Signal and Systems

Background
Sinusoids
• The general form of a sinusoid is
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 cos 2𝜋𝑓0 𝑡 + 𝜃
• 𝐶 is the amplitude
• 𝑓0 is the frequency in 𝐻𝑧
• 𝜃 is the phase in 𝑟𝑎𝑑
• 𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 is the radian frequency in 𝑟𝑎𝑑Τ𝑠
• ⇒ x 𝑡 = 𝐶 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃
• Where
2𝜋
• 𝜔0 = 2𝜋𝑓0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 Τ𝑠
𝑇0
Sinusoids
1 1
• 𝑓0 = = 𝑠 −1 = 𝐻𝑧
𝑇0 𝑠
2𝜋 1
• 𝑇0 = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝜔0 𝑓0
• 𝜔0 : radian frequency
• 𝑓0 : Hurtzian frequency
Sinusoids
• Remember:
𝜋
• cos 𝜔0 𝑡 − = sin 𝜔0 𝑡
2
𝜋
• cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + = − sin 𝜔0 𝑡
2
𝜋
• sin 𝜔0 𝑡 − = − cos 𝜔0 𝑡
2
𝜋
• sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + = cos 𝜔0 𝑡
2
Addition of Sinusoids
• 𝑎 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝑐 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜃
• How to find 𝑐 and 𝜃?
• 𝑎 − 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑗𝜃
• ⇒ 𝑐 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
• 𝜃= tan−1 −
𝑎
Addition of Sinusoids
• Example: Express 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝜔0 𝑡 − 3 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 as a single sinusoid
Addition of Sinusoids
• Example: Express 𝑥 𝑡 = cos 𝜔0 𝑡 − 3 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 as a single sinusoid
Addition of Sinusoids
• Example: Express 𝑥 𝑡 = −3 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 4 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 as a single
sinusoid
Addition of Sinusoids
• Example: Express 𝑥 𝑡 = −3 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 4 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 as a single
sinusoid
Sketching Signals
• Monotonic Exponentials
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑎𝑡
• Case 1: If 𝐶 and 𝑎 are real
Sketching Signals
• Case 2: 𝐶 is complex, 𝑎 is pure imaginary
• 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜙
• 𝑎 = 𝑗𝜔0
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜙 𝑒 𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗 𝜔0 𝑡+𝜙
• ∴ 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝑗𝐴 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙
• 𝑥𝑅 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙
• 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙
Sketching Signals
• How much is the time-shift caused by 𝜙?
Sketching Signals
• How much is the time-shift caused by 𝜙?
𝜙
• cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙 = cos 𝜔0 𝑡 +
𝜔0
−𝜙
• ⇒ the time-shift is 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝜔0
Sketching Signals
• Case 3: 𝐶 and 𝑎 are complex
• 𝐶 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜙
• 𝑎 = 𝜎0 + 𝑗𝜔0
• 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑗𝜙 𝑒 𝜎0 +𝑗𝜔0 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜎0 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔0 𝑡+𝜙
• ∴ 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜎0 𝑡 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝑗𝐴𝑒 𝜎0𝑡 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙
• 𝑥𝑅 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜎0𝑡 cos 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙
• 𝑥𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑒 𝜎0𝑡 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝜙

• (Sketches are on the next slide)

Sketching Signals
Useful Mathematical Formulas
Useful Mathematical Formulas
Useful Mathematical Formulas
Useful Mathematical Formulas
MATLAB Overview
• MATLAB is a registered trademark of the MathWorks Inc.
• Entering instructions at the command prompt generally results in the
creation of an object or objects.
• Objects are placed in what is called the MATLAB workspace.
• workspace provides important information about each object,
including the object’s name, size, and class.
• Another way to view the workspace is the whos command.
• clear removes all objects from the workspace. If followed by the
variable name, it will clear that variable only.
• clc command clears the command window.
MATLAB Overview
• clf command clears the current figure window.
• The save command, followed by the desired filename, saves the
entire workspace to a file for future use, which has the .mat
extension.
• The save followed by the filename and then the names of the
objects to be saved, selectively saves those objects.
• The load command followed by the filename is used to load the data
and objects contained in a MATLAB data file (.mat file).
• Pressing the up or down arrow key scrolls through previous
commands and redisplays them at the command prompt.
MATLAB Overview
• Typing the first few characters and then pressing the arrow keys scrolls
through the previous commands that start with the same characters.
• Typing help followed by the function name displays helpful text in the
command window. The obvious shortcoming of help is that the function
name must first be known.
• Fortunately, help also displays related or similar functions, which is an
excellent way to learn new MATLAB commands.
• Alternatively, doc followed by the function name opens up the
documentation page for that function name, giving more details about the
function in question.
• The lookfor command helps locate MATLAB functions based on a
keyword search.
MATLAB Overview
• The print command can save figures in a common file format such
as postscript, encapsulated postscript, JPEG, or TIFF.
• The format of displayed data, such as the number of digits displayed,
is selected by using the format command.
• The exit command terminates MATLAB.
MATLAB Overview – Calculator Operations
• MATLAB can function as a simple calculator, working as easily with
complex numbers as with real numbers.
• >> z = -3-4j
assigns the complex constant −3 − 𝑗4 to the variable 𝑧.
MATLAB Overview – Calculator Operations
• The real and imaginary components of z are extracted by
>> z_real = real(z); z_imag = imag(z);
• When a command is terminated with a semicolon, the statement is
evaluated but the results are not displayed to the screen.
• The magnitude of a complex number can be calculated as
>> z_mag = sqrt(z_real^2 + z_imag^2)
>> z_mag = sqrt(z*conj(z))
>> z_mag = abs(z)
• The angle of a complex number is calculated as
>> z_rad = angle(z)
>> z_rad = atan2(z_imag,z_real)
MATLAB Overview – Calculator Operations
• MATLAB expects and returns angles in a radian measure.
Angles expressed in degrees require an appropriate conversion factor.
>> z_deg = angle(z)*180/pi
• MATLAB supports a full complement of trigonometric
Function: cos, sin, tan, sec, csc, cot, acos, asin,
atan, asec, acsc, acot, cosh, sinh, tanh, sech,
csch, coth, acosh, asinh, atanh, asech, acsch
• >> cos(1j) is , since complex!
• In MATLAB, ase-10 and base-e logarithms are computed by using the
log10 and log commands, respectively.
MATLAB Overview – Elementary Operations
• The * operator is used to perform the inner product and the outer
product:
• A 1 × 𝑁 row vector times an 𝑁 × 1 column vector results in the scalar-
valued inner product.
• An 𝑁 × 1 column vector times a 1 × 𝑀 row vector results in the outer
product, which is an 𝑁 × 𝑀 matrix.
• Element-by-element multiplication, division, and exponentiation are
accomplished using .*, ./, and .^, respectively.
MATLAB Overview
• Example: Plot ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 , where 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 −10𝑡 and 𝑓 𝑡 =
cos 20𝜋𝑡 from 𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 0 𝑠 till 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 0.2 𝑠
MATLAB Overview
• Example: Plot ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 , where 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 −10𝑡 and 𝑓 𝑡 =
cos 20𝜋𝑡 from 𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 0 𝑠 till 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 0.2 𝑠
clc; plot(t, f, '-k', t, h, ':k'); figure,
close all; xlabel('t'); plot(t, f, '-k', 'LineWidth', 2);
clear all; ylabel('Amplitude'); hold, plot(t, h, ':k', 'LineWidth', 2);
legend('f(t)', 'h(t)'); xlabel('t');
title('f(t) and h(t)'); ylabel('Amplitude');
t = 0:0.001:0.2; grid; title('f(t) and h(t)');
f = cos(20 * pi * t); legend('f(t)', 'h(t)');
g = exp(-10 * t); grid;
h = f .* g;
MATLAB Overview
• Example: Plot ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑔 𝑡 , where 𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑒 −10𝑡 and 𝑓 𝑡 =
cos 20𝜋𝑡 from 𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 0 𝑠 till 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 0.2 𝑠