What is measurement definition?

Measurement is a Procedure in which an unknown quantity is compared

to a known standard, using an accepted and consistent system of units.The
measurement may involve a simple linear rule to scale the length of a part,
or it may require a sophisticated measurement of force versus deflection
during a tension test. Measurement provides a numerical value of the
quantity of interest, within certain limits of accuracy and precision
What is metrology definition, and mention the six fundamental quantities in
metrology?

Metrology is the science of measurement. The science is concerned with

six fundamentals quantities: length, mass, time, electric current,
temperature, and light radiation. From these basic quantities, most other
physical quantities are derived, such as area, volume, velocity,
acceleration, force, electric voltage, heat energy, and so forth.

What is accuracy & precision in measurement?

Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is the degree to which the measured

value agrees with the true value of the quantity of interest. A
measurement procedure is accurate when it is absent of systematic errors.
Systematic errors are positive or negative deviations from true value that
are consistent from one measurement to the next.
Precision is the degree of repeatability in the measurement process.
Good precision means that random errors in the measurement procedure
are minimized. Random errors are usually associated with human
participation in the measurement process. Random errors are assumed to
obey a normal statistical distribution whose mean is zero and whose
standard deviation is given by:
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Besides good accuracy and precision, what are the desirable attributes and features
of a
Besides good accuracy and precision, what are the desirable attributes and
features of a measuring instrument?

Other Features of Measuring Instruments Another aspect of a

measuring instrument is its capacity to distinguish very small differences
in the quantity of interest. The indication of this characteristic is the
smallest variation of the quantity that can be detected by the instrument.
The term resolution and sensitivity are generally used for this attribute of
a measuring device.
Other desirable features of a measuring instrument include ease of
calibration, stability, speed of response, wide operating range, high
reliability, and low cost. Most measuring devices must be calibrated
periodically. Calibration is a procedure in which the measuring
instrument is checked against a known standard. For example, calibration
a thermometer might involve checking its reading in ice (of pure water).
For convenience in using the measuring instrument, the calibration
procedure should be quick and uncomplicated. Once calibrated, the
instrument should be capable of retaining its calibration – continuing to
measure the quality without deviating from the standard. This capability
to retain calibration is called stability, and the tendency of the device to
gradually lose its accuracy relative to the standard is called drift.
Some measurements, especially in a manufacturing environment, must
be made quickly. The ability of a measuring instrument to indicate the
quantity with minimum time lag is called its speed of response. Ideally,
the time lag should be zero; however, this is an impossible ideal. For an
automatic measuring device, speed of response is usually taken to be the
time lapse between when the quantity of interest changes and the device is
able to indicate the change within a certain small percentage of the true
value.
The measuring instrument should possess a wide operating range,
which is its capability to measure the physical variable throughout the entire
span of practical interest to the user. High reliability, which can be defined as
the absence of frequent failures of the device, and low cost are, of course,
desirable attributes of any engineering equipment
What is measurement methods classification? Explain with examples for each one.

In precision measurements various methods of measurement

are followed depending upon the accuracy required and the amount of
permissible error. Actual measurements may employ one or more
combination of the following [2]:
1) Direct method of measurement: in this method the value is
obtained directly by comparing the unknown with the standard. It
involves no mathematical calculations to arrive at the results, for
example, measurement of length by a graduated scale.
2) Indirect method of measurement: in this method several
parameters (to which the quantity to be measured is linked with) are
measured directly and then the value is determined by mathematical
relationship. For example, measurement of density by measuring mass
and geometrical dimensions.
3) Comparison method of measurement: this method involves
comparison with either a known value of the same quantity or another
quantity which is function of the quantity to be measured.
4) Substitution method of measurement: in this method, the quantity
to be measured is measured by direct comparison on an indicating
device by replacing the measuring quantity with some other known
quantity which produces same effect on the indicating device.
5) Differential or comparison method of measurement: this method
involves measuring the difference between the given quantity and a
known master of near about the same value. For example,
determination of diameter with master cylinder on a comparator.

What are applications of measurement system?

The first of these is their use in regulating trade, applying instruments that
measure physical quantities such as length, volume and mass in terms of
standard units.
 The second application area of measuring instruments is in monitoring
functions. These provide information that enables human beings to take some
prescribed action accordingly

What is elements of a measuring instrument? Give an example of single and

complex measurement situation.

A measuring system exists to provide information about the physical value of

some variable being measured. In simple cases, the system can consist of only a
single unit that gives an output reading or signal according to the magnitude of the
unknown variable applied to it. However, in more complex measurement
situations, a measuring system consists of several separate elements as shown in
Figure

Why we study the measuring tools?

What is meant by the term calibration?

What is different between graduated and nongraduated measurement devices?

Measuring instruments can be divided into two types: graduated and

nongraduated. Graduated measuring devices include a set of markings
(called graduations) on a linear or angular scale to which the object's
feature of interest can be compared for measurement. Nongraduated
measuring devices possess no such scale and are used to make
 comparisons between dimensions or to transfer a dimension for
measurement by a graduated device.

What are the measuring instruments that used in graduated and nongraduated
linear measurement?

The most basic of the graduated measuring devices is the rule (made of
steel, and often called a steel rule), used to measure linear dimensions.
Rules are available in various lengths. Metric rule lengths include 150,
300, 600, and 1000 mm, with graduations of 1 or 0.5 mm. Common U.S.
sizes are 6, 12, and 24 in., with graduations of 1/32, 1/64, or 1/100 in.
Calipers ,micrometer vernier

What is type of method that used to measure the error in roundness?

Errors in the form will cause the dial indicator to show a reading, however the part
will also move up and down as the irregularities contact the vee-block. Moreover,
in the case of a shaft, the contact with the vee-block is not restricted to the plane
being measured

Define the angle? And mention it's graduated and nongraduated measuring
instrument?

An angle is defined as the figure formed by two lines or planes that intersect one
another. Such lines or planes may be real, such as the edges and surfaces of a object,
or they may be defined, such as lines from an observer to two distant stars
Angles can be measured using any of several styles of protractor. A
simple protractor, consists of a blade that pivots relative to a semicircular
head that is graduated in angular units (e.g., degrees, radians). To use, the
blade is rotated to a position corresponding to some part angle to be
measured, and the angle is read off the angular scale. A bevel protractor,
Figure 14, consists of two straight blades that pivot relative to each other.
The pivot assembly has a protractor scale that permits the angle formed by
the blades to be read. When equipped with a vernier, the bevel protractor
can be read to about 5 minutes; without a vernier the resolution is only
about 1 degree [1].
 High precision in angular measurements can be made using a sine bar,
illustrated in Figure 15. One possible setup consists of a flat steel straight
edge (the sine bar), and two precision rolls set a known distance apart on
the bar. The straight edge is aligned with the part angle to be measured,
and gage blocks or other accurate linear measurements are made to
determine height. The procedure is carried out on a surface plate to
achieve most accurate results. This height H and the length L of the sine
bar between rolls are used to calculate the angle A using:

H
sin A=
L