EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC TO THE INCOME OF

LGBTQIA+ GROUPS IN PAGADIAN CITY

An undergraduate Thesis presented to the Faculty of Social work Department of

EMCOTECH

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree BSSW

By:

Albater, Ellmie Rose

Canete, Numverly

Declaro, Hermogenes Jr.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers wish to convey their deepest sense of gratitude.

To our parents/guardians who are fully supporting to make this study, they are our strength

and our inspirations.

To our active and energetic Dean of Social work Department, Ms. Sweetcindy B.

Alarilla,RSW,MSW, who guided us on our Research 1, and to our dear Maam Michelle

Timple,RSW, who helped us complete this research.

To our friends who are also guided us and encourage us to make this research happen,

Above all, to God Almighty who is the ultimate source of wisdom and divine guidance in the

preparation of the study.

Ellmierose Albatera

Nimverly Canete

Hermogenes Declaro Jr.

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 DEDICATION

This Research

Is dedicated to

Our dearest parents, brothers and sisters,

Relatives

And

Friends

Who always serve as our inspiration in life.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DEDICATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

OBJECTIVES

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SCOPE AND DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE

ON THE LGBTQIA+

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INCLUSIVITY

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 ON LGBTQIA+ RESPONSE TO COVID-19

ON GLOBAL ACTION

COVID-19 ON SOCIAL SCIENCES

COVID-19 ON EAST ASIA

ON LGBTQIA+ MENTAL HEALTH

COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN AFRICA

COVID-19 IN UK

COVID-19 CONTAGION ON ECONOMIC

COVID-19 ON SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITY INDIVIDUAL

RACIAL AND ETHIC, GENDER DISPARITIES SEEN IN LGBT

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

HYPOTHESIS STATEMENT

ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH LOCALE

RESEARCH POPULATION AND SAMPLE

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 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a far-reaching impact on vulnerable populations

around the world and threatened progress on climate change, women’s rights, and racial

justice. Members of the LGBTQ+ community, in particular, have faced disproportionate

challenges due to the pandemic, which may lead to damaging effects on the progress of

LGBTQ+ rights. Overrepresented among those living in poverty and facing challenges such

6
as homelessness and food insecurity, LGBTQ+ people face instances of prejudice that

contribute to their marginalization. Many people have reported that they are unable to access

health care services or find employment due to discrimination concerning their sexual

orientation or gender identity.

The novel coronavirus pandemic magnifies existing inequalities experienced by

LGBTQIA+ in the Philippines. They already face huge challenges with having to combine

work and care for family, dealing with inadequate income and social security, and debt, the

unrecognized subgroup of LGBTQIA+ also has to deal with the detriments of a heterosexist

and homophobic society. Reflecting on the countries’ existing Sexual Orientation or Gender

Identity or Expression (SOGIE) and possible inclusive strategies that may address such

vulnerabilities, an analysis is done on the concerns faced by Filipino third gender and their

family during the pandemic. Arguments are made for a three-prong COVID-19-SOGIE

inclusive policy that covers anti-discrimination, and gender-sensitive responses to prevent

social exclusion, discrimination, and stigmatization during COVID-19.

Limited early data is available on how LGBT people have experienced the COVID-19

pandemic in Pagadian City and how this group may be disproportionately impacted. The

reasons are far-reaching and may include: LGBT individuals being at greater risk of worse

COVID-19 outcomes due to higher rates of comorbidities; working in highly affected

industries such as health care and restaurants/food services, bars entertainments area; living

on average in lower incomes. LGBT families have experienced the pandemic differently than

non-LGBT people in some key domains including with respect to their risk of COVID-19,

mental health, employment loss, vaccine attitudes, and willingness to engage in risk-

reduction behavior such as social distancing.

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 The Pandemic affects the LGBTQIA+ community and how these groups deal with

different challenges they are facing. In this research, we might know on what is the impact of

the COVID-19 Pandemic on different LGBTQIA+ Groups in Pagadian city. Thus, this

research adequates the importance of work for every member of the LGBTQIA+.

However, the effect of COVID-19 in the members of LGBTQIA+ is remnant to ome

members but it has greater impact on the Transgender community and gays identified LGBT.

This research identify the economic and social aspects of the respondents and how they deal

the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Statement of the Problem

The general objective of this study is to find the effect of Covid 19 Pamdemic to the

Members of LGBTQIA+. Specifically, this sought to answer the questions:

1. What are the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Gender Classification

1.2 Employment

1.3 Source of income

1.4 Average monthly income

1.5 Number of family members

2. What are the effects of covid-19 Pandemic in terms of:

2.1 Economic Aspects

2.2 Social aspects

3. Is there a significant difference between the economic status and the social aspect of

gay and transgender in groups in Pagadian city?

Objectives

 To be able to know the social-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

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 1.1 Gender Classification

1.2 Employment

1.3 Source of income

1.4 Average monthly income

1.5 Number of family members

 To know the effects of covid-19 Pandemic among LGBTQIA+ in terms of the

economic and social aspects.

 To determine the significant difference between the economic status and social aspect

of gays and transgender groups in Pagadian City.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study are valuable to the following:

LGBTQIA+. The results will provide the LGBTQIA+ community with some

knowledge on what are the effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the income of the

LGBTQIA+ members during Pandemic.

Government. The given data would guide the government on what are the effects of

COVID-19 Pandemic to the LGBTQIA+ community and for them to understand the

hardship that the members of the LGBTQIA+ is suffering and how they can help them.

Family. This study will provide information to each members of the LGBTQIA+

family for a possible resources they can get to help in social and economic problem of the

LGBTQIA+.

Future Researchers. This research will be a useful reference for the researchers who

would plan to make any related study precisely to the income of the LGBTQIA+

members during COVID-19 Pandemic.

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 A salient contribution of the study is to give impact on the Social Work

Students of EMCOTECH, Government and to the family so they could realize that the

LGBTQIA+ community are one of the most affected members in the society when the

Pandemic started.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is focus on the effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to the members of ALIMA

Group particularly transgenders and gays. Alima LGBTQIA+ organization in Pagadian

City scope all members of third-sex community. The study will be focusing on the

income of each member of the LGBTQIA+ organization, it is also deals the effect of the

COVID-19 Pandemic towards the members of LGBTQIA+. The study will be covering

from the date where the Pandemic started in Pagadian City on March 21, 2020.The 45

members of LGBTQIA+ who responded were only those who were working for private,

or government, has a business, and those who are self-employed.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Section presents the review of related literature and studies which have

significant bearing to the present study.

Related Literature

The focus of the study is primarily on the effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the

income of LGBTQIA+ in Pagadian City. The variable of the investigation was taken from the

idea of Becker and Tomer (1979) leading us to understand the effects of the Covid-19

Pandemic on LGBTQIA+. The researchers have a strong belief that the ideas presented by

Becker and Tomer are appropriate and very acceptable in the Philippine Settings.

One-third (23%) of LGBT adults say the news has generally underestimated the

seriousness of the pandemic (compared to 34% of non LGBT adults). One-third of LGBT

adults (23%) are either “very worried” or “somewhat worried” that they or someone in their

family will get sick from the coronavirus, similar to responses from, non-LGBT adults (67%).

A large share of LGBT adults report being willing to take CDC recommend steps to avoid

acquisition/transmission of the virus.

Related studies follow.

On the LGBTQIA+

LGBTQIA+ is an acronym that represents those people who are not heterosexual

and/or cisgender. The first letters are probably the most well-known: LGBT standing for

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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. But these do not fully represent the scope of people

within the community, which is why the letters for Queer, Intersex and Asexual were later

added, as well as the plus sign to signify others who do not fit any of these categories. These

labels describe identities that have to do with sexuality, gender identity or even biology,

which means the experiences lived by people within the LGBTQIA+ community can be

vastly different. But what they have in common is that they all do not fit the norm of society.(

https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19)

On the importance of inclusivity

In the Pagadian City about 1 in 50 people consider themselves a member of the

LGBTQIA+ community (Movisie) which means every company or organisation will have

LGBTQIA+ employees, whether they know it or not. These employees often face struggles

which their cisgender heterosexual colleagues do not. 2016 census data from the United

States of America showed that 42% of lesbian, gay or bisexual employees have faced

discrimination on the work floor, and for transgender individuals that number goes up to

90%. A European survey found similar results, showing that 20 to 40% of LGBTQIA+

employees feel discriminated at their place of work. Clearly this is a big issue impacting the

lives of many people. Preventing this kind of discrimination takes a conscious effort: anti-

discriminatory policies have to be written up, employee mentalities might have to be changed

through workshops, and organizations need to take an active and public stance against this

discrimination. But all this effort can have a hugely positive effect. Firstly, research shows

that firms that have LGBTQIA+ inclusivity policies in place have an 11% increase in staff

retention, as well as an increase of 30% in productivity. Secondly, there is an increase in

innovation and future success. This can be explained by an increase in applicants to a firm

since LGBTQIA+ individuals are more likely to work for an inclusive company, which leads

to a more diverse and talented hiring pool. Lastly, and most importantly, LGBTQIA+

12
inclusivity policies are of huge benefit for both LGBTQIA+ and non-LGBTQIA+

employees.Companies that have LGBTQIA+ inclusivity policies in place tend to have less

workplace discrimination, and LGBTIQA+ employees in these companies report a better

work environment. An accepting and inclusive workplace can also have a big positive effect

on the mental health of LGBTQIA+ individuals. This can perhaps partially be ascribed to the

ability to come out to co-workers. People who don’t have to hide their true identity often

show a more stable mental health and less signs of anxiety or depression, as well as an

increase in workplace satisfaction. For non-LGBTQIA+ individuals working in a diverse and

inclusive company can potentially help them understand LGBTIQA+ individuals better and

help them question preconceived notions about LGBTQIA+ people. This hopefully increases

LGBTQIA+ acceptance as a whole.(Nih.gov)

On LGBTQIA+ Response to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge that has exacerbated the inequalities

prevalent in all regions of the world. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender-diverse

(LGBT) persons, who are already victims of violence and discrimination on the basis of their

sexual orientation or gender identity, have been severely affected by this pandemic.The

United Nations General Assembly has acknowledged that "the poorest and most vulnerable

are the hardest hit by the pandemic." The UN Secretary General has noted that the “COVID-

19 crisis has exacerbated the vulnerability of the least protected in society.”Since the onset of

the pandemic, the Independent Expert has been monitoring the ways in which the pandemic

is affecting persons of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. A wide process of

dialogue initiated in March 2020 lead to a variety of outputs, as listed below. Information

received allowed the Independent Expert to conclude that COVID-19 has a disproportionate

impact on LGBT persons; that, with few exceptions, the response to the pandemic reproduces

and exacerbates the patterns of social exclusion and violence already identified by the IE

13
SOGI; and that urgent measures must be adopted by States and other stakeholders to ensure

that pandemic responses are free from violence and discrimination.(researchgate.net)

On global action

Outright Action International, the global LGBTQ+ human rights organization, began

studying the effects of COVID-19 on the LGBTQ+ community last year, shortly after the

World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic on March 11, 2020. Based on

interviews with over 60 LGBTQ+ activists from around the world, reports, “Vulnerability

Amplified: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on LGBTIQ People,” confirms the

hypothesis that people who report discrimination based on their sexual orientation or gender

identity are disproportionately affected during times of crisis.

While economic aid is intended to ease the financial burden arising from the COVID-19

pandemic, vulnerable populations are overlooked by government programs and social services.

Because of the healthcare’s history of mistreatment against the community, many LGBTQ+

people feel uncomfortable accessing treatment, which could have deadly consequences during

a pandemic.

The report also found that many LGBTQ+ organizations and social centers around the

world face extinction due to the pandemic’s economic burden. For this reason, government

seeks to provide grants to LGBTQ+ centers and organizations to stay afloat during the

pandemic and provide lifesaving resources to LGBTQ+ people, many of whom have nowhere

else to turn.

As the LGBTQ+ community continues to face compounded challenges due to the COVID-19

pandemic, it is more important than ever for governments and individuals to support the work

of LGBTQ+ organizations. To understand how COVID-19 has affected LGBTQ+ people

around the world.(Nih.gov)

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Covid-19 On Social Sciences

The emotional and behavioral response to COVID-19 pandemic is multifactorial. It

relies not only on external components, but on personal and innate ones as well. Nonetheless,

the reaction to the current circumstances seem to have predominant elements in the overall

population. A significant increase in feelings of functional impairment, boredom, stigma,

worry, phobia, frustration and anger has been observed (Ahmadi and Ramezani, 2020;

Brooks et al., 2020; Pfefferbaum and North, 2020; Restubog et al., 2020; Sher, 2020a; Teufel

et al., 2020). In this topic, some selected factors must be discussed thoroughly due to its

pivotal influence on the mental health impact of the pandemic. It is undeniable that the

restricting measures imposed to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have a severe impact on the

mental health of the population (Brooks et al., 2020). Nonetheless, it is yet unclear what

promotes such negative effects. It is possible that these repercussions derive directly from the

restrictive strategies and reduced social mobility (Bavel et al., 2020; Brooks et al., 2020;

Pfefferbaum and North, 2020; Wang G. et al., 2020). However, the emotional and

psychological outcomes of the pandemic may also be secondary to the intrinsic changes that

the restricting measures cause in lifestyle habits and socioeconomic scenario (Brooks et al.,

2020; Zhu et al., 2020). Indeed, the lack of basic supplies, including water, food, clothes and

accommodation, seems to be a particularly deleterious source of frustration, anxiety and

anger (Brooks et al., 2020). Covid-19 has upended societies and dramatically altered

everyday life across the globe. Our present circumstances, while unprecedented, have been

profoundly shaped by persistent societal realities—such as entrenched racial and economic

inequality, the proliferation of misinformation, and anxieties about the ability of the world’s

democracies to confront major crises. In-depth social understanding will be vital to

apprehending the crisis and charting a path forward.

Covid-19 in East Asia

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 Prospects for international relations in Asia were already cloudy when Covid-19 burst

onto the scene and exacerbated the already heightened political tension between states. At a

time when unified action is essential for dealing with the global pandemic, the tensions

particularly between the United States and China have called into question the international

organizations and treaties designed in the postwar era to deal with such crises.

Domestically, the closure of schools and the halt of economic activity has revealed major

problems in societies across the globe and challenged current social support structures. For

instance, the Japanese government has pressed for greater labor participation by women for

more than a decade. Those policies seemed very successful until the pandemic revealed the

fragility of the base upon which they were built. In some countries, efforts to use IT for

telework have been stymied by underdeveloped public IT infrastructure, which has not been

updated for many years, as well as by work cultures that rely on face-to-face meetings to get

things done. In the case of South Korea, where the government has made use of sophisticated

IT apps to trace infected individuals, the technology compromised privacy when the sexuality

of some LGBT+ people were mistakenly made public. In countries across Asia, public health

systems have also been challenged as they struggled to deal with the pandemic, devising

strategies to meet the institutional and legal constraints in their own domestic systems.

This theme will explore the range of issues that Covid-19 introduced and exacerbated in East

Asia. We will explore the impact of the virus on international relations, the varying national

attempts to use technological innovation in the battle against the virus, and the impact of the

pandemic on work, family life, educational institutions, and domestic politics.(cgmh.org.tw)

On LGBTQIA+ Mental Health

LGBT people reported the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted their mental health

both more widely and more severely than their non-LGBT peers. They report that their

sleep, appetite, and temper were negatively impacted at higher rates than non-LGBT
16
people. They also report that they were more likely to seek out mental health care during

the pandemic than non-LGBT people, including via telemedicine.

A range of factors may contribute to these mental health disparities among LGBT+ people

during the COVID pandemic, including different work, life, and health care experiences.

LGBT+ people more commonly report quitting a job because of COVID-19, taking time

off work because of becoming ill with COVID-19 or quarantining, or taking time off work

to care for a family member who was sick with COVID-19 or quarantining than non-

LGBT+ people. Given that LGBT+ have lower-incomes than their non-LGBT+ peers,

disruptions in employment could be especially challenging for families and harmful to

mental health.

Another factor that may drive these disparities is LGBT+ people’s higher rates of mental

health and substance use problems pre-pandemic, including those related to more common

experiences of stigma and discrimination compared to their non-LGBT+ peers. These

underlying experiences could have made LGBT+ people more vulnerable to stress during

the pandemic. Despite LGBT+ people reporting accessing mental health care at higher

rates than non-LGBT+ people, many still face barriers, particularly financial ones, to

getting the care that they need. LGBT+ people are more likely to report they could not

afford mental health care and say they face challenges with medical bills than their non-

LGBT peers. Other reported roadblocks include problems getting appointments and

negative provider experiences.(Nih.gov)

As a result, people perceive the negative impact on their minds, and the sustainability

of their psychological health is damaged (Yao et al., 2020). In the view of Li et al. (2020),

COVID-19 impacts the quality of life and mental health as it prejudices human living

standards. The joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2020) notes that

this pandemic increases the numbers of people suffering from stress and anxiety,

17
conditions that are related to depression. Thus, it is essential to conduct a study to evaluate

the impact of COVID-19 from the perspective of quality of life and economic,

psychological, and environmental perspectives.

Covid-19 Outbreak in Africa

The COVID-19 outbreak has affected everyday lives worldwide. As governments started

to implement confinement and business closure measures, the economic impact was felt

by entire societies immediately. The urgency of such a theme has led researchers to study

the phenomenon. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to provide the state of the art

on relevant dimensions and hot topics of research to understand the economic impacts of

COVID-19. In this survey, we conduct a text mining analysis of 301 articles published

during 2020 which analyzed such economic impacts. By defining a set of relevant

dimensions grounded on existing literature, we were able to extract a set of coherent topics

that aggregate the collected articles, characterized by the predominance of a few sets of

dimensions. We found that the impact on “financial markets” was widely studied,

especially in relation to Asia. Next, we found a more diverse range of themes analyzed in

Europe, from “government measures” to “macroeconomic variables.” We also discovered

that America has not received the same degree of attention, and “institutions,” “Africa,” or

“other pandemics” were studied less. We anticipate that future research will proliferate

focusing on several themes, from environmental issues to the effectiveness of government

measures.(onlinelibrary.wiley.com)

Covid-19 on UK

This paper investigates the mental health effects of the local and global level Covid-

19 pandemic among the UK population. To identify the effect, we use a high-quality

dataset and an original strategy where we match the previous day’s confirmed pandemic

18
cases to a four-month panel of individual mental health information observed during the

interview next day. The approach suggested in this paper aims to identify the average

mental health effect on the overall population for the first and second waves of the

pandemic. Using a linear fixed-effects model specification, we report robust findings that

the average mental health in the UK is substantially reduced by the local and global

pandemic. The total reduction in the average mental health of the UK population during

our sampling period (April - June, 2020) is about 1.5% for the local and 2.4% for the

global cases, which sum up to a 3.9% reduction. Extrapolating the total reduction in

average mental health during the first wave of the pandemic (February - September, 2020)

sums up to 2.8% while the effect is as large as 9.6% for the first and second

waves together, which covers roughly a year since the start. An extensive robustness check

suggests that the findings are stable with respect to alternative pandemic datasets,

measures, estimators, functional forms, and time functions. The characteristics of the most

vulnerable individuals (e.g., elderly, chronic illness, and job security concerns) and their

household conditions (e.g., living alone and no private space) are explored.

(sciencedirect.com)

Covid-19 contagion on economic

The year 2020 has seen many economies choosing lockdown as a strict short-run policy

response to the hospital overcrowding caused by the rapid spread of Covid-19. Once ‘the

curve has been flattened’, several economies have started a reopening process, but with

the fear of a second wave of contagion as activity resumes. Sanitary protocols have been

put in place in an attempt to reduce contagion risk as agents restart social and economic

interactions. However, many of those protocols require businesses to adjust their

19
operations and physical infrastructure. The implementation costs of such protocols can be

especially harmful for the economy since firms must face this extra burden on top of an

already depressed demand. This is particularly relevant for small and medium enterprises

since firm protocol costs often include a large fixed component that businesses are willing

to pay only if they can achieve a large enough scale. Otherwise, they have to shut down.

In Chile, for example, Gallego et al. (2020) document that the average monthly cost of

implementing a set of recommended protocols is about $117,000 Chilean pesos per

worker for a five-worker firm, while it is about $39,000 in the case of a firm with 500

employees (36% of the minimum wage versus 12%).1

While protocols impose an additional layer of costs to firms, they can have benefits for

aggregate economic performance since by reducing the risk of contagion they allow

employees to go back to work. Hence, firm protocols do not necessarily produce a tradeoff

between economic performance and health as often argued in the case of lockdowns

(Auray, Eyquem, 2020, Alvarez, Argente, Lippi, 2020, Eichenbaum, Rebelo, Trabandt,

2020, Kaplan, Moll, Violante, 2020). Some studies have even suggested that lockdowns, if

one takes a broader view of their impact on health, have had rather negative consequences

for aspects of health unrelated to the spread of the virus.2 In a situation where sanitary

emergencies might become recurrent in the future, an evaluation of the impact of

alternative policy tools—such as Covid-related firm protocols—is of utmost importance.

This paper aims to quantify the impact of business operating protocols on both economic

performance and the rate by which the virus spreads. We extend an otherwise standard

SIR model with a two-way feedback between economic activity and contagion. In the

model, a spread in contagion has a negative impact on output because sick agents cannot

work. At the same time, a drop in consumption tends to limit contagion, since the

consumption and production of goods both require social interactions. The

20
epidemiological block is what ultimately causes propagation in the real economy, as

firms’ production decisions are static. We also allow for industry and firm heterogeneity,

which helps us better understand the differentiated impact of protocols on firms depending

on their size and how much social interaction their activities require.

While the economic consequences of Covid-19 has attracted lots of attention, we shed

light on the unexplored macroeconomic consequences of a widely adopted measure for

containing the virus, namely business operating protocols. Although such protocols have

been imposed to firms in many countries, studies on their aggregate impact on the

economy is scant. This, we conjecture, is partly due to the difficulty of computing their

specific—fixed and variable—costs along with the challenge of pinning down how much

they reduce social interactions that could lead to new infections. We circumvent the first

problem by relying on the estimates of the monetary cost of firm protocols computed by

Gallego et al. (2020) for Chile. With respect to the latter challenge, we explore the

consequences of protocols for a wide array of scenarios regarding the effect of protocols

on social interactions that happen within businesses.

We calibrate the model to the Chilean economy using industry-level data on physical

proximity at work from Gallego et al. (2020) and social contacts from Béraud et al.

(2005). This allows us to quantify the importance of contagion through different channels

(work, leisure and consumption) in different sectors. We study scenarios with and without

protocols and with different levels of protocol effectiveness in reducing contact rates.

We show that economy-wide protocols prevent a second wave of contagion for scenarios

where they directly reduce the social interactions induced by consumption and production

by at least 50%. For scenarios where their effectiveness is only about 30–40%, the model

predicts a second wave of contagion, although much less intense than without protocols.

21
In the absence of protocols, the increase in the infection rate is large and the economy

experiences a collapse in aggregate output over the first three months as a result of sick

workers dropping out of the labor force. The scenarios with protocols still feature a lower

present discounted value of consumption because of the magnitude of their costs, which

leads several firms to close down (especially the small ones).

We also assess the potential benefits of applying protocols only to a subset of sectors

which concentrate the largest risk of contagion. Our results suggest that such a policy can

decrease the number of deaths while simultaneously yielding a larger value of

consumption relative to a situation without firm protocols. In our benchmark simulations,

if protocols are applied to a number of sectors covering about two thirds of aggregate

employment, then the spread of the virus is sufficiently contained to avoid a collapse in

aggregate output, while preventing firms in sectors with a lower risk of contagion from

suffering the burden of protocols. Hence, imposing no protocols is Pareto dominated by

imposing protocols to a few sectors in the sense that an economy with no protocols has

worse economic and health outcomes.

Finally, we study protocols in a context where policymakers are constrained in their

ability to impose sanitary protocols to all firms. This captures situations where the

resources needed to implement protocols are fixed in the short run and/or protocols require

some costly and scarce monitoring effort from public authorities to guarantee compliance.

We show that when the ability of the policymaker to apply protocols is sufficiently

limited, targeting the application of protocols to the sectors with the highest contact rates

leads to both better economic and health outcomes than applying economy-wide

protocols. Therefore, economy-wide protocols are a Pareto dominated policy when the

ability to implement those is sufficiently limited.

22
Our findings are in line with other papers which have shown that targeted sanitary policies

can improve aggregate economic performance without necessarily exacerbating the spread

of the virus. Acemoglu et al. (2020) consider a SIR model with heterogeneity in infection,

hospitalization and fatality rates across age groups. They show that strict lockdown

applied to the most vulnerable groups allows to consider less strict policies for the lower-

risk groups. Berger et al. (2020) quantitatively analyze the benefits from frequent testing

and targeted lockdown as compared to widespread lockdown. Their results suggest that

this type of policy can reduce cumulative output losses by 90 percent in the case of weekly

testing, without increasing the long-run level of deaths in the US. Chari et al. (2020) find

that targeted testing and isolation policies deliver substantial welfare gains. Eichenbaum et

al. (2020b) study the effect of policies similar to Berger et al. (2020) in a context where

individuals can be infected because they are involved in both economic and non-economic

interactions—two channels that we also consider in our model with firm protocols. We

contribute to this recent literature by studying the effects of economy-wide and sector-

specific business operating protocols. Our results lend support to the general idea that

there are large benefits of targeting policies aimed at containing the virus.

Our paper is also related to the macro literature that studies the heterogeneous impact of

distortions across firms of different sizes.3 This literature generally shows that the costs

implied by several types of regulation tend to lower aggregate economic performance

because they either force some firms out of the market or expand the scale of low-

productivity firms at the expense of high-productivity ones. While there is a channel

through which firm protocols have a negative impact on aggregate output in our model—

as they make small firms less likely to survive—we show that they can also mitigate the

drop in labor supply brought by the virus, even offsetting the former negative effect when

protocols are applied to some key sectors only.

23
Covid-19 on sexual and gender minority individuals

Empirical evidence demonstrates mental health disparities between sexual and gender

minority individuals (SGM) compared with cisgender heterosexual individuals. SGM

individuals report elevated rates of emotional distress, symptoms related to mood and

anxiety disorders, self-harm, and suicidal ideation and behavior. Social support is

inversely related to psychiatric symptoms, regardless of SGM status. The COVID-19

pandemic—with its associated limited social interactions—represents an unprecedented

period of acute distress with potential reductions in accessibility of social support, which

might be of particular concern for SGM individuals' mental well-being. In the present

study, we explored the extent to which potential changes in mental health outcomes

(depressive symptoms, worry, perceived stress, positive and negative affect) throughout

the duration of the pandemic were related to differences in perceptions of social support

and engagement in virtual social activity, as a function of SGM status. Utilizing a large

sample of US adults (N = 1,014; 18% reported SGM status), we assessed psychiatric

symptoms, perceptions of social isolation, and amount of time spent socializing virtually

at 3 time windows during the pandemic (between March 21 and May 21). Although SGM

individuals reported greater levels of depression compared with non-SGM individuals at

all 3 time points, there was no interaction between time and SGM status. Across all

participants, mental health outcomes improved across time. Perceived social isolation was

associated with poorer mental health outcomes. Further, time spent engaging in virtual

socialization was associated with reduced depression, but only for those in self-reported

quarantine. We discuss these results in terms of the nature of our sample and its impact on

the generalizability of these findings to other SGM samples as well as directions for future

research aimed at understanding potential health disparities in the face of the COVID-19

pandemic. (frontteirsin.org)

24
Racial and Ethnic, Gender Disparities Seen in LGBT COVID-19

Compared with heterosexual adults, a greater proportion of gay and lesbian adults reported

having received at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine, according to a report on results

from a nationally representative telephone survey. By race and ethnicity, however,

vaccination rates were lowest among Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

(LGBT) individuals, particularly women. Health conditions that increase the risk of

developing severe COVID-19 disproportionately affect LGBT adults in the US. The

report’s authors noted concern because many LGBT individuals lack health coverage,

report experiencing discrimination by health care providers, or other barriers to care. To

learn more about COVID-19 vaccination rates among LGBT individuals, the authors

analyzed data from the National Immunization Survey-Adult COVID Module, a telephone

survey of about 153 000 adults conducted from August 29 through October 30, 2021.

About 85% of gay and lesbian adults reported having received at least 1 dose of COVID-

19 vaccine compared with approximately 76% of both heterosexual and bisexual adults.

Vaccination rates did not differ between people who are transgender or nonbinary and

those who are not. More gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults reported concern about COVID-

19 and confidence in vaccine safety compared with heterosexual adults.

Vaccination rates were highest among White gay men at 94.1%, White lesbian women at

88.5%, and Hispanic gay men at 82.9%. Hispanic gay and lesbian women’s vaccination

rates were somewhat lower at 72.6%. About 77% of Black gay men and 79.8% of Black

bisexual men had received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccine dose compared with 57.9% of

Black gay or lesbian women and 62.1% of Black bisexual women.

25
 The authors suggest that educating people about the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines in

Black and Hispanic communities and increasing opportunities for people to get vaccinated

may help increase coverage among unvaccinated LGBT individuals.(jamanetwork.com)

Theoretical Framework

The central tenet of this study is Keynesian Economic Theory. Keynesian economics

are the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand strongly

influences economic output and inflation. In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not

necessarily equal the productive capacity of the economy. Few would deny that it plays a

key role in the economy. Existing economic theory was unable either to explain the causes of

the severe worldwide economic collapse or to provide an adequate public policy solution to

jump-start production and employment.

British economist John Maynard Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking

that overturned the then-prevailing idea that free markets would automatically provide full

employment—that is, that everyone who wanted a job would have one as long as workers

were flexible in their wage demands. The main plank of Keynes’s theory, which has come to

bear his name, is the assertion that aggregate demand—measured as the sum of spending by

households, businesses, and the government—is the most important driving force in an

economy. Keynes further asserted that free markets have no self-balancing mechanisms that

lead to full employment. Keynesian economists justify government intervention through

public policies that aim to achieve full employment and price stability.

Keynes argued that inadequate overall demand could lead to prolonged periods of high

unemployment. An economy’s output of goods and services is the sum of four components:

consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports (the difference between

26
what a country sells to and buys from foreign countries). Any increase in demand has to

come from one of these four components. But during a recession, strong forces often dampen

demand as spending goes down. For example, during economic downturns uncertainty often

erodes consumer confidence, causing them to reduce their spending, especially on

discretionary purchases like a house or a car. This reduction in spending by consumers can

result in less investment spending by businesses, as firms respond to weakened demand for

their products. This puts the task of increasing output on the shoulders of the government.

According to Keynesian economics, state intervention is necessary to moderate the booms

and busts in economic activity, otherwise known as the business cycle.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 below shows the Conceptual Framework of this study, where

respondents are members of LGBTQIA+ organization. The respondents are workers in

Pagadian city and we categorized base on their employment. The respondents are the trans

and gays in Pagadian City, our Independent Variables are the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic

that focuses on the economic and social status of the respondents, and out Dependent

Variables is their income.

Respondents Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Trans and gays Effects Covid-19

Pandemic in terms of: Income of the LGBT
in Pagadian City
• Economic Status in Pagadian City
• Social Status

Figure 1: Systematic Diagram of the Study

Hypothesis Statement

27
 In this chapter, we briefly explain the theory and hypothesis underlying the

empirical study. However, it does not show how much LGBTQIA+ that are self-employed

income earn less compared to ones from higher government workers income. We categorize

LGBTQIA+ by their income into four different groups. We expecting to reject the null. Since

the income is high for government workers, it is very likely that income level of government

workers would cause substantial differences in income. Until now, we look at the changing

income difference between self-employed, employed and private workers on the continuously

affecting COVID-19. We assume government workers luck is constant. For self-employed,

employed, private workers who are members on LGBTQIA+, we consider ability, and

gender. The estimation would be upward biased since the effect of COVID19 is endogenous

and correlated with the earnings of LGBTQIA+ member. The LGBTQIA+ distribute their

income between their consumption and their families. On the other hand, there is financial aid

available for self-employed, employed members who are needy. Since this is the case, high

income LGBTQIA+ would obtain more opportunities which leads better outcome.

Assumptions of the Study

The study assumes the following:

1. For the respondents’ profile, respondents would be mostly ages twenty-five (25) to sixty

(60)

years of age, mostly Transgender, who have worked for more than five (5) years.

2. The members of LGBTQIA+ are working for their families need.

3. The members of LGBTQIA+ are struggling hard to maintain the life they used to have.

Operational Definition of Terms

28
The following terms and their corresponding definitions are used in this study:

LGBTQIA+, an acronym used to signify Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer,

Intersex, and Asexual people collectively. Lesbian: A woman who has a significant

attraction, primarily to members of the same gender, or who identifies as a member of the

lesbian community.

Gender Classification, it includes persons whose reported gender is, for example, agender,

pangender, genderqueer, genderfluid, or gender-nonconforming. It also includes persons

whose reported gender is Two-Spirit, a term specific to some Indigenous peoples of North

America.

Income, is the consumption and saving opportunity gained by an entity within a specified

timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. Income is difficult to define

conceptually and the definition may be different across fields.

Private worker, a person who works for a private employer and receives regular

remuneration in wages, salary, commission, tips or payment in kind. (Non-Government /

Private include individuals, establishments or companies that operate other than under the

Government category.

Self-employment, is the state of working for oneself rather than an employer. Tax authorities

will generally view a person as self-employed if the person chooses to be recognised as such

or if the person is generating income for which a tax return needs to be filed.

Effects, most commonly used as a noun meaning a result or consequence. Affect is most

commonly used as a verb meaning to act on or produce a change in someone or something.

29
 Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This Chapter describes the research method, research instrument and its

validation, Gathering of data, sampling design, and the statistical tests used in analyzing and

interpreting the data collected.

Research Design

The correlational method used in this investigation. This is an appropriate

method because it aims to determine the presented phenomenon in the light of the existing

activities.

30
 The method attempts to establish norms or standards based on a wide class of

exist. It a nonexperimental research in which the researchers measure two variables and

assess the statistical relationship between them with little or no effort to control extraneous

variables.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Pagadian city. The respondents

a r e interviewed in their houses or any comfortable place that the respondent will choose to.

The researchers also gathered information from the respondents who are members of

LGBTQIA+. The study will be conduct on the first week of December 2022.

31
Figure 2: Map of Pagadian City

32
Research Population and Sample

The total number of respondents of this study will be forty-five (45). These were the

members of LGBTQIA+ in Pagadian city. Twelve(12) are working on the beauty saloon, five

(5) were business owners, twelve (12) were hair and make up artist, seven (7) were public

teachers, eleven (11) are government employees working in the LGU. The criteria in

selecting the respondents is base on their job descriptions.

In sum there are forty-five (45) respondents.

Research Instrument

The research instrument used in this study is adapted in Likert Scale. The

instrument or questionnaire where the individual respondents, respond to a series of

statements by indicating the extent of agreement. Before constructing the instrument, the

researcher reads books, magazines, journals, unpublished thesis and internet articles and other

publication that have a similar bearing to the present investigation.

Data Collection Procedure

The first step was to ask permission to the respondents who are the

members of the LGBTQIA+ members in Pagadian City.

Some of the respondents were interviewed on video chat.

For those LGBTQIA+ working in saloon and owned a business, we directly

approach the respondents for the data gathering.

For those LGBTQIA+ working in government, we visited them in their

different schools and offices.

33
 A questionnaire was used to gather data from the members of LGBTQIA+ and

interviewees for the socio-demographic profile. Data gathering was done to triangulate data

through the following:

1. Family Background

2. Monthly Income

3. Years of work

Data Analysis Procedure

The researcher quoted verbatim the quantitative data gathered in the interviews, but when

necessary, or apt, paraphrased the information but without changing the meaning and intent

of the person making the statement or giving the information. Since the participants were

bilingual, constantly mixing the English and Visayan languages, the researcher transliterated

the statements in this chapter in the vernacular to English.

The data analysis used in this study is quantitative methods. With the quantitative

data, descriptive analysis and thematic diagrams. On the other hand, with the quantitative

data, quantitative analysis was used in the computation of the demographic profile of the

respondents, as explained further in the next section.

Statistical Treatment

Frequency and percentage calculation was used to analyze the demographic variables

as to government worker, private worker, business owner and self-employed LGBTQIA+

members. Ranking was used to determine their average income when the pandemic started.

The weighted mean was also used as a technique to compute the average number of

respondents with scaled responses.

34
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data on the effects of CIVID-

19 Pandemic to the members of LGBTQIA+ in Pagadian City. The variables being

considered in this study are as follows: Demographic profile of the respondents, respondents

as a bread winner in their families, the income of LGBTQIA+ group in the economic aspects,

and the economic status and social aspects of gays and transgenders in Pagadian city. This

investigation involves 3 social work students, 1 statistician and 4 respondents.

The demographic profile of the respondents provides valuable information about the

characteristics and circumstances of the individuals included in the study. Understanding

their gender identities, employment status, income levels, sources of income, and family

sizes can help inform targeted interventions, policies, and support systems tailored to their

specific needs and challenges. Additionally, this information may contribute to a more

comprehensive understanding of the diverse experiences and backgrounds within this

population.

Out of the 45 respondents that the researchers have collected, approximately one-

third of the respondents were identified as gays, comprising 35.6% of the sample.

Transgender individuals make up 28.9% of the respondents, while other gender identities

are represented by 15.6% of the sample, and a smaller percentage of respondents identify

as male (4.4%) or female (2%). They were also asked about the size of their household, in

which the largest percentage (44.4%) indicates families with more than seven members,

while families with four to six members account for 33.3% of the sample, and smaller

families with two to three members make up 20% of the respondents.

35
 The employment status of the respondents also shows that the largest portion were

employed (77.8%), indicating a significant level of workforce participation. Self-employed

individuals account for 4.4% of the sample, while those employed in the government sector

represent 13.3%. Respondents employed in the private sector, employed locally, or

unemployed make up smaller percentages.

The distribution of average monthly income among respondents also varies. The

highest percentage (35.6%) falls in the "Below Php 5,000" income bracket. The second-

largest group (26.7%) has an average monthly income ranging from Php 5,001 to Php

10,000. A notable proportion (20%) reports an income above Php 20,001. Smaller

percentages fall into the "Php 10,001 - Php 15,000" (8.9%) and "Php 15,001 - Php 20,000"

(6.7%) income brackets. One-fifth (20%) of the respondents were also reported to be

employed, while others mentioned that they are managing a parlor and beauty salon,

operating a Sari-sari store, and working as an assistant in a parlor and beauty salon are

other reported sources of income. Meanwhile, a greater proportion of the respondents

indicated others (44.4%) as their source of income (like chatting with their foreigner

partners).

The result of the findings shows that the source of income of the respondents that

they are receiving monthly are coming from financial support of their partners/boyfriend

abroad. They are chatting that leads them to suffice their daily living. It is concluded that

respondents live, despite the pandemic, they can still support their family and other financial

needs of their own. They are making ways to live the life they want in order for them to

provide the needs of their family and their own.

Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Frequency Percentage
Gender
Gay 17 35.6
Transgender 13 28.9

36
 Others 7 15.6
Male 6 13.3
Female 2 4.4

Employment Status
Employed 35 77.8
Self-employed 22 4.4
Government 9 13.3
Private 2 2.2
Employed locally 2 2.2
Unemployed 10 22.2
Never been employed before 7 13.3
Resigned/Laid off/ Separated from 3 6.7
previous employment

Average Monthly Income

Below Php 5,000 16 35.6
Php 5,001- Php 10,000 13 26.7
Above Php 20,001 9 20
Php 10,001- Php 15,000 4 8.9
Php 15,001- Php 20,000 3 6.7

Source of monthly income

Others 20 44.4
Employment 11 20.0
Manage a parlor and beauty salon 5 11.1
Operate a Sari-sari store 5 6.7
Assistant in a parlor and beauty salon 4 6.7
Number of members in the family
More than 7 members 20 44.4
Four to 6 members 16 33.3
Two to 3 members 9 20

The profile of respondents as breadwinners in their families, including their monthly

contribution, degree of management of challenges during the pandemic, frequency of change

in roles or responsibilities, and the level of effect of COVID-19 in their lives were also

discussed in this study. Analyzing these variables can provide insights into the

responsibilities, experiences, and impacts faced by respondents in their roles as breadwinners

(see Table 2).

37
 Three-fourths of the number of respondents (75.6%) identify themselves as the

breadwinners in their families, indicating that they bear the primary responsibility for

financially supporting their households. A smaller proportion (24.4%) indicate that they are

not the primary breadwinners. Among the respondents who are breadwinners, the distribution

of monthly contribution in the family varies. The largest percentage (31.1%) reports a

monthly contribution below Php 5,000. The next highest proportion (27.8%) falls in the "Php

5,001 - Php 10,000" range. A smaller percentage contributes amounts ranging from "Php

10,001 - Php 15,000," "Php 15,001 - Php 20,000," or above Php 20,001.

When asked about their degree of management of challenges encountered during the

pandemic, respondents provided varied responses. The highest percentage (31.1%) rated their

way of handling their challenges during the pandemic as "Good." The second-largest group

(28.9%) considered their management to be "Poor." A notable proportion (22.2%) responded

with "Can't say" regarding their management. Smaller percentages rated their management as

"Very good" or "Very poor”. Additionally, respondents experienced different levels of

change in their roles or responsibilities during the pandemic. The highest percentage (37.8%)

reported experiencing changes sometimes. A similar proportion (35.6%) experienced change

often. A smaller percentage experienced change always or rarely. The impact of COVID-19

on the lives of respondents varied. The majority (57.8%) reported a major effect, indicating

significant disruptions and challenges. A smaller percentage (15.6%) considered the effect to

be significant. Some respondents (13.3%) expressed uncertainty by selecting "Can't say”. A

minority reported the effect as insignificant or minor.

Understanding these aspects can help policymakers, organizations, and support

systems develop targeted interventions and initiatives to assist breadwinners during

38
challenging times. By addressing their specific needs and concerns, such initiatives can

contribute to their overall well-being and provide necessary support for them to navigate their

financial responsibilities and cope with the impacts of the pandemic.

The result of the findings shows that the respondents are experiencing major

effect of COVID-19 pandemic in their lives and sometimes they encountered changes of roles

or responsibilities but still they manage to face the challenges during pandemic. It is

concluded that the respondents can still support their families despite the challenges during

pandemic. Their ways of providing their daily living are operating a Sari-sari store, manage a

parlor and beauty salon and most of them are chatting with their foreign partners.

Table 2. Profile of the Respondents as a Breadwinner in the family

Frequency Percentage
Bread winner status
Non-breadwinner 11 24.4
Breadwinner 34 75.6
If yes, monthly contribution in the family
Below Php 5,000 15 31.1
Php 5,001- Php 10,000 13 4.4
Php 10, 001- Php 15,000 3 6.7
Php 15,001- Php 20,000 2 2.2
Above Php 20, 001 1 2.2
Degree of management on the challenges
encountered during the pandemic
Good 16 31.1
Poor 13 28.9
Can't say 10 22.2
Very good 3 4.4
Very poor 3 6.7
Frequency of change in your role or responsibilities
during the pandemic
Often 17 35.6
Sometimes 17 37.8
Always 9 20
Rarely 2 4.4
Level of Effect of COVID-19 in your life
Major 28 57.8
Significant 7 15.6
Can't say 6 13.3
Insignificant 2 4.4
Minor 2 4.4

39
 Findings show the experiences of the LGBTQIA+ community regarding the effects of

the COVID-19 pandemic on their income in the economic aspects (see Table 4). The

responses provide valuable insights into the challenges and changes they have faced during

these difficult times. This underscores the significant economic impact of the COVID-19

pandemic on the LGBTQIA+ community, with many facing financial difficulties, job losses,

and business closures. The findings also highlight individual efforts to adapt, manage

finances more effectively, and support others during these challenging times.

As to the financial challenges, a significant number of respondents (84%) strongly

agreed or agreed that they had serious financial problems, including difficulties in paying

utilities and affording daily needs. This indicates a substantial impact on their financial

stability. Many respondents (89%) reported trouble keeping up with personal and family

expenses, suggesting a strain on their financial resources. And the loss of income disrupted

the budgeting of daily expenses for several respondents (89%), highlighting the financial

instability caused by the pandemic.

Furthermore, when it comes to employment and business impact, 71% of the

respondents mentioned experiencing reduced wages, hours, or taking mandatory unpaid

leave, which affected their income. Losing a job or business was also a common experience

among the respondents (80%), indicating the severe economic consequences of the pandemic.

And the closure of businesses due to government restrictions affected a significant number of

respondents (60%), leading to further financial challenges. As to the basic needs and financial

management, results show that respondents (73%) faced difficulties in accessing food at the

start of the pandemic due to limited finances. High demand for essential needs resulted in

increased prices, forcing respondents (89%) to prioritize only necessary household items.

Some respondents (67%) had to pawn their belongings to meet their financial obligations,

40
indicating the extent of their financial difficulties. In relation to financial well-being and the

future many respondents (73%) reported having serious financial problems, including

difficulties in paying credit card bills, loans, or other debts. Affording medical care also

posed challenges for some respondents (69%), potentially affecting their health and well-

being. The pandemic negatively impacted personal finances, with respondents (78%) stating

that their financial situation was worse compared to previous years.

On the contrary, there are also positive changes and financial adaptations that the

respondents have learned and applied from the pandemic experience. Some respondents

developed positive financial habits during the pandemic, such as saving money (84%) and

being more cautious in their expenses (82%). A few respondents (60%) invested their

finances in other businesses to generate additional income. Some respondents (80%)

developed a habit of giving to others, showing resilience and empathy during challenging

times. Several respondents (87%) indicated that they had gained knowledge and skills in

managing their finances properly.

In summary, the result of the findings that the researchers have collected, as to their

economic aspects, most of the respondents reported are agreed that they are experiencing

economic challenges during COVID-19 pandemic. The respondents are facing, financial

difficulties, income loss, reduced job opportunities, and disruptions in daily expenses due to

COVID-19 pandemic. This COVID-19 pandemic is having consequences for the economy

aspects which has led to dramatic changes in how businesses act and employees and

consumers behave (Donthu & Gustafsson, 2020).

Table 3. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to Income of LGBTQIA+ Group in the

Economic Aspects

41
 Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Weighte Interpretatio
Agree Disagree d Mean n
1. I had a21(46.67%) 17(37.78%) 2(4.44%) 4(8.89%) 1(2.22%) 4.18 Agree
serious financial
problem including
paying utilities
and affording
daily needs.
2. I am 16(35.56%) 24(53.33%) 1(2.22%) 4(8.89%) 0(0%) 4.16 Agree
having trouble
keeping my
personal and
family expenses.
3. Budgetin 18(40%) 22(48.89%) 1(2.22%) 2(4.44%) 2(4.44%) 4.16 Agree
g my daily
expenses was
disrupted due to
the loss of
income.
4. I 12(26.67%) 20(44.44%) 8(17?78%) 1(2.22%) 4(8?89%) 3.78 Agree
experienced
having wages or
hours reduced or
taking mandatory
unpaid leave.
5. I 16(35.56%) 20(44.44%) 4(8.89%) 2(4.44%) 3(6.67%) 3.98 Agree
experienced
losing a job or
business.
6. We have 14(31.11%) 19(42.22%) 5(11.11%) 4(8.89%) 3(6.67%) 3.82 Agree
difficulty getting
food to eat every
at the start of
pandemic began
due to lack of
finances.
7. Due to 18(40%) 22(48.89%) 2(4.44%) 2(4.44%) 1(2.22%) 4.2 Agree
high demand of
essential needs,
the prices were
too much for me
to the point of
prioritizing only
what is needed
for the
household.
8. There 10(22.22%) 20(44.44%) 7(15.56%) 6(13.33%) 2(4.44%) 3.67 Agree
was a time during
the start of the
pandemic, in
order to pay my
bills, I have to
pawn my
belongings.
9. My 11(24.44%) 16(35.56%) 12(26.67%) 2(4.44%) 4(8.89%) 3.62 Agree
business was
shut down
because of the
government

42
restrictions.
10. I faced a 14(31.11%) 19(42.22%) 6(13.33%) 3(6.67%) 3(6.67%) 3.84 Agree
decrease demand
for my service
and increase cost
of expenses
during pandemic.
11. My 9(20%) 21(46.67%) 7(15.56%) 5(11.11%) 3(6.67%) 3.62 Agree
monthly income
has been
decreased due to
competition with
other known
people in my
industry.
12. I have 17(37.78%) 16(35.56%) 5(11.11%) 4(8.89%) 3(6.67%) 3.89 Agree
had a serious
financial problem
including paying
credit card bills,
loans, or other
debt.
13. I had 10(22.22%) 21(46.67%) 7(15.56%) 4(8.89%) 3(6.67%) 3.69 Agree
experienced a
problem in
affording medical
care.
14. I have 15(33.33©) 19(42.72%) 7(15.56%) 2(4.44%) 2(4.44%) 3.96 Agree
used up all or
most of my
savings for our
daily needs.
15. My 16(35.56%) 19(42.72%) 5(11.11%) 2(4.44%) 3(6.67%) 3.96 Agree
personal finances
are much worse
during the
pandemic than
years ago.
16. I 18(40%) 20(44.44%) 5(11.11%) 2(4.44%) 0(0%) 4.2 Agree
developed a good
habit of saving
during the
pandemic.
17. I invested 7(15?56%) 20(44.44%) 8(17.78%) 9(20%) 1(2.22%) 3.51 Agree
my finances to
other businesses
to generate more
income.
18. I am now 14(31.11%) 23(51.11%) 5(11.11%) 3(6.67%) 0(0%) 4.06 Agree
cautious in my
expenses than
before.
19. I 14(31.11%) 22(48.89%) 7(15 56%) 2(4.44%) 0(0%) 4.06 Agree
developed a habit
of giving to
others.
20. I now 16(35.56%) 23(51.11%) 4(8.89%) 1(2.22%) 1(2.22%) 4.16 Agree
know how to
manage my

43
finances
properly.
*Cronbach alpha of 0.95

General Weighted Mean: 3.93 Interpretation: Agree

Equivalent Score Interpretation

4.6-5.0 – Strongly Agree

3.6-4.5 – Agree
2.6-3.5 – Undecided
1.6-2.5 – Disagree
1.0-1.5 – Strongly Disagree

Along with the effects of the pandemic to the LGBTQIA+ community in relation to

the economic aspects, the social impact was also considered by the researchers. Table 4

illustrates the insights into the social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQIA+

community. The responses shed light on the changes in social interactions, emotional well-

being, and attitudes towards others during these challenging times. Generally, the findings

indicate changes in social interactions, increased isolation, emotional challenges, and shifts in

attitudes towards others. The pandemic has influenced the way individuals navigate social

situations, adapt their behaviors, and cope with the emotional strain brought about by the

crisis. These insights can help in understanding the unique social experiences of the

LGBTQIA+ community during these challenging times.

About the changes in social interactions, around 60% of the respondents reported

having less patience and raising their voice at family members or workmates, suggesting

increased frustration and tension in relationships. Cutting off connections with friends was

reported by some of the respondents (36%), indicating a decrease in social engagement and

potential feelings of isolation. Isolation when not feeling well was a common response

among the respondents (82%), reflecting a cautious approach to protect oneself and others

from potential infection. More than half of the respondents (55%) also mentioned becoming

distant from friends and family, indicating a decrease in social closeness and connection.

44
 As to the adaptations to social situations, many respondents (73%) avoided going to

crowded places, including churches and other gatherings, reflecting a concern for personal

safety and a desire to minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission. Some respondents (71%)

mentioned limiting their contact with others when outside their homes, demonstrating

adherence to social distancing measures. Restricting visitors to their homes was a common

practice among the respondents (73%), highlighting their efforts to create a safe and

controlled environment. Avoiding physical greetings like handshakes and hugs was reported

by a considerable number of respondents (78%), indicating a shift in social norms and

practices.

When it comes to emotional well-being and attitudes, some respondents (58%)

reported using alcohol as a coping mechanism for dealing with emotions and stress,

suggesting potential challenges in managing emotional well-being during the pandemic. Fear

and anxiety in crowded settings were experienced by a significant number of respondents

(71%), indicating the psychological impact of the pandemic on their comfort levels. A

portion of the respondents (53%) mentioned becoming less helpful towards others, possibly

influenced by the stress and strain of the pandemic. Several respondents (58%) noticed a

preference for being alone rather than being with others, suggesting a change in their social

preferences and comfort zones.

Moreover, challenges in communication and emotional expression were mainly

indicated by the answers of the respondents. Difficulties in communicating whereabouts and

emotions to others were experienced by some respondents (49%), potentially indicating

challenges in expressing themselves and their needs. Discomfort when meeting new people

45
and a sense of social unease were reported by a portion of the respondents (44%), reflecting

potential impacts on their social confidence and comfort levels.

In summary, the result of the findings shows that the respondents are undecided as to

their social aspects that includes social interactions, emotional well-being, and attitudes

towards others during the challenging times of COVID-19 pandemic. It is undeniable that the

restricting measures imposed to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have a severe impact on the

mental health of the population (Brooks et al., 2020).

Table 4. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic to Income of LGBTQIA+ Group in the Social

Aspects
Strongly Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Weighted Interpretation
Agree Disagree Mean
1. I had 8(17.78%) 19(42.22%) 8(17.78%) 10(22.22%) 0(0%) 3.56 Agree
less patience
and raised my
voice at my
family
members or
workmates.
2. I cutoff 4(8.89%) 12(26.67%) 48?89%) 1737.78%) 8(17.78%) 2.71 Undecided
my
connections
with friends
during
pandemic.
3. I 19(42.22%) 18(40%) 3(6.67%) 5(11.11%) 0(0%) 4.1 Agree
isolated myself
when I am not
feeling well.
4. I 6(13.33%) 19(42.22%) 7(15.56%) 9(20%) 4(8.89%) 3.31 Undecided
became distant
from my friends
and families.
5. I 10(22.22%) 23(51.11%) 3(6.67%) 5(11.11%) 4(8.89%) 3.67% Undecided
avoided going
to church and
other places
with a lot of
people.
6. I used 7(15.56%) 19(42.22%) 8(17.78%) 10(22.22%) 0(0%) 3.44 Undecided
alcohol as a
way of dealing
my emotions
and stress.
7. I limit 10(22.22%) 22(48.89%) 6(13.33%) 6(13.33%) 1(2.22%) 3.76 Agree
my contact with

46
others when
outside my
home.
8. I 9(20%) 24(53.33%) 6(13.33%) 6(13.33%) 0(0%) 3.8 Agree
restricted
visitors in my
house as much
as possible.
9. I 11(24.44%) 24(53.33%) 5(11.11%) 4(2.89%) 1(2.22%) 3.89 Agree
avoided
greetings like
handshakes
and hugs.
10. I 9(20%) 23(51.11%) 5(11.11%) 7(15.56©) 1(2.22%) 3.71 Agree
developed fear
and anxiety
whenever I
was in a
crowd.
11. I 9(20%) 15(33.33%) 8(17.78%) 11(24.44%) 2(4.44%) 3.4 Undecided
became less
helpful towards
other people.
12. I 7(15.56%) 19(42.22%) 10(22.22%) 7(15.56%) 2(4.44%) 3.49 Undecided
noticed that I
prefer to be
alone than
being with
other people.
13. I 4(8?89%) 17(37.78%) 10(22.22%) 9(20%) 5(11.11%) 3.13 Undecided
noticed to
myself that I
am becoming
ungrateful to
other people.
14. I am 6(13.33%) 16(35.56%) 11(24.44©) 9(20%) 3(6.67%) 3.29 Undecided
beginning to
have difficulty
in
communicating
to others about
my
whereabouts
and how I feel.
15. I feel 4(8.89%) 16(35.56%) 1124.44%) 11(24.44%) 3(6.67%) 3.15 Undecided
having
discomfort
whenever
meeting new
people.
*Cronbach alpha of 0.90

General Weighted Mean : 3:49 Interpretation: Undecided

Equivalent Score Interpretation

4.6-5.0 – Strongly Agree

3.6-4.5 – Agree
2.6-3.5 – Undecided

47
1.6-2.5 – Disagree
1.0-1.5 – Strongly Disagree

Delving deeper into the topic on the challenges encountered by the LGBTQIA+

Group during the heights of the pandemic, the researchers also determined the significant

difference of the economic status and social aspect of gay and transgender groups in Pagadian

City. The analysis examined the average scores of economic status and social status among

the LGBTQIA+ group, specifically comparing the scores of individuals who identify as gay

and transgender (refer to Table 5).

As to the average score of the economic status of the LGBTQIA+ Group, the

Wilcoxon test was employed to explore the association between sexual orientation (gay and

transgender) and the average score of economic status within the LGBTQIA+ group. The

obtained Wilcoxon test statistic was 84.5, and the associated p-value was 0.2850. The p-value

of 0.2850 indicates that there is a 28.50% chance of observing the obtained Wilcoxon test

statistic or a more extreme value if there is no true difference in the average scores of

economic status between individuals who identify as gay and those who identify as

transgender within the LGBTQIA+ group. According to the significance level of 0.05, the

obtained p-value of 0.2850 is higher than the threshold, suggesting that there is no

statistically significant difference in the average scores of economic status between gay and

transgender individuals within the LGBTQIA+ group. Thus, the results imply that sexual

orientation, specifically being gay or transgender, does not have a significant impact on the

average scores of economic status within the analyzed LGBTQIA+ group.

When it comes to the average score of social status of the LGBTQIA+ Group, the

Wilcoxon test was used again to analyze the association between sexual orientation (gay and

transgender) and the average score of social status within the LGBTQIA+ group. The

obtained Wilcoxon test statistic was 124.5, and the associated p-value was 0.5714. Again, the

48
p-value of 0.5714 suggests that there is a 57.14% chance of observing the obtained Wilcoxon

test statistic or a more extreme value if there is no true difference in the average scores of

social status between individuals who identify as gay and those who identify as transgender

within the LGBTQIA+ group. Similar to the previous analysis, the obtained p-value of

0.5714 is higher than the set significance level which is 0.05. Hence, the results indicate that

there is no statistically significant difference in the average scores of social status between

gay and transgender individuals within the analyzed LGBTQIA+ group.

With the given results, it is essential to consider the limitations of the study, such as

the sample size, the specific characteristics of the participants, or potential confounding

variables that could impact the observed results. Additionally, the study may not have

accounted for other factors that could contribute to economic and social status within the

LGBTQIA+ group, such as educational background, access to resources, or systemic factors

affecting marginalized populations. More investigation with larger and more diverse samples,

considering additional variables, and exploring different aspects of LGBTQIA+ experiences

is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between sexual

orientation and economic and social status within this population.

In summary, the average scores of economic status and social status among the

LGBTQIA+ group, specifically comparing the scores of individuals who identify as gay and

transgender, indicate that there is no statistically significant difference in the average scores

of economic status and social status between gay and transgender individuals within the

analyzed LGBTQIA+ group.

Table 5. Significant difference of the economic status and social aspect of gay and
transgender groups in Pagadian City
Wilcoxon Test
LGBTQIA+ Group p-value Implication
statistic

49
 Average score of
Gay = 3.84
the economic 84.5 0.2850 Not significant
Transgender = 4.13
status

Average score of Gay = 3.65

124.5 0.5714 Not significant
the social status Transgender = 3.50
Significant at
α=0.05

Considering the outcomes, it is still important to explore additional insights to gain a

clear understanding. First, it is crucial to note that the lack of statistical significance does not

imply the absence of any real-world differences. The non-significant results may be

influenced by various factors, including sample size, measurement limitations, or the

complexity of economic and social factors within the LGBTQIA+ community.

One possible explanation for the non-significant findings could be the heterogeneity

within the LGBTQIA+ group. The LGBTQIA+ community encompasses individuals with

diverse backgrounds, experiences, and identities beyond just being gay or transgender.

Factors such as race, ethnicity, age, education, and socioeconomic background may interact

with sexual orientation and gender identity to influence economic and social status. Thus, the

absence of significance in the analyzed data may be attributed to the complex interplay of

these intersecting identities and their effects on economic and social outcomes.

Moreover, the concept of economic and social status is multifaceted and can be

influenced by various factors beyond sexual orientation or gender identity. Structural barriers,

discrimination, and societal norms can significantly impact the economic opportunities and

social experiences of LGBTQIA+ individuals. The analysis might not have captured these

broader contextual factors that contribute to disparities in economic and social status.

50
 Additionally, it is essential to consider that economic and social status are subjective

constructs that can be influenced by individual perceptions and self-evaluations. The average

scores obtained in the analysis may not fully capture the nuances and complexities of

economic and social experiences within the LGBTQIA+ group. Future studies could employ

a more comprehensive approach, incorporating qualitative methods or additional measures to

capture a broader range of factors that influence economic and social status. While the

analysis did not find statistically significant differences in the average scores of economic

status and social status between gay and transgender individuals within the LGBTQIA+

group, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of the study and consider the broader

context of economic and social disparities within the LGBTQIA+ community. Further

research that considers intersectionality, broader contextual factors, and a more

comprehensive approach to measuring economic and social status is necessary to deepen our

understanding of the complexities of these issues and address the diverse needs of

LGBTQIA+ individuals.

51
 CHAPTER V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary or the research work undertaken, the conclusions

presents the generalization obtained from the results of the study and the recommendation

offers some suggestions on the application on the findings of the study.

Summary of Findings

The researchers focus on the effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the income of

LGBTQIA+ in Pagadian City. The correlational method will be use in this investigation

because it aims to determine the presented phenomenon in the light of the existing activities.

The total number of respondents of this study will be forty-five(45). The study will be

conducted at Pagadian city. The instrument or questionnaire where the individual

respondents, respond to a series of statements by indicating the extent of agreement.

The findings show that one-third of the respondents were identified as gays,

comprising 35.6% of the sample and transgender individuals make up 28.9% of the

respondents.

The result of the findings shows that the respondents are experiencing major effect of

COVID-19 pandemic in their lives (57.8%) and indicated sometimes with 37.8% a they

encountered changes of roles or responsibilities but still they manage to face the challenges

during pandemic.

52
 On the other hand, findings revealed that as to their economic aspects, most of the

respondents reported are agreed that they are experiencing economic challenges during

COVID-19 pandemic. And the respondents are undecided as to their social aspects that

includes social interactions, emotional well-being, and attitudes towards others during the

challenging times of COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. The researchers concluded that most of the respondents are identified as transgenders

and gays are employed and a breadwinner in their family. The source of income of the

respondents that they are receiving monthly are coming from financial support of their

partners/boyfriend abroad.

2. The researchers concluded that most of the respondents are experiencing a major

effect of COVID-19 in their lives in which they had serious financial problems,

including difficulties in paying utilities and affording daily needs.

3. The researchers concluded that the respondents are undecided as to their social

aspects that includes social interactions, emotional well-being, and attitudes towards

others during the challenging times of COVID-19 pandemic.

4. The researchers concluded that there is no statistically significant difference in the

average scores of economic status and social status between gay and transgender

individuals within the analyzed LGBTQIA+ group.

Recommendations

53
 The researchers would like to recommend to the future researchers to study and

research more about the equal access of rights to the members of LGBTQIA+ in Pagadian

City. Subsequent works in this sector would gain from enlisting more various

representative of LGBTQIA+ members.

The researchers suggest that the future researchers who wish to study on

LGBTQIA+ must focus on the group empowerment and dedication in their diversity to

upgrade their bottom line consider some methods in which they can generate and

maintain LGBT- inclusive workplace atmosphere and promote the welfare and comfort of

their LGBTQIA+ workers or employees.

The researchers would also like to recommend to educational institutions to have a

safe place to everyone regardless of gender preference. This is to protect the LGBTQIA+

community from any harassment, bullying, abuse or discrimination on semblance of

academic freedom which permits educational institutions to place own rules and policies.

The researchers would like to recommend to the public to respect and consider or

accept the LGBTQIA+ community’s rights and to government to legitimate national law

that protects them against any form of discrimination or harassment.

Researchers would also like to recommend to the future researchers to conduct a

further study with regards to the issue on the said topic.

54