INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS Scalar Quantity is one that has nothing to do with spatial direction. Ex. length, time, temperature, mass, density, charge, and volume Vector Quantity is one that can be specified completely only it we provide both its magnitude (size) and direction. Ex. displacement, velocily, acceleration, force, and momentum The RESULTANT, or sum, of a number of vectors of a particular type (force vectors, for example) is that single vector that would have the same effect as all the original vectors taken together. INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS Graphical Method Parallelogram Method The graphical addition of vectors is a If the resultant of two vectors is acting at any method for finding the resultant of angle, it may be represented by the several vectors consists in beginning at diagonal of a parallelogram. The two vectors any convenient point and drawing are drawn as the sides of the parallelogram each vector arrow in tum. and the resultant is its diagonal. 2 , aX start 8INTRODUCTION TO VECTORS A COMPONENT OF A VECTOR Is its effective value in a given direction. Resultant VECTOR OPERATIONS Unit Vectors Let d= ayi+ aa) +ask_ be the given vector Unit Vector have @ magnitude of | and i represented by the symbol which i called « cap or hat, such as: itis given by: altay+ask ay, ys Tal iar’ jal Where [al is the magnitude of vector a Addition/Subtraction of vectors Let = wh + usf and Then, the sum of Hand Bs the vector WH9= (uy + DE+ Qtr The difference of and Bis WB = H+ = My + MIE eHVECTOR OPERATIONS Directional angles and cosines Given a vector A= Ayi + Aaj + Ask. the angles that this vector makes with the x.y, and 2axes, respectively, are «, 8. ond y. These ore known a the direction angles ond are writen (a7) Directional (cog Drectional congies Situation 1. Given: =i+4j+3k ; B=2i+j-4k 1. Determine the magnitude of both vectors. 3. Find 4 —B. a moa A=i+4)+3k eye ane =V% é |A| = Jaz + 43 + A} = V1? + 42 + 3? = V26 B=2i+j-4k i Peete A-B=-i+3j+7k lal = [oe + a2 +m = (PP Ca VR 7 eee Note: A#B = B+A but, AB + B-A, 2.Find A+B, +4)+3k B=2i+j-4k A+B =3i+5j-kSituation 1. Given: A =i+4j+3k ; B=2i+j-4k 4. Determine the unit vector.4, of vector A A ja Aut Ads task i+ 4j+3k 1, a il Vm Va Vie! * V2 A 196i + 0.784j + 0.588K 5. Determine the directional cosines and angles of B with respect to the three- axes. cose cos 64.12° Bl =var cae B= cos" 77.40" cosy 150.79° 6. Define the 500 N force that passes from A(4, 0, 3) to B(0, 6, 0) in vector form. Establish the position vector from A to B Tan = (0-4) + 6 — 0)) + (0 -3)k = 41 + 6) — 3k Establish the unit vector from A to B — tay 4 + 6 - 3K 0.5121 + 0.768) — 0.384k Convert Force to vector notation F = F(faa) = SOON(~0.512i + 0.768) ~ 0.3844) 2561 + 384) — 192k NVECTOR OPERATIONS Vector Multiplication - Dot Product The dot product of two vectors always results in scalar quantity, Le. it has only magnitude ‘and no direction. Its represented by a dot (:] in between two vectors. The mathematical value of the dot product is given as: a:b = |allb| cos 0 Nole:a-b=b-a For dot product, the result is a number (scalar) Vector Multiplication - Dot Product peeeeitee b= bit bys + byl y For colinear (0 = 0°) a-b=|al|b|coso ist =[1|1]cos0 = 1 j-J = [ilt} e080 = 1 k+k=[1[1]cos 0 = 1 For perpendicular (@ = 90°) a-b= [allbl cos i: j= |1I|1] cos 90 = 0 po eerie ike = [1||1] cos 90 = 0 j-k= [11] c0590 = 0 B= aby + ayby + absSituation 2. Given: A =i44)+3k ; B=2i+j-4k 7. Find A-B A+B = A,B, + AzB, + A3Bs A-B=(1+2)+(4+1)+(3+-4) Or use Vector Mode: (Mode-8 for Canon 789-SGA) Input A(1.4,3)> Vota B(2,1,-4)- VctB Press AC, then input: Veta VctB= -6 6 8. Find the component of A clong 8. AB = |AllB| cose AF = lAleoso Tar “6 8 |Al cos va Situation 2. Given: A =i44)+3k ; B=2i+j-4k 9. Let A = force vector, F B= displacement vector, d Find the work done. W=Exd F W = (F cos 8) (d) or (Fdcos 8)VECTOR OPERATIONS Vector Multiplication - Cross Product ‘A.cross product is zero in length when vectors a and b point in the same, or opposite, direction and reaches maximum length when vectors a and b are at right angles. The mathematical value of the cross product is given as: axb=(allblsind Note: ax b +b xa but lax] = [bx al For cross product, the result is another vector. - VECTOR OPERATIONS Vector Multiplication - Cross Product Let a= ay + a,j +ayk b= byl + bal + yk For collinear (@ = 0°) ax b= lallblsing ixi=[1]]1]sino = 0 jxj=[1l1]sin0 = 0 kexk = [ilji|sin =0 Gina a) For perpendicular (@ = 90°) al|b| sin {11 sin 90 [1] sin alfa} sin 9Situation 2. Given: A =i+4)+3k ; B=2i+j-4k 10. Find Ax B AX B = 2ii + ij — Atk + Bfi + Ajj — 16jk + Oki + 3kj — 12kk AX B= 0+ (+k) —4(-/) + 8(-K) + 4(0) — 16(+i) + 6(4/) + 3(-i) — 12(0) AXB = k-+4j —8k ~ 161 + 6j — 31 = -191 + 10j - 7k Or use Vector Mode: (Mode-8 for Canon 789-SGA} Input A(1,4,3) Veta B(2.1,-4)> VetB Press AC, then input: VetA x VetB= -191 + 10) — 7k || = v26 ial= var Fromsit.1 Situation 2. Given: A =i+4)+3k ; B=2i+)—4k 11. Find the component of A perpendicular to B. Ax B=(A||B| sine 4X8 = \a\sin 1B] x -19i + 10) —7k BO par SS = lAlsin 9 = - 4.15% + 2.18) - 1.53 P ¢ xs (4.15)? + 2.18? + (- 153)? = 4.93Situation 2. Given: A =i+4)+3k ; B=2i+)—4k Al = V26 pom Sit. By Prom Sit. 12. Let B= force vector, F [Bl = vi A= position vector, r Find the Moment about O. M=Fxdu es M= (F) (rsin 8) or (r)(Fsin @) Oo Recall, 4 axb=|al|b|sind 7 3° nr xX IrllFl sine 191 + 10j — 7k IM, |= ¥@19)? + 10? + (—7)? = 22.58 KN-m DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT DISTANCE(d) DISPLACEMENT (4) + Actual path covered byabodyin any |+ Shortest path between the initial and direction final position of « body + Scaler quantity + Vector quantity + Always positive + Con be positive, negative or zero a= é sm cSPEED VS. VELOCITY SPEED(v) VELOCITY (7) + distance covered by a body per unit ime. |+ displacement covered by a body per unit time. » a fistance 5 _ displacement time eee + Scaler quantity + Yector quantity + Always positive + Can be positive, negative or zero spees=25 m/s Velocity= 425 m/s —_ — om tim 13. An athlete jogs 8 complete laps around a quarter mile track in total time of 12.5 min. Calculate the average speed and the average velocity in mis s280ft Tmnile 2miles x 1 = Gmile(@ laps 60s =12.5minx = 750s distance _ 321951™m time 7505. Ave. speed 4.29 m/s dipiacement > _ 9 mys Ave. velocity = “sviscen14, A car travels at constant speed of 50 kph for 100 km. It then speeds up to 100 kph and is driven another 100 km, What is the car's average speed for the 200 km trip? 4 _ 100m ty =2hrs 37 soxpn 50+100 Ave. speed 75 kph 9 @ _ 300m aookpn = 1 Ave. speed 1 t= 241 = Shrs NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION Gravitational force between any wo objects of mass m, and m, whose centers are separated by a distance ris determined by the following equation: r ® © 0 v Where: G = 6.67x 10" Nemé/kg?__Shift-Convi-39(Canon) Radius of earth = 6.38 x 10m Mass of ear 5.97 x10% kg,15. A CELE reviewee forgot the acceleration due to gravity, g, at the earth's surface. Help him determine the acceleration due to gravity by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. reviewee's mass jarth’s mass my G = 6.67 x 10 Nee? Radius of earth = 6.38 x 10 m Mass of earth = 5.97 x 10 kg 6.67x10-1N — m?/kg?(5.97x10"* kg) (638x108 m)? 78m/s? ~ 9.8m/s* 16. A 50 kg person and a 75 kg person are sifting on a bench. Estimate the magnitude of the longitudinal force each exerts on the other. Assume distance between the people is ¥2m. Gmym, 72 G= 6.67 x 101! Nemifkg? 67210721N = m2/keg? 6.67x10-11N ~ m?/kg?(50K9)(75D) _ 4-6 y (5m)?17. How far above the earth's surface will the acceleration be half what it is on the surface? Radius of earth = 6380 km. Req'd: h where gis 1/2d.nioce Gime a . h 9F1/20.utace . R=6380 x10°m Bae = Aye Geer)? ~ 2) Re 2(6380x10° m]?= (h+6380x10° rm)? h= 2.64 x10¢m