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Contents
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Designing a Stirring system

The design of a stirring system is complementary to a vertical tank design, either atmospheric or pressurized. That is, the
agitation system should be set only after the setting of the tank, however influencing in the design of this due to the additional
efforts that will be imposed.

The instructions that follow assumes the existence of a tank ever designed. Thereafter the agitation system design can be
divided into four phases:

Settings i dog the type of blending or process. »Page 2 Input data of the components present in the process . "Page
3 Settings i tion of i MPEL i pains. »Page 4 Calculation process and sizing mechanical stirring system
components. »Page 12

Definition mix or Process Type

The definition of the procedure to be performed is important to determine which impeller models can be used, which impellers
are most appropriate, how many impellers are indicated and what their dimensions.

Initially it should be set what types of components are involved. In Blend type, considering the main components,
choose:

Net-net: Are processes involving two or more liquid phases, enable, at first all impellers, with the exception of
Smith turbine.
Liquid-Solid: These processes involving a "matrix" or more liquid and a solid, particulate phases. They are also
enabled all impellers with the exception of Smith and Anchors turbine.

Liquid Gas: These processes where a gas is injected into a liquid phase. radial turbines Rushton and Smith are
enabled.
Gas-liquid-solid: Are processes involving gas injection and also the suspension or dissolution of solids. Enable only
the Rushton turbine.

Then determine what or what process objectives of:

Mixture liquids miscible emulsion

immiscible liquid heat transfer gas
solids suspension dispersion of solid
Dissolution Fluid Handling

Finally enter the critical characteristics of the product, ie those features that are rousing in the process (and not necessarily
to their end) that make operation of the toughest operating system difficult.

Identification: It is the product ID.

rheology: Indicates product performance, can be Newtonian or non-Newtonian.

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If the viscosity is known Feels Like: Simply let the apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids is well known.

Apparent viscosity or viscosity: Is the value of the viscosity for Newtonian fluids, and the higher apparent viscosity
that can be achieved during the process.

Consistency Index n and Index: When the fluid is is non-Newtonian and the apparent viscosity not known, the
user must inform the consistency index and the index n so that the program can mount the rheological curve of
the fluid and thereby determine the apparent viscosity at system operating conditions .

Maximum processing temperature: It is the maximum temperature at which the product should arrive during the
process. Must be lower than the tank design temperature.

Maximum density: It is the maximum density at which the product can reach during the process, considering that
there may be a product of the volume variation in the tank but not a weight change.

It notes that a product may have a non-Newtonian behavior even though all of its components have all Newtonian behavior.

Entry of the data in Process Components Gifts

From the definition of the procedure given in the previous screen, the user must input the data of the most important
components that will make up the product, those who will be in greater quantity and with the greatest influence in
determining the physical properties of the product. will only be enabled types of previously selected components. For
example, for slurries are enabled the liquid and solid data tables. For liquid the required data must be:

Identification: It is the identification of the liquid.

rheology: Indicates the liquid component's behavior can be Newtonian or non-Newtonian.

If the viscosity is known Feels Like: Simply let the apparent viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids is well known.

Apparent viscosity or viscosity: Is the value of the viscosity for Newtonian fluids, and the higher apparent viscosity
that can be achieved during the process for non-Newtonian fluids.

Consistency Index n and Index: When the fluid is is non-Newtonian and the apparent viscosity not known, the
user must inform the consistency index and the index n so that the program can mount the rheological curve of
the fluid and thereby determine the apparent viscosity at system operating conditions .

Maximum processing temperature: It is the maximum temperature that should reach the net during the process.
Must be lower than the tank design temperature.

Maximum density: It is the maximum density of the liquid can get in the process, considering that there may be a
variation of the volume of liquid in the tank but not a weight change.
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For gases the following data will be required:

Identification: It is the identification of the gas.

Pressure Input: It is the pressure with which gas is injected into the tank.

Temperature input: It is the inlet temperature of gas in the tank.

Flow rate: It is the desired gas flow. This flow is a function of the amount of gas that is desired to disperse the product
and process of the expected time. It should be taken into consideration that usually not all of the injected gas is
"trapped" by the net making the time-consuming process.

average diameter of the bubbles: It is the average diameter of the gas bubbles at the time of injection in the tank.

For the solid particles the data will be required:

Identification: It solid ID.

Solids concentration: Is the mass concentration of solids in the mixture, ie the mass of solids divided by the
total mass of the product.

Maximum Density: It is the maximum density of the solid particle. Importantly, because it is the density of particulate
matter from a given volume of particulate can vary according to its compression. This is due to the presence of gaps,
voids between the particles. The density here corresponds to required solid material without interstices.

Average size of particles: It is the average diameter of the solid particles, regardless of their format.

Definition of impellers

The impeller is the main element of the agitation system responsible for movement of fluid within the tank. This screen is
defined geometry of the entire system and the stirring impellers based on the progress information of the product and product
components given in previous screens.

Impeller type: Opens the screen for the type of impeller selection. The program calculates the following types of
impellers:

Naval »Page 5
3 blades High Efficiency "Page 6 4 Spades
Straight to 45» Page 7 4 Straight blades to 90
»Page 8 Straight Blades Generic» Page 8
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Turb i at Radial Plana »Page 8 Turb i at Radial Concave »Page 9 Flat Anchor
Basic» Page 10 Flat Anchor with Scrapers »Page 10 Anchor Tubular Basic»
Page 11 Anchor with Tubular Scrapers »Page 11 Anchor with Tubular Puzzle
Waves »Page 11 Anchor with Tubular Breakwater Waves and Scrapers »Page
12

Number of impellers: Select the number of impellers (with the same geometry and the same axis) that
exist. They may be installed to 8 impellers.

Support: Set whether to use bottom bearing or the shaft will be in balance.

Position Stirrer: Set whether the agitator shaft is centered with respect to the tank or off-center.

Distance from center: If you selected an impeller outside center should be informed the distance between the axis of the
impeller and the center of the tank.

Number of blades: The number of impeller blades. For the impeller blades generic straight this value must be
entered by the user.

Angle Impeller: It is the angle of inclination of the impeller blades with respect to the horizontal plane.

Breakwaters: Defines whether, for focusing impellers, will be used in the surge vessel walls as well as enables the
choice of the basic geometry of the breakwater.

Impeller material: Select the material that will be built impeller. Initially this will be the same vessel
material.

Shaft material: Select the material that will be built the agitator shaft. Initially this will be the same vessel
material.

Position of impellers: The vertical position of each impeller will be set from the lower tangent line and with respect to
the impeller immediately below. Except that the first impeller whose position is defined only with respect to the bottom
tangent line. There are limitations on the distance between the impellers and between these impellers and the walls
of the tank. These limitations guarantee that there will be a minimum flow in these intervals, but do not guarantee
maximum system efficiency, leaving the user to select the positions that best suit your needs.

Naval
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The marine impellers rotating at high speed and produce primarily longitudinal currents. Despite its diameter rarely
exceeds 500 mm. The typical and most effective marine impeller has three blades in pitch between one and two times
their diameter.

The basic functions of the marine impeller are: a mixture of low viscosity fluids, below
3,000 cps, the uniform temperature, the solid dispersion as cut and cisalham the product and the preparation of emulsions in
addition to avoiding settling in large storage tanks. The marine impellers of smaller diameter, below about 200 mm, as a rule,
are driven directly by the engine rotation of 1150 or 1750 rpm. The larger diameter above 200 mm, requiring a reduction or
frequency inverter working in the range between 300 and 800 rpm. But the naval impellers can operate in virtually any rotation.
Due to the nature of the predominantly longitudinal flow streams, naval propellers must be mounted on vertical spindles and
decentered, preferably forming an angle to the vertical.

In small tanks produce high turbulence with low power consumption. The calculation of the marine impeller is made for tanks
with an internal diameter up to 1,500 mm and volume to 3000 liters with the central impeller, off center or tilted with an angle
between the vertical axis and between 10 and 20.

3 blades High Efficiency

The high efficiency impeller with three straight blades and inclined 120 out of phase has the same characteristics and
applications impeller with four straight blades inclined at 45 degrees. The advantage is the high efficiency of the geometry of
vanes that minimizes vortex shedding behind the blades. The result, for the same power, is more vigorous movement,
enabling reduction in the processing time of the product in the tank. is opting to maintain the same drive, of course, the power
requirement is considerably less. This advantage ceases to exist when the laminar regime is therefore limited to the use of
this type of impeller for situations where the Reynolds number is greater than 100.
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The impeller 3 high efficiency blades can generate ascending or descending currents, with the same objectives impeller 4
straight blades as shown below
Note that not only the rotation is reversed, but the bend in the previous position was located at the top of the blade and has
now been shifted to the lower edge. Therefore an impeller high efficiency will have only one direction of rotation.

Lines 4 to 45 blades

The impellers of four straight blades inclined at 45 degrees are practically universal use because, in general, have a
smooth action that often is desired for most products.

Meets almost all applications because it can work with liquid 1-100000 cP viscosity, creating high or low turbulence depending
on the operating speed. They are very useful both in the mixture of miscible liquids as transactions involving the dissolution of
solids. Consumption is moderate to high.

Creates mainly longitudinal and radial currents that favor the mixing action. The harmonization of insoluble solids, and because
of its density relative to the density of the fluid, the longitudinal currents can be upward or downward. If the solid density is
greater than the density of the fluid, ie the solid tends to settle in tank bottom must be generated by the impeller updrafts.

If the solid is less dense and tends to float, must be produced downdrafts. These downdrafts can be obtained by reversing the
direction of rotation of the impeller.

The offset into the tank minimizes the formation of tangential currents being consumed in terms of power, this situation
analogous to the impeller centered with two breakwaters, with the advantage of being more sanitary, ideal for the processing of
food and pharmaceutical products. The position of the impeller, when off-center, is defined by its diameter and any restrictions
imposed by the presence of accessories on to the top of the tank but, whenever possible, the impeller should be 1/6 the
diameter from the center.

The clearance between the impeller and the impeller side, and between the top and bottom, to be not less than 5% of the tank
diameter, or 100 mm, whichever is less.
The level of agitation, which is linked to the average velocity of the fluid in the tank, in most applications, is between 3 and 6.
For more viscous products or those that can be oxidized, it is recommended to adopt levels 1 and 2. In hanging heavy solids or,
in the case of critical chemical reactions, use is interesting to use a level of agitation between 7 and 10. It is recommended for
at least a pusher element for each cylindrical height of 0.87 times internal diameter. However, in the case of mixtures with
control, where the quality requirement is strict or in the presence of viscous products, where the spread of the movement is
slower, it is prudent to consider the presence of a greater number of impellers. Typical values ​for the relationship between the
diameter of the impeller and the inner diameter of the tank are in the range 0.2 to 0.7. Below 0.2 not produce adequate
movement of the product unless the rotation is too high. above 0.7 can generate sufficiently strong radial currents
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to block the longitudinal, dividing the contents of the tank and damaging action of the mixture.

Lines 4 to 90 blades

The straight blade impeller 4 to 90 essentially generates a radial flow and is suitable for gas dispersion despite having a lower
efficiency than the radial turbine due to the absence of the central disc. That is, although the power consumption is similar
scatter less gas.

Generic Straight blades

This allows selection of impeller blades number, angle and width of the blades. Thus the user can analyze various possible
geometries, selecting the one that best suits your process. The inclination angle of the vanes may vary from 15 to 90. available
blades numbers are: 2, 3, 4, 6 or 8 blades. The width of the blades is free.

Flat Radial Turbine

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The flat blade turbine was developed in the 1950s and until the 1980s was the most impeller used for gas dispersion in liquids,
and then replaced by more efficient turbines.

It consists of a horizontal plate to which are fixed flat blades, usually six equidistant. To the dispersion of gases, they are
injected into the liquid through a sparger ring located just below the impeller, and with a diameter between 1/3 and 2.D / 4.D.

The most commonly used dimensions relations based on the outer diameter (D) of the impeller are:
• • Disc diameter (dd): 2 / 3.D
• • Blade length (W): 1 / 4.D
• • Blade Width (W): 1 / 5.D
The impeller of this power consumption is very similar to the impeller straight blades 90 of same dimensions without the central
disc, since the inner portion of the blades have limited effectiveness. In this region, the fluid rotates at a speed similar to the
speed of the impeller. The disk function is to prevent the gases injected directly below, directly to rise without being dispersed by
the impeller, for directing the flow generated by the blades predominantly radial. These impellers work only in turbulent flow
showing the number of power between

4.5 and 6.2.

Turbine Radial Concave

From the 1980s impellers have been developed for more efficient gas dispersion. The first model to be developed by Smith
showed that linked the concave blades radially flow, intensifying the effect of dispersion. The geometric ratios used are similar
to the flat blade turbine and power number is between 2.5 and

3.2.
Note by the value of the number of power that it performs the same operation as flat blade turbine power consuming about
50% less.
In the late 1980s, around 1988 appeared other geometries blades, the more efficient gas dispersion. These geometries
are based on concave blades, by changing the
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bend these blades and introducing asymmetry between the upper and lower flanges.

Anchor Flat Basic

THE Basic flat anchor alone is inefficient for mixing viscous products, particularly in working laminar region. The product turns
along with little vertical movement. It is usually used as an aid in product mixing Newtonian and uniformity of the product
temperature.

The introduction of flat rods inclined at 45 ° provides the appearance of some longitudinal chain a little better mixing
efficiency but reflected in power consumption.

Flat anchor with scrapers

The use of scrapers It aims to avoid stagnation and product burning along the walls of the tank subject to heat exchange.
Thereby improving the heat transfer characteristics of the set. Of course, due to friction, the scrapers increase power
consumption. THE flat anchor with scrapers It can also be used in mixing non-Newtonian addition products of high viscosity
Newtonian.
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Tubular anchor Basic

The use of tubular profiles rather than flat profiles on the anchor construction aims to reduce the power required in addition to
providing greater stiffness of the impeller, allowing, for example, the use of surge or other agitation system between the anchor
blades. THE Basic tubular anchor basically it has the same characteristics, use and limitations of basic flat anchor but with the
advantages of tubular profiles.

Tubular anchor with scrapers

The placement of scrapers, as already mentioned, increases trvoca heat capacity, increasing system efficiency and is used for
any fluid, Newtonian or non-Newtonian.

Tubular anchor with Breakwater Waves

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When they used breakwaters It is not possible to place the risers between the spindle and anchor blades, so in these cases
the choice should tubular profiles due to its greater resistance.

The wave breaker is intended to prevent fluid rotate along with the anchor improving the mixing efficiency for high
viscosity Newtonian products.

Tubular anchor with Breakwater Waves and Scrapers

THE tubular anchor with scrapers and breakwaters joins the characteristics of tubular anchor with baffles, i.e., a more
efficient mixing Newtonian fluids, with the function of scrapers prevent stagnation of the product on the walls of the tank subject
to heat exchange.

Calculation Process and Sizing Shake System Mechanic

In the calculation screen will present the main results of the agitation system, and more
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well detailed in the report. This screen should also be made any adjustments in geometry and system operating conditions such
as rounding measurements and adjusting the rotation commercial rotation. At each change the system will be recalculated,
returning the new process parameters such as level of agitation, Reynolds number and effective capacity. In this screen the
following controls and options are found:

Calculation Method: Select from:

Shake Shake level level and rotation shake level and
impeller diameter Impeller diameter and rotation

For gas dispersion level of agitation is replaced with the desired gas flow.

Agitation intensity: It is a qualitative ranking is how violent agitation of the fluid, can be: low, medium, or high.

Agitation level: It is the numerical rank is how violent agitation of the fluid. Must be a real number selected from 1
to 10, in computational terms. But the difference between a level 5.3 and level 5.8, for example will be virtually
unnoticeable.

Average speed: Returns the average fluid velocity in the tank.

Diameter Impeller: Is the outer diameter of the impeller, an input can be given or calculated by the program,
depending on the chosen option calculation. This dimension has some maximum and minimum limits varying
with the desired type of impeller.

Rotation: It is the rotation of the impeller.

Height Straight Anchor Party: It is the distance between the lower tangent line and the top of the anchor. The
ceiling for this dimension is the cylindrical vessel height, preventing the anchor exceeds the upper tangent line.

Below the lower tangent line, the anchor follows the profile of the bottom of the tank.

Anchor Width: It is the width of the blade or anchor arm. For tubular anchors the pipe diameter is used. It is
usually equal to about 1/8 ~ 1/12 of the tank diameter.

Check Axis

Minimum diameter: It is the smallest diameter capable of resisting the taxes efforts to the shaft and also
prevent shaft rotation is close to the critical operating speed.

Critical Rotation: It is the rotation in which the system resonates. That is, if reach the critical rotation,
which is the first natural frequency of the system, the amplitude of shaft vibration increases until the
collapse of the shaft.
Shaft diameter: It is the diameter adopted for the shaft by the user.

Features Impeller

Shaft length: It is the axial length from the lower bearing or the first bearing to the upper impeller. The
program will calculate a minimum length, but the user may take a greater length.

Impeller width of the shovel: It is the full width of each blade impeller. It should not be confused with
the vertical projection of the blade width. It is calculated by
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program may be modified by the user.

Impeller shovel thickness: The program calculates the minimum thickness of the blade to withstand the
hydrodynamic efforts. The user can adjust this thickness for commercial standards. Always above the
calculated minimum thickness.

External diameter of the impeller Cube: It is the impeller hub diameter calculated according to the
stresses imposed on it, the type of junction between the hub and the shaft and the shaft diameter. It can be
changed by the user.

Height Impeller Hub: As in the previous item this size will be a function of the efforts in the cube, the
type of joint and shaft diameter.

Step G / Diameter (w / Di): It is available only for marine impellers setting the inclination for each
propeller diameter.

Reynolds number: It is the dimensionless that defines whether the flow is laminar, transitional or turbulent
depending on the physical characteristics of the product, and geometric and dynamic characteristics of the
system.

Number of Pumping: It is the dimensionless pumping capacity of the system. It serves as a parameter for
calculating the level of agitation and power required by the system.

Effective shake Capacity: Is the volume of fluid agitation system that is capable of pumping. It is calculated by the
program.

Glossary Agitation

stirring: Movement of fluids in tanks, regardless of its purpose, executed.

Effective capacity: The volume "pumped" by the system per unit time. Indirectly tells how long the agitation system is able
to revolve around the tank volume.

components: These are the "ingredients" or substances that are used in the product during processing.

Maximum Density: It is the maximum density that the product can achieve in the process. Whereas during the process a
certain amount of product has a fixed mass but has its variable volume, this minimum density will be given by mass divided by
the lower volume during the process.

Density: It is the mass of a substance per volume unit.

Non-Newtonian fluid: Fluid whose viscosity varies with shear rate applied thereto.

Newtonian fluid: It fluid whose viscosity at a given temperature is constant.

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Fluid: Is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress.

impeller: It is a device responsible for handling a fluid.

Consistency Index: It is one of the factors that determine the rheological curve of a fluid, which indicate the fluid
viscosity versus shear rate applied.

Agitation intensity: It is a qualitative way to classify how is violent agitation of the fluid. It can be: low, medium or rough.

Mixture: A process in which two or more phases are mixed yielding a single homogeneous phase.

Agitation level: It is a quantitative way to classify how is violent agitation of a fluid. It could be a number from 1 to 10 and is
related to the average fluid velocity in the tank.

Number of Pumping: It is the effective capacity of dimensionless pumping, serving as a means of comparison between
systems, regardless of size.

Reynolds number: It is a dimensionless that indicates whether the flow is laminar, transitional or turbulent.

Product: It is the substance to be produced during the process.

Puzzle Wave: Baffles are normally located on the walls of the tank in order to reduce tangential flow of the fluid.

rheology: It is the study of flow behavior.

Critical Rotation: The rotation is a system that resonates with the vibration of increased amplitude.

Average speed: It is the average between the speeds of fluid at all points of a tank.

Apparent viscosity: It is the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid when subjected to a given shear rate.

Critical Viscosity: It is the highest viscosity which can reach during the process fluid as a function of shear rate, pressure
and temperature.

Viscosity: It is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deformation.

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Index