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Canvas Module Homepage.
Introduction to Heritage Issues

Neil Galway
 Module Delivery
 Lectures in Biological Sciences
Building room LG.023 from 10.00
to 12.00 most weeks. 8th March in
Ashby 02.13.
 Week 10 will involve participation
in the DfC-QUB Placemaking
Conference with key speakers
from across Ireland and the UK.
 IT refresher sessions on
Photoshop, InDesign and Sketch
Up from 12.00-2.00 in DKB.01.033.
 Project session classes start in
week 6 in Planning Studio –
DKB.03.010. Week 3 there will be
a short pre-trip briefing session
at 2.00.
 Assessment

THREE ASSESSED
ELEMENTS:

1. ESSAY – 35%
2. GROUP STRATEGY – 40%
(10% Presentation; 25%
report; 5% peer
assessment)
3. INDIVIDUAL
CONSULTANCY PROJECT
– 25%
 Essay
a) Heritage values essay – (35%)

“Value has always been the reason

underlying heritage conservation. It is
self-evident that no society makes an
effort to conserve what it does not value”
(de la Torre & Randall 2002: p.3)

Critically discuss, using international,

national or local examples, the contention
that heritage is a ‘contact zone’ within
which different pasts and experiences are
negotiated.

Word limit: 2000 words (excluding

references)

Your essay should be submitted to

CANVAS by midnight on 19th February.
 GROUP HERITAGE-LED REGENERATION STRATEGY

 Study Visit to Arklow 9-10th

February
 Group presentation on Friday
15th March at 10.00 – 10%
 Group Strategy by 22nd
March – 25%
 Peer Assessment on
CANVAS by 22nd March – 5%

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT – DETAILS

TO FOLLOW NEXT WEEK
 Individual Project

 Working with
Architectural Heritage
Fund to devise uses for
a community group in
Killough
 Visit site – afternoon of
15th March
 Report submitted 3rd
May
 Local Landmarks

https://padlet.com/ngalway/local-landmarks-gtd8bb314rf2v2yx
 Lecture overview
Introduction to heritage issues

 What is heritage?

 Heritage and whose values?

 History of heritage from its advent to the genesis of

legal protection

 Evolution of designated heritage and internationalising

trends
 Heritage definitions

“Heritage is a term capricious enough to accommodate wildly

discrepant meanings” (Samuel 1994)

“Property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance, valued objects

and qualities such as historic buildings and cultural traditions that
have been passed down from previous generations”. (OED)

Chairman of the National Heritage Memorial Fund, Lord Charteris:

“anything you want”

Criticised by Hewison (1989) as potentially all-encompassing…..

 What is heritage?

Tunbridge and Ashworth (1996 pp.1-2) identify five much wider

commonly understood meanings:

 heritage as a synonym for any relict physical survival from the past;
 heritage as any non-physical aspect of the past when viewed from the
present... [for example] the poor educational attainment, motivation and
housing conditions of modern US black populations can be ascribed to
the ‘heritage of slavery’;
 heritage as extended to cover all accumulated cultural and artistic
productivity (whether produced in the past or currently);
 heritage as not just the artefacts of human productivity but also the
natural environment in terms of ‘heritage landscapes’ and even ‘heritage
flora and fauna’ which are survivals from a past or are seen as in some
sense original and typical; and
 heritage as a major commercial activity, loosely grouped into what is
widely known as the ‘heritage industry’, which is based on selling goods
and services with a heritage component.
 What is heritage?

All heritage is a cultural construction and not “a relict

artefact or building or a site associated by someone
with past times, conditions, events or personalities” or
the resultant work of past orientated scholars (including
historians, archaeologists and antiquarians) or what
remains in “fallible human memory” (p.3), but “a process
not a condition that uses sites, objects and human traits
and patterns of behaviour as vehicles for the conduction
of ideas in order to satisfy contemporary needs.”
(Ashworth 1997)
 What is heritage?

 Anterić (1998) describes heritage as “... history

processed through mythology, ideology, nationalism,
local pride, romantic ideas or just plain marketing into
a commodity” (p. 182).

 ICOMOS President, Gustavo Araoz - cultural heritage

as ‘vessels of value’ and these values are not set in
aspic and they “simply emerge from and exist in the
ether of the communal public consciousness”
 Heritage and whose values?

“Value has always

been the reason
underlying heritage
conservation. It is
self-evident that no
society makes an
effort to conserve
what it does not
value”
(de la Torre &
Randall 2002: p.3)
Whose history and what heritage? Narrating plural
pasts
▪ Heritage reflects the views of “the
dominant political, social, religious
or ethnic groups” (Graham,
Ashworth & Tunbridge 2000 )
▪ Increased emphasis on Intangible
Cultural Heritage recognised that
sites are open to changing plural-
and polysemic- readings
▪ The challenge of reconciling the
values of competing ‘Heritage
communities’
▪ Different past(s) are constantly
being (re-)negotiated in the heritage
‘contact zone’ (Stephanides 2003)
▪ ‘Dissonant Heritage’ due to its
potential to be ‘zero-sum’ by
excluding and/or disinheriting the
‘other’.
 “Sometimes people hold a core belief that is very strong.
When they are presented with evidence that works
against that belief, the new evidence cannot be accepted.
It would create a feeling that is extremely uncomfortable,
called cognitive dissonance. And because it is so
important to protect the core belief, they will
rationalize, ignore and even deny anything that doesn't fit
in with the core belief.”

Franz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks

 Recent examples of Urbicide

• 2012 – Al-Qaida-linked rebels Ansar Dine and Tuareg separatist MNLA

destroy sacred door of 15th Century WHS Mosque in Timbuktu containing
sufi shrine
• Babri mosque in 1992, supposedly on site of temple at Ram’s birthplace
in Ayodhya
 Mostar Stari Most

• Constructed in 1557 by Suleiman

the Magificent
• Mostar Stari Most 1993 – shelled
and destroyed by Croat soldiers
• Reconstructed bridge gained
UNESCO WHS status in 2004
Which past to preserve? Changing
values..
“The remarkable
thing about
monuments is that
one does not notice
them. There is
nothing in this world
as invisible as a
monument.”

Robert Musil
 More monuments

Memento park, Budapest with

demolition of Saddam Hussein
picture in Baghdad above
Confederate Monuments
Closer to home?
 Heritage and nation narration
Why narration?

The past is an almost infinite resource and as forgetting is the active

part of memory, the past is remembered not in a linear fashion but it
is always “constituted in narrative, always representation, always
construction” (Hodgkin & Radstone 2009)

“… we seek to grasp what we see not just in space but in time as well.
Narrative gives us this understanding; it gives us what could be
called the shape of time” (Abbott 2002)

Need to rank events to creative a narrative means “that periods of

human happiness and security are the blank pages of history” (Hegel)
Bronze Soldier dispute 2007 Tallinn
Maze / Long Kesh
 Origins of Heritage
Oath of Platea to strengthen identities of
alterity from the barbarians as ‘the blood
shed in the name of the nation is the glue
that binds” (Tumarkin 2005: p.38).
Oath of Plataea in 479BC – first
official heritage declaration (Araoz
2012) whereby, during the Persian
wars, the Athenians swore an oath
not to rebuild the destroyed
sanctuaries, but to leave them as
‘memorials of the impiety of the
barbarians’ (Dinsmoor 1975)
The Acropolis including the
ancient temple to Athena and
older Parthenon that was under
construction were burned to the
ground and looted. Consciously
left as ruins for 30 years before
reconstruction by Pericles.
Origins of Conservation Practice
Conservation practice can be traced to
building regulations in ancient Rome, which
guaranteed that new buildings were in
harmony with their surroundings in
accordance with the principles espoused in
Vitruvius’ first century BC manual - De
Architectura c. 15BC (Jokilehto 1999)

Medieval Europe, Catholic Church dominated

heritage mediation through “its control over
access to, and interpretation of, symbolic
heritage resources and the technology
(especially through writing and monumental
architecture) for conveying these resources
to the population” (Harvey 2008)
 Heritage and Nationalism
1666 - the Antiquities Ordinance law in Sweden was the first
legislation which protected antiquities and monuments.

Used by Swedish King Charles XI to demonstrate the importance of

its ‘great empire’ to the outside world (Jokilehto 1999)

Heritage as a form of Banal Nationalism, which is “ideological habits

which enable the established nations of the West to be reproduced”
(Billig 1995). It includes the unnoticed embodied habits of social life
whereby the nation is symbolically ‘flagged’ including flags, songs
and anthems, stamps, banknotes, heritage, monuments, national
museums, history syllabuses and nomenclature.
Skansen was created in 1891 by
Artur Hazelius on Djugarden

Monument to the discoveries,

Belem built in 1960 to
commemorate 500 years since the
death of Henry the Navigator
 Heritage and Nation Narration

The rise of the European Nation State in Nineteenth century

The Nation-state conceived as

primordial along lines of “ethnic,
linguistic, and cultural cohesion”
(Trivedi 2007) with common myths,
memories, symbols and values utilised
to forge national identities

First designated national heritage

would largely be the “offspring of
civilization’s most ecstatic romance:
the grand union of money and vanity.”
(Winterson 1997)

An ‘authorised heritage discourse’

(Smith 2006) was required to represent
Liberty leading the people,
the officially sanctioned past
Delacroix 1830
Dissemination of difference - education

“… the extent of power, and its associated

responsibility, held by educators, interpreters
and presenters in their transmission of the
past is almost without rival. Together they
transmit almost the sum total of knowledge
about the past, and its relevance to the
present and the future that the majority of the
population will ever receive. Such
responsibility is awesome to those who are
aware of it. It is unperceived and therefore
inappropriately discharged by those who are
not” (Stone & McKenzie 1989)

Joint History Project in the Balkans and

textbooks at:
https://soe.fes.de/news-list/e/joint-history-project-phase-
ii#:~:text=The%20Joint%20History%20Project%20has,education%20that%20encourages%20criti
cal%20thinking.
Sherwood (2013) in the Guardian-
the vast majority of maps in
Palestinian and Israeli
schoolbooks omit the existence of
the other entity – only 4% of
Palestinian textbooks shown the
green line. Israeli textbooks -76%
textbooks don’t show Palestine -
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2
013/feb/04/israeli-palestinian-
textbooks-borders
 Educating the ‘Holylands’

"Israel is a young country and surrounded by

enemies: Syria, Egypt, Jordan. And on every
side... enemy states are hatching plots that are
only waiting for the right time to be carried out.
Like a little lamb in a sea of seventy wolves is
Israel among the Arab states"

Israeli ultra-Orthodox textbook

 Educating the ‘Holylands’

"The Palestinian war [in 1948] ended with a disaster of

which history had not seen the like, and Zionist gangs
usurped Palestine and displaced its people from their
cities, villages, land and houses, and founded the state
of Israel... The tragedy was exacerbated with the Zionist
entity's occupation of what remains of Palestine... most
Palestinians are still living under the yoke of the
Occupation, and others are living lives of displacement
and loss"
Palestinian textbook
Ideological Archaeology in the Holylands

“Digging for Trouble” by Rafi

Greenberg

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRNAJC
Hxa7w
Flagging the nation – Hundertwasser’s
alternatives
Holy Land flag – Shimon Peres: to
“adopt the flag would be to put the
horse before the cart”

Unwinding of the national plant –

the fern that predates the Maoris
in New Zealand / Aotearoa
represents NZ nature and Maori
presence

Northern Ireland – the only UK

region without an official
government sanctioned flag
National Anthems

Post-Saddam Hussein era in Iraq, a new national anthem was required and
agreement was difficult to achieve given the ethnic complexity of the country.
Now Iraq has the second most languages in a national anthem – 4 (Arabic,
Kurdish, Turkmen and Assyrian)

Q. Which country has most languages in its national anthem?

A. South Africa with five (English, Afrikaans,
Xhosa, Zulu and Sesotho)

ANC policy of renaming streets in South Africa to

be more reflective of the wider population has
been divisive as decisions over naming streets
after the last apartheid president FW De Klerk
and some ANC combatants has been
controversial.
Similar issues in new NI Councils

Playparks named after hunger strikers in

Newry

Jubilee crowns in Larne

Un-named pedestrian bridge in Strabane after

SF proposal to name it after late councillor
Ivan Barr is blocked
 The Scope of Heritage

“The concept of heritage is never static, and has

a tendency over time to expand its scope, over
and above the inevitable fact that the passing
years eventually bring new buildings into the
category of old buildings. Likewise, practices and
philosophies of heritage are constantly evolving,
driven by a search for ever-better ways of
understanding and preserving the heritage”.

Fojut (2009: p.13)

 Evolution of Heritage Movement in UK

The scope of protected heritage has expanded exponentially from conferring

protection to only the ancient and “the spectacular over the mundane, the
large over the small, the beautiful over the ugly and the unusual over the
commonplace” (Ashworth 1997)

“formerly about grand monuments, unique treasures, and great heroes,

heritage now also touts the typical and evokes the vernacular” (Lowenthal
1998)

1882 Ancient Monuments Act (GB) – preservation secured solely by good will
of landowners

1908 - three Royal Commissions on the Historical Monuments (of England,

Wales and Scotland) were to create inventories of the ancient and historical
monuments; “from the earliest time to the year 1700 and to specify those that
seem most worthy of preservation.”
Evolution of Heritage Movement in UK

Until 1921, no concern for monuments

and structures postdating 1700, was
changed to 1714 then.

The introduction of statutory listing of

historic buildings was in part due to
the magnitude of the destruction
wrought by the blitz.

Demolition gangs were tasked with

demolishing many fine Medieval and
Georgian buildings that could be
salvaged. Leading to 1941 creation of
‘salvage lists’ drafted by 300 local
architects.
Evolution of Heritage Movement in UK

1963 - end date for listing was

abolished as pressure to conserve
Victorian structures increased in
line with the destruction of these
buildings by comprehensive
clearance and redevelopment
(Larkham 1996)

1967 Civic Amenities Act – birth of

Conservation Areas. Defined as
“areas of special architectural or
historic interest, the character of
which it is desirable to preserve or
enhance”
Conservation Areas
Conservation
Areas in Northern
Ireland
60 Conservation Areas
Changing attitudes to architectural periods

“We properly despise the mid-

20th century’s destruction of
Victorian buildings (also
“monstrosities”) and the late
20th century’s destruction of Art
Deco buildings (“vulgar”)”
(Meades 2004)
Firestone factory demolished
1979)

In 1970, a list of the top fifty

examples of the Modern
Movement for listing (inc.
Lubetkin and Tecton’s Penguin
Pool)
 Total heritage designations in UK

 Half a million listed properties *

 Tens of thousands of scheduled monuments
 Over 10,000 Conservation Areas
 Thousands of historic parks and gardens,
protected registered historic battlefields,
designated wrecks and
 28 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

*Estimated figure based on 374, 081 listed buildings in England (English

Heritage 2012a); 47,600 in Scotland (Historic Scotland 2011: p.17); 30,000 in
Wales (CADW 2012); and 8,500 in Northern Ireland (DOENI 1999)
 The
inexorable
rise of
heritage

(Horsey 1986)
Local Listings
Creating a local heritage list is a
way for local councils and
communities to identify and
celebrate historic buildings,
archaeological sites and designed
landscapes which enrich and
enliven their area.
Example – Shacklewell Mosque,
Hackney
‘a building, structure or feature, whilst not
statutory listed, has been identified by the
council as an important part of their
heritage, due to its local architectural or
historic significance .’
City Conversations

 Informal series
 Food and drink
provided
 First session in
Pug Uglys at
18.00 on
Tuesday 23rd
January.
 Optional Study visit to Ramelton

Wednesday 7th February as part of DfC-QUB

Placemaking Academy

Speaker – Daniela Patti