailed information about the road
conditions. But its negative value as a warning sign is more definite. History
can show us what to avoid, even if it does not teach us what to do - by
showing the most common mistakes that mankind is apt to make and to
repeat.
A second object lies in the practical value of history. The knowledge
gained from the study of true history is the best of all education for practical
life. The study of history embraces every aspec
aspectt of life. It lays the foundation
of education by showing how mankind repeats its errors and what those
errors are.
Importance and Uses of History
of the past.
D. History can help one develop tolerance and open-mindedness.
E. History helps us better understand all human behaviors and all
aspects of the human condition.
F. History provides the basic background for many disciplines.
G. History can be a source of entertainment.
H. History, when studied, can teach many critical skills.
SELF ASSESSMENT 1
Below is a definition of history by Zeus A. Salazar (1999). Examine it
carefully then answer the questions following the definition.
“Ang KASAYSAYAN ay SALAYSAY hinggil sa nakaraan o nakalipas
na may SAYSAY – kahulugan, katuturan, at kabuluhan – sa SARILING
LIPUNAN at KULTURA o kabuuang kinabibilangan. Ito ay iniuulat gamit ang
mga konsepto at kategorya ng sariling kultura.”
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historian); and, (2) a history of people analyzed and presented by an
“insider” (a local historian)?
SELF ASSESSMENT 2
Asnovel
reading a student of history,
or a comic book. reading
A learnera should
historical
alsoaccount is not
know how to simply like
distinguish
which of those sentences or paragraphs that make up the narrative are facts
or opinions. Although a historian attempts to present a history free from
biases, it cannot be avoided the personal opinions or interpretations of
people, places, or events are integrated in a particular historical account.
Below are excerpts from books and newspapers. Label each passage
either as FACT (F) or OPINION (O). If a passage combines fact and
opinion, write (FO) and underline that part of the passage that you think is
an opinion or judgement.
________ 1. “His” [Apolinario Mabini] writings,
writings, his behavior throughout his
life, short as it was, demonstrated extraordinary moral integrity, intense and
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_______ 5. “Yay Panlilio [was] a pre-war newspaperwoman. As early as April
1942, she began serving as G-2 agent in Manila for the USAFFE
headquarters. [A military citation to her credit reads]: “Through her untiring
efforts and selflessness…in supplying…information concerning Japanese…
activities… many American lives were saved.” – Baclagon (1968)
and government
primary sources. records, among others are the most common examples of
On the other hand, secondary sources are those sources, which were
produced by an author who used primary sources to produce the material.
In other words, secondary sources are historical sources, which studied a
certain historical subject. For example, on the subject of the Philippine
Revolution of 1896, students can read Teodoro Agoncillo's Revolt of the
Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan published originally in
1956. The Philippine Revolution happened in the last years of the nineteenth
century while Agoncillo published his work in 1956, which makes the Revolt
of the Masses a secondary source. More than this, in writing the book,
Agoncillo used primary sources with his research like documents of the
Katipunan, interview with the veterans of the Revolution, and
correspondence
correspon dence between and among Katipuneros.
However, a student should not be confused about what counts as a
primary or a secondary source. As mentioned above, the classification of
sources between primary and secondary depends not on the period when
the source was produced or the type of the source but on the subject of the
historical research. For example, a textbook is usually classified as a
secondary source, a tertiary source even. However, this classification is
usual but not automatic. If a historian chooses to write the history of
education in the 1980s, he can utilize textbooks used in that period as a
primary source. If a historian wishes to study the historiography of the
Filipino-American War for example, he can use works of different authors on
the topic as his primary source as well.
Both primary and secondary sources are useful in writing and learning
history. However, historians and students of history need to thoroughly
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scrutinize these historical sources to avoid deception and to come up with
the historical truth. The historian should be able to conduct an external and
internal criticism of the source, especially primary sources which can age in
centuries. External criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency with the
historical characteristic of the time when it was produced; and the materials
used for the evidence. Examples of the things that will be examined when
conducting external criticism of a document include the quality of the paper,
the type of the ink, and the language and words used in the material, among
others.
Internal criticism, on the other hand, is the examination of the
truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source and
examines the circumstance of its production. Internal criticism looks at the
truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the
source, its context, the agenda behind its creation, the knowledge which
informed it, and its intended purpose, among others. For example, Japanese
reports and declarations during the period of the war should not be taken as
a historical fact hastily. Internal criticism entails that the historian
acknowledge and analyze how such reports can be manipulated to be used
war propaganda. Validating historical sources is important because the use
of unverified, falsified, and untruthful historical sources can lead to equally
false conclusions. Without thorough criticisms of historical evidences;
historical deceptions and lies will be highly probable.
One of the most scandalous cases of deception in Phiippine history is
the hoax Code of Kalantiaw. The code was a set of rules contained in an
epic, Maragtas, which was allegedly written by a certain Datu Kalantiaw. The
document was sold to the National Library and was regarded as an important
precolonial document until 1968, when American historian William Henry
Scott debunked the authenticity of the code due to anachronism and lack of
evidence to prove that the code existed in the
t he precolonial Philippine society
Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he was a decorated World War II soldier
who led a guerilla unit called Ang Maharlika. This was widely believed by
students of history and Marcos had war medals to show. This claim,
however, was disproven when historians counterchecked Marcos's claims
with the war records of the United States. These cases prove how deceptions
can propagate without rigorous historical research.
The task of the historian is to look at the available historical sources
and select the most relevant and meaningful for history and for the subject
matter that he is studying. History, like other academic discipline, has come
a long way but still has a lot of remaining tasks to do. It does not claim to
render absolute and exact judgment because as long as questions are
continuously asked, and as long as time unfolds, the study of history can
never be complete. The task of the historian is to organize the past that is
being created so that it can offer lessons for nations, societies, and
civilization. It is the historian's job to seek for the meaning of recovering the
past to let the people see the continuing relevance of provenance, memory,
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remembering, and historical understanding for both the present and the
future.
Philippine historiography underwent several changes since the
precolonial period until the present. Ancient Filipinos narrated their history
through communal songs and epics that they passed orally from a
generation to another. When the Spaniards came, their chroniclers started
recording their observations through written accounts. The perspective of
historical writing and inquiry also shifted. The Spanish colonizers narrated
the. history of their colony in a bipartite view They saw the age before
colonization as a dark period in the history of the islands, until they brought
light through Western thought and Christianity. Early nationalists refuted
this perspective and argued the tripartite view. They saw the precolonial
society as a luminous age that ended with darkness when the colonizers
captured their freedom. They believed that the light would come agan once
the colonizers were evicted from the Philippines. Filipino historian Zeus
Salazar introduced the new guiding philosophy for writing and teaching
history: pantayong pananaw (for us-trom us perspective). This perspective
highlights the importance of facilitating an internal conversation and
discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using the language that is
understood by everyone.
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TO DO
Primary Secondary
sources Sources
External Internal
Criticism Criticism
REFERENCES
Candelaria, J. City:
L., & Rex
Alphora, V. Company, Readings in Philippine History.
C. (2018). inc.
Quezon Printing
Torres, J. V. (2018). BATIS Sources in Philippine History. Quezon City: C &
E Publishing, Inc.
Christopher F. B., Raymond E. B, Julie C. L., Fatima F. R., Tecah C. S. (2006)
Philippine History Coursebook, Trinitas Publishing. INC.
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CHAPTER/ MODULE 2: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL
ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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truthfulness and/or accuracy but also the examination of the primary
sources in terms of the context of its production. For example, a
historian would have to situate the document in the period of its
production, or in the background of its authors. In other words, it
should be recognized that facts are neither existing in a vacuum nor
produced from a blank slate. These are products of the time and of
the people.
In this chapter, we are going to look at a number of primary
sources from different historical periods and evaluate these
documents content in terms of historical value, and examine the
context of their production. The primary sources that we are going to
examine is Emilio Jacinto's "Kartilya ng Katipunan and afterwards you
will be examining selected primary sources; these are: Manunggul Jar,
Dasalan at Tocsohan, and Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Pilipino.
Needless to say, different types of sources necessitate different
kinds of analysis and contain different levels of importance. You are
going to explore that in this chapter.
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In the conduct of their struggle, Katipunan created a complex
structure and a defined value system that would guide the
organization as a collective aspiring for a single goal. One of the most
important Katipunan documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan. The
original title of the document was "Manga [sic] Aral Nang [sic]
Katipunan ng mga A.N.B." or "Lessons of the Organization of the Sons
of Country" The document was written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896.
Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the movement. He was
a law student at the Universidad de Santo Tomas. Despite his youth,
Bonifacio recognized
recognized the value and intellect of Jacinto that upon seeing
that Jacinto's Kartilya was much better than the Decalog
Decalogueue he wrote,
he willingly favored that the Kartilya be distributed to their fellow
Katipuneros. Jacinto became the secretary of the organization and
took charge of the short-lived printing press of the Katipunan On 15
April 189 Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of the
Katipunan in Northern Luzon. Jacinto was 22 years old. He died of
Malaria at a young age ot 24 in the
t he town ot Magdalena, Laguna.
The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan's code of conduct.
It contains
behave, andfourteen rules that
which specific instruct
values thehe
should way a Katipunero
uphold. should
Generally, the
rules stated in the Kartilya can be classified into two. The first group
contains the rules that will make the member an upright individual
and the second group contains the rules that will gulde the way he
treats his tellow men.
Below is the translated version of the rules in Kartilya:
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is
a tree without a shade, if not a poisonous weed.
II. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not a
virtue.
III. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and
to adjust one's conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal:
Superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood,
but not superiority by nature.
V. The honorable man preters honor to personal gain; the scoundrel,
gain to honor.
VI. To the honorable
honorable man, his word is sacred.
VII. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time
lost.
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VIll. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or
in the field.
IX. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping
secrets.
X. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the
children, and if the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides
will also go there.
XI.Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as
faithful companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her
(physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will
remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
XII. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers
and sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters
of thy neighbor.
XIII. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is
aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a priest, a servant of
God,
but henor because
is worth of who
most the high prerogative
is a man that
of proven andhereal
enjoys upon
value, whoearth,
does
good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress
nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his
fatherland though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue
but his own.
XIV. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-
for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of
the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the
confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have
gone before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If
he who desires to enter has informed himself of all this and believes
he will be able to perform what will be his duties, he may fill out the
application for admission.
As the primary governing document, which determines the rules of
conduct in the Katipunan, properly understanding the Kartilya will thus
help in understanding the values, ideals, aspirations, and even the
ideology
ideology of the organization.
Analysis of the "Kartilya ng Katipunan
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of things that they struggled against with. For example, in the
t he fourth
and the thirteen rules in the Kartilya are an invocation of the inherent
equality between and among men regardless of race, occupation or
status. In the context of the Spanish colonial era where the indios
were treated as the inferior of the white Europeans, the Katipunan
saw to it that the alternative order that they wished to promulgate
through their revolution necessarily destroyed this kind of unjust
hierarchy.
Moreover, one can analyze the values upheld in the document
as consistent with the burgeoning rational and liberal ideals in the
eighteenth and nineteenth century. Equality, tolerance, freedom, and
liberty were values that first emerged in the eighteenth century French
Revolution, which spread throughout Europe and reached the
educated class of the colonies. Jacinto,an ilustrado himself, certainly
got an understanding of these values. Aside from the liberal values
that can be dissected in the document, we can also decipher certain
Victorian and chivalrous values in the text. For example, various
provisions in the Kartilya repeatedly emphasized the importance of
honor
womeninshould
wordsbeand in action.
treated withThe
honorteaching of the Katipunan
and respect, on how
while positive in
many respects
respects and certainly a s significant
ignificant stri
stride
de from ththe e practice of
raping and physically abusing women, can still be telling of the
Katipunan's secondary regard for women in relation to men. For
example, in the tenth rule, tne document of specifically
specifical ly stated that
men should be the guide of women and children, and that he should
set a good example, otherwise the women and children would be
guided guided in the path of evil
evil.. Nevertheless, the sasame
me documen
documents ts
stated that women should be treated as companions of men not as
playthings that can be exploited for their pleasure.
ln the contemporary eyes, the Katipunan can be criticized
because of these provisions. However,
Howev er, one must not forget the context
where the organization was born. Not even in Europe or in the whole
of the West at that juncture recognized the problem of gender
inequality. Indeed, it can be argued that Katipunan's recognition of
women as important partners in the struggle, as reflected not just in
Kartilya but also in the organizatio
organizational
nal structure of the fraternity where
a women's unit was established, is an endeavor advanced for its time.
Aside from Rizal's known Letter to the Women of Malolos, no same
effort by the supposed cosmopolitan Propaganda Movement was
achieved until the movement's eventual disintegration in the latter
part of the 1890s.
Aside from this, the Kartilya was instructive not just of the
Katipunan's conduct toward other people, but also for the members'
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development as individuals in their own rights. Generally speaking,
the rules in the Kartilya can be classified as either directed to how one
should treat his neighbor or to how one should develop and conduct
one's self, Both are essential to the success and fulfillment of the
Katipunan's ideals. For example, the Kartilya's teachings on honoring
one's word and not wasting time are teachings directed toward self-
development,
developm ent, while the rules on treating the neighbor's wife, children,
and brothers the way that you want yours to be treated is an
instruction on how Katipuneros should treat and regard their
neighbors.
All in all, proper reading of the Kartilya will reveal a more
thorough understanding
understanding of the Katipunan and the significant role that
it played in the revolution and in the unfolding of the Philippine history,
as we know it.
To Do!
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a. National Treasure b. Afterlife
c. Tabon Cave d. 2800
e. curvilinear f. Manunggul cave
g. Hematite h. Robert Fox
i. Iron j. Miguel Santiago
Self-assessment 2
Using the table below compare and contrast the idea of the
Marcelo H. del Pilar’s Dasalan at tocsohan to the real
Cathechism of the Catholic church. Use keyphrases/words
only.
Conclusion:
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______________________
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______________________________
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Self-assessment 3
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Using the table below compare and contrast the Philippine
setting before and after the arrival of Spaniards in the
Philippines. Use keyphrases/words
keyphrases/words only.
Conclusion:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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LESSON 2: Making Sense of the Past: Historical Interprefation
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on facts, is strictiy speaking, not factual at all, but a series of accepted
judgments. Such judgments of historians
h istorians on how the past should be
seen make the foundatio
foundationn of historical interpretation.
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students of history, we must be well equipped to recognize different
types of interpretatons why these may differ from each other, and
how to criticaly sift these interpretatio
interpretations
ns through historical evaluation.
Interpretations of historical events change over time; thus, it is an
important skill for a student of history to track these changes in an
attempt to understand the past.
Cruz said he received the poem from Gabriel Beato Francisco, who
claimed to have received it in 1884 tirom Rizal's close friend,
Saturnino Raselis. Rizal never mentioned wrting this poem
anywhere in his writings, and more importanty, he never mentioned
of having a close triend by the person of Raselis.
Further criticism
crit icism of the poem reveals more about the wrongful
attribution of the poem to Rizal. The poem was written in Tagalog
and reterred to the word "kalayaan. But it was documented in
Rizal's letters that he first encountered the word through a Marcelo
H. del Pilar's translation of Rizal's essay El Amor Patrio, where it
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the past that need one's attention, and can impact the way we view
our country's history and identity. It is important, therefore,
t herefore, to subject
to evaluation not only the primary source, but also the historical
interpretation of the same, to ensure that the current interpretation is
reliable to support our acceptance of events of the past.
Multiperspectivity
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Case Study 1: Where Did the First Catholic Mass Take Place in
the Philippines?
evidence wasthe
gong aganst made,
morewhich brought
accepted to light more
interpretation ot theconsiderations in
first Mass in the
Philhppines,, made both by Spanish and Filipino scholars.
Philhppines
It must be noted that there are only two primary sources that
historians refer to in identifying the site of the first Mass. One is the
log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan's ship, Trinidad.
He was one of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcano
on the ship Victoria after they cireumnavigated the world.
world. The other,
and the more complete, was the account by Antonio Pigafetta, Primo
Uaggio intorno al mondo (First Voyage Around the World). Pigafetta,
like Albo, was a member of the Magellanexpedition
Magellanexpedition and an eyewitness
of the events, particularly, of the first Mass.
Primary Source: Albo's Log
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many shallow places they did not approach it. T'hey found later that
its name was Yunagan.
2. They went instead that same day southwards to another small
island named Suluan, and there they anchored. There they saw some
canoes but these fled at the Spaniards' approach. This island was at
9 and two-thirds degrees North latitude.
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It must be noted that in Albo's
A lbo's account, the location of Mazava fits the
location of the island of Limasawa,
Limasawa , at the southern tip of Leyte, 9°54N.
Also, Albo does not mention the first Mass, but only the planting of
the cross upon a mountain-top from which could be seen three thre e islands
to the west and southwest, which also fits the southern end of
Limasawa.
Primary Source: Pigafetta's Testimony on the Route of
Magellan's Expedition
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7. Magellan's expedition stayed eight days at Homonhon: from
Sunday, March 17, to the Monday of the following week, March 25.
8. Monday, March 25 In the afternoon, the expedition weighed anchor
and left the island of Homonhon.In the eccle
ecclesiastical
siastical calendar, this day
(March 25) was the feast-day of the lncarnation, also called the feast
of the Annunciation and therefore "Our Lady's Day. On this day, as
they were about to weigh anchor, an accident happened to Pigafëtta:
he fell into the water but was rescued. He attributed
attr ibuted his narrow escape
from death as grace obtained through the intercess
intercession
ion of the Blessed
Virgin Mary on her feast-day.
9. The route taken by the expedition after leaving Homonhon was
"toward the west southwest, between four islands: namely, Cenalo,
Hiunanghan, Ibusson and Albarien." Very probably "Cenalo is a
misspelling in the Italian manuscript for what Pigafetta in his map calls
"Ceilon and Albo calls "Seilani: namely the island of Leyte.
Hiunanghan"" (a misspelling of H
Hiunanghan Hinunangan)
inunangan) seemed
seemed to Pigafetta to be
a separate island, but is actually on the mainland of Leyte G.e.,
"Ceylon'"). On the other hand, Hibuson (Pigafetta's Ibusson) is an
island east of Leyte's southern tip.
Thus, it is easy to see what Pigafetta meant by sailing toward
the west southwest" past those islands. They left Homonhon sailing
westward towards Leyte, then followed the Leyte coast southward,
passing between the island of Hibuson on their portside and
unangan Bay on their starboard, and then continued southward, then
turning westward to "Mazaua.
10. Thursday, March 28 In the morning of Holy Thursday, March 6,
they anchored off an island where the previous night they hadseen a
light or a bonfire. That island "lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds
towards the Arctic Pole (i.e., North) and in a longitude of one hundred
and sixty-two degrees from the line of demarcation. lt is twenty-five
leagues from the Acquada, and is called Mazaua.
11. They remained seven days on Mazaua lsland.
12. Thursday, April 4-They left Mazaua, bound for Cebu. They were
guided thither by the king of Mazaua who sailed in his own boat. Their
route took them past five "islands" namely: "Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan,
Baibai, and Gatighan."
13. At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three islands of the
Camotes Group, namely, Poro, Pasihan and Ponson. Here the Spanish
ships stopped to allow the king of Mazaua to catch up with them, since
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the Spanish ships were much faster than the native balangha-a thing
that excited the admiration of the king of Mazaua.
14. From the Camotes Islands they sailed southwards towa
towards
rds "Zubu.
15. Sunday, April 7 - At noon they entered the harbor of "Zubu (Cebu).
It had taken them three days to negotiate the journey from Mazaua
northwards to the Camotes Islands and then southwards to Cebu.
It must be pointed out that both Albo and Pigafetta's testimonies
coincide and corroborate each other. Pigafetta gave more details on
what they did during their weeklong stay at Mazaua.
Primary Source: Pigafetta and Seven Days in Mazaua
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4. Sunday, March 31-"Early in the morning of Sunday, the last of
March and Easter day," Magellan sent the priest ashore with some
men to prepare for the Mass. Later in the morning Magellan landed
with some fifty men and Mass
M ass was celebrated, after which a cross was
venerated. Magellan and the Spaniards returned to the ship for the
noon-day meal, but in the afternoon they returned ashore to plant the
cross on the summit of the highest hill. In attendance both at the Mass
and at the planting of the cross were the king of Mazaua and tthe
he king
of Butuan.
5. Sunday, March 31-On that same afternoon, while on the summit of
the highest hill, Magellan asked the two kings which ports he should
go to in order to obtain more abundant supplies of food than were
available in that island. They replied that there were three to choose
from: Ceylon, Zubu, and Calagan. Of the three, Zubu was the port
with the most trade. Magellan then said that he wished to go to Zubu
and to depart the following morning. He asked for someone to guide
him thither. The kings replied that the pilots would be available "any
time. But later that evening the King of Mazaua changed his mind and
said have
first that he
to would himself
bring the conduct
harvest M agellan
Magellan
in. He to Zubu but
asked Magellan that he
to send himwould
men
to help with the harvest.
6. Monday, April 1 - Magellan sent men ashore to help with the
harvest, but no work was done that day because the two kings were
sleeping off their drinking bout the night before.
7. Tuesday, April 2 and Wednesday, April3- Work on the harvest
during the "next to days, 1.e., Tuesday and Wednesday, the 2nd and
3rd of April.
8. Thursday, April 4-They leave Mazaua, bound for Cebu.
Page 25 of 92
The Age of Exploration is a period of competition among
European rulers to conquer and colonize lands outside their
original domaims. Initialy, the goal was to find alternative routes
by sea to get to Asia, the main source of spices and other
commodities. Existing routes to Asia were mainly by land and cost
very expensive. A sea route to Asia means that Europeans could
access the spice trade directly, greatly reducing costs for traders.
Spain's major
Columbus, who foray into the
proposed t he
to exploration wastothrough
sail westward find a Christopher
shorteut to
Asia. He was able to reach the Americas, which was then cut-off
from the rest of the known world.
Spain colonized parts of North America, Mexico, and South
America in the sixteenth century. They were also able to reach the
Philippines and claim it for the Spanish crown. Later on, other
European rulers would compete with the activities
activi ties of exploring and
conquering
conquerin g lands.
It must also be pointed out that later on, after Magellan s
death, the survivors of his expedition went to Mindanao, and
seemingiy went to Butuan. In this instance, Pigafetta vividly
describes a trip in a river. But note that this account already
happened after Magellan's death.
The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the Cavite Mutiny
and the martyrdom of the three priests: Mariano
Mar iano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA. These
events are very important milestones in Philippine history and have
caused ripples throughout time, directly influencing the decisive
events of the Philhppine Revolution toward the end of the century.
While the significance is unquestioned, what made this year
controversial are the ditferent sides to the story, a battle of
perspectives supported by primary sources. ln this case study, we
zoom in to the events of the Cavite Mutiny, a major factor in the
awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of that time.
Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny
Page 26 of 92
clergy, who were then, active in the movement toward secularization
of parishes. These two accounts corroborated each other.
Primary Source: Excerpts from Montero's Account of the Cavity
Mutiny
senseless
govern the Governor whom
Philippines, theput
and who Revolutionary
into practice government sentthe
these ideas were to
determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain Filipinos,
to the idea of attaining their independence. It was towards this goal
that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain
section of the native clergy, who out of spite toward friars, made
common cause with the enemies of the mother country.
At various times but especlally in the beginning of year 1872,
the authorities received anonymous communications with the
information that a great uprising would break out against the
Spaniards, the minute the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and that
all would be assassinated, including the friars. But nobody gave
importance to these notices. The conspiracy had been going on Since
the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy. At times, the principal
leaders met either in the house of Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo
de Tavera, or in that of the native priest, Jacinto Zamora, and these
meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the soul of
the movement, whose energetic character and immense wealth
enabled him to exerc1se a strong infuence.
Primary Source: Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor
Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Page 27 of 92
...It seems definite that the insurrection was motivated and prepared
by the native clergy, by the mestizos and native lawyers, and by those
known here as abogadillo
abogadillos..
s..
The instigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested
against the injustice of the government in not paying the provinces
for their tobacco crop, and against the usury that some practice in
documents that the Finance department gives crop owners who have
to sell them at a loss. They encouraged the rebellion by protesting
what they called the injustice of having obliged the workers in the
Cavite arsenal to pay tribute starting January 1 and to render personal
service, from which they were formerly exempted..
Up to now it has not been clearly determined if they planned to
establish a monarchy or a republic, because the Indios have no word
in their language to describe this different form
for m of government, Whose
head in Filipino would be called hari;
h ari; but it turns out that they would
place at the head of the government a priest.. that the head selected
would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto ZamOrä. Such is... the plan of
the rebels, those who guided them, and the means they counted
counte d upon
for its realization.
It is apparent that the accounts underscore the reason for the
"revolution": the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of the
Cavite arsenal such as exemption trom payment of tribute and being
employed in polos y servicios, or force labor. They also identified other
oth er
reasons which seemingly made the issue a lot more serious, which
included the presence of the native clergy, who, out of spite aganst
the Spanish friars, "conspired and supported the rebels. Izquierdo, in
an obviously biased report, highlighted that attempt to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new "hari in the
persons of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. According to him, native
clergy attracted supporters by giving them charismatic assurance that
their fight would not fail because they had God's support, aside from
promises of lofty rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in
the army.
In the Spaniard's accounts, the event of 1872 was
premeditated, and was part of a big conspiracy among the educated
leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite. They
allegedly plan to liquidate high ranking Spanish officers, then kill the
friars. The signal they identified among these conspirators of Manila
and Cavite was the rockets fired from Intramuros.
The accounts detail that on 20 January 1872, the district of
Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, and came with
it were some fireworks display. The Caviteños allegedly mistook this
Page 28 of 92
as the signal to commence with the attack. The 200-men contingent
led by Sergeant Lamadrid attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized
the arsenal. Izquierdo, upon learning of the attack, ordered the
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The
"revolution was easily crushed, when the Manileños who were
expected to aid the Caviteños did not arrive. Leaders of the plot were
killed in the resulting skirmish, while Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora were tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be executed.
Others wno were implicated such as Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio
Ma.Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa, and other Filipino lawyers were
suspended from the practice of law, arrested, and sentenced to life
imprisonment at the Marianas Island. Izquierdo dissolved the native
regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery force
composed
compos ed exclusively by Peninsulares.
On 17 February 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve
as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again.
Differing Accounts of the Events of 1872
Twoofother
accounts primary
Izquierdo and accounts exist the
Montero. First, thataccount
seem to of counter the
Dr. Trinidad
Hermenegildo
Hermenegi ldo Pardo de Tavera, a Pilipino scholar and researcher, who
wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.
Primary Source: Excerpts from Pardo de Tavera's Account of
the Cavite Mutiny
Page 29 of 92
According to this account, the incident was merely a mutiny by
According
Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite rsenal to the dissatisfactio
dissatisfaction
n
arising from the draconian policies of Izquierdo, such as the abolition
of privileges and the prohibition of the founding of the school of arts
and trades tor Filpinos, which the General saw as a smokescreen to
creating a political club.
Tavera is of the opinion that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo
used the Cavite Mutiny as a way to address other issues by blowing
out oE proportion the isolated mutiny attempt. During this time, the
Central Government
Government in Madrid was planning to deprive the friars of all
the powers ot lntervention in matters of civil government and direction
d irection
and management ot educational institutions. The friars needed
something to justity their continuing dominance in the country, and
the mutiny provided such opportunity.
However, the Central Spanish Government introduced an
educational decree fusing sectarian schools run by the friars into a
school called the Philippine Institute. The decree aimed to improve the
standard of education in the Phiippines by requiring teaching positions
in these schools to be filled by competitive examinations, an
improvement
improveme nt welcomed by most Filipinos.
Another account, this time by French writer Edmund Plauchut,
complemented Tavera's account and analyzed the motivations of the
1872 Cavite Mutiny.
Primary Source: Excerpts from Plauchut's Account of the
Cavite Mutiny
Page 30 of 92
4. Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real
estate, enjoy freedom of worship, and operate commerci
commercial
al transports
fiying the Spanish fiag.
5.Establishment of an advisory council to inform the Mnister of
Overseas Affairs in Madrid on the necessary retorms to be
implemented.
Page 31 of 92
The GOMBURZA is the collective name of the three martyred
priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, Who
were tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny. They were
prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition. It is
believed that the Spanish clergy connected the priests to the
mutiny as part or a conspiracy to stifle the movement of secular
priests who desired to have their own parishes instead of being
merely assistants to the regular friars. The GOMBURZA were
executed by garrote in public, a scene purportedly witnessed by a
young Jose Rizal.
Their martyrdom is widely accepted as the dawn of Philippine
nationalism in the nineteenth century, with Rizal dedicating his
second novel, El Filibusterismo, to their memory:
Page 32 of 92
intersection of Epifanio de los Santos (EDSA) Avenue and Andres
Bonifacio Drive-North Diversion road, and from then on until 1962,
the Cry of Balintawak was celebrated every 26th of August. The site
of the monument was cho8en for an unknown reason.
Different Dates and Places of the Cry
Guillermo Masangkay
Page 33 of 92
arguing against starting the revolution early, and appealed to them in
a fiery speech in which he said: "You remember the tate of our
countrymen who were shot in Bagumbayan. Should we return now to
the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our organization has been
discovered and we are all marked men. If we don't start the uprising,
the Spaniards will get us anyway. What then, do you say?
"Revolt!" the people shouted as one.
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were
to revolt. He told them that the sign of slavery of the Filipinos were
(Sic) the cedula tax charged each citizen. "If it is true that you are
ready to revolt... I want to see you destroy your cedulas. It will be a
sign that all of us have declared our severance from the Spaniards
Spaniards..
Pio Valenzuela
TheBonifacio,
Procopio first place of refuge
Teodor
Teodoro ofAguedo
o Plata, Andresdel
Bonifacio, Emilio
Rosario, and Jacinto,
myself was
Balintawak, the first five arriving there on August 19, and I, on August
20, 1896. The first place where some 500 members of the Katipunan
met on August 22, 1896, was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson
at Kangkong. Aside from the persons mentioned above, among those
who were there were Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Kamon
Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and others. Here, views were only
exchanged, and no resolution was debated or adopted. It was at
Pugad lawin, the house store-house, and yard of Juan Ramos, son of
Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members of the Katipunan met
and carried out considerable debate and discussion on August 23,
1896. The discussion was on whether or not the revolution against the
Spanish government should be started on August 29, 1896... After
the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula
certificates and shouted "Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Philippines!
From the eyewitness accounts presented, there is indeed
marked disagreement among historical witnesses as to the place and
time of the occurrence of the Cry. Using primary and secondary
sources, tour places have been identified: Balintawak, Kangkong,
Pugad Lawin, and Bahay Toro, while the dates vary: 23, 24, 25, or 26
August 1896.
Page 34 of 92
Wednesday, 26 August 1896. Much later, he wrote in his Memoirs of
the Revolution that it happened at Pugad Lawin on 23 August 1896.
Such inconsistencies in accounts should always be seen as a red fiag
when dealing with primary sources
sources..
According to Guerrero, Encarnacion, and Villegas, all these
places are in Balintawak, then part of Caloocan, now, in Quezon City.
As for the dates, Bonifacio and his troops may have been moving from
one place to another to avoid being located by the Spanish
government, which could explain why there are several accounts of
the Cry.
Self-assessment 4
______3. Multiperspectivi
Multiperspectivity
ty is a quality of historical writing attrib
attributed
uted
to a variety of lenses that may be used to view the past.
______4. There is only one account of the first Catholic Mass in the
Philippines.
______5. The significance of the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA is
questioned
questioned by historians.
______6. The Cavite Mutiny is an event that led to the extinction of
the GOMBURZA.
______7. The Cry of the Rebellion happened in present-day Quezon
City.
______8. The site of the monument to the Heroes of 1896 was chosen
because this is the actual place where the Cry of the Rebellion
happened.
TO DO
Assignment 2
Page 35 of 92
are indicated in the course requirements and Deadlines in your course
guide.
REFERENCES
Page 36 of 92
Chapter/ Module 3: Occupations in the Philippines
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Spanish colonialism
interest of although
the Spanish theytoprovide
government information
finally take andIn
the islands. fed the
1565,
Legaspi carried the Spanish flag and set up in the Philippine islands
another colony for Spain. This commenced the Spanish colonial rule
in the Philippines.
Exploration and colonization during this time were realized
through contractual agreements between the Crown and the
Conquistadores. In essence, the Consquistadores conquered for Spain
but they shall share in the riches of the new territories they
conquered. Thus, conquistadores like Legaspi instituted measures
both for the pacification of the people and the satisfaction of their
private goals. It is within this frame that we understand that the
pacification efforts of the colonizers were also coupled with
exploitation.
Page 37 of 92
b. Instruments of Pacification and Exploitation
Page 38 of 92
asked to build buildings both for the
t he church and the government. They
were also made to make roads and build ships.
This policy was meant to help set up of government
infrastructure and the laborers were even given ration of rice and paid
minimal amounts. There were other regulations to ensure the
protection of the workers. In practice though, all these regulations
were violated. Laborers were not paid and were not given any rice
ration. The policy became insensitive to the need of the communities
so that it was still enforced in time of planting or harvest seasons.
In the end, polo y servicio became a forced labot that
contributed to famine experiences and the destruction of
communities.
c. Bandala. This is another policy meant to augment the finances
of the colonial government. It required the compulsory sale of
products to the government. Communities were given quotas to
produce and sold only to the government. The prices set by the
government were lower than the prevailing prices of these products
but weretosold
natives back to the
be indebted people
to the for a entrenching
chieftain high price. This
the practice formed
socio-economic
position of the chief. In worst cases, which was usually the case,
farmers were not paid at all of their produce and were given
promissory notes. In effect, this policy became a virtual confiscation
of natives’ products.
Divide and Rule: This is a military strategy utilized by the
Spaniards against the natives. In this method, native mercenaries
were used against other groups to beef op limited military
milita ry contingency
of the Spaniards. Ny its very nature, it was exploitative as the inter-
village warfare tradition of the early Filipinos was reinforced to serve
the interests of the coloni
colonizers.
zers.
The policies provide clear examples as to how the colonial
policies impacted on the native Filipinos. For them, the policies were
exploitative even if these were just part of the pacification process of
the Spaniards.
These difficulties were compounded by the constant war Spain
was into against the Dutch and Portuguese.
In all the abusive policies, the traditional head of barangay as
the Maginoo and Datu became intermediaries. They were converted
into willing allies of the Colonizers and their powers and authority were
complicated by the colonizers. As traditional barangay authority, they
were used as intermadiaries between the natives and the Spaniards.
Political privilege was also granted by Spaniards as tribute collectors,
Page 39 of 92
gobernadorcillos and thus helped in mobilizing labor for government
construction of projects. Economically, the Chiefs were given the
opportunity and took advantage of the concept of private property of
land. In the end, the traditional chiefs were transfo
transformed
rmed into a willing
ally and were called principals. One can see the prestige of principalia
in the social hierarchy of the period. Of the native Filipinos, they were
ranked higher next to the Spaniards
Spaniards..
Self-assessment Task 1
Conclusion:
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Page 40 of 92
Lesson 1.2: Filipino Nationalism
Page 41 of 92
the reluctance of many people outside Benguet and Bontoc to be
considered as Igorots. Etymologically, Igorot was coined with the use
pf two old Austronesian words as “gorot”, meaning mountain, and “I”
referring to the source/place or from where one belongs. It is
etymological sense that this work adopts the word Igorot to refer to
all people in the Cordillera as Igorots
I gorots or “from the mountains.”
The Spaniards entered the Cordillera for many reasons but gold
was initially the primary aim. As soon as the colonizers learned of
Igorot gold in the region, expeditions were immediately
immediat ely sent to secure
it. In the 1600, several attempts like those of Aldana, Carino, and
Quirante. They have taken samples of ores and were brought to Manila
for tests. The attempt at reducing the Igorots to Christianity was
another motivation for the Spaniards. The Augustinians entered the
mountain from the Ilocos areas while the Dominicans penetrated
Ifugao in the east. Another reason for Spanish intrusion into the
Cordillera was simply to extend the conquered territories or to protect
the conquered areas of the lowlands.
Still another motivations was the punitive expeditions, which
were meant to punish the Igorots for the resistance they have been
showing. However, it was the sabotage of the tobacco monopoly that
really angered the Spaniards to sponsor succeeding punitive
expeditions against the Igorots. The most successful of these
expeditions was the Galvey expedition. Guillermo Galvey led a 10-
year campaign against the Igorots from 1829-1839, burning tobacco
plantations and communities, and crushing Igorot opposition. It was
the Galvey expeditions that finally opened the region to Spanish
conquest. By the later part of 1840’s up to the 1950’s, the
t he Spaniards
were able to set up military posts in key areas in the Cordillera. These
posts were called Commandancia Politico-Militares, which were
manned by military people and intended for collection of taxes.
Confronted by the instrusions, the Igorots responded in different
differ ent
ways but almost always resisting all the plans of the intruders. In
many instances, Igorots simply abandoned their communities when
they learn of Spanish arrival. They would retreat into deeper parts of
the mountain and wait until the Spaniards are gone. If the Igorots
were ready, though, they would engage the Spanish troops with their
traditional weapons as spears, head axes, and bolos. Although the
Igorot weapons were of inferior kind, they relied heavily on ambushes
utilizing the mountainous landscape to their advantages. In some
recorded instances, the Igorots used the weaknesses of the Spanish
weapons they came to learn and won over the more supposedly
superior weapons.
Page 42 of 92
In the Christianization efforts, the Spaniards were able to
convert some Igorots into Christianity. Most of these converts have
been relocated in the lowland areas of Ilocos, La Union and Nueva
Viscaya. Overall through, the Igorots remained pagans.
Whereabout of their gold have also been denied to Spaniards
and other foreigners.
were partners
threads, in trade.
and fish to theThe lowlanders
highlands. brought
Igorots up salt,
brought downanimals,
gold,
beeswax, and other forest products. With the colonization of the
lowlands and the resistance of Igorots, the friendly relation soured.
This is basically because lowlanders were colonized while the Igorots
remained independent.
independent. Specifically, the lowlande
lowlanders
rs were used by the
Spaniards in their attempts at subjugating the Igorots. The lowlanders
usually accompanied the colonizers as guides and soldiers. One can
add the long period of time that the Spaniards have portrayed
negative images of Igorots to lowlanders painting them as
“headhunters”, “pagans”,
“pagans”, and “savages”.
“savages”.
After the period of colonization, it became ironic that the
Filipinos who resisted colonialism were indifferently treated by later
Philippine government. They have often been understood as the
others or the “minority”. As minority, the state has ignored them for
a long time and has used their territories only as sources of raw
materials. In the 1970’s the Marcos government ignored the please of
Igorot of Bontoc and Kalinga not to build the dams along the Chico
River. It was only stopped when resistance included international
groups and the local resistance became violent
c. Campaign for Reforms
Page 43 of 92
Realizing the danger of fighting for their cause on the home front, the
sons of the wealthy and the well-to-do Filipino families migrated to
Europe to breath the free atmosphere of the Old World. There they
initiated a sustained campaign for reforms in the Spanish
administration of the Philippines. In the homeland, meanwhile, the
Filipino intellectuals secretly collaborated with those in Spain and
founded nationalistic societies.
The dissatisfaction of the Filipino men of wealth and intellect
was centered on the abuses of the th e Spanish authorities, civil as well as
clerical. The middle class denounced Spanish abuses and asked Spain
to make the Philippines one of its provinces. There was no clamor for
independence,
independ ence, for the rreformists
eformists believed that the Filipinos would be
better off if they were to become Spanish citizens, enjoying the rights
and privileges of the latter. Such a program constituted what has been
known as assimilation.
For more than a decade the Filipino propagandists waged their
war against the Spanish authorities and friars, but they failed to
awaken the Government of the Peninsula to the demoralizing realities
of colonial administration. The reform movement was a failure for it
did not achieve its goals.
g oals. In another sense, however, it was a success,
for its failure led to the founding of the Katipunan with separatist aims
(Agoncillo,, 1990).
(Agoncillo
d. The Katipunan
Page 44 of 92
meeting held by Katipuneros and on August 19, 1896, a certain
Patino, a Katipunan member, exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil.
With the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio had no alternative than
to take the fieldand on August 23, at pugadlawin, he and his men
declared their intention to fight to the bitter end. The revolution
spread to the other provinces. In cavite, meanwhile, the two factions
of the society were at loggerheads and Bonifacio was invited to
mediate between them. At Tejeros, it was agreed to change the
society with a government responsive to the demands of the times,
and in the election that followed, Bonifacio was chosen Director of the
Interior. Unfortunately, his election was questioned by Daniel irona.
Bonifacio hurt by insult, declared the results of the lection null and
void. In April, he was ordered arrested, tried and executed. The
Filipinos were at that time losing battle after battle. Aguinaldo
retreated to Baiak-na-Bato,
Baiak-na-Bato, where the Republic was founded. Later in,
December, the Truce of Biak-na-Bato was concluded between the
rebels and the Spanish Government. The truce, however, was a failure
(Agoncillo,, 1990).
(Agoncillo
Self-assessment Task 2
1. Discuss the teachings of the KKK. Point out some teachings that
you find useful and helpful in your daily life.
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___
2. Make a chart comparing the Reform Movement and the
Katipunan.
Nature
Aims
Methods
Result
Page 45 of 92
Conclusion:
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Lesson 2: Philippines under the American Regime – Self-
government and developments in the Philippines Under
American Colonial Rule
Page 46 of 92
American motives, the Filipinos painfully succumbed to compromising
their sovereignty to colonialism by way of serving under American
military and civilian rule in the Philippines.
a. Filipino involvement in American Government in the Philippines
(1899-1913)
In preparation for the foundation of a civilian government in the
Philippines, the three successive terms of American military
governors, namely General Wesley Merrit (August 16, 1898), General
Elwell S. Otis (1898-1900), and General Arthur McArthur (1900-
1901), focused on pacifications of campaigns. To win the support of
Filipino Elites, the Americans used a subtle strategy of conquest by
introducing the American school system to civilize and educate
Filipinos to embrace democracy. They organized civil courts and
appointed Filipino jurists. They established towns and provinces and
installed pro-American local leaders to participate in local
governmental affairs as apprentices of the American system of
governance.
To trainwant
Americans Filipinos
them to govern achieveing
to towards their constituencies in the
their unterior way
motives,
the first election was held by Gen. Henry W. Lawton in Baliwag,
Bulacan. These patterns of pacification campaign which were
employed successfully in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao resulted in
readiness of Filipino elite leaders to collaborate with the US
government in the Philippines.
In the central American government, those Filipino elites who
believed in the sovereighnty of the US over the Philippines were
appointed to top executive, legislative, and judicial positions by being
members of the First Philippine Commissio
C ommission,n, otherwise known as the
Schurman Comission (1899), and the Second Philippine Commission
(1900) also known as the “Taft Commission.”. there were three
reasons why Filipino elite leaders opted to collaborate with the
American authorities.
authorities. The first reason was to preserve the security of
their privileges as there was a growing demand from the masses for
the redistribution of economic benefits and resources. The second
reason was the elite class, distrust of the masses, nothing that some
of them were branded as bandits or trouble makers, ignorant people
who possess questionable moral conduct. Thirdly, the elite could not
entrust their interests and future to the masses, thus, by co-opting
with the Americans, they were assured of the protection of their
wealth, power, and prestige. To the Americans, the pro-American
attitude of the Filipino elites was advantageous to their colonial
purposes and economic interests in the Philippines
Philippines..
Page 47 of 92
Collaborative participation of cultural communities in Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao was gained through the efforts of American
teachers and missionaries who played their roles in domestication the
tribal leaders. Datus and sultans in Mindanao were used as key
persons in their strategy for collaboration, giving them roles as
promoters of social services to effect social re-orientation favorable to
American interests.
In the Cordilleras, the Americans used a strategy to win the
Ifugaos, and Kalingas to cooperate and accept American rule. The
head-hunting skirmishes between and among the Cordillera tribes, as
weel as the disputes over territorial boundaries and hostilities, were
stopped either with the use of firepower for pacification or with a
compromise settlement. When firepower was not too effective, the
Americans shifted to benevolent treatment of the natives to impress
on them their image as benefactors. Establishment of American local
governments in the Cordillera proved successful after Cordillera
natives were appointed as mayors or cabecillos. Ifugaos who did not
make it to political positions were recruited into the American
Page 48 of 92
Filipinization in government involving the participation of Filipino
elites was suitable to the Americans since it was an aid rather than a
hindrance to colonialism. In the purview of the Americans, keeping
the elite involved in government would be beneficial to American
economic interests in the Philippines, because it warranted economic
partnership between Americans
Americans and Filipino landlords and capitalists.
This partnership eventually led to a special relationship between
the American and Filipino land owners and capitalists as manifested in
the so-called “free-trade” which was provided for in the Payne -Aldrich
Tariff of 1909 during the Harrison Era, consequently making the
Philppines a US market of surplus goods in Asia. The American
capitalists enjoyed the lion’s share in the benefits from the free trade
policy. This lopsided effect of free trade policy permeated further not
only in the economic aspect of Filipino life, but also in the political,
social and cultural fields.
c. The Socio-Cultural Effects of Filipinization in Government during
the American Period
Thewas
which American democratic
largely manned politicalelites
by Filipino structure in the
who were Philippines
t rained
trained under
American tutelage in governance improved modern ways of
American democracy. The pro-American Filipino elites were
referred to outsiders as “little brown American.” They insisted that
Filipino traditional ways should be abandoned if not substituted
totally with modern bureaucracy. A new brand of democracy known
as ‘democracy-Filipino style’ emerged. This style as a trend of
Filipinization gave rise to a new breed of Filipinos who were
involved in the introduction of popular American activities in
cultural fields such as sports, entertainment, education, religion,
and the arts.
Despite the fact that American democratic styles have found a
distinct place in Filipino life, Filipino values which were anchored on
Filipino tradition were not abandoned by those who co-opted with the
Americans.. Large majority of Filipinos saw no contradictions between
Americans
the American values and Filipino tradition. This perception of many
Filipinos was contributory to the Americanization
Americanization of Filipino lifestyle.
d. The American Policy on Philippine Independen
Independence
ce
When Filipino nationalists began their advocacy movements for
autonomy and independence, the American authorities in the
Philippines had no effective response. They viewed nationalist efforts
as mere agitations of the leaders of insular politics. As a palliative
measure to downplay the clamor for self-government and
Page 49 of 92
independence, the American colonial authorities promised
independence as soon as a stable form of government could be
established by them. This was affirmed by the passage of the Jones
Law in 1916 by the US Congress which required the establishment of
a stable government first before independ
independence
ence would be granted.
In 1918, just after the World War 1 ended, the Filipinos began
to agitate for the fulfillment of America’s promise of independence to
the Philippines. They were inspired by their belief that political
pressures and consistent campaign
campaig n efforts could force the US o comply
with its promise. After 1918. Through the leadership of Manual L.
Quezon, a more sustained effort to end American rule and the granting
of independence to the Philippines was directed to the legislators in
Washington,
Washing ton, the US seat of government.
Self-assessment 3
1. The Elite
Filipinos
2. Cultural
Communities
(Indigenous
groups in
Mindanao
and
Cordillera)
Page 50 of 92
Conclusion:
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b. The Commonwealth
Commonwealth Government
The
became theCommonwealth
realization of theGovernment
real desire of of the Philippines,
Filipinos which
for independence,
was able to accomplish
a ccomplish the following achievement.
1. Reorganization of the government by creating new offices,
including the Department of National Defense, the Institute
of National Language, the National Council of Education, the
Filipinization of the Judiciary from the supreme Court down
to the municipal courts, the Court of Appeals, and the Court
of Industrial Relations.
2. Granting of women suffrage, after a special national
plebiscite in which 447, 725 women voted in favor of women
suffrage and 44,397 against it.
3. Creation of new chartered cities, namely: Cebu, Iloilo,
Bacolod, Davao, Zamboanga, San Pablo, Quezon City,
Cavite, and Tagaytay.
4. The adoption of Tagalog as the national
n ational language.
5. Promotion of social justice (Eight-hour Labor Act) and the
appointment of public defenders to defend the rights of the
poor laborers in the courts.
6. Compulsory military training of able-bodied Filipino youths,
under the supervision of General Douglas MacArthur.
M acArthur.
7. Taking of the 1939 official census of the Philippines.
8. Improvement of the Philippine economy as revealed by the
growth of agriculture, commerce, and industries.
Page 51 of 92
9. Creation of the Joint Preparatory Committee Philippine Affairs
(JPCPA), which recommend the following, (1) granting of
Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946 and (2) extension
of Philippine-American Preferential trade to December 31,
1960.
10. Passage of three amendments to the 1935 Philippine
Constitution which were ratified by the national plebiscite on
June 18, 1940.
These amendments were as follows:
a. Tenure of office of the President and Vice-President to was
four years with re-election for another term.
b. Establishme
Establishment
nt of a bicameral Congress of the Philippines,
with the Senate as Upper House and the House of
Representatives
Representa tives as Lower House.
c. Creation of an Independent Commission on Election
composed
compose d of three members to supervise all elections.
Self-assessment 4
Social
Cultural
Economic
Political
Page 52 of 92
b. Based on the table above, which aspect(s) of Filipino life was
greatly advanced by the Philippine Commonwealth?
Commonwealth? Justify.
American
Philippines authorities
took great and
leapsFilipino leaders,Rapid
and bounds. development in the
development in
agriculture, commerce, ang trade soared high. Transportation and
communications were modernized. Banking systems were established
and manufacturing industries grew in big proportions. All of these
were generated as a result of the favorable political and socio-cultural
climate in the Philippines. American businessmen, capitalists, and
industrialists flocked to Philippine soil to establish their enterprises
using local talents and labors.
The economic progress under America did not pass without a
great price on the part of the Filipinos. Local production and business
gave way to accommodate
accommodate American Products and industries. In terms
of who benefited most in terms of economic progress, the Filipinos
Filipi nos got
the least, while American capitalists got the most profit using Filipino
skills and labor.
b. Growth of Agriculture in the Philippines
Agricultural Progress in the Philippines during the American
regime was remarkable for it changed the deplorable state of
Philippine agriculture into a scientifically advanced and modernized
one. The introduction of experimental model farms and livestock
production technology introduced by Americans gradually empowered
Filipino farmers with scientific methods of cultivation. New breeds of
livestock increased production outputs. Modern post-harvest facilities
like warehouses and farm machineries like thresher and rice hullers
were introduced. Irrigation systems and dams were built. Sugar
plantations were established and packaging of farm products was
taught. All of these and other introductions and innovations spurred
the growth of agricultural production in the Philippines. Unfortunately,
Unfortunately,
majority of Filipino farmers were not favored much by agricultural
developments for reasons that they remained tillers of the lands of
landlords and capitalists.
c. Flourishi
Flourishing
ng of Trade and Commerce
The free trade relations between the US and the
Philippines
Philippines. fostered a export
Import and giant leap
tradefor trade
which and commerce
became in the
a full free trade in
Page 53 of 92
1913 by virtue of the Underwood-Simons Tariff Act of the US Congress
facilitated the opening of ports all over the country.
However, the trade agreement seemed not to favor the Filipino
much because of the fact that Philippine export products were free to
enter American ports within quota limits while American products
could enter Philippine ports without paying duty taxes to the
Philippines and without quota limits. The crux of inequality was the
fact that there were more imports from America than the export
products of the Filipinos entering the US. THE American capitalists got
greater profits that their Filipino
Filipino counterparts.
d. Industrial Development
The American period facilitated the Industrial Age in the
Philippines. Factories sprang up in towns and cities, producing
commodities such as cigars, coconut oil, sugar, textile, and cordage
using local resources. Mining industries boomed into huge
international industries. The Philippines became known as a gold
producer and supplier of other minerals such as chromate,
manganese,
became major copper, iron, placing
industries, silver and
the others. Fishing
Philippines and
in the fish canning
limelight of the
international market as a rich ground for deep-sea fishing.
e. Improvemen
Improvementt of Transportation and Communication
The American period affected the modernization of
transportation facilities in the Philippines. Roads and bridges were
constructed, which facilitated transport of products from farms to
ports and markets with ease and convenience. By 1935, there were
already 20,826 kilometers of roads and 8,100 bridges built by
American road builders.
In 1905, telephone system was introduced in Manila. Radio-
telephone services were installed in 1933. Towns and provincial
capitols were inter-connected by radio, telegraph lines, and
telephones. By 1935, more than a thousand mail offices all over the
Philippines were established, facilitating communications though
ordinary mails, telegrams, money orders, packages, and air mail
letters.
These material progress in the Philippines that were achieved
during the American colonial period had an impact on the economic
condition of the Philippines. However, form the perception of Filipino
nationalists, America’s regime in the Philippines transformed the
Philippines into a market of surplus products of the US and a gold
mine of economic resources at the expense of the greater majority of
Page 54 of 92
Filipinos, who gave so much of the expense of the resources, time,
and talents but received the least of benefits.
f. Social Progress under America
The impact of American public education I the Philippines was a
key factor in the improvement of peace and order conditions in the
country. Democracy as an ideology was emphasized in all schools.
Filipinos became conscious of basic freedoms. Political writers began
to express their views with greater impetus and political
consciousness grew among Filipinos in government. Partisan politics
was allowed, enabling Filipinos to form independent political parties
wherein a great majority of Filipino elites agitated for political
independence.
Filipino cultural life changed dramatically as the English
language became an official medium, not only in schools, but also in
private and public offices. The influx of ideas from the progressive
West acquired through the knowledge and proficiency in English
helped enrich the English language, which was patrionized by
Filipinos, proved
cultural life and itself
gave as the potent
importance to force which changed cultural
a Western-oriented Filipino
environment,
Self-assessment 5
Social
Cultural
Page 55 of 92
Economic
Political
On January
January 02, 1942, after the relatively bloodless
bloodless occupation
of Manila, General Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese
Imperial Forces in the Philippines, declared the establishment of the
Japanese military administration with the intention of putting under
complete control political, economic, and socio-cultural affairs in
Manila and consequently the whole Philippines. He further declared
the end of American occupation and Placed the country under martial
law, and ordered the confiscation of firearms, ammunitions, and other
war materials. He declared punishment by death for anyone who did
not hostile act against the Japanese army. He placed under Japanese
control all industries, factories, banks, schools, churches, printing
presses, and centers of recreations. He issues a proclamation
prohibiting circulation of American dollars and introduced Japanese
war notes which replaced Philippine currency. He ordered arrests and
punishment to those who caught singing the American National
anthem and any American song. Books, magazines, and newspaper in
English were confiscated and burned. Only Japanese propaganda
newspapers
newspape rs written in Tagalog were allowed for circulation.
Page 56 of 92
The Socio-Cultural Situation under Japanese Occupation
Page 57 of 92
In the field of arts expression, strict prohibitions were enforced
by Japanese authorities. Performers in theatres were not allowed to
present entertainment that were Western-oriented and injurious to
Japanese sensibilities. Writers did not enjoy freedom to expression.
Only a few print media were allowed for circulation with strict
censorship. While encouraging Filipino culture, the Japanese imposed
restrictions so as to ensure that they do not impair Japanese aims of
war.
Page 58 of 92
Aspects of Filipino Facts (Conditions, Prevailing Problems)
Life
Social
Economic
Political
Cultural
Create a Creative Timeline. You will narrate the important dates and
events through creative timeline from Spanish occupatio
occupation
n to Japanese
occupation. Be guided by your course guides. Rubric and format is
included there.
Page 59 of 92
TO DO
Assignment 4
REFERENCES
Page 60 of 92
Chapter/ Module 4: Social, Political, and Cultural
Issues in Philippine History
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Thishistory
which chaptercould
is dedicated
lend a to enduring
hand issues in Philippine
in understanding. society,
and hopefully,
proposing solutions. These topics include the mandated discussion on
the Philippine constitution and policies on agrarian reform. It is hoped
that these discussions will help us propose recommendations or
solutions to present-day problem based on our understananding of
root causes and how we anticipate future scenarios in the Philippine
setting
Lesson 1 Evolution of the Philippine Constitution
Page 61 of 92
The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the provisionary
Constitution of the Philippine Republic during the Philippine
Revolution, and was promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary
Government on 1 November,1897. The constitution, borrowed from
Cuba, was written by Isabelo Artacho and Félix Ferrer in Spanish, and
later on, translated into Tagalog.
The organs of the government under the Constitution were: (1)
the Supreme Council, which was vested with the power of the
Republic, headed by the president and four department secretaries:
the interior, foreign affairs, treasury, and war; (2) the Consejo
Supremo de Gracia Y Justicia (Supreme Council of Grace and Justice),
which was given the authority to make decisions and affirm or
disprove the sentences rendered by other courts and to dictate rules
for the administration of justice; and (3) the Asamblea de
Representantes (Assembly of Representatives), which was to be
convened after the revolution to create
creat e a new Constitution and to elect
a new Council of Government and Representatives of the people.
The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was never fully implemented,
since a truce, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, was signed between the
Spanish and the Philippine Revolutionary Army.
Primary Source: Preamble of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution
Page 62 of 92
constitution on 17 September 1898, which was composed of wealthy
and educated men.
The document they came up with, approved by the Congress on
29 November 1898, and promulgated by Aguinaldo on 21 January
1899, was titled "The Political Constitution of 1899 and written in
Spanish. The constitution has 39 articles divided into 14 titles, with
eight articles of transitory provisions, and a final additional article. The
document was patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812, with
infuences from the charters of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, and Guatemala, and the French Constitution of 1793.
According to Felipe Calderon, main author of the constitution, these
countries were studied because they shared Similar social, political,
ethnological, and gOvernance conditions with the Philippines. Prior
constitutional projects in the Philippines also influenced the Malolos
Constitution,
Constitutio n, namely, the Kartilya and the Sanggunian Hukuman, the
charter of laws and morals of the Katipunan written by Emilio Jacinto
in 1896; the Biak-na-Bato Constitution of 1897 planned by Isabelo
Artacho; Mabini's Constitutional
Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic of
1898; thethe
followed provisional constitution otand
Spanish constitutions; Mariano Ponce in projects
the autonomy 1898 that
of
Paterno in 1898.
Primary Source: Preambie ot the Folitical Constitution of 1899
Page 63 of 92
legislative power was vested in a a unicameral body called the
Assembly
Assemb ly of Representatives,
Representatives, members of which are elected for terms
of four years. Secretaries of the government were given seats in the
assembly, which meet annually for a period of at least three months.
Bills could be introduced either by the president or by a member of
the assembly. Some powers not legislative in nature were also given
to the body, such as the right to select its own officers, right
righ t of censure
and interpellation, and the right of impeaching the president, cabinet
members, the chief justice of the Supreme Court, and the solicitor-
general. A permanent commission of seven, elected by the assembly,
and granted specific powers by the constitution, was to sit during the
intervals between sessions ot the assembly.
Executive power was vested in the president, and elected by a
constituentt assembly of the Assembly of Representatives and special
constituen
representatives.
representati ves. The president will serve a term ot four years without
re-election. There was no vice president, and in case of a vacancy, a
president was to be selected by the constituent assembly.
Thewar.
ongoing 1899 Malolos
The Constitution
Philippines was never
was effectively enforced
a territory of due to the
the United
States upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris between Spain and the
United States, transterring sovereignty of the Philippines on 10
December
Decemb er 1898.
1935: The Commonwealth
Commonwealth Constitution
Page 64 of 92
through the removal of the Philippine Commission, replacing it with a
Senate that served as the upper house and its members elected by
the Filipino voters, the first truly elected national legislature. It was
also this Act that explicitly declared the purpose of the United States
to end their sovereignty over the Philippines and recognize Philippine
independence as soon as a stable government can be established.
In 1932, with the efforts of the Filipino independence mission
led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas, the United States Congress
passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act with the promise of granting
Filipinos independence.
independen ce. The bill was opposed by then Senate President
Manuel L. Quezon and consequently, rejected by the Philippine Senate
By 1934, another law, the Tydings-McDuffie Act, also known as
the Philippine Independence Act, was passed by the United States
Congress that provided authority and defined mechanisms for the
establishment
establishme nt of a formal constitution by a constitutional convention.
The members of the convention were elected and held their first
meeting on 30 July 1934, with Claro M. Kecto unanimo
unanimously
usly elected as
president.
The constitution was erafted to meet the approval of the United
States government, and to ensure that the United States would live
up to its promise to grant independence to the Philippines.
Primary Source: Preamble of the 1935 Commonwealth
Page 65 of 92
on extended to women within two years after the adoption of the
constitution.
While the dominant influence in the constitution was American,
it also bears traces of the Malolos Constitution, the German, spanish,
and Mexican constitutions, constitutions of several South American
countries, and the unwritten English Constitution.
1967 InPhillppine
1965, Ferdinand
CongressE. Marcos
passed was elected president,
a resolution calling and
for in
a
constitutional convention to change the 1985 Constitution. Marcos
won the re-election " 1969, in a bid boosted by campaign
overspending and use of government funds. Elections
Electi ons of the delegates
to the constitutional convention were held on 20 November 1970, and
the convention began formally on l June 1971, with former President
Carlos P. Garcia being elected as convention president. Unfortunately,
he died, and was succeeded by another former president, Diosdado
Macapagal.
Before the convention finished its work, Martial Law was
declared. Marcos cited a growing communist insurgency as reason for
the Martial Law, which was provided for in the 1935 Constitution.
Some delegates of the ongoing constitutional convention were placed
behind bars and others went into hiding or were voluntary exiled. With
Marcos as dictator, the direction of the convention turned, with
accounts that the president himself dictated some provisions of the
constitution, manipulating the document to be able to hold on to
power for as long as he could. On 29 November 1972, the convention
approved its proposed constitution.
The constitution was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-
style government, where legislative power was vested in a unicameral
National Assembly, with members being elected to a six-year term.
The president was to be elected as the symbolic and ceremonial head
of state chosen from the members of the National Assembly. The
Page 66 of 92
president would serve a six-year term and could be re-elected to an
unlimited number of terms. Executive
power was relegated to the Prime Minister, who was also the head of
government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces who was
also to be elected from the National Assembly.
President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 73 setting the
date of the plebiscite to ratify or reject the proposed constitution on
30 November 1973. This plebiscite was postponed later on since
Marcos feared that the public might vote to reject the constitution.
Instead of a plebiscite, Citizen Assemblies were held, from 10-15
January 1973, where the citizens coming together and voting by hand,
decided on whether to ratify the constitution, suspend the convening
of the Interim National Assembly, continue Martial Law, or place a
moratorium on elections for a period of at least several years. The
President, on 17 January 1973, issued a proclamati
proclamation
on announcing that
the proposed constitution
constitution had been ratified by an overwhelmi
overwhelmingng vote
of the members of the highly irregular Citizen Assemblies.
The constitution
Asemblies, once again,was amended
decided several
to allow the times. In 1976,
continuation of Citizen
Martial
Law, well as approved the amendments: an lnterim Batasang
Pambansa to substitute for the Interim National Assembly, the
president to also become the Prime Minister and continue to exercise
legislative powers until Martial Law was lifted and authorized the
President to legislate on his own on an emergeney basis. An
overwhelming majority would ratify further amendments
succeedingly. In 1980, the retirement age of members of the judiciary
was extended to 70 years. In 1981, the parliamentary system was
formally modified to a French-style, semi-presidential system where
executive power was restored to the president, who was, once again,
to be directly elected; an Executive Committee was to be created,
composed of the Prime Minister and 14 others, that served as the
president's Cabinet; and some electoral reforms were instituted. In
1984, the Executive Committee was abolished and the position of the
vice president was restored.
After all the amendments introduced, the 1973 Constitution was
merely a way for the President to keep exeeutive powers, abolish the
Senate, and by any means, never acted as a parliamentary system,
instead functioned
functioned as an authoritarian presidential system, with all the
real power concentrated in the hands of the president, with the
backing of the constitutio
constitution.
n.
Page 67 of 92
swiftly when in August 1983, Benigno Aquino Jr., opposition leader
and regarded as the most credible alternative to President Marcos,
was assassinated while under military escort immediately after his
return from exile in the United
States. There was widespread suspicion that the orders to assassinate
Aquino came from the top levels of the governmment and the military.
This event caused the coming together of the non-violent opposition
against the Marcos authoritarian regime. Marcos was then forced to
hold "snap' elections a year early, and said elections were marred by
widespread
widesprea d fraud Marcos declared himself winner despite international
condemnation and nationwide protests. A small group of military
rebels attempted to stage a coup, but failed; however, this triggered
what came to be known as the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986,
as people from all walks of life spilled onto the streets.
street s. Under pressure
from the United States of America, who used to support Marcos and
his Martial Law, the Marcos family fled into exile His opponent in the
snap elections, Benigno Aquino Jr.s widow, Corazon Aquino, was
installed as president on 25 February 1986.
Page 68 of 92
powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the
government.
The Executive branch is headed by the president and his he
appoints. The president is the head of the state and the chief
executive, but his power 1s limited by significant checks from the two
other co-equal branches of government, especially during times of
emergency. This is put in place to safeguard the country from the
experience of martial law despotism during the presidency of Marcos.
In cases of national emergency, the president may still declare martial
law, but not longer than a period of sixty days. Congress, through a
majority vote, can revoke this decision, or extend it for a period that
they determine. The Supreme Court may also review the declaration
of martial law and decide if there were sufficient justifying facts for
the act. The president and the vice president are elected at large by a
direct vote, serving a single six-year term.
The legislative power resides in a Congress divided into two
Houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The 24
senators are elected at large by popular vote, and can serve no more
than two consecutive six year terms. TheTh e House is composed of district
representatives
representati ves representing a particular geographic area and makes
up around 80% of the total number representatives. There are 234
legislative districts in the Philippines that elect their representatives
to serve three-year terms, The 1987 Constitution created a party-list
system to provide spaces for the participation of under-represented
community sectors or groups. Party-list representauves may fil up not
more than 20% of the seats in the House.
Aside from the exclusive power of legislation, Congress
Congre ss may also
declare war, through a two-thirds vote in both upper and lower
nouses, the power of legislation, however, is also subject to an
executive check, as the president retains the power to veto or stop a
bill from becoming a law. Congress may only override this power with
a two-thirds vote in both houses.
The Philippine Court system is vested with the power of the
judiciary, and is composed
composed of a Supreme Court and lower courts as
created by law. The Supreme Court 1s a 15 15-member
-member court appointed
by the president w1thout the need to be confirmed by Congress. The
appointment the president makes, however, is limited to a list of
nominees provided by a constitutionally specified Judicial and Bar
Council. The Supreme Court Justices may hear, on appeal, any cases
dealing with the constitutionality of any law, treaty, or decree of the
government, cases where questions of jurisdiction or judicial error are
concerned, or cases where the penalty is sufficiently grave. It may
Page 69 of 92
also exercise original jurisdiction over cases involving government or
international officials. The Supreme ourt is also in charge of
overseeing the functioning
functioning and administration
a dministration ot the lower courts a
and
nd
their personnel.
The Constitution also established three independent
Constitutional
Constitutional Commissions, namely, the Civil Service Commission, a
central agency in charge of government personnel; the Commission
on Elections, mandated to enforce and administer all election laws and
regulations;; and the Commissio
regulations Commission
n on Audit, which examines all funds,
transactions, and property accounts of the government and its
agencies.
To further promote the ethical and lawful conduct of the
government, the Office of the Ombudsman was created to investigate
complaints that pertain to public corruption, unlawful behavior of
public officials, and other public misconduct. The Ombudsman can
charge public officials before the Sandiganbayan, a special court
created for this purpose.
The third method is called the "People's Initiative" (or P). In this
method, amendments to the Constitution may be proposed by the people
upon a petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters.
All legislative districts must be represented by at least 12% of the
registered votes therein. No amendment is allowed more than once every
five years since a successful PL. The 1987 Constitution directs the
Congress to enact a law to implement provisions of the PI, which
w hich has not
yet materialized.
Amendments or revision to the constitution shall be valid only
when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a national referendum.
Page 70 of 92
Only the House of Representati
Representatives
ves can initiate tthe
he impeachment
of the president, members of the Supreme Court, and other
constitutionally protected public ofhicials such as the Ombudsman.
The Senate will then try the impeachment case. This is another
safeguard to promote moral and ethical conduct in the government.
Attempts
Attempts to Amend or Change the 1987 Constitution
Page 71 of 92
Federalism in the Philippines was supported by President Duterte in the
2016 presidential elections, saying that it will evenly distribute wealth in
the Philippines instead of concentrating it in Manila, the capital of the
country. As a form of government, a central governing authority and
constituent political units constitutionally share sovereignty. Applied to the
Philippines, the country will be broken into autonomous regions. Each
region will be further divided into local government units. The regions will
have the primary responsibility of industry development, public safety and
instruction, education, healthcare, transportation, and many more. Each
region will also take charge of their own finances, plans for development,
and laws exclusive to ther area. The national government, on the other
hand, Will only handle matters of national interest such as foreign policy
and defense, among others. In this system, it is possible for the central
government and the regions to share certain powers.
Our current system is that ot a unitary form, where administrative powers
and resources are concentrated in the national government. Mayors and
governors would have to rely on allocations provided to them through a
proposed budget that is also approved by the nation government, a system
prone to abuse.
There are many pros to a federal form of government. Each region may
custom fit solutions to problems brought about by their distinct
geographic, cultural, social, and economic contexts. Regions also have
more power over their finances, since they handle majority ot their income
and only contributes to a small portion to
t o the national government.
They can choose to directly fund their own development projects without
asking for the national government's go signal. A federal system could
alsso promote specialization, since the national govermment could focus
on nationwide concerns while regional governments can take care of
administrative issues.
A federal form of government could also solve a lot of decade-old problems
of the country. It may be a solution to the conffict in Mindanao, Since a
separate Bangsamoro region could be established for Muslim Mindanao. It
could address the inequality in wealth distribution and lessen the
dependence to Metro Manila, since regions can proceed with what they
have to do without needing to consider the situation in the capital.
There are also cons to federalism. While it creates competition among
regions, it could also be a challenge to achieving unity in the country.
There might be regions which are not ready to
t o govern themselves, or have
lesser resources, which couid mire them deeper in poverty and make
development uneven in the country.
Page 72 of 92
There could be issues regarding overlaps in jurisdiction, since
ambiguities may arise where national ends and regional begins, or
vice versa. As a proposed solution to the conflict in Mindanao, we
must also remember that the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) has already been created, and the conflict still
continues. Federalism may not be enough for those who clamor
separation.
Any effort to shift the system of government also entails costs, and
it would not be cheap. It would cost billions to dismantle the current
system and would take a long time belore the system normalizes
and irons out its kinks.
governments
influence inbackground,
of his a single political
beingsystem. This advocacy
a local leader is inthat
in Mindanao parthas
an
been mired in poverty and violence for decades.
deca des. On 7 December 2016,
President Duterte signed an executive order creating a consultative
committee to review the 1987 Constitution.
Lesson 2 Policies on Agrarian Retorm
Page 73 of 92
Landownership in the Philippines under Spain
system
farmers as "compras
working y vandalas"
the land-they became
were madethe norm
to sell for products
their the Filipino
at
very low price or surrender their products to the encomenderos, who
resold this
this as a profit. Filipinos
Filipinos in the enco
encomienda
mienda were also required
to render services to the encomenderos that were unrelated to
farming.
From this encomienda system, the hacienda system developed
in the beginning or the nineteenth century as the Spanish government
implemented policies
policies that would fast track
t rack the entry of the colony into
the capitalist world. The economy was tied to the world market as the
Philippines became an exporter of raw materials and importer of
goods. Agricultural exports were demanded and the hacienda system
was developed as a new form of ownership. In the 1860s, Spain
enacted a law ordering landholders to register their landholdings, and
only those who knew benefitted from this. lands were claimed and
registered in other people's names, and many peasant families who
were "assigned" to the land in the earlier days of colonization were
driven out or forced to come under the power of these people who
claimed rights to the land because they held a title.
This is the primary reason why revolts in the Phihppines were
often agrarian in nature. Before the colonization, Filipinos had
communal ownership of land. The system introduced by the Spaniards
became a bitter source of hatred and discontent for the Filipinos.
Religious orders, the biggest landowners in the Philippines, also
Page 74 of 92
became a main source of abuse and exploitation for the Filipinos,
increasing the rent paid by the Filipinos on a whim.
Filipinos fought the Philippine Revolution in a confluence of
motivations, but the greatest desire for freedom would be the
necessity of owning land. Upon the end of the Philippine Revolution,
the revolutionary government would declare all large landed estates,
especially the confiscated friar lands as government property.
However, the first Philippi
Philippine
ne republic was short-lived. The entrance of
the Americans would signal a new era of colonialism and imperialism
in the Philippines.
Landownership in the Philippines under the Americans
The Americans were aware that the main cause of social unrest
in the Philippines was landlessness, and they attempted to put an end
to the deplorable conditions of the tenant farmers by passing several
land policies to increase the small landholders and distribute
ownership to a bigger number of Filipino tenants and farmers. The
Philippne Bill of 1902 provided regulations on the disposal of public
lands. A landholders
corporate private individual
may havemay ownhectares.
1,024 16 hectares of land
Americans werewhile
also
given rights to own agricultural lands in the country. The Philippine
Commission also enacted Act No. 496 or the Land Registration Act,
which introduced the Torrens
Torre ns system to address the absence of earlier
records of issued land titles and conduct accurate land surveys. In
1903, the homestead program was introduced, allowing a tenant to
enter into an agricultural business by acquiring a tarm of at least 16
hectares. This program, however, was limited to areas in Northern
Luzon and Mindanao, where colonial penetration had been difficult for
Americans,, a problem they inherited from the Spaniards.
Americans
Landownership did not improve during the American period; in
fact, it even worsened, because there was no limit to the size of
landholdings people could possess and the accessibility of possession
was limited to those who could afford to buy, register, and acquire
fixed property titles. Not all friar lands acquired by the Americans were
given to landless peasant farmers. Some lands were sold or leased to
American and Filipino business interest. This early land retorm
program was also implemented without support mechanisms-if a
landless peasant 1armer received land, he only received land, nothing
n othing
more. Many were torced to return to tenancy and wealthy Filipino
hacienderos purchased or forcerully took over lands from farmers
who could not afford to pay their
t heir debts. The system introduced by the
Americans enabled more lands to be placed under tenancy, which:
widespread peasant uprisings, ,such as the Colorum and Sakdal
Page 75 of 92
Uprising in Luzon. Peasants and workers found refuge trom
millenarian movements that gave them hope that change could still
happen through militancy.
For a new party with a small clout, they did well in the 1934 general
elections, scoring three seats in the House of Representatives and
several local posts. This encouraged them to attempt an uprising in
1936. Upon being crushed, Ramos fled to Tokyo and the Partido
Sakdalista collapsed.
Page 76 of 92
Post-War Interventions Toward Agrarian Reform
Republicthe
govern Act relationship
No. 1199 or between
the Agricultural Tenancy
landholders andAct was passed
tenant to
farmers,
protecting the tenurial rights of tenants and enforced tenancy
practices. Through this law, the Court of Agricultural Relations was
created in 1955 to improve tenancy security, fix land rentals of
tenanted farms, and resolve
resolv e land disputes filed by the landowners and
peasant organizations.
organizations. The Agricultural Tenancy Commission was also
established to administer problems created by tenancy. The
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA)
was also created mainly to provide warehouse facilities and assist
farmers in marketing their products. The administration spearheade
spearheadedd
the establishment of the Agricultural and Industrial Bank to provide
easier terms in applying for homestead and other farmlands.
NARRA accelerated the government's resettlement program
progr am and
distribution of agricultural lands to landless tenants and farmers. It
also aimed to convince members of the Huks, a movement of rebels
in Central Luzon, to resettle in areas where they could restart their
lives as peaceful citizens.
Despite a move vigorous effort toward agrarian reform, the
situation for the farmers remained dire since the government lacked
funds and provided inadequate support
suppor t services for the programs. The
landed elite did not fully cooperate and they criticized the programs.
Page 77 of 92
A major stride in land reform arrived during the term of
President Diosdado Macapagal through the Agricultural Land Reform
Code (Republic Act No. 3844)
Primary Source: Declaration of Policy under RA No. 3844 or
Agricultural Land Reform Code
Source: Section
Section 2. Declaration of Policy--It is the poliey of the State:
(1) To establish owner-cultivatorship and the economic family-size
farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture & , as a consequ
consequence,
ence, divert
landlord capital in agriculture to
t o industrial development;
(2) To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from
pernicious
pernicious institutional restraints and practices;
(3) To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture
conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes
(4) To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both
industrial and agricultural wage earners,
(5) To provide
program more
and public landvigorous and and
distribution; systematic land resettlement
Page 78 of 92
This shall apply to tenant farmers of private agricultural lands
primarily devoted to rice and corn under a system of sharecrop or
lease-tenancy,
lease-tenan cy, whether classified as landed estate or not;
The tenant farmer, whether in land classified as landed estate
or not, shall be deemed owner of a portion constituting a family-size
farm of (5) hectares it not irrigated and three (3) hectares if irrigated:
In all cases the landowner may retain an area of not more than
seven (7) hectares if such landowner is cultivating such area or will
now cultivate it; For the purpose of determining the cost of the land
to be transferred to the tenant-farmer pursuant to this Decree, the
value of the land shall be equivalent to two and one-half (2 1/2) times
t imes
the average harvest of three normal crop years immediately preceding
the promulgation of this Decree;
The total cost of the land, including interest at the rate of six (6) per
centum per annum, shall be paid by the tenant in fifteen (15) years
of fifteen (15) equal annual amortizations;
In case of default, the amortization due shall be paid by the farmers'
cooperative in which the defaulting tenant-farmer 18 a member, with
cooperative
the cooperative having a right of recourse agains
againstt him;
The government shall guaranty such amortizations with shares of
stock in government-owned and government-controlled corporations;
No title to the land owned by the tenant-farmers under this Decree
shall be actually issued to a tenant-farmer unless and until the tenant-
farmer has become a full-fledged member of a duly recognized
farmer's cooperative; Title to land acquired pursuant to this Decree or
the Land Reform Program of the Government shall not be transferable
except by hereditary succession or to the government in accordance
with the provisions of this Decree, the code of Agrarian telorms and
other existing laws and regulations;
The Department of Agrarian Reform through its Secretary is hereby
empowered to promulgate rules and regulations for the
implementation
implementation of this Decree.
"Operation Land Transfer" on lands occupied by tenants of.
more than seven hectares on rice and corn lands commenced, and
through legal compulsion and an improved delivery of support services
to small farmers, agrarian reform seemed to be finally achievable.
Under the rice self-suffic
self-sufficiency
iency program "Masagana '99, farmers were
able to borrow from banks and purchase three-hectare plots of lands
and agricultural inputs However, the landlord class still found ways to
circumvent the law. Because only rice lands were the focus of agrarian
Page 79 of 92
reform, some landlords only needed to change crops to be exempted
from the program, such as coconut and sugar lands. Lands worked
w orked by
wage labor were also exempt from the program, so the landed elite
only had to evict their tenants and hired workers instead.
Landlessness increased, which made it all the more difficult for the
program to succeed because landless peasants were excluded from
the program. Many other methods were employed by the elite to find
a way to maintain their power and dominance, which were worsened
by the corruption of Marcos and his cronies who were also involved in
the agricultural sector.
Post-1986 Agrarian Reform
On 22 July
and Executive 1987,
Order 229,Aquino
which issued
outlinedPresidential Proclamation
her land reform program.131
In
1988, the Congress passed Republic Act No. 6657 or the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARD), which introduced the
program with the same name (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program or (CARP). It enabled the redistribution of agricultural lands
to tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in exchange by
the government through just compensation and allowed them to
retain not more than have hectares. Corporate landowners were,
however, allowed under law to voluntarily divest a proportion of their
th eir
capital stock, equity, or participation in favor of their workers or other
qualified beneficiaries instead of turning over their land to the
government.
CARP was limited because it accomplished very little during the
administration of Aquino. It only accomplished 22.5% of land
distribution in six years owing to the fact that Congress, dominated
by the landed elite, was unwilling to fund the high compensation costs
of the program. It was also mired in controversy, since Aquino
seemingly bowed down to the pressure of her relatives by allowing
the stock redistribution option. Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into
a corporation and distributed stocks to farmers.
Under the term of President Ramos, CARP implementation was
speeded in order to meet the ten-year time frame, despite limitations
and constraints in funding, logistics, and participation of involved
sectors. By 1996, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
Page 80 of 92
distributed only 58.25% of the total area target to be covered by the
program. To address the lacking funding and the dwindling time for
the implementation of CARP, Ramos signed Republic Act No. 8532 in
1998 to amend CARL and extend the program to another ten years.
CARPER and the Future of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines
The new deadline of CARP expired in 2008, leaving 1.2 million farmer
beneficiaries and 1.6 million hectares of agricultural land to be
distributed to farmers. In 2009, President Arroyo signed Republic Act
No. 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension
with Reforms (CARPER), the amendatory law that extended the
deadline to five more years. Section 30 of the law also mandates that
any case and/or proceedings involving the implementation of the
provisions of CARP, as amended, which may remain pending on 30
June 2014 shall be allowed to proceed to its finality and executed even
beyond such date.
From 2009 to 2014, CARPER has distributed a total of 1 million
hectares of land to 900,000 farmer beneficiaries. After 27 years of
land
lands reform
remainand two Aquino administrations,
undistributed. The DAR and 500,000 hectares of
the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) are the government
agencies mandated to fulfill CARP and CARPER, but even tthe
he combined
effort and resources of the two agencies have proved incapable of fully
achieving the goal of agrarian reform in the Philippines. The same
problems have plagued its implementation: the powerful landed elite
and the ineffectual bureaucracy of the Philippine government. Until
these two challenges are surmounted, genuine agrarian reform in the
Philippines remains but a dream to Filipino farmers who have been
fighting for their right to landownership for centuries
centuries..
Self-assessment 1
______4. Landownership
Landownership in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial
Page 81 of 92
period was a great source of hatred and resentment among
the Filipinos.
______5. The American
American perio
periodd ushered in a great impro
improvement
vement in
landownership
landownership in the country.
______6. Agraria
Agrariann reform under
under the dictato
dictatorr Ferdinand M
Marcos
arcos was a
failure.
Self-assessment 2
Assignment 5
Page 82 of 92
must contain a concluding paragraph. For guiding you on how
h ow to
write a reaction paper, visit
http://ww
http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/
w.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/hand
rwc/handouts/the-writi
outs/the-writing-process-
ng-process-
I/invention/Writing-a-Response-or-Reaction-Paper
Be guided on the format and rubric on your course guide.
TO DO
Assignment 6
Republic
Constitution
1935
Constitution
1973
Constitution
1987
Constitution
Proposed
Federal
Constitution
Page 83 of 92
Dulag was a chieftain in the highland village of Bugnay,
Tinglayan, Kalinga-Apayao.
Kalinga-Apayao. A farmer by profession, Dulag was also a
road maintenance worker for the Department of Public Works and
Highways. He staunchly opposed construction of the Chico Dam, a
hydroelectric project along the Chico River proposed by President
Ferdinand E. Marcos' government and was to be funded by the World
Bank.
Indigenous
Indigenou s peoples in the area, including the Kalinga and the Bontoc,
resisted the project for three decades as the proposed dam's reservoir
threatened to drown 1,400 square-kilometres of traditional highland
villages and ancestral domains in the modern-day provinces of
Mountain Province, Kalinga and Apayao.
On 24 April 1980, elements from 4th Infantry Division of the
Philippine Army opened fire on Dulag at his home, killing him and
wounding a companion. His murder unified the various peoples of the
Cordillera Mountains against the proposed dam, causing both the
World Bank and the
Marcos regime to
eventually abandon the
But the Kalinga and Bontok peoples knew that the project
would flood their ricefields and their homes, communal forests and
sacred burial grounds. It would destroy their lives by changing their
environment forever.
Page 84 of 92
Macliing Dulag was a respected elder of the Butbut tribe in the
tiny mountain village of Bugnay in the 1960s. He was a pangat, one
of those listened to by the community because of their wisdom and
courage. He was also the elected barrio captain of Bugnay, serving
out three terms since 1966. Ordinarily, he tended his rice fields and
worked as a laborer on road maintenance projects (earning P405 a
month).
In 1974, the regime tried to implement a 1,000-megawatt
hydroelectric power project, to be funded by the World Bank, along
the Chico River. The plan called for the constructio
construction
n of four dams that
would have put many villages under water, covering an area of around
1,400 square kilometers of rice terraces ( payew), orchards, and
graveyards. As many as 100,000 people living along the river,
including Macliing’s Bugnay village, would have lost their homes.
Macliing became a strong and articulate figure in this struggle which
pitted small nearly powerless communities in the Cordilleras against
the full powers of the martial law regime. Kalinga and Bontok leaders
were offered bribes, harassed by soldiers and government
mercenaries, even imprisoned. But the anti-dam leaders, including
Macliing, stayed firm in their opposition to the project. They argued
Page 85 of 92
withdrew from the project, finally forcing the martial law government
to cancel its plans.
and then himself was killed in 2000 by the New People’s Army.
Self-assessment Task 3
Answer the following questions below.
1. Despite not having formal education, Macli-ing was considered
as one of the most influential people in the Cordillera. What are
the lessons that the Great Macli-ing left to the Cordilleran
Generation?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________________
________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________________
________
_______________
__________________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________________
_______________ ________
___________________________________
________
______________________________
______________________________
Assignment 7
Page 86 of 92
Create a poster showcasing your pride of Cordilleran culture and
historical heritage inspired by the biography of Macling Dulag on ½
Cartolina. Be creative! Color your output. Place your name on Right
top of your output outside the margin.
Be guided with the format and the rubric on your course guide.
COVID 19
In Decembe
Decemberr 2019, reports emerged that a coronavirus that
specialists had never before seen in humans had begun to spread
among the population of Wuhan, a large city in the Chinese province
of Hubei.
Since then, the virus has spread to other countries, inside and outside
of Asia, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare this
as a pandemic.
Page 87 of 92
In the Philippines, the Department of health has recorded a total of
129,913 Covid-19 cases, 2,270 death and 67, 637 total recoveries.
Self-assessment Task 4
Social
Political
Environmental
Economy
Page 88 of 92
Conclusion:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_____________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
________
TO DO
Assignment 8
REFERENCES
Page 89 of 92
Annalyn Salvador Amores, Honoring Mac-liing Dulag, defender of the
Cordillera (2015) https://n
https://newsinfo.inquirer.ne
ewsinfo.inquirer.net/686979/ho
t/686979/honoring-
noring-
macli-ing-dulag-defender-
macli-ing-dulag-defender-of-the-cord
of-the-cordillera
illera
Biography:http://www.b
Biography: http://www.bantayog.org/d
antayog.org/dulag-macli-ing/
ulag-macli-ing/
https://p
https://peoplepill.co
eoplepill.com/people/
m/people/macliing-dulag/
macliing-dulag/
Page 90 of 92
APPENDICES
Appendix A ASQs
2. false 7. true
3. true 8. true
4. false 9. false
1. true 5. true
2.true 6. true
3. true 7.true
4. false 8. false
Module 4: Self-assessment Task 1
1. false
2. false
3. true
4. true
5.false
6. true
Page 91 of 92
REFERENCES
Biography:http://www.b
Biography: http://www.bantayog.org/d
antayog.org/dulag-macli-ing/
ulag-macli-ing/
https://peoplepill.co
https://peoplepill.com/people/
m/people/macliing-dulag/
macliing-dulag/
Medical
today News Today. Novel corona virus:
https://www.medical
https:// your questions
www.medicalnewstoday.co answered
newstoday.com/articles/
m/articles/novel-
novel-
coronavirus-your-ques
coronavirus-your-questions-answered
tions-answered
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/?
https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/philippines/
Page 92 of 92