INDIAN CONSTITUTION: IMPORTANT ARTICLES

PART- I (Articles 1-4) [THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORIES]

Article 1: Name and territory of India
Article 2: Admission or establishment of new states
Article 3: Formation of new states (areas, boundaries or names)
PART II (Articles 5-11) [CITIZENSHIP OF INDIA]
Article 5: Citizenship
Article 6: A citizen migrated from Pakistan to the territory of India will deems to be the citizen of
India
Article 11: Right to citizenship by law (Citizenship Act 1955)
PART III (Articles 12-35) [FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS]
Article 12: Definition of state
Articles 14-18: RIGHT TO EQUALITY
 Article 14: Equality before the law
 Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination
 Article 16: Equal opportunity in the case of public matters and public employment
 Article 17: Abolition of untouchability
 Article 18: Abolition of titles except military titles
Articles 19-22: RIGHT TO FREEDOM
Article 23: Right against exploitation
Article 24: Abolition of child labour
Articles 25-28: RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Articles 29 & 30: CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS
 Article 29: protection of interests of Minorites
 Article 29(1): The citizens of India have the right to conserve their culture, language and script
 Article 30(CHARTER OF EDUCATION): Right of minorities to establish educational institutions
Article 32: Right to constitutional remedies [MINI CONSTITUTION]
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
PART IV (Articles 36-51) [DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY or DPSP]

Article 36: Definition of DPSP

Article 39(A): Equal justice and free local aid for all citizens
Article 40: Organization of village panchayet
Article 41: Right to work, maternity leave
Article 43: Living wages for workers
Article 44: uniform civil code (only for Goa)
Article 48: Agriculture and husbandry
Article 50: Separation of Judiciary from the executive
Article 51:Maintain world peace and security
PART IV-A (Article 51A) [FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES]
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

PART V (Articles 52-151) [UNION]

Article 52: President of India

Article 53: Executive power of the Union
Article 54: Election of the President (indirect)
Article 61: Impeachment of the President
Article 63: Vice-President
Article 66: Election of Vice-President
Article 72: The power of Presidential pardon
Article 74: Council of ministers
Article 76: Attorney General
Article 78: Duties of the Prime Minister
Article 79: Constitution of the Parliament
Article 80: Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
 Article 81: Lok Sabha (House of the People)
Article 83: Duration of the Houses of Parliament
Article 93: Speaker and deputy speaker of Lok Sabha
Article 110: Money bill
Article 112: Annual financial budget
Article 124: Establishment of Supreme Court
Article 125: Salaries of the Judges
Article 130: Seat of the Supreme Court
Article 148: Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
Article 149: Duties and power of CAG
PART VI (Articles152-237) [THE STATES]

Article 153: Governor of States

Article 154: Executive power of the Governor
Article 161: pardoning power of the Governor
Article 163: The Governor appoints Chief Minister and other ministers
Article 165: Advocate General for the state
Article 214: There shall be a High Court for each state
Article 226: Power of High Court on state writ
Article 233: Appointment of District Judges
PART VIII (Articles239-242) [UNION TERRITORIES]
PART IX {Articles243-243(O)} [PANCHAYAT]
Article 243(A): Gram Sabha
Article 243(B): Panchayati Raj System
PART IX-A {Articles 243(P)-243(ZG)} [MUNICIPALITY]

PART X (Article 244) [SCHEDULE AND TRIBAL AREAS]

PART XI (Articles 245-263) [CENTRAL- STATE RELATION]
PART XII (Articles 264-300A) [FINANCIAL PROVISIONS]
Article 280: Finance Commission
Article 300A: Right to Property (general right)
PART XIII (Articles 301-305) [FREEDOM OF TRADE AND COMMERCE]
PART XIV (Articles 308-323) [SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND STATE]

Article 312: The Indian Administrative Service and The Indian Police Service
Article 315: Public Service Commission for the union and state
Article 320: Functions of Public Service Commissions

PART XIV-A (Articles 323A-323B) [TRIBUNALS]

PART XV (Articles 324-326) [ELECTIONS]
Article 324: Election Commission of India
PART XVI (Articles 330-342A) [SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES]
 Article 338: National Commission for Scheduled Caste
Article 338B: National Commission for Backward Classes

PART XVII (Articles 343-351) [OFFICIAL LANGUAGE]

Article 343: Official language of the Union
Article 345: Official language of the State
PART XVIII (Articles 352-360) [EMERGENCY PROVISIONS]
Article 352: National Emergency
Article 356: State Emergency (President rule)
Article 360: Financial Emergency
PART XIX (Article 361) [PROTECTION OF PRESIDENT AND GOVERNOR]
PART XX (Article 368) [CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BILL]

INDIAN CONSTITUTION: IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS

1stAmendment Act (1951):
 The state was empowered to make special provisions for the advancement of
socially and backward classes.
 The Ninth Schedule was added.
 Three more grounds of restrictions on Article 19(1) [FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND
EXPRESSION] were added. In the case of; Public order, Friendly relations with
foreign states and Incitement to an offence.
nd
2 Amendment Act (1952):
 The scale of representation in the Lok Sabha was readjusted stating that 1
member can represent even more than 7.5 lakh people.
th
7 Amendment Act (1956):
 The provision of having a common High Court for two or more states / union
territories was introduced.
 Abolition of class A, B, C and D states – 14 states and 6 union territories were
formed.
 Introduction of Union Territories.
th
9 Amendment Act (1960):
 Adjustments to Indian territory as a result of an agreement with Pakistan [INDO -
PAK AGREEMENT 1958]. Cession of Indian territory of Berubari Union (West
Bengal) to Pakistan.
th
10 Amendment Act (1961):
 Dadra, Nagar and Haveli incorporated in the union of India as union territory
th
12 Amendment Act (1962):
 Goa, Daman and Diu incorporated in the union of India as union territory.
th
13 Amendment Act (1962):
 Nagaland was formed with special status under Article 371A.
th
14 Amendment Act (1962):
 Puducherry incorporated into Indian union.
  Union Territories of Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu,
Puducherry were provided the legislature and council of ministers.

19th Amendment Act (1966):

 System of Election Tribunals was abolished and High Courts were given the
power to hear the election petition.
st
21 Amendment Act (1967):
 Sindhi language was added in the 8th Schedule of Indian Constitution.
24th Amendment Act (1971):
 The President’s assent to Constitutional Amendment Bill was made compulsory.
th
26 Amendment Act (1971):
 Privy Purse and privileges of former rulers of princely states were abolished.
st
31 Amendment Act (1972):
 Lok Sabha seats were increased from 525 to 545.
th
35 Amendment Act (1974):
 Sikkim was given the status of ‘Associate State’ of India.
th
36 Amendment Act (1975):
 Sikkim was made a full-fledged 22ndstate of India.
39th Amendment Act (1975):
 The rise of debate on the President, Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha should
be ended in the Parliament House. It was passed during the Emergency of 1975-
1977.
nd
42 Amendment Act (1976) [MINI CONSTITUTION]:
 Attempted to reduced the power of Supreme Court and High Courts.
 Laid down 10 Fundamental Duties (Article 51A) for citizens.
 Terms – Socialist, Secular, and Integrity added to the Preamble.
 Transferred five subjects from the state list to the concurrent list (Education,
Forests, Weights & Measures, Protection of Wild Animals and Birds,
Administration of Justice).
 Made The President bound to the advice of the cabinet.
 Gave special discretionary powers to the Speaker of Lok Sabha and Prime
Minister (Article 329A).
th
44 Amendment Act (1978):
 The Constitution removed the right to Property (Article 31) from the list of
Fundamental Rights and converted into a general or simple legal right under
Article 300A.
52nd Amendment Act (1985):
 A new 10th Schedule was added providing for the anti-defection law.
th
56 Amendment Act (1987):
 Goa was made a full-fledged state 25th of India.
61st Amendment Act (1989);
 The voting age was decreased from 21 to 18 for both Lok Sabha and Legislative
elections.
th
65 Amendment Act (1990):
 Multi-member National Commission for SC /ST was established.
th
69 Amendment Act (1991):
 Union Territory of Delhi was given the special status of ‘National Capital Territory
of Delhi’.
 70-member legislative assembly and a 7-member council of ministers were
established in Delhi.
st
71 Amendment Act (1992):
 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali languages were included in the 8th Schedule of the
Constitution.
 Total number of the official languages increased to 18.
rd
73 Amendment Act (1992):
 Panchayati Raj institutions were given constitutional status.
th
74 Amendment Act (1992):
 Urban local bodies (Municipalities) were granted constitutional status.
th
76 Amendment Act (1994):
 Reservation of seats for the Backward classes {Education + Service}
th
86 Amendment Act (2002):
 Elementary Education was made a fundamental right (Article 51A) – Free and
compulsory education to children between 6 and 14 years (Article 21A).
th
88 Amendment Act (2003):
 Provision of Service Tax was made under Article 268A.
nd
92 Amendment Act (2003):
 Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali were added in 8th Schedule.
 Total official languages were increased from 18 to 22.
th
100 Amendment Act (2015):
 Exchange of Enclaves between India and Bangladesh.
st
101 Amendment Act (2016):
 Goods and Service Tax (GST) was introduced.
102nd Amendment Act (2018):
 Constitutional status was granted to National Commission for Backward Classes
(NCBC).
103rd Amendment Act (2019):
 A maximum of 10 % reservation for economically weaker sections of citizens.
th
104 Amendment Act (2020):
 Removed the reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community in the Lok Sabha
and the assemblies.