CLASS – IX CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER – 2 NOTES
CHEMICAL CHANGES AND REACTIONS
 EXERCISE:- 1
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:-
1. A). Define chemical change.
A change which alters the specific properties of a materials by
bringing about a change in its molecular composition followed by
changes of state is called chemical change .
B). Give four examples of chemical change.
 Burning of wood or charcoal
 Burning of candle
 Decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen
 Digestion of food

2. State four characteristics of a chemical changes.

Ans. 1. A chemical change results in the formation of at least one or
new product.
2. The weight of substance undergoing chemical change usually
changes.
3. The chemical change is permanent and irreversible.
4. During chemical change energy is either absorbed or given
out.
3. What do you understand by the following terms? Give examples.
A. Endothermic chemical change:
When a chemical change takes place with the absorption of heat
energy than the change is said to be endothermic.
EXAMPLE: Heating of mercuric oxide to form mercury and oxygen.
B. Exothermic chemical change:
When a chemical change takes place with the liberation of heat
energy is called exothermic change.

EXAMPLE: Candle on burning liberates heat and light energy.

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 4. How can you say these are chemical changes? Give one reason
for your answer.

A. BURNING OF CANDLE.

It is chemical change
Formation of new substances with the liberation of heat and light
energy
B. MILK SOURS IN HOT AND HUMID WEATHER
It is a chemical change
Composition of materials changes and it is irreversible
C. DECOMPOSITION OF WATER INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN.
It is a chemical change
Composition and properties of the substance changes and the
formation of new product.
D. RUSTING OF IRON.
It is a chemical change
Formation of new substance, composition changes and it is
irreversible
E. A FROG BREATHES HEAVILY.
It is chemical change (respiration)
Formation of new substance with liberation of energy

5. A person eats a chocolate and then digests it. In doing so there

takes place a chemical change .Identify the change and give
reason for your answer.
A. When chocolate melts in the mouth physical change takes place.
When it gets digested chemical change takes place and formation of
new substances with the liberation of energy.

6. We mix iron filling with sulphur and grind it and we heat the
mixture, a chemical change takes place using the above example
explain the chemical change.
A. When iron and sulphur is heated in a test tube a new substance iron
sulphide is formed and from this compound iron cannot be
separated using a magnet.

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  EXERCISE:-2.
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:-

1. Define the term chemical reaction.

A. When one or more substances ( elements or compound)
undergo a chemical change with the absorption or liberation of
energy, so as to form one or more new products, then the
change so taking place is collectively called chemical change.

2. State or define the following reactions, supporting your answers

by at least two examples each.
A. A) Direct Combination:-
A chemical reaction in which two or more elements or
compounds react to form one new compound.
EXAMPLE:- A + B  AB
C + O2  CO2
2CO + O2  2CO2

B) Chemical decomposition:-
A chemical reaction in which a chemical compound
decomposes into two or more simpler substances on heating
or absorbing some other kind of energy.
EXAMPLE:- AB  A + B
2HgO  2Hg + O2
2Pb3O4  6PbO + O2

C) Chemical displacement:-
When more reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from
its aqueous salt solution, the chemical reaction is called
chemical displacement.
EXAMPLE:- AB + C  CB + A
CuSO4 + Fe  FeSO4 + Cu
2KI + Cl2  2KCl + I2

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 D) Chemical double decomposition:-
A chemical reaction in which two compounds in their aqueous
solution react by exchanging their radicals is called chemical
double decomposition or chemical double displacement.
EXAMPLE:- A+B- + C+D-  A+D- + C+B-
NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3
H2SO4 + 2KOH  K2SO4 + H2O

3. What is a synthesis? To which kind of chemical reactions belongs

synthesis? Support your answer by an example.
A. 1) When two elements combine to form a compound the
reaction is called synthesis.
2) It belongs to chemical combination reaction reaction.
3) Fe + S  FeS

4. What is analysis? To which kind of chemical reactions belongs

analysis? Support your answer by an example.
A. 1) When a compound decomposes into two elements, the
reaction is called analysis.
2) It belongs to chemical decomposition reaction.
3) 2H2O  2H2 + O2
2NaCl  2Na + O2

5. What is the difference between precipitation reaction and

neutralisation reaction? To which kind of chemical reaction
belong these reactions.
A. PRECIPITATION REACTION
 One of the two products is insoluble in water.
 CuSO4 + 2NaOH  Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
B. NEUTRALISATION REACTION
 Both the products are soluble .i.e., one of the product is a
soluble salt and the other is water.
 2NH4OH + HCl  NH4Cl + H2O

It belongs to Chemical Double Decomposition Reaction.

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 6. A) What do you understand by the following terms?
(i) CATALYST :-
A substance which does not take part in a chemical reaction, but
alters the rate of a chemical reaction.
(ii) INHIBITOR :-
A substance which retard the efficiency of a catalyst is called
inhibitor.
(iii) PROMOTER :-
Substance which improves the rate of chemical reaction by
improving the efficiency of a catalyst is called promoter.
(iv) CATALYSIS :-
The alteration of rate of chemical reaction ( i.e. its acceleration
or deceleration) is called catalysis.

B) Give one equation to explain the meaning of 6(a) (i), (ii) and
(iii)
Ans.
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

7. What is a reversible reaction? What is the most important

condition for the reversible reaction to take place? Support
your answer by a fully balanced chemical equation.
Ans. i) A reaction in which both the forward reaction
(formation of products) and the backward reaction (formation
of reactants from products) occur at the same time a state is
reached when all over composition of mixture is constant is
called reversible reaction.

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 ii) It must be remembered that reversible can takes place only
in the closed vessels, such that none of the products is
removed from the chemical system. However, if one or more
products are removed, then the reaction takes place in the
forward direction.
(iii)

8.What do you understand by the term thermal dissociation?

How thermal dissociation is different from thermal decomposition?
Write two fully balanced equations for thermal dissociation
reactions.

Ans. (i) A reversible thermal decomposition reaction is thermal

dissociation reaction.

(ii) Thermal dissociation reaction is reversible whereas thermal

decomposition reaction is irreversible.

(iii)

9. What do you understand by the following terms?

Ans. a) OXIDATION:-
When a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen, the oxidation
of substance takes place.
b) OXIDISING AGENT:-
The substance which loses oxygen or gains hydrogen is called
oxidising agent.
c) REDUCTION:-
When a substance gains hydrogen or loses oxygen, the reduction
of substance takes place.
d) REDUCING AGENT:-
A substance which loses hydrogen or gains, oxygen is called
reducing agent.

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 10.
In the above equation, by giving reasons. explain which substance
is :-

Ans. a) OXIDISED:-
As the hydrogen gains oxygen from copper oxide, therefore,
Hydrogen is oxidised.
b) REDUCED : -
As the copper oxide loses oxygen, therefore, reduction of
copper oxide takes place.
c) OXIDISING AGENT:-
As the copper oxide loses oxygen, therefore, copper oxide is
oxidising agent.
d) REDUCING AGENT:-
As the hydrogen gains oxygen from copper oxide, therefore,
hydrogen is reducing agent.

11. Name five conditions for a chemical reaction. Support your

answer by at least one example each.
Ans. (i) Close Contact:-
Certain chemical reactions proceed only when the reactants
are in intimate contact with each other.

(ii) Heat:-
A large number of chemical reactions takes place only when
reactants are heated.
EXAMPLE:-

(iii) Light:-
Certain chemical reactions take place only when the reactants
are exposed to sunlight or diffused sunlight.
EXAMPLE:-

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 (iv) Catalytic agent:-
Certain chemical reactions proceed in a forward reaction when
brought in contact with a catalyst.
EXAMPLE:-
(v) Pressure:-
Certain chemical reactions take place only when reactants are
subjected to a higher pressure than the atmospheric pressure.

EXAMPLE:-

12. What do you understand by the term ‘energy change’

during a chemical reaction?
A. The difference between the chemical energy of the
reactants and the chemical energy of the products is called
energy change of a chemical reaction .

13. What is energy of activation? Support your answer by one

example.
A. When a chemical reaction takes place, some energy is
required to break the bonds between the molecules of the
reactants. This energy is commonly called activation energy.
EXAMPLE:- Once the bonds of the participating reactants
break, they form new kinds of bonds to form new molecules
with the release of energy.

14. Define endothermic reaction. Support your answer by two

examples.
A. A chemical reaction which proceeds with the absorption of
heat energy is called endothermic reaction.

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 15. Define exothermic reaction. Support your answer by two
examples.
A. A chemical reaction which proceeds with the evolution of
heat energy is called exothermic energy.

16. What are photochemical reactions. Support your answer by

two examples.
A. The reactions which proceed with absorption of light energy
are called photochemical reactions.
EXAMPLE :-

17. What are electrochemical reactions? Support your answer

by two examples.
A. The reactions which proceed with absorption of electric
energy only are called electrochemical reaction.
EXAMPLE :-

18. Classify the following reactions.

a)
Ans. Chemical Displacement Reaction
b)
Ans. Chemical Double Displacement Reaction
c)
Ans. Direct Combination Reaction

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 d)
Ans. Chemical Decomposition Reactions
e)
Ans. Reversible Reactions
f)
Ans. Electrochemical Reaction
g)
Ans. Catalytic Reaction
h)
Ans. Photochemical Reaction

19. By giving two examples in each case, define the following :-

Ans. (i) COMBUSTION :-

A chemical reaction in which a substance combine with oxygen of
the air and liberates a large amount of energy in the form of heat and
sometimes light is called combustion.
EXAMPLE :- Magnesium ribbon on heating catches fire and burns
with a dazzling white flame to form magnesium oxide.
 Coke on heating glows with dull red glow producing heat and
carbon dioxide.

(ii) COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES :-

The substances which combine with oxygen of air to liberate heat
and light energy are called combustible substances.
EXAMPLE :- Coal, coke, wood, charcoal, etc.

(iii) SUPPORTER OF COMBUSTION :-

The gaseous environment that supports combustion of a
combustible substance is called supporter of combustion.
EXAMPLE :-
i. Air is the main supporter of combustion on the earth. It is the
oxygen in the air which supports combustion.

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 ii. Nitrogen (I) Oxide ( nitrous oxide ) is another gas which supports
combustion like oxygen.

(iv) INFLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES :-

The combustible substances which combines with oxygen of the air

at a comparatively low temperature to produce a large amount of
heat and light energy accompanied by a flame, are called inflammable
substances.
EXAMPLE :- Liquids, such as petrol, kerosene oil, alcohol, either and
carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

(v) INCOMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCES :-

The substances which do not burn in air or oxygen even on strong
heating are called non-combustible substances.
EXAMPLE:- Solids, such as stones, common salt, etc, are non-
combustible
Liquids, such as water, are incombustible.

20. Name any three conditions for the combustion of a substance.

Ans. Conditions necessary for the combustion to take place are :-
I. Presence of combustible substances.
ii. Presence of supporter of combustion (air to supply oxygen)
iii. Heating the combustible substances to its ignition temperature.

21. Name the factors on which rate of combustion depends.

Ans. Factors on which the rate of combustion depends are :
1. Size of combustible particle
2. Nature of combustible substances
3. Nature of gaseous environment
4. Ignition temperature of combustible substance

22. Define the following terms :-

a) OXIDATION B) REDUCTION

Ans. OXIDATION: – Loss of electron is called oxidation .

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 ii. If an atom or ion (substance) loses its electrons it is said to be
reducing agent.

b) REDUCTION: – Gain of electrons is called reduction.

ii. If an atom or ion (substance) gains electrons it is said to be an

oxidising agent.

23. State which of the following is oxidation or reduction reaction and

oxidising agent or reducing agent :-

1.
Ans. Oxidation / Reducing agent
2.
Ans. Reduction / Oxidising agent
3.
Ans. Oxidation / Reducing agent
4.
Ans. Oxidation / Reducing agent
5.
Ans. Reduction / Oxidising agent
6.
Ans. Reduction / Oxidising agent
7.
Ans. Reduction / Oxidising agent
8.
Ans. Oxidation / Reducing agent
9.
Ans. Oxidation / Reducing agent
10.
Ans. Reduction / Oxidising agent

Oxidation / Reducing agent

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Reduction / Oxidising agent

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 24. Difference between Combustion and Respiration

Ans.

Combustion Respiration
It is a chemical reaction It is a biochemical reaction
It is a reaction in which carbon and It is a reaction in which carbon and
hydrogen present in carbon hydrogen present in food materials are
compounds are oxidised rapidly. oxidised by oxygen.
Heat and light energy are released. There is a slow release of heat energy.

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