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Chemistry
1 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Draw a diagram of an Oxygen atom with a mass of 16 and showing the electron levels.

Complete the following table:

Sub-atomic Particle Charge Relative Mass Location within atom

Proton Positive 1 Nucleus
Neutron Neutral 1 Nucleus
Electron Negative 0.00055 Shells

2 TYPE OF SUBSTANCE
Decide whether each of the following is an element, compound, molecule or ion (they can be more
than one), write on the dotted line:

F–F …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Hydrogen Chloride ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Ca2+ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Water ……………Molecule…………………

Potassium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Oxygen ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Fe2O3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Carbon Dioxide ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Helium ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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3 FORMULA
Write the formula for the following substances:

a) Calcium Fluoride …………………………

b) Argon …………………………
c) Manganese Mn…………………
d) Potassium Oxide …………………………
e) Iodine I..………………………
f) Carbon Sulfide …………………………
g) Iron (II) Chloride …………………………

Use the following information to write the formula for the compounds listed below:

Sulfate SO42- Nitrate NO3- Acetate CH3COO-

Hydroxide OH- Carbonate CO32- Ammonium NH4+

a) Sodium Sulfate …………………………

b) Potassium Hydroxide …………………………
c) Calcium Nitrate …………………………
d) Lithium Ethanoate …………………………
e) Iron (III) Carbonate …………………………
f) Ammonium Sulfate …………………………

4 NAMING SUBSTANCES
The following substances have non-systematic names which you will need to remember. Use lines to
match the following formulae to their respective names:

NH3 H2O CH3COOH HCl HNO3

H2CO3 H2SO4 H2SO3 H3PO4

Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Ammonia Water Acetic

Acid

Carbonic Acid Sulfurous Acid Phosphoric Acid Hydrochloric Acid

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Prefixes are used for when substances do not follow normal valency rules. This means that we need
an alternative way to work out the formula.

- A prefix can be placed in front of either part of the substance name

- The presence of a prefix overrules any valency rules.
- The prefix applies to the part of the name that come after the prefix – you do not need to
cross over numbers, like in valency rules.

Use the information provided to work out the formula or name for the substances below:

Mono = 1 Di = 2 Tri = 3 Tetra = 4 Penta = 5 Hexa = 6

Hepta = 7 Octa = 8 Nona = 9 Deca = 10

a) Carbon monoxide …CO………

b) N2F6 ……………
c) Sulfur Dioxide …SO2…………
d) Carbon Tetrachloride ……………
e) NCl3 ……………
f) P2O5 …Diphosporous Pentoxide…………

5 PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGES

Define a physical change:

A change that affects something’s shape and can be

undone………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………….

Give 3 examples:

Bending a metal pipe, crushing a rock, melting

icef……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….

Define a chemical change:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Give 3 examples:

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
There are 5 different signs that a chemical reaction is taking place:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………

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3. ………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………

There are 6 types of chemical reaction:

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………
4. ………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………
6. ………………………………………………………………………………………

Use the space below to list some safety precautions for carrying out experiments. Also consider
experimental technique (e.g. the type of Bunsen flame used for heating):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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...

Carry out the following reactions and identify what is happening - make a note of any observations
and what the products should be.

a) Using a pair of tongs hold a 3cm strip of Magnesium in a roaring blue flame until it lights. DO
NOT LOOK DIRECTLY AT THE MAGNESIUM ONCE ALIGHT.

Word Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Formula Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Have matches ready, along with a taper. Measure 10ml of Hydrochloric Acid and add it into a
test tube. Place a strip of magnesium ribbon into the acid and invert another test tube over the
top. After the reaction has run for a couple of minutes, place a thumb over the inverted test
tube and turn the correct way up. Light the taper and remove your thumb before testing the gas
with the lit taper. ALSO REFER TO CLASS DEMO.

Word Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Formula Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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c) Place a spatula of Copper Carbonate into a test tube. Place into a retort stand at a slight angle.
Using a blue flame, heat the substance until a change is observed.

Word Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Formula Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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d) Measure 20ml of Copper Sulfate solution into a beaker. Take the temperature. Place a spatula of
iron filings into the solution and stir with the stirring rod. Record any temperature change.

Word Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Formula Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) Add a small quantity of Calcium Carbonate chips to a 20ml solution of Hydrochloric Acid.

Word Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Formula Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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f) Measure 20ml of Nitric Acid into a beaker. Measure the temperature. Then measure 20ml of
Sodium Hydroxide and place it into the same beaker. Record any temperature change.

Word Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Formula Equation: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

HOMEWORK:
Use 1 sheet of A4 lined paper to report on the following reactions:
Rusting; Respiration; Composting; Cooking.
You should include:
- A summary on the importance of the reaction;

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- Any energy changes that take place;

- Information on the rate of the reaction (how it can be increased or decreased);
- And (where possible) a word and formula equation.

7 SOLUTIONS
Solutions are often made by dissolving a solid, the “solute”, into a liquid (which is often water), the
solvent. However the solute can be any state, as can the solvent – the solvent being the major
component of this homogeneous mixture, for example Air is a (gaseous) solution, as is Brass (a solid
solution). Concentration is measured in moles per litre, abbreviated to “mol L-1”.

Define “concentrated”:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Define “dilute”:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Define “saturated”:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Define “super saturated”:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Solubility Curves:

From the class discussion, make notes about what the

graph shows you (give examples using the data):

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8 THE PH SCALE
This is an indicator of the concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+). It runs from 0 – 14 from acidic substances
through neutral, to alkaline substances.

Define the following:

Acid: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Alkali: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Using the words “Slightly”, “Very”, “Alkaline”, “Neutral” and “Acidic” - Complete the following chart:

pH 0 – 3 pH 4 - 6 pH 7 pH 8 - 10 pH 11 – 14

Colour in the following chart:

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The scale is logarithmic (each number is to the power of 10).

How much more acidic is pH 1 compared to pH 2? …………………………

How much more alkaline is pH 14 compared to pH 12? …………………………

If acid A has a pH of 6 and is 1000 times less acidic than acid B, what pH is acid B? …………………………

pH can be calculated from the negative log of the Hydrogen ion concentration.

In a neutralization (or acid-base) reaction, it is the positive ion (Hydrogen) from the acid and the
negative ion (Hydroxide) from the base that form water – a neutral substance. Write in the “net ionic
equation” for this reaction below:

…………………………………………………………………………………..

For an acid to react it needs for its Hydrogen ion to be available to donate to the base, sometimes this is
a reversible process, leading to the Hydrogen ion being unavailable.

Define “dissociation” (you may wish to use formula equations to help show this):

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Define “strong acid”:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Name the common Strong Acids:

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Define “weak acid”:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Name the common Weak Acids:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Year 9 Chemistry Mrs. King